Use of Proline to Induce Salt Stress Tolerance in Guava.

Guava is a fruit tree with high potential in the semi-arid region of northeast Brazil. However, qualitative and quantitative water scarcity is a limiting factor for the expansion of irrigated agriculture. Thus, it is necessary to use techniques to mitigate the effects of salt stress, such as foliar application of proline. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of proline as a mitigator of salt stress effects on the morphophysiology of guava cv. Paluma. The experiment was carried out under field conditions at the 'Rolando Enrique Rivas Castellón' Experimental Farm in São Domingos, PB, Brazil, using a randomized block design in a 5 × 4 factorial scheme referring to five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water, ECw (0.8, 1.5, 2.2, 2.9, and 3.5 dS m-1) and four concentrations of proline (0, 8, 16, and 24 mM). Salinity above 0.8 dS m-1 compromised gas exchange, photosynthetic pigment synthesis, photochemical efficiency, and growth of guava plants at 360 days after transplanting. Foliar application of proline at a concentration of 24 mM mitigated the effect of salt stress on the relative water content, stomatal conductance, and carotenoid contents in plants irrigated with 3.6 dS m-1 water. Meanwhile, a proline concentration of up to 18 mM resulted in higher transpiration, CO2 assimilation rate, instantaneous carboxylation efficiency, and absolute growth rate in stem diameter under ECw of 0.8 dS m-1. Proline concentration of up to 24 mM increased the biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments and the relative growth rate in stem diameter of guava in the period from 190 to 360 days after transplanting.

Can Storage Stability and Simulated Gastrointestinal Behavior Change the Cytotoxic Effects of Concentrated Guava Leaves Extract against Human Lung Cancer Cells?

The influence of storage stability and simulated gastrointestinal behavior of different extracts of guava leaves extracts (NC: not concentrated, and C10 and C20: concentrated by nanofiltration) was evaluated based on their total phenolic compound (TPC) contents and antioxidant activity as well as on their cytotoxic effects on A549 and Vero cells. The results showed that C10 and C20 presented high stability for 125 days probably due to their high TPC contents and antioxidant activity. The simulated gastrointestinal behavior modified their TPC contents; however, after all digestion steps, the TPC values were higher than 70%, which means that they were still available to exert their bioactivities. Additionally, the cytotoxic effects of these extracts were evaluated before and after the simulated gastrointestinal behavior or under different storage conditions. C10 presented the best selectivity indices (SI) values (IC50 Vero cells/IC50 A549 cells) at both conditions suggesting that it can be considered a potential extract to be developed as a functional food due to its resistance to the gastrointestinal digestion and storage conditions tested.

Hydrogen peroxide in the induction of tolerance of guava seedlings to salt stress / Peróxido de hidrogênio na indução de tolerância de mudas de goiabeira ao estresse salino

Guava cultivation plays a significant role in the socioeconomic development of the Brazilian semi-arid region, contributing to employment opportunities and income generation. However, this region often faces the challenge of high levels of dissolved salts in water sources, necessitating strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of salt stress on plants. This study aimed to assess the impact of foliar application of hydrogen peroxide on gas exchange, photochemical efficiency, growth, and quality of guava seedlings subjected to salt stress. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions in Pombal - PB, Brazil, following a randomized block design. The treatments comprised a 5 × 4 factorial arrangement, representing five levels of electrical conductivity in the irrigation water (ECw: 0.3, 1.3, 2.3, 3.3, and 4.3 dS m-1) and four concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2: 0, 25, 50, and 75 µM). Each treatment was replicated four times, with two plants per plot. Irrigation with water having an electrical conductivity of 0.3 dS m-1 significantly inhibited gas exchange, photochemical efficiency, and growth of guava seedlings after 91 days of emergence. Foliar application of hydrogen peroxide at concentrations up to 75 µM did not alleviate the effects of salt stress during the seedling formation phase of guava plants. Guava cv. Paluma was found to be sensitive to water salinity during the seedling formation phase, with a threshold level of 0.3 dS m-1 and a decrease in the growth rate of 11.48% per unit increase in salinity.(AU)

A goiabeira é uma cultura importante no cenário socioeconômico da região semiárida brasileira, sendo uma fonte de geração de emprego e renda. Contudo, nesta região é comum a ocorrência de fontes hídricas com altos teores de sais dissolvidos e assim são necessárias estratégias que visem minimizar os efeitos deletérios do estresse salino nas plantas. Neste contexto, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos da aplicação foliar com peróxido de hidrogênio nas trocas gasosas, eficiência fotoquímica, crescimento e qualidade de mudas de goiabeira sob estresse salino. O experimento foi conduzido sob condições de casa de vegetação em Pombal, Paraíba, utilizando-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados, com tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 5 × 4, referentes a cinco níveis de condutividade elétrica da água - CEa (0,3; 1,3; 2,3; 3,3 e 4,3 dS m-1) e quatro concentrações de peróxido de hidrogênio ­ H2O2 (0, 25, 50 e 75 µM) com quatro repetições e duas plantas por parcela. A irrigação com água de condutividade elétrica a partir de 0,3 dS m-1 inibiu as trocas gasosas, eficiência fotoquímica e crescimento de mudas de goiabeira, aos 91 dias após a emergência. A aplicação foliar de peróxido de hidrogênio em concentrações de até 75 µM não amenizou os efeitos do estresse salino em plantas de goiabeira na fase de formação de mudas. A goiabeira cv. Paluma é classificada como sensível a salinidade da água na fase de formação de mudas, sendo o nível limiar de 0,3 dS m-1 e diminuição por aumento unitário de 11,48%.(AU)

Self-Emulsifying Micellization of Crude Extracts from Apple (Malus domestica cv. Anna), Plum (Prunus domestica cv. Satsuma), and Guava (Psidium guajava L.) Fruits.

Micellar microemulsions are thermodynamically stable self-emulsifying systems that have been used to successfully improve the low oral bioavailability of several bioactive phytochemicals, such as antioxidant polyphenols. However, most studies have reported the micellization of single-compounds or purified chemical fractions; thus, the stability, phytochemical-loading efficiency, and bioactivity of complex crude extracts remain largely unexplored. In this study, we evaluated the effects of micellar emulsification of tropical apple (Malus domestica cv. Anna), plum (Prunus domestica cv. Satsuma), and guava (Psidium guajava L.) extracts regarding particle size and stability, polyphenol-loading efficiency, antioxidant capacity, and cytotoxic activity in human and murine cells. Simple food-grade extraction protocols were implemented to obtain apple, plum, and guava extracts. Total polyphenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity (DPPH) were determined in the fruit extracts, and their polyphenol profile was further characterized by liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD). The dried extracts were mixed into a food-grade, self-emulsifying system, and their cytotoxicity in human and murine cell lines was compared. Our research showed that complex fruit matrixes were successfully emulsified into thermodynamically stable polysorbate-based nanometric micelles with uniform size distribution and consistent pH stability, with potential applications in food and biomedical industries.

Mineral composition and production of guava under salt stress and salicylic acid / Composição mineral e produção de goiabeira sob estresse salino e ácido salicílico

The limitation in the quality of water sources for irrigation in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil is increasingly present, so it is necessary to use water with high concentrations of salts for agricultural production, which makes the use of elicitors essential to mitigate the harmful effects of salinity on plants. Given the above, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of foliar application of salicylic acid on the mineral composition and production of guava plants under salt stress conditions in the post-grafting phase. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions, in a randomized block design, in a 2 × 4 factorial scheme, with two levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (0.6 and 3.2 dS m-1) and four concentrations of salicylic acid (0, 1.2, 2.4, and 3.6 mM), with three replicates. During the flowering stage of guava, N, P, and K contents accumulated in the leaves according to the following order of concentration: N > K > P. Foliar application of 1.2 mM of salicylic acid increases the leaf contents of N, P, and K in guava plants grown under irrigation with water of 0.6 dS m-1. Water salinity of 3.2 dS m-1 reduces the growth and production components of guava plants.

A limitação na qualidade das fontes hídricas para irrigação na região semiárida do Nordeste é cada vez mais presente, tornando-se necessário o uso de águas com altas concentrações de sais para produção agrícola, o que torna indispensável à utilização de elicitores para atenuar os efeitos deletérios da salinidade sobre as plantas. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar os efeitos da aplicação foliar de ácido salicílico na composição mineral e na produção de plantas de goiabeira sob condições de estresse salino na fase pós-enxertia. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, no delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 × 4, sendo dois níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação (0,6 e 3,2 dS m-1) e quatro concentrações de ácido salicílico (0; 1,2; 2,4 e 3,6 mM), com três repetições. Durante a fase de floração da goiabeira, os teores de N, P, K, se acumularam nas folhas segundo a ordem de concentração N > K > P. A aplicação foliar de 1,2 mM de ácido salicílico aumentou os teores foliares de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio nas plantas de goiabeira cultivadas sob irrigação com água de 0,6 dS m-1. A salinidade da água de 3,2 dS m-1 diminuiu o crescimento e os componentes de produção das plantas de goiabeira.

Morphology of 'Crioula' guava seedlings under irrigation with increasing salinity water and nitrogen/potassium fertilization / Morfologia de goiabeira 'Crioula' sob irrigação com águas de salinidades crescentes e adubação nitrogenada-potássica

Abstract Several studies have been conducted evaluating the management of fertilizers as strategies to mitigate the deleterious effects of salt stress, so the objective of this work was to evaluate the quality of 'Crioula' guava seedlings under irrigation with water of different salinity levels and fertilized with combinations of nitrogen and potassium. The experiment was performed in a protected (screened) environment using a randomized block design and analyzed in a 5 × 4 factorial scheme, with four replicates, with the plot formed by two plants. The treatments were formed from the combination of the factor electrical conductivity of irrigation water (ECw 0.3, 1.1, 1.9, 2.7 and 3.5 dS m-1), with the factor combinations (C) of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K2O) doses, being C1 = 70% N + 50% K2O, C2 = 100% N + 75% K2O, C3= 130% N + 100% K2O and C4= 160% N + 125% K2O. The recommended dose of 100% N and K, respectively, was 541.1 mg N dm-3 soil and 798.6 mg K dm-3 soil. The combinations of N and K fertilization corresponding to 70% N + 50% K2O and 100% N + 75% K2O of the recommended doses promoted greater growth of 'Crioula' guava seedlings. Water with ECw of 2.1 dS m-1 promotes the formation of quality 'Crioula' guava seedlings.

Resumo Diversos estudos vêm sendo desenvolvido avaliando o manejo de adubos como estratégias para mitigar os efeitos deletérios do estresse salino, neste sentido, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a qualidade de mudas de goiabeira Crioula sob irrigação com águas de diferentes níveis salinos e adubadas com combinações de nitrogênio e potássio. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente protegido (telado) utilizando-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados e analisados em esquema fatorial 5 × 4, com quatro repetições, com a parcela formada por duas plantas. Os tratamentos foram formados pela combinação do fator condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação (CEa), com valores de 0,3; 1,1; 1,9; 2,7 e 3,5 dS m-1; e o fator combinações (C) de doses de nitrogênio (N) e potássio (K2O), sendo C1 = 70% N + 50% K2O; C2 = 100% N + 75% K2O; C3= 130% N + 100% K2O e C4= 160% N + 125% K2O. A dose recomendada de 100% de N e K, respectivamente, foi de 541,1 e 798,6 mg de K dm-3 de solo. As combinações de adubação nitrogenada e potássica de 70% N + 50% K2O e 100% N + 75% K2O, em relação às doses recomendadas, resultaram em um maior crescimento de mudas de goiabeira Crioula. Água com CEa média de 2,1 dS m-1 foi capaz de promove a formação de mudas de qualidade de goiabeira Crioula.

Influence of the Extraction Method on the Polyphenolic Profile and the Antioxidant Activity of Psidium guajava L. Leaf Extracts.

The leaves of Psidium guajava L. are an agro-industrial by-product with an outstanding content of polyphenolic compounds; however, there are many factors which can affect the phytochemical profile when valuing this type of plant material, such as temperatures and extraction times involving in the extraction methods applied. In this context, this study analyzed the impact of different extraction methods (Soxhlet, maceration and ultrasound-assisted extraction) on the phytochemical profile (FTIR and UPLC-MS) and the antioxidant activity (ABTS, FRAP and Folin-Ciocalteu) of guava leaf extracts. A yield of phenolic compounds per gram of guava leaf was obtained within the range of 16 to 45 mg/g; on the other hand, the IC50 values determined with the ABTS assay ranged between 78 ± 4 to 152 ± 12 µg/mL. The methanolic extract obtained by Soxhlet was the one with the best reducing power, both in the FRAP assay and in the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Finally, bioactive compounds such as quercetin, kaempferol and avicularin were identified in the guava leaf extract. It was concluded that the purification of polyphenolics compounds improves the antioxidant capacity, and that the extraction method greatly influences the phytochemical profile and activity of the extracts.

Physical and morphological characteristics of edible coatings based on pectin and guava by-products applied to guava pieces / Características físicas e morfológicas de coberturas comestíveis à base de pectina e subprodutos da goiaba aplicados a pedaços de goiaba

Edible coatings based on polysaccharides have been applied on pieces of fruits and vegetables before drying because of their potential to improve physical and nutritional characteristics of dehydrated plant foods. In the present study, physical and thermal properties of pectin-based films, with and without the incorporation of by-products obtained from the processing of red guava, were determined. These properties allow one to predict the likely behaviour of these films when used as edible coatings on guava pieces, during and after their dehydration. Thus the structural and morphological characteristics and the physical, thermal and sorption properties of the films and of the fruit pulp were determined, using scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the static gravimetric method to determine the water-sorption curves. The addition of by-products provided crystallinity to the pectin film, attributed to their cellulose content, and hardly altered the water retention capacity of the pectin films. However, the pectin contributed to presenting a slightly higher sorption moisture at equilibrium, as compared to the guava pulp. The glass transition temperatures reported at extremely low moisture contents, both in the pulp and in the films with added by-products, indicated that at intermediate moisture contents, the fruit/film ensemble was in the rubbery state at room temperatures, providing softness to the dehydrated product. The images showed good integration of the edible films with the surface of the guava pieces.

Revestimentos comestíveis à base de polissacarídeos têm sido aplicados em pedaços de frutas e vegetais antes da secagem devido ao seu potencial de melhorar as características físicas e nutricionais de alimentos vegetais desidratados. No presente estudo, foram determinadas as propriedades físicas e térmicas de filmes à base de pectina, com e sem a incorporação de subprodutos obtidos do processamento da goiaba vermelha. Essas propriedades permitem prever o provável comportamento desses filmes quando usados ​​como cobertura comestível em pedaços de goiaba, durante e após a sua desidratação. Assim, foram determinadas as características estruturais e morfológicas e as propriedades físicas, térmicas e de sorção dos filmes e da polpa do fruto, utilizando microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), difração de raios X (DRX) e método gravimétrico estático para determinação das curvas de sorção de água. A adição de subprodutos proporcionou cristalinidade ao filme de pectina, atribuída ao seu teor de celulose, e dificilmente alterou a capacidade de retenção de água dos filmes de pectina. No entanto, a pectina contribuiu para apresentar uma umidade de sorção ligeiramente superior no equilíbrio, quando comparada à polpa de goiaba. As temperaturas de transição vítrea encontradas em teores de umidade extremamente baixos, tanto na polpa quanto nos filmes com subprodutos adicionados, indicaram que em teores de umidade intermediários, o conjunto fruta / filme estava no estado borracha em temperatura ambiente, proporcionando maciez ao produto desidratado. As imagens mostraram boa integração dos filmes comestíveis com a superfície dos pedaços de goiaba.

Chemical thinning increasing larger fruits and profit in red guava orchards / Raleantes químicos aumentam o tamanho de frutos e lucro em pomares de goiaba vermelha

The guava is a fruit of strong economic and social relevance, regionally projected and greatly importantin some regions of Brazil. The chemical thinning has been adopted in some fruit trees to obtain greater caliber of fruits and better prices. However, some aspects still need to be investigated for the safe and economical viability use of such technique. This research aimed to evaluate the chemical thinning efficiency, production and commercial classification of guava fruits cv. Paluma and provide an economic analysis of this crop system. The ethephon and benzyladenine were applied to fruits with an average size of 18 mm at 0, 150, 300 and 450 mg L-¹. The trial was carried out in two crop seasons, and the randomized block design was used as statistical model in a factorial arrangement 2x4. The economic analysis was calculated through total production operational cost, in order to determine gross revenue, net revenue, profitability index, equilibrium price and yield. The benzyladenine and ethephon promoted the highest percentage of thinning fruits at 450 mg L-¹, with averages of 67.6% and 70.0%, respectively. However, benzyladenine had a phytotoxic effect when applied at highest concentrations, 300 and 450 mg L-¹, respectively. The ethephon enabled greater production of larger caliber fruits in the highest concentration (450 mg L-¹). Chemical thinning reduced total operational cost and increased net revenue by 7.57%, as compared to hand thinning. Results also presented that chemical fruit thinning provided equilibrium yield of 4.98 t ha-¹ for 'Paluma' guava fruit, as fresh fruit.(AU)

A goiaba é uma fruteira que apresenta grande importância econômica e social, com projeção regional e grande relevância em algumas regiões produtoras no Brasil. O raleio químico tem sido adotado em algumas fruteiras para a obtenção de melhor qualidade e maior calibre dos frutos. Entretanto, alguns aspectos ainda precisam ser avaliados, para o uso seguro desta técnica. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliara eficiência do raleio químico sobre a produção e a classificação comercial dos frutos de goiaba cv. Paluma e fornecer uma análise econômica deste sistema de cultivo. Foram aplicados ethefhon e benziladenina nas concentrações de a 0, 150, 300 e 450 mg L-¹ nos frutos com tamanho médio de 18 mm. O experimento foi conduzido em dois ciclos agrícolas em delineamento de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2x4. A análise econômica foi calculada por meio do custo operacional total de produção, receita bruta, receita líquida, índice de lucratividade, preço e produtividade de equilíbrio. A benziladenina e o ethefhon 450 mg L-¹ apresentaram a maior porcentagem de raleio químico dos frutos, com médias de 67,6% e 70,0%, respectivamente. No entanto, a benziladenina apresentou efeito fitotóxico quando aplicada nas maiores concentrações, 300 e 450 mg L-¹, respectivamente. O ethefhon possibilitou maior produção de frutos de maior calibre, na maior concentração (450 mg L-¹. O raleio químico reduziu o custo operacional total e aumentou a receita líquida em 7,57%, em relação ao sistema de cultivo com raleio manual, destacando ainda que a adoção do raleio químico de frutos proporcionou rendimento de equilíbrio de 4,98 t ha-¹ para a goiaba 'Paluma', como fruta de mesa.(AU)

Chemical thinning increasing larger fruits and profit in red guava orchards / Raleantes químicos aumentam o tamanho de frutos e lucro em pomares de goiaba vermelha

The guava is a fruit of strong economic and social relevance, regionally projected and greatly importantin some regions of Brazil. The chemical thinning has been adopted in some fruit trees to obtain greater caliber of fruits and better prices. However, some aspects still need to be investigated for the safe and economical viability use of such technique. This research aimed to evaluate the chemical thinning efficiency, production and commercial classification of guava fruits cv. Paluma and provide an economic analysis of this crop system. The ethephon and benzyladenine were applied to fruits with an average size of 18 mm at 0, 150, 300 and 450 mg L-¹. The trial was carried out in two crop seasons, and the randomized block design was used as statistical model in a factorial arrangement 2x4. The economic analysis was calculated through total production operational cost, in order to determine gross revenue, net revenue, profitability index, equilibrium price and yield. The benzyladenine and ethephon promoted the highest percentage of thinning fruits at 450 mg L-¹, with averages of 67.6% and 70.0%, respectively. However, benzyladenine had a phytotoxic effect when applied at highest concentrations, 300 and 450 mg L-¹, respectively. The ethephon enabled greater production of larger caliber fruits in the highest concentration (450 mg L-¹). Chemical thinning reduced total operational cost and increased net revenue by 7.57%, as compared to hand thinning. Results also presented that chemical fruit thinning provided equilibrium yield of 4.98 t ha-¹ for 'Paluma' guava fruit, as fresh fruit.

A goiaba é uma fruteira que apresenta grande importância econômica e social, com projeção regional e grande relevância em algumas regiões produtoras no Brasil. O raleio químico tem sido adotado em algumas fruteiras para a obtenção de melhor qualidade e maior calibre dos frutos. Entretanto, alguns aspectos ainda precisam ser avaliados, para o uso seguro desta técnica. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliara eficiência do raleio químico sobre a produção e a classificação comercial dos frutos de goiaba cv. Paluma e fornecer uma análise econômica deste sistema de cultivo. Foram aplicados ethefhon e benziladenina nas concentrações de a 0, 150, 300 e 450 mg L-¹ nos frutos com tamanho médio de 18 mm. O experimento foi conduzido em dois ciclos agrícolas em delineamento de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2x4. A análise econômica foi calculada por meio do custo operacional total de produção, receita bruta, receita líquida, índice de lucratividade, preço e produtividade de equilíbrio. A benziladenina e o ethefhon 450 mg L-¹ apresentaram a maior porcentagem de raleio químico dos frutos, com médias de 67,6% e 70,0%, respectivamente. No entanto, a benziladenina apresentou efeito fitotóxico quando aplicada nas maiores concentrações, 300 e 450 mg L-¹, respectivamente. O ethefhon possibilitou maior produção de frutos de maior calibre, na maior concentração (450 mg L-¹. O raleio químico reduziu o custo operacional total e aumentou a receita líquida em 7,57%, em relação ao sistema de cultivo com raleio manual, destacando ainda que a adoção do raleio químico de frutos proporcionou rendimento de equilíbrio de 4,98 t ha-¹ para a goiaba 'Paluma', como fruta de mesa.

Estudio etnobotánico del uso de las plantas medicinales en la comunidad indígena Pijao en Natagaima, Colombia / Ethnobotanical study of the use of medicinal plants in the indigenous Pijao community in Natagaima, Colombia

Semi-structured interviews (80) were applied in order to document the medicinal plants used by the Pijao indigenous community in Natagaima, Colombia. As a result, a total of 110 species distributed in 54 families were registered, Asteraceae and Fabaceae (9% each) being the most important families. Regarding the parts of the plant, the most used structure was leaves (46.7%), the main form of preparation was infusion (32%), and the most used way of administration was oral (77.8%). The value of use of the species by informants (VUis), therelative importance of medicinal species (IRE) and the index of cultural value of medicinal species (IVUs) were determined. The most important species according to their value of use were: Tamarindus indicaL., Psidium guajavaL., Menthax piperitaL., Moringa oleiferaLam. The most reported ailments were gastrointestinal problems such as stomach pain and diarrhea, general aches, headache, fever, swollen liver, and respiratory problems.

Entrevistas semiestructuradas (80) fueron aplicadas con el fin de documentar las plantas medicinales utilizadas por la comunidad indígena Pijao en Natagaima, Colombia. Como resultado seregistraron un total de 110 especies distribuidas en 54 familias, siendo Asteráceas y Fabáceas (9% cada una) las más importantes. El órgano más utilizado fueron las hojas (46.7%). La forma de preparación principal fue la infusión (32%), y la vía de administración más utilizada fue la oral (77.8%). Se determinó el valor de uso de la especie por informante (VUis), importancia relativa de especies medicinales (IRE) y el índice de valor cultural de especies medicinales (IVUs). Las especies más importantes según el valor de uso fueron: Tamarindus indicaL., Psidium guajavaL., Menthax piperitaL. Moringa oleifera Lam. Las afecciones mayormente registradas fueron los problemas gastrointestinales, tales como dolor de estómago y diarrea; dolores corporales generales, dolor de cabeza, fiebre, hígado inflamado y problemas respiratorios.

Performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal histomorphometry of broilers fed diet supplemented with guava extract standardized in phenolic compounds

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of guava extract standardized in phenolic compounds (SGE) on broiler performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal histomorphometry. A total of 300 one-day-old male Cobb-500® broiler chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments (basal diet supplemented with 120 mg vitamin E/kg and basal diet supplemented with 0, 600, 800, or 1,000 mg SGE/kg) and six replicates of ten birds each. Performance was evaluated at seven and 21 days of age; digestibility of nutrients was determined by total excreta collection from 18 to 21 days of age; and histomorphometry of the small intestine was assessed at 21 days of age. Broilers fed diets supplemented with SGE or vitamin E had higher body weight and weight gain and better feed conversion than those fed unsupplemented diet at seven days of age. At the same age, there was a quadratic effect of SGE levels on body weight and weight gain, with better weights for 715 and 716 mg SGE/kg, respectively; and a decreasing linear effect for feed conversion. At 21 days of age, body weight and weight gain increased linearly with the inclusion of SGE in diet. Digestibility of feed nutrients was not influenced by treatments. Broilers fed diet supplemented with 800 or 1,000 mg SGE/kg had greater villus height and villus:crypt ratio of the duodenum than those fed unsupplemented diet. Villus height in the jejunum of broilers fed diet supplemented with 600 mg SGE/kg was lower than that of broilers that received vitamin E. Guava extract standardized in phenolic compounds can be used in diets for broilers in the starter phase, considering that the extract increases weight gain, reduces feed conversion, and helps in the development of the intestinal mucosa.

Management of clonal mini-garden with gibberellic acid in guava rootstock propagation / Manejo de minijardim clonal com ácido giberélico na propagação de porta-enxerto para goiabeira

The viability of the mini-cutting technique requires seedling regrowth ability and continuous propagule production. It is hypothesized that the application of gibberellic acid (GA) can stimulate vegetation and increase the production of mini-cuttings. The aim of this study was to increase the mini-cutting yield of Psidium guajava (L.) × Psidium guineense (Sw.) ('BRS Guaraçá') as a function of foliar application of GA and season of the year. The experiment was laid out in a randomized-block design with split-plots in time, in which the plots consisted of different GA concentrations applied (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg L-¹) and the subplots were represented by two application periods or seasons (summer and winter). Four replicates were used, with two plants per plot. After the seedlings were topped, GA was applied at different concentrations and the emerged shoots were evaluated over 30 days. Mini-stump yield was assessed by collecting and evaluating the potential number of mini-cuttings. Shoot length and mini-stump yield increased linearly with the increasing GA concentrations during the summer. In the winter, this response was quadratic, with optimal concentrations estimated at 65.3 mg L-¹ for shoot length and 76 mg L-¹ for mini-stump yield. The GA concentration of 200 mg L-¹ provided shorter internodes in the summer, whereas in the winter the use of GA did not interfere with this trait. The increasing applications of GA induced a linear increase in stem diameter at both seasons of the year. Gibberellic acid did not interfere with the rooting of the mini-cuttings. The highest rooting percentage occurred in the summer, with an average of 95%. In the winter, this value was 77.2%, demonstrating that mini-cuttings are a promising technique for 'BRS Guaraçá'. Foliar spraying of GA promoted an increase in mini-cutting production, without interfering with their rooting.(AU)

A viabilidade da mini-estaquia requer capacidade de rebrota das mudas e produção contínua de propágulos. A aplicação de ácido giberélico pode estimular a vegetação e proporcionar aumento na produção de mini-estacas, como hipótese. O objetivo deste trabalho foi aumentar a produtividade de minijardins de Psidium guajava (L.) × Psidium guineense (Sw.) ('BRS Guaraçá'), em função da aplicação foliar de ácido giberélico (AG) e da época do ano. O delineamento empregado foi em DBC, em parcelas subdivididas no tempo, sendo as parcelas constituídas por plantas submetidas a diferentes concentrações de AG (0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 mg L-¹) e as subparcelas constituídas por duas épocas de aplicação (verão e inverno), com quatro repetições e duas plantas por parcela. Após desponte das mudas, o AG foi aplicado em diferentes concentrações e as brotações emitidas foram avaliadas ao longo de trinta dias. A produtividade das minitouceiras foi avaliada por coleta e avaliação do número potencial de mini-estacas. O comprimento da brotação e a produtividade das minitouceiras aumentaram linearmente em função do aumento das concentrações de AG durante o verão enquanto que no inverno, essa resposta foi quadrática com as concentrações ótimas estimadas em 65,3 mg L-¹ para comprimento de brotações e 76 mg L-¹ para produtividade das minitouceiras. A concentração de 200 mg L-¹ possibilitou o menor comprimento de internódio no verão, no inverno, a utilização do AG não interferiu nessa característica. As aplicações crescentes de AG aumentaram linearmente o diâmetro do caule nas duas épocas do ano. O AG não interferiu no enraizamento das mini-estacas. O maior percentual de enraizamento ocorreu no verão, com média de 95% e no inverno este valor foi de 77,2%, evidenciando a mini-estaquia como técnica promissora para ‘BRS Guaraçá. A pulverização do AG via foliar promoveu aumento da produção de mini-estacas, não interferindo no seu enraizamento.(AU)

Management of clonal mini-garden with gibberellic acid in guava rootstock propagation / Manejo de minijardim clonal com ácido giberélico na propagação de porta-enxerto para goiabeira

The viability of the mini-cutting technique requires seedling regrowth ability and continuous propagule production. It is hypothesized that the application of gibberellic acid (GA) can stimulate vegetation and increase the production of mini-cuttings. The aim of this study was to increase the mini-cutting yield of Psidium guajava (L.) × Psidium guineense (Sw.) ('BRS Guaraçá') as a function of foliar application of GA and season of the year. The experiment was laid out in a randomized-block design with split-plots in time, in which the plots consisted of different GA concentrations applied (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg L-¹) and the subplots were represented by two application periods or seasons (summer and winter). Four replicates were used, with two plants per plot. After the seedlings were topped, GA was applied at different concentrations and the emerged shoots were evaluated over 30 days. Mini-stump yield was assessed by collecting and evaluating the potential number of mini-cuttings. Shoot length and mini-stump yield increased linearly with the increasing GA concentrations during the summer. In the winter, this response was quadratic, with optimal concentrations estimated at 65.3 mg L-¹ for shoot length and 76 mg L-¹ for mini-stump yield. The GA concentration of 200 mg L-¹ provided shorter internodes in the summer, whereas in the winter the use of GA did not interfere with this trait. The increasing applications of GA induced a linear increase in stem diameter at both seasons of the year. Gibberellic acid did not interfere with the rooting of the mini-cuttings. The highest rooting percentage occurred in the summer, with an average of 95%. In the winter, this value was 77.2%, demonstrating that mini-cuttings are a promising technique for 'BRS Guaraçá'. Foliar spraying of GA promoted an increase in mini-cutting production, without interfering with their rooting.

A viabilidade da mini-estaquia requer capacidade de rebrota das mudas e produção contínua de propágulos. A aplicação de ácido giberélico pode estimular a vegetação e proporcionar aumento na produção de mini-estacas, como hipótese. O objetivo deste trabalho foi aumentar a produtividade de minijardins de Psidium guajava (L.) × Psidium guineense (Sw.) ('BRS Guaraçá'), em função da aplicação foliar de ácido giberélico (AG) e da época do ano. O delineamento empregado foi em DBC, em parcelas subdivididas no tempo, sendo as parcelas constituídas por plantas submetidas a diferentes concentrações de AG (0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 mg L-¹) e as subparcelas constituídas por duas épocas de aplicação (verão e inverno), com quatro repetições e duas plantas por parcela. Após desponte das mudas, o AG foi aplicado em diferentes concentrações e as brotações emitidas foram avaliadas ao longo de trinta dias. A produtividade das minitouceiras foi avaliada por coleta e avaliação do número potencial de mini-estacas. O comprimento da brotação e a produtividade das minitouceiras aumentaram linearmente em função do aumento das concentrações de AG durante o verão enquanto que no inverno, essa resposta foi quadrática com as concentrações ótimas estimadas em 65,3 mg L-¹ para comprimento de brotações e 76 mg L-¹ para produtividade das minitouceiras. A concentração de 200 mg L-¹ possibilitou o menor comprimento de internódio no verão, no inverno, a utilização do AG não interferiu nessa característica. As aplicações crescentes de AG aumentaram linearmente o diâmetro do caule nas duas épocas do ano. O AG não interferiu no enraizamento das mini-estacas. O maior percentual de enraizamento ocorreu no verão, com média de 95% e no inverno este valor foi de 77,2%, evidenciando a mini-estaquia como técnica promissora para ‘BRS Guaraçá’. A pulverização do AG via foliar promoveu aumento da produção de mini-estacas, não interferindo no seu enraizamento.

Anti-Estrogenic Activity of Guajadial Fraction, from Guava Leaves (Psidium guajava L.).

The research of natural products has allowed for the discovery of biologically relevant compounds inspired by plant secondary metabolites, which contributes to the development of many chemotherapeutic drugs used in cancer treatment. Psidium guajava leaves present a diverse phytochemical composition including flavonoids, phenolics, meroterpenoids, and triterpenes as the major bioactive constituents. Guajadial, a caryophyllene-based meroterpenoid, has been studied for potential anticancer effects tested in tumor cells and animal experimental models. Moreover, guajadial has been reported to have a mechanism of action similar to tamoxifen, suggesting this compound as a promisor phytoestrogen-based therapeutic agent. Herein, the anti-estrogenic action and anti-proliferative activity of guajadial is reported. The enriched guajadial fraction was obtained by sequential chromatographic techniques from the crude P. guajava dichloromethane extract showing promising anti-proliferative activity in vitro with selectivity for human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MCF-7 BUS (Total Growth Inhibition = 5.59 and 2.27 µg·mL-1, respectively). Furthermore, evaluation of anti-estrogenic activity in vivo was performed demonstrating that guajadial enriched fraction inhibited the proliferative effect of estradiol on the uterus of pre-pubescent rats. These results suggest a relationship between anti-proliferative and anti-estrogenic activity of guajadial, which possibly acts in tumor inhibition through estrogen receptors due to the compounds structural similarity to tamoxifen.

Desempenho de cultivares de goiabeiras em ambientes irrigado e sequeiro / Performance of guava cultivars in irrigated and non-irrigated environments

Os frutos da goiabeira (Psidium guajava L.) são muito apreciados não somente pelo aroma e sabor, como também pelo valor nutricional, sendo uma rica fonte de vitamina C. São consumidos in natura e também muito utilizados na agroindústria. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de genótipos de goiabeiras em ambientes irrigado e não irrigado, quanto à produção inicial e qualidade dos frutos, em Vera Cruz, SP. O plantio foi realizado em fevereiro de 2016, no espaçamento de 2,0 x 4,5 m, com mudas formadas por estaquia, provenientes de viveiro comercial. As plantas foram conduzidas no sistema de espaldeiras, com podas regulares para frutificação. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com 6 tratamentos em arranjo fatorial  3 x 2, sendo 3 variedades e 2 ambientes de produção (irrigado e sequeiro). Os genótipos avaliados foram Tailandesa, Pedro Sato e Século XXI. Foram analisadas variáveis produtivas (produção por planta e massa dos frutos) e qualitativas (pH e teor de sólidos solúveis totais), nos dois primeiros ciclos produtivos da cultura. A produção e a massa dos frutos dos genótipos avaliados não foram afetados pela irrigação suplementar das plantas.  A irrigação diminuiu a acidez e o teor de sólidos solúveis totais dos frutos. A goiabeira "Tailandesa" foi a que apresentou o melhor desempenho produtivo para cultivo na região de...

The fruits of guava (Psidium guajava L.) are highly appreciated not only for aroma and flavor, but also for nutritional value, being a rich source of vitamin C. They are consumed in natura and also very used in agroindustry. The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of guava genotypes in irrigated and non - irrigated environments, about the initial production and fruit quality. The planting was carried out in february 2016, at 2.0 x 4.5 m spacing, with seedlings formed by cuttings, coming from commercial nursery. The plants were conducted in the espalier system, with regular prunings for fruiting. It was used a complete block randomized design with 6 treatments in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement, with 3 varieties and 2 production environments (irrigated and non-irrigated). The evaluated genotypes were Tailandesa, Pedro Sato e Século XXI. Productive variables (yield per plant and fruit mass) and qualitative variables (pH and total soluble solids content) were analyzed in the first two crop cycles. The yield and mass of the fruits of the evaluated genotypes were not affected by the additional irrigation of the plants. The irrigation decreased the acidity and the total soluble solids content of the fruits. The "Tailandesa" guava tree was the one that presented the best productive performance for cultivation in the region of Vera Cruz, SP.

Chemical composition of various plant extracts and their in vitro efficacy in control of Fasciola hepatica eggs / Composição química de vários extratos vegetais e sua eficácia in vitro no controle de ovos de Fasciola hepática

Fasciolosis has been diagnosed in cattle, goats, sheep and horses in southern and southeastern Brazil. Effective alternative treatments are the targets of study. One promising alternative is the use of plant extracts. The aim of this study was to perform phytochemical analysis of extracts of Eugenia uniflora L., Harpagophytum procumbens, Psidium guajava L. and Stryphnodendron adstringens, and to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of these extracts on ovicidal activity in Fasciola hepatica. Plant extracts were analyzed for phytochemical properties. F. hepatica eggs were collected directly from the gallbladders of animals diagnosed as positive for fasciolosis on post mortem examination. One hundred eggs were incubated with 3 ml of each extract at concentrations of 0.10%, 0.25% and 0.50%, albendazole 0.50% (positive control) or tap water (negative control). To determine anti larval efficacy of each plant extract, hatched eggs were counted and the averages were used. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, tannins and terpenes in most extracts. E. uniflora L. extract was 100% effective at 0.10%, H. procumbens was effective at 0.25% and P. guajava L. and S. adstringens extracts were 100% effective at all concentrations tested. Taken together, the data suggested that ovicidal activity in F. hepatica is due to the presence of these bioactive compounds.(AU)

A fasciolose tem sido diagnosticada em bovinos, caprinos, ovinos e equinos no sul e sudeste do Brasil, sendo que tratamentos alternativos mais eficazes são alvos de estudo. Umas das alternativas promissoras é o uso de extratos vegetais no controle dessa e outras enfermidades. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar a análise fitoquímica dos extratos de Eugenia uniflora L., Harpagophytum procumbens, Psidium guajava L. e Stryphnodendron adstringens, além de avaliar a eficácia in vitro desses extratos na atividade ovicida em Fasciola hepatica. Os extratos vegetais foram obtidos e analisados para determinação fitoquímica. Ovos de F. hepatica foram coletados diretamente das vesículas biliares de animais diagnosticados como positivos para fasciolose no exame post mortem. Cem ovos foram incubados com três mililitros de cada extrato nas concentrações de 0,10%, 0,25% e 0,50%, de albendazol a 0,50% (controle positivo) e água de torneira (controle negativo). Para determinar a eficácia de cada extrato vegetal os ovos eclodidos foram contados, e a média utilizada para os cálculos de eficácia. A análise fitoquímica revelou a presença de compostos fenólicos, taninos e terpenos na maioria dos extratos. O extrato de E. uniflora L. apresentou eficácia de 100% na concentração de 0,10%, o de H. procumbens a 0,25% e os extratos de P. guajava L. e S. adstringens apresentaram 100% de eficácia em todas as concentrações testadas. Assim, sugere-se que a atividade ovicida em F. hepatica seja devido à presença desses compostos bioativos.(AU)

Desempenho de cultivares de goiabeiras em ambientes irrigado e sequeiro / Performance of guava cultivars in irrigated and non-irrigated environments

Os frutos da goiabeira (Psidium guajava L.) são muito apreciados não somente pelo aroma e sabor, como também pelo valor nutricional, sendo uma rica fonte de vitamina C. São consumidos in natura e também muito utilizados na agroindústria. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de genótipos de goiabeiras em ambientes irrigado e não irrigado, quanto à produção inicial e qualidade dos frutos, em Vera Cruz, SP. O plantio foi realizado em fevereiro de 2016, no espaçamento de 2,0 x 4,5 m, com mudas formadas por estaquia, provenientes de viveiro comercial. As plantas foram conduzidas no sistema de espaldeiras, com podas regulares para frutificação. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com 6 tratamentos em arranjo fatorial  3 x 2, sendo 3 variedades e 2 ambientes de produção (irrigado e sequeiro). Os genótipos avaliados foram Tailandesa, Pedro Sato e Século XXI. Foram analisadas variáveis produtivas (produção por planta e massa dos frutos) e qualitativas (pH e teor de sólidos solúveis totais), nos dois primeiros ciclos produtivos da cultura. A produção e a massa dos frutos dos genótipos avaliados não foram afetados pela irrigação suplementar das plantas.  A irrigação diminuiu a acidez e o teor de sólidos solúveis totais dos frutos. A goiabeira "Tailandesa" foi a que apresentou o melhor desempenho produtivo para cultivo na região de...(AU)

The fruits of guava (Psidium guajava L.) are highly appreciated not only for aroma and flavor, but also for nutritional value, being a rich source of vitamin C. They are consumed in natura and also very used in agroindustry. The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of guava genotypes in irrigated and non - irrigated environments, about the initial production and fruit quality. The planting was carried out in february 2016, at 2.0 x 4.5 m spacing, with seedlings formed by cuttings, coming from commercial nursery. The plants were conducted in the espalier system, with regular prunings for fruiting. It was used a complete block randomized design with 6 treatments in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement, with 3 varieties and 2 production environments (irrigated and non-irrigated). The evaluated genotypes were Tailandesa, Pedro Sato e Século XXI. Productive variables (yield per plant and fruit mass) and qualitative variables (pH and total soluble solids content) were analyzed in the first two crop cycles. The yield and mass of the fruits of the evaluated genotypes were not affected by the additional irrigation of the plants. The irrigation decreased the acidity and the total soluble solids content of the fruits. The "Tailandesa" guava tree was the one that presented the best productive performance for cultivation in the region of Vera Cruz, SP.(AU)

Chemical composition of various plant extracts and their in vitro efficacy in control of Fasciola hepatica eggs / Composição química de vários extratos vegetais e sua eficácia in vitro no controle de ovos de Fasciola hepática

ABSTRACT: Fasciolosis has been diagnosed in cattle, goats, sheep and horses in southern and southeastern Brazil. Effective alternative treatments are the targets of study. One promising alternative is the use of plant extracts. The aim of this study was to perform phytochemical analysis of extracts of Eugenia uniflora L., Harpagophytum procumbens, Psidium guajava L. and Stryphnodendron adstringens, and to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of these extracts on ovicidal activity in Fasciola hepatica. Plant extracts were analyzed for phytochemical properties. F. hepatica eggs were collected directly from the gallbladders of animals diagnosed as positive for fasciolosis on post mortem examination. One hundred eggs were incubated with 3 ml of each extract at concentrations of 0.10%, 0.25% and 0.50%, albendazole 0.50% (positive control) or tap water (negative control). To determine anti larval efficacy of each plant extract, hatched eggs were counted and the averages were used. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, tannins and terpenes in most extracts. E. uniflora L. extract was 100% effective at 0.10%, H. procumbens was effective at 0.25% and P. guajava L. and S. adstringens extracts were 100% effective at all concentrations tested. Taken together, the data suggested that ovicidal activity in F. hepatica is due to the presence of these bioactive compounds.

RESUMO: A fasciolose tem sido diagnosticada em bovinos, caprinos, ovinos e equinos no sul e sudeste do Brasil, sendo que tratamentos alternativos mais eficazes são alvos de estudo. Umas das alternativas promissoras é o uso de extratos vegetais no controle dessa e outras enfermidades. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar a análise fitoquímica dos extratos de Eugenia uniflora L., Harpagophytum procumbens, Psidium guajava L. e Stryphnodendron adstringens, além de avaliar a eficácia in vitro desses extratos na atividade ovicida em Fasciola hepatica. Os extratos vegetais foram obtidos e analisados para determinação fitoquímica. Ovos de F. hepatica foram coletados diretamente das vesículas biliares de animais diagnosticados como positivos para fasciolose no exame post mortem. Cem ovos foram incubados com três mililitros de cada extrato nas concentrações de 0,10%, 0,25% e 0,50%, de albendazol a 0,50% (controle positivo) e água de torneira (controle negativo). Para determinar a eficácia de cada extrato vegetal os ovos eclodidos foram contados, e a média utilizada para os cálculos de eficácia. A análise fitoquímica revelou a presença de compostos fenólicos, taninos e terpenos na maioria dos extratos. O extrato de E. uniflora L. apresentou eficácia de 100% na concentração de 0,10%, o de H. procumbens a 0,25% e os extratos de P. guajava L. e S. adstringens apresentaram 100% de eficácia em todas as concentrações testadas. Assim, sugere-se que a atividade ovicida em F. hepatica seja devido à presença desses compostos bioativos.

Water salinity and nitrogen fertilization in the production and quality of guava fruits / Salinidade da água e adubação nitrogenada na produção e qualidade de frutos de goiabeira

Using nitrogen (N) to increase plant tolerance to salinity has been tested in many species. However, in addition to controversial results, most studies are conducted with annual species and/or in the initial growth stage and there are almost no studies with perennial fruit crops in the production stage. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the production components and post-harvest quality of 'Paluma' guava irrigated with water of increasing salinity in soil fertilized with N. The experiment was carried out for two years in drainage lysimeters in an experimental area of the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Pombal, PB, Brazil. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in 5 x 4 factorial scheme, with of five levels of water salinity ­ ECw (NaCl)(0.3, 1.1, 1.9, 2.7 and 3.5 dS m-1) and four N doses (ureia) (70, 100, 130 and 160% of the recommended dose - 541.1 mg of N dm-3 of soil per year), with three replicates. Number of fruits, mean fruit weight, production per plant, polar and equatorial diameters of fruit and contents of soluble solids and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) decreased linearly with the increase in irrigation water salinity from 0.3 dS m-1. The interaction between water salinity and N doses and the isolated action of N did not interfere statistically with the studied variables.

O uso de nitrogênio como forma de aumentar a tolerância das plantas à salinidade tem sido testado em muitas espécies. No entanto, além de resultados controversos, se observa que a maioria dos estudos são realizados com espécies anuais e, ou na fase inicial de crescimento, sendo praticamente inexistentes estudos com frutíferas perenes em fase de produção. Nessa direção, o trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os componentes de produção e a qualidade pós-colheita de goiabeira 'Paluma' irrigada com águas de salinidade crescente no solo com nitrogênio. O experimento foi conduzido durante dois anos em lisímetros de drenagem numa área experimental da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Pombal, PB. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 5 x 4, com salinidades de água ­ CEa (NaCl) de 0,3, 1,1, 1,9, 2,7 e 3,5 dS m-1 e quatro doses de nitrogênio (ureia) de 70, 100, 130 e 160% da dose recomendada de 541,1 mg de N dm-3 por ano, com três repetições. A interação salinidade da água x doses de nitrogênio e ação isolada de N não influenciaram estatisticamente as variáveis estudadas. O número de frutos, a massa média de frutos, a produção por planta, o diâmetro polar e equatorial dos frutos, os teores de sólidos solúveis e ácido ascórbico (vitamina C), decresceram linearmente com o aumento da salinidade da água de irrigação a partir de 0,3 dS m-1.