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This study, evaluated the readability of electronic leg and ear tags in Saanen goats. Fifty-seven goats were identified with the electronic leg tags (ELT) and electronic ear tags (EET) from birth until the lactation period ends. Readability of ELT and EET was 96.30% and 90.55% respectively in static conditions at the end of 12 months. Foot and udder, with no infection rates for ELT and EET in calm and aggressive goats were 95.70% and 100%, respectively. No infection rates of foot and udder for ELT and EET in calm and aggressive goats were 95.70% and 100%, respectively. Tagging method and animal temperament was not statistically significant. As a result, low animal traceability with ear tags was determined by this study. Besides, it is suggested that smaller-sized tagging materials would be more accurate when the ankle was selected as a body area to place identification tags in goats. The resulting issue to be considered is that the leg tagging should not negatively affect the animal welfare and the foot and udder health. In the future, using a leg band in the identification of goats will become more widespread as it does not damage animals and has a high readability capacity.
Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a identificação eletrônica nos membros e orelhas de cabras da raça Saanen. Cinquenta e sete cabras foram identificadas eletronicamente nas pernas (ELT) e nas orelhas (EET) desde o nascimento até o término do período de lactação. A leitura de ELT e EET foi de 96,30% e 90,55%, respectivamente, em condições estáticas ao final de 12 meses. As taxas de infecção de pé e úbere, em cabras calmas e agressivas, foram de 95,70% e 100% para ELT e EET em animais sem infecção, respectivamente. Não foi encontrado efeito significativo do método de marcação e temperamento animal. Com o resultado, a baixa rastreabilidade dos animais com marcas de orelha foi determinada por este estudo. Além disso, sugere-se que materiais de etiquetagem de menor porte seriam mais precisos quando a região do metatarso do animal fosse selecionado como área corporal para a colocação de etiquetas de identificação em cabras. A questão resultante a ser considerada é que a marcação da perna não deve afetar negativamente o bem-estar animal e a saúde dos pés e do úbere. Futuramente, o uso de etiquetas na identificação de cabras será mais difundido, pois não agride os animais e tem alta capacidade de leitura.
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Animales , Rumiantes , Bienestar del Animal , Dispositivo de Identificación por RadiofrecuenciaRESUMEN
Ruminants digest plant biomass more efficiently than monogastric animals due to their symbiotic relationship with a complex microbiota residing in the rumen environment. What remains unclear is the relationship between the rumen microbial taxonomic and functional composition and feed efficiency (FE), especially in crossbred dairy cattle (Holstein x Gyr) raised under tropical conditions. In this study, we selected twenty-two F1 Holstein x Gyr heifers and grouped them according to their residual feed intake (RFI) ranking, high efficiency (HE) (n = 11) and low efficiency (LE) (n = 11), to investigate the effect of FE on the rumen microbial taxa and their functions. Rumen fluids were collected using a stomach tube apparatus and analyzed using amplicon sequencing targeting the 16S (bacteria and archaea) and 18S (protozoa) rRNA genes. Alpha-diversity and beta-diversity analysis revealed no significant difference in the rumen microbiota between the HE and LE animals. Multivariate analysis (sPLS-DA) showed a clear separation of two clusters in bacterial taxonomic profiles related to each FE group, but in archaeal and protozoal profiles, the clusters overlapped. The sPLS-DA also revealed a clear separation in functional profiles for bacteria, archaea, and protozoa between the HE and LE animals. Microbial taxa were differently related to HE (e.g., Howardella and Shuttleworthia) and LE animals (e.g., Eremoplastron and Methanobrevibacter), and predicted functions were significatively different for each FE group (e.g., K03395-signaling and cellular process was strongly related to HE animals, and K13643-genetic information processing was related to LE animals). This study demonstrates that differences in the rumen microbiome relative to FE ranking are not directly observed from diversity indices (Faith's Phylogenetic Diversity, Pielou's Evenness, Shannon's diversity, weighted UniFrac distance, Jaccard index, and Bray-Curtis dissimilarity), but from targeted identification of specific taxa and microbial functions characterizing each FE group. These results shed light on the role of rumen microbial taxonomic and functional profiles in crossbred Holstein × Gyr dairy cattle raised in tropical conditions, creating the possibility of using the microbial signature of the HE group as a biological tool for the development of biomarkers that improve FE in ruminants.
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The objective of this study was to determine the correlation between ingestive behavior, apparent digestibility, and residual feed intake (RFI) of finishing Nellore bulls fed a high concentrate diet. One hundred and twenty Nellore bulls, housed in individual pens, were evaluated in individual performance tests. The animals were fed a high concentrate diet (23:77 roughage/concentrate ratio). The animals were classified as low RFI, medium RFI, and high RFI. Data from ten animals from each group were used. Fecal production and nutrient digestibility were calculated using indigestible neutral detergent fiber as an internal marker. The feeding behavior was evaluated over 24 h by direct observation every 5 min. The most efficient animals (low RFI, 8.58 kg DM/day) consumed 27.62% less feed than the least efficient animals (high RFI, 10.95 kg DM/day). Animals with medium efficiency (mean RFI, 9.49 kg DM/day) consumed 15.39% less than high RFI. Nutrient digestibility coefficients were similar except for ether extract (P < 0.03) which was 8% greater for the high-RFI animals. No effect was observed for ingestive behavior (P > 0.05). Animals spent, on average, 3 h 28 min feeding, 7 h 32 min ruminating, and 13 h 40 min in idle time. In the present study, ingestive behavior and dry matter digestibility were not responsible for between-animal variation in residual feed intake in Nellore bulls fed a high concentrate diet.
Asunto(s)
Alimentación Animal , Digestión , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Animales , Bovinos , Dieta/veterinaria , Fibras de la Dieta , Ingestión de Alimentos , Conducta Alimentaria , MasculinoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Ruminants rely upon a complex community of microbes in their rumen to convert host-indigestible feed into nutrients. However, little is known about the association between the rumen microbiota and feed efficiency traits in Nellore (Bos indicus) cattle, a breed of major economic importance to the global beef market. Here, we compare the composition of the bacterial, archaeal and fungal communities in the rumen of Nellore steers with high and low feed efficiency (FE) phenotypes, as measured by residual feed intake (RFI). RESULTS: The Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in positive-RFI steers (p-RFI, low feed efficiency) than in negative-RFI (n-RFI, high feed efficiency) steers. The differences in bacterial composition from steers with high and low FE were mainly associated with members of the families Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae and Christensenellaceae, as well as the genus Prevotella. Archaeal community richness was lower (P < 0.05) in p-RFI than in n-RFI steers and the genus Methanobrevibacter was either increased or exclusive of p-RFI steers. The fungal genus Buwchfawromyces was more abundant in the rumen solid fraction of n-RFI steers (P < 0.05) and a highly abundant OTU belonging to the genus Piromyces was also increased in the rumen microbiota of high-efficiency steers. However, analysis of rumen fermentation variables and functional predictions indicated similar metabolic outputs for the microbiota of distinct FE groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that differences in the ruminal microbiota of high and low FE Nellore steers comprise specific taxa from the bacterial, archaeal and fungal communities. Biomarker OTUs belonging to the genus Piromyces were identified in animals showing high feed efficiency, whereas among archaea, Methanobrevibacter was associated with steers classified as p-RFI. The identification of specific RFI-associated microorganisms in Nellore steers could guide further studies targeting the isolation and functional characterization of rumen microbes potentially important for the energy-harvesting efficiency of ruminants.
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Nesse experimento, o objetivo foi avaliar as características romatológicas, produtivas e morfológicas de Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandú submetida ao pastejo por bovinos de corte classificados pelo consumo alimentar residual, além do comportamento ingestivo, consumo e desempenho desses animais. O experimento foi conduzido no centro APTA de bovinos de corte, em Sertãozinho, do Instituto de Zootecnia pertencente a Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado de São Paulo, adotando-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com teste de tukey à 5% probabilidade, sendo os tratamentos as classificações CAR dos animais (baixo; médio e alto). Foram utilizados 102 machos e 51 fêmeas, da raça Nelore e idade de aproximadamente 16 meses, com classificação CAR determinados em teste de confinamento por 84 dias (sistema GrowSafe) e distribuídos em dezoito piquetes, nove de machos e nove de fêmeas (2 ha para os machos e 1ha para fêmeas). O peso médio aproximado era de 370 kg para os machos e 340 kg para as fêmeas. Ambos os sexos possuíam 36 animais tester, sendo 12 para cada tratamento de CAR. Os animais tester não alternavam de piquetes pois seriam utilizados para coleta de dados do comportamento ingestivo, consumo e desempenho do trabalho. Para manutenção do capim dentro das recomendações de altura entre 25 e 35 cm, foram utilizados animais reguladores que entravam e saiam dos piquetes de acordo com a necessidade. Esses animais reguladores possuíam obrigatoriamente a mesma classificação de CAR que os animais experimentais de cada piquete. A suplementação protéica foi fornecida diariamente, no período da manhã, na quantidade de 0,75 kg/animal/dia...
In this experiment , the objective was to evaluate the qualitative , productive and morphological characteristics of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandú subjected to grazing by beef cattle classified by residual feed intake , in addition to feeding behavior , intake and performance of these animals . The experiment was conducted at center APTA of beef cattle in Sertãozinho , Institute of Animal Science belonging to the secretary of agriculture of the state of São Paulo , adopting the completely randomized design , with the Tukey test at 5 % probability , and the treatments the animals RFI ratings (low , medium and high) . Were used one hundred and two males and fifty-one females, Nellore breed, aged approximately 16 months and with rated CAR determined in the confinement test for 84 days (GrowSafe system) and distributed in eighteen paddocks, nine males and nine females (2 ha for males and for females 1ha). The approximate average weight was 370 kg for males and 340 kg for females .Both sexes had 36 tester animals , 12 for each treatment RFI . The tester animals not alternated paddocks as would be used for data collection of feeding behavior , intake and performance. To maintain grass within the recommendations in height between 25 and 35 cm , were used regulators animals that drifted in and out of paddocks as needed . These regulators animals must have the same rating of RFI that experimental animals in each paddock . Protein supplementation was given daily , in the morning , in the amount of 0.75 kg / animal / day . No effect was found of treatments (distinct RFI) , so they were not able to influence the production , morphological and nutritive characteristics value of forage and or performance, individual consumption or grazing behavior of the animals . Therefore the results of this experiment proved the infeasibility for selecting animals with distinct RFI classification , under similar conditions , with the objective of creation under grazing...
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Animales , Bovinos , Bovinos/clasificación , Conducta Animal , Ingestión de Alimentos , Alimentación AnimalRESUMEN
P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and XIAP co-expression has been discussed in the process of the acquisition of multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer. Here, we evaluated XIAP and Pgp expression in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) samples, showing a positive correlation between them. Furthermore, we evaluated the effects of imatinib in XIAP and Pgp expression using CML cell lines K562 (Pgp(-)) and K562-Lucena (Pgp(+)). Imatinib increased XIAP and Pgp expression in K562-Lucena cells, while in K562 cells a downregulation of these proteins was observed, suggesting that imatinib induces an increment of MDR phenotype of CML cells that previously exhibit high levels of Pgp/XIAP co-expression.
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Miembro 1 de la Subfamilia B de Casetes de Unión a ATP/genética , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Benzamidas/farmacología , Resistencia a Antineoplásicos/genética , Expresión Génica , Leucemia Mielógena Crónica BCR-ABL Positiva/genética , Piperazinas/farmacología , Pirimidinas/farmacología , Proteína Inhibidora de la Apoptosis Ligada a X/genética , Miembro 1 de la Subfamilia B de Casetes de Unión a ATP/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Apoptosis/genética , Línea Celular Tumoral , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Niño , Femenino , Regulación Leucémica de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Técnicas de Silenciamiento del Gen , Humanos , Mesilato de Imatinib , Proteínas Inhibidoras de la Apoptosis/genética , Proteínas Inhibidoras de la Apoptosis/metabolismo , Leucemia Mielógena Crónica BCR-ABL Positiva/metabolismo , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Interferencia de ARN , Survivin , Proteína Inhibidora de la Apoptosis Ligada a X/metabolismo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
O consumo alimentar residual é uma medida de eficiência alimentar independente do crescimento e do peso à maturidade. O melhoramento genético, ao utilizar o consumo alimentar residual como critério de seleção, poderia reduzir os custos com alimentação, haja vista as diferenças existentes na ingestão de matéria seca dos animais com o mesmo ganho médio diário em peso. Frente às vantagens da sua utilização em programas de melhoramento genético, o alto custo para sua determinação limita sua adoção, pois é necessária a coleta individual dos dados de ingestão de alimentos dos animais. Além disso, o conhecimento incompleto dos mecanismos biológicos relacionados ao aumento da eficiência alimentar dificulta a identificação e posterior seleção dos animais de genética superior. Esta revisão aborda aspectos gerais do consumo alimentar residual enfocando as metodologias de predição do consumo de matéria seca e a utilização dos hormônios leptina e IGF-I como indicadores fisiológicos e marcadores moleculares na tentativa de identificar animais eficientes.(AU)
The residual feed intake is a measure of feed efficiency independent growth and weight at maturity. Genetic improvement by using the residual feed intake as a selection criterion, could to reduce feed costs, due differences in dry matter intake of animals with the same average daily gain in weight. Against the advantages of its use in breeding programs, the high cost for their determination limits its adoption, it is necessary to collect data from individual feed intake of animals. Furthermore, the incomplete knowledge of biological mechanisms related to increase feed efficiency complicates the identification and subsequent selection of animals for genetic studies. This review covers general aspects of residual feed intake focusing on the methodologies for predicting dry matter intake and the use of leptin and IGF-I as indicators of physiological and molecular markers in an attempt to identify efficient animals.(AU)
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Animales , Ingestión de Alimentos , Alimentación Animal/economía , Leptina , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina , Aumento de Peso , Análisis Costo-Beneficio , Predicción/métodosRESUMEN
O consumo alimentar residual é uma medida de eficiência alimentar independente do crescimento e do peso à maturidade. O melhoramento genético, ao utilizar o consumo alimentar residual como critério de seleção, poderia reduzir os custos com alimentação, haja vista as diferenças existentes na ingestão de matéria seca dos animais com o mesmo ganho médio diário em peso. Frente às vantagens da sua utilização em programas de melhoramento genético, o alto custo para sua determinação limita sua adoção, pois é necessária a coleta individual dos dados de ingestão de alimentos dos animais. Além disso, o conhecimento incompleto dos mecanismos biológicos relacionados ao aumento da eficiência alimentar dificulta a identificação e posterior seleção dos animais de genética superior. Esta revisão aborda aspectos gerais do consumo alimentar residual enfocando as metodologias de predição do consumo de matéria seca e a utilização dos hormônios leptina e IGF-I como indicadores fisiológicos e marcadores moleculares na tentativa de identificar animais eficientes.
The residual feed intake is a measure of feed efficiency independent growth and weight at maturity. Genetic improvement by using the residual feed intake as a selection criterion, could to reduce feed costs, due differences in dry matter intake of animals with the same average daily gain in weight. Against the advantages of its use in breeding programs, the high cost for their determination limits its adoption, it is necessary to collect data from individual feed intake of animals. Furthermore, the incomplete knowledge of biological mechanisms related to increase feed efficiency complicates the identification and subsequent selection of animals for genetic studies. This review covers general aspects of residual feed intake focusing on the methodologies for predicting dry matter intake and the use of leptin and IGF-I as indicators of physiological and molecular markers in an attempt to identify efficient animals.