Acute Effect of Resistance Training With Blood Flow Restriction on Perceptual Responses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

CONTEXT: Several studies have compared perceptual responses between resistance exercise with blood flow restriction and traditional resistance exercise (non-BFR). However, the results were contradictory. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the effect of RE+BFR versus non-BFR resistance exercise [low-load resistance exercise (LL-RE) or high-load resistance exercise (HL-RE)] on perceptual responses. DATA SOURCES: CINAHL, Cochrane Library, PubMed®, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science were searched through August 28, 2021, and again on August 25, 2022. STUDY SELECTION: Studies comparing the effect of RE+BFR versus non-BFR resistance exercise on rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and muscle pain/discomfort were considered. Meta-analyses were conducted using the random effects model. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 2. DATA EXTRACTION: All data were reviewed and extracted independently by 2 reviewers. Disagreements were resolved by a third reviewer. RESULTS: Thirty studies were included in this review. In a fixed repetition scheme, the RPE [standardized mean difference (SMD) = 1.04; P < 0.01] and discomfort (SMD = 1.10; P < 0.01) were higher in RE+BFR than in non-BFR LL-RE, but similar in sets to voluntary failure. There were no significant differences in RPE in the comparisons between RE+BFR and non-BFR HL-RE; after sensitivity analyses, it was found that the RPE was higher in non-BFR HL-RE in a fixed repetition scheme. In sets to voluntary failure, discomfort was higher in RE+BFR versus non-BFR HL-RE (SMD = 0.95; P < 0. 01); however, in a fixed scheme, the results were similar. CONCLUSION: In sets to voluntary failure, RPE is similar between RE+BFR and non-BFR exercise. In fixed repetition schemes, RE+BFR seems to promote higher RPE than non-BFR LL-RE and less than HL-RE. In sets to failure, discomfort appears to be similar between LL-RE with and without BFR; however, RE+BFR appears to promote greater discomfort than HL-RE. In fixed repetition schemes, the discomfort appears to be no different between RE+BFR and HL-RE, but is lower in non-BFR LL-RE.

High-Intensity Interval Exercise Performance in Judo Athletes: Physiological, Perceptual, and Pacing Responses.

This study aimed to verify the behavior of physiological, perceptual, and performance responses during a high-intensity exercise in judo athletes and to identify if this protocol is able to discriminate athletes from different levels (national vs. state). Forty-five male judo athletes participated and were divided into two groups: state (age 24.2 ± 3.7 years) and national (22.1 ± 3.3 years). Judo athletes performed a judo-specific protocol contained high-intensity intermittent exercise consisted of 12 sets of 20 s in all-out intensity. During the protocol, the repetitions and heart rate were assessed over the sets, and at the end of the protocol, the rate of perceived exertion was measured. The results showed that the national group presented higher repetitions (29 ± 4 repetitions) during the high-intensity intermittent exercise compared with state (22 ± 2 repetitions). However, the national group showed a progressive decrease of repetitions up to the middle of the protocol, which coincided with higher values of heart rate compared with state (first and second sets). There was a decrease of repetitions from the first set (p < .001) and similar values of heart rate from the third set in the state. In conclusion, the performance (in repetitions) during the high-intensity intermittent exercise was able to discriminate athletes from different competitive levels. National athletes presented better performance, but worse pacing strategy compared with state.

Relationship between Oxygen Uptake, Heart Rate, and Perceived Effort in an Aquatic Incremental Test in Older Women.

Different parameters can be used to control the intensity of aerobic exercises, a choice that should consider the population and exercise environment targeted. Therefore, our study aimed to verify the relationship between oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and cadence during an aquatic incremental test in older women. Nine older women (64.3 ± 4.4 years) engaged in a water-based aerobic training performed an aquatic incremental test using the stationary running exercise (cadence increases of 15 b·min-1 every 2 min) until participants' volitional exhaustion. VO2, HR, and RPE data were measured, and the percentage of peak VO2 (%VO2peak) and percentage of maximal HR (%HRmax) were calculated. Linear and polynomial regression analyses were performed (α = 0.05). Polynomial regressions revealed the best adjustments for all analyses. Data showed a significant relationship (p < 0.001) between %VO2peak and %HRmax (r = 0.921), %VO2peak and RPE (r = 0.870), and %HRmax and RPE (r = 0.878). Likewise, significant relationships between cadence (p < 0.001) and %VO2peak (r = 0.873), %HRmax (r = 0.874), and RPE (r = 0.910) were also observed. In summary, the physiological, subjective, and mechanical variables investigated were highly associated during an aquatic incremental test to exhaustion in older women. Therefore, these different parameters can be employed to adequately prescribe water-based programs according to preference and availability.

Effect of official judo matches on handgrip strength and perceptual responses.

This study aimed to verify the effect of judo matches on handgrip strength and perceptual responses during an official tournament in medalists and nonmedalists. Thirty-four male judo athletes participated in an official judo tournament. Before the first match and immediately after each match, maximum isometric handgrip strength and rate of perceived exertion overall and in specific areas were assessed. Analysis of variance for repeated measures was used to compare variables before the first match and after each match, and t-test was used to compare medalists and nonmedalists with the level of significance set at 5%. Also, effect size (ES) analysis was used. The results showed decrease in handgrip strength in both hands from the third match (P<0.05). The rate of perceived exertion (RPE) increased from the first match and remained high over the subsequent matches (P<0.001). A very large effect for nonmedalist group (ES=3.44) and large effect for medalist group (ES=1.94) was found in the third match compared to prematch. Forearm and fingers were the body regions most cited by athletes in both groups. We concluded that an official judo competition induced significant drop in handgrip strength from the third match and increased the RPE from first match. Medalists seem to have better recovery after the third match compared to nonmedalists.

Effect of a Brazilian Jiu-jitsu-simulated tournament on strength parameters and perceptual responses.

This study aimed to analyse the effects of a simulated Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) tournament on vertical jump performance, grip strength test and perceived effort responses. 22 male BJJ athletes participated in a simulated tournament consisting of three 7 min matches separated by 14 min of rest. Kimono grip strength test (KGST), counter movement jump (CMJ) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured before and after each match, while RPE of specific areas was assessed after three matches. ANOVA for repeated measures was used to compare strength parameters after each match with the level of significance set at 5%. The key results showed a significant decrease of jump height (p = 0.001) and net vertical impulse in the CMJ (p = 0.031), as well as a reduction of the number of reps in the KGST (p < 0.001). A significant increase of RPE was found throughout the matches (p < 0.001). Considering the RPE in specific areas, no differences were observed between the upper and lower body (p = 0.743). We conclude that the BJJ simulated tournament generated a decrease of performance in both upper and lower limbs and provoked a progressive increase in the effort perception over the matches.

Identification of training status differences using perceived exertion threshold.

We investigated if the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) threshold is as sensitive as the lactate threshold to detect training differences. Lactate and RPE thresholds were identified in well-trained cyclists and physically active males. Power output was higher in well-trained cyclists than in physically active individuals for both thresholds (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that RPE threshold is successful in discriminating differences between well-trained cyclists and physically active individuals.

Can Energy Cost During Low-Intensity Resistance Exercise be Predicted by the OMNI-RES Scale?

The aim of the present study was to assess the precision of the OMNI-RES scale to predict energy cost (EC) at low intensity in four resistance exercises (RE). 17 male recreational body builders (age = 26.6 ± 4.9 years; height = 177.7 ± 0.1 cm; body weight = 79.0 ± 11.1 kg and percent body fat = 10.5 ± 4.6%) served as subjects. Initially tests to determine 1RM for four resistance exercises (bench press, half squat, lat pull down and triceps extension) were administered. Subjects also performed resistance exercise at 12, 16, 20, and 24% of 1RM at a rate of 40 bpm until volitional exhaustion. Oxygen uptake (VO2) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) using the OMNI-RES were obtained during and after all RE. EC was calculated using VO2 and the caloric values of VO2 for non-protein RER. Regression analyses were performed for every RE, using EC as the dependent and RPE as the predictor variable. The triceps extension, lat pull down and bench press, RPE correlated strongly with EC (R > 0.97) and predicted EC with a error of less than 0.2 kcal.min(-1). In conclusion, RPE using the OMNI-RES scale can be considered as an accurate indicator of EC in the bench press, lat pull down and triceps extension performed by recreational bodybuilders, provided lower intensities are used (up to 24% of 1-RM) and provided each set of exercise is performed for the maximal sustainable duration. It would be interesting in future studies to consider having the subjects exercise at low intensities for longer durations than those in the present study.

Comparação das respostas cardiorrespiratórias de um exercício de hidroginástica com e sem deslocamento horizontal nos meios terrestre e aquático / Comparisons of cardiorrespiratory responses in a hydrogymnastics exercise with and without horizontal movement on land and in aquatic environment

O objetivo do estudo foi comparar as respostas cardiorrespiratórias de um exercício de hidroginástica (corrida estacionária) realizado com e sem deslocamento horizontal no meio terrestre (MT), em piscina funda (PF) e em piscina rasa (PR). Seis mulheres jovens realizaram os exercícios durante 4 min numa cadência de 80 bpm. O exercício consistia em flexão e extensão de quadril com os braços simulando um movimento de corrida. A frequência cardíaca (FC) e o consumo de oxigênio (VO2 ) foram coletados no último minuto de exercício e a percepção de esforço (PE) foi coletada ao término do exercício. Para a comparação das variáveis utilizou-se ANOVA two-way para medidas repetidas com fatores meio e forma de execução (p < 0,05). Para todas as variáveis analisadas foram encontrados valores menores no exercício em PR comparado ao exercício no MT. Porém, nenhuma diferença foi observada entre o exercício no MT e em PF, exceto para a FC, que foi menor no exercício em PF. Em relação à forma de execução, para a FC, foram encontrados valores maiores no exercício com deslocamento quando comparado ao exercício sem deslocamento somente na PF. Estes achados sugerem a possibilidade de executar o exercício analisado em PF com gasto energético (GE) similar e FC menor quando comparado ao mesmo exercício no MT. Fato de grande relevância para populações que querem obter um GE semelhante ao exercício no MT, mas que necessitam de uma menor sobrecarga cardiovascular.

The aim of the study was to compare the cardiorespiratory responses during an hydrogymnastics exercise performed with and without horizontal movement on land environment (LE) and in a deep (DS) and in a shallow swimming pool (SS). Six YOUNG women performed the exercise during four minutes in each environment (LE, DS and SS) and situation (with and without horizontal movement) in a cadence of 80 bpm. The exercise consisted in a hip flexion/extension while the arms simulating a running movement. The heart rate (HR) and oxygen uptake (VO2 ) were veriefied during the last minute in each exercise and the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was collected in the ending of the exercise. To variables comparisons was used ANOVA two-way for repeated measures with factors environment and situation (p < 0,05). For all cardiorespiratory variables analyzed, SS exercise were lower than that found on LE. Although, no difference was observed in the exercise performed on LE or in DS, except for the HR, that was lower during DS. Acording to the different situations, higher HR value was found during the exercise with horizontal movement when compared with the exercise without horizontal movement in the DS. These findings suggest the possibility to perform the exercise analyzed with similar energy expenditure and lower FC in DS when compared with exercise in LE. It is very important for people that need similar energy expenditure and lower cardiovascular overload during aquatic exercise.

Esforço percebido, estresse e inflamação do trato respiratório superior em atletas de elite de canoagem / Perceived exertion, stress and upper respiratory tract illness in female elite canoeing flatwater

O presente estudo investigou o comportamento do esforço percebido, percepção de fontes e sintomas de estresse e de ocorrência e incidência de sintomas associados a inflamações do trato respiratório superior (ITRS) em atletas de elite do sexo feminino de canoagem velocidade, durante sete semanas de preparação para um campeonato internacional. Para tanto foram utilizados os instrumentos de: medida de esforço percebido da sessão (EPS); o DALDA e o WURSS-21. A ANOVA de Friedman foi utilizada a fim de verificar a hipótese de igualdade entre as sete semanas de investigação para cada uma das variáveis. O nível de significância foi estabelecido em 5 por cento. O teste de Wilcoxon foi utilizado como "post-hoc" com o ajuste de Bonferroni, quando necessário. Os resultados para EPS revelaram diferença significante entre as sete semanas de investigação. Foram localizadas diferenças entre as semanas recuperativas e as semanas de intensificação do treinamento. Diferenças significantes foram reveladas para os sintomas de estresse (Parte B do DALDA) sinalizando para a sensibilidade do instrumento para discriminar semanas de intensificação e semanas recuperativas de carga de treinamento. O WURSS-21 revelou diferenças significantes na ocorrência e incidência de ITRS entre a semana de maior volume de treinamento (semana 1) e as demais semanas investigadas, exceto com a semana 2. Os resultados permitem concluir que os instrumentos utilizados na presente investigação podem ser úteis para monitorar as alterações no esforço percebido da sessão, fadiga, percepção de sintomas de estresse e de ocorrências de ITRS.

The aim of the present study was to identify the behavior of session rating of perceived exertion (session RPE), perception of sources and symptoms of stress and perception of occurrence and incidence of upper respiratory tract illness symptoms (URTI) in elite canoeing flatwater female athletes, during 7 weeks of preparation for an international championship. The methods used were the session RPE, DALDA and WURSS-21. The ANOVA of Friedman was applied on the dependent variables. The level of significance was established in 5 percent. Wilcoxon test was used as post-hoc with the adjustment of Bonferroni when necessary. The session RPE showed significant differences between the taper weeks and the overload weeks (intensified training). Significant differences for the Part B of the DALDA (symptoms of stress) have been demonstrated. To URTI symptoms, significant differences were between the week of greater volume of training (week 1) and the remaining of investigated weeks, except with week 2. The results allow concluding that the instruments used in the present investigation may be useful for assessing changes in perceptual training load, fatigue, stress reaction symptoms and occurrence of perceived URTI symptoms.