You can't nudge into vaccination: Comparing the effects of nudge types and Covid-19 vaccination attitudes on vaccine willingness.

Nudges can be an effective strategy to promote vaccination. However, it is necessary to better identify the characteristics of nudges that produce the strongest effects and how they interact with individuals' attitudes. Here we sequentially test the effectiveness of three nudge characteristics (framing, nudge type, and presentation modality) and the role of participants' attitudes toward Covid-19 vaccination, social solidarity and authoritarianism in vaccination decisions. In studies 1-4, participants were presented with a nudge manipulating a target characteristic (e.g. positive/negative framing, nudge type) and measuring willingness to vaccinate and related variables compared a control nudge. Study 5 used a single combined nudge reflecting the combination of successful nudges in previous studies. Results over all studies show that nudging has unreliable effects while vaccine attitudes are more reliably linked to all measures of vaccines willingness. These results suggest that attitudes play a more reliable role on effective adoption of vaccinations.

The Essence of What it Is to Act Rationally: A Perspective on Distinctively Human Action Based on Aristotelian Philosophy and Evolutionary Science.

The purpose of this article is to understand the distinctively human behavior from Aristotelian ethics and evolutionary science to offer a perspective of what it means to act rationally. We argue that this way of acting is characterized by a decision informed by the analysis of whether or not it is worth pursuing an end, and by certain means, which takes place through a weighting of consequences from the body of knowledge that the person has so far We also argue that such a process can occur quickly (and requiring a less cognitive effort) or slowly (and demanding more cognitive effort), depending on whether or not the person has previous experiences of choices that have generated good consequences in the type of context presented; What does it mean for a person to have or not rational heuristics established in their minds, which are those that are connected to the most current network of "whys" and that has been consolidated precisely because they have proven effective in pointing out what is best to do in that kind of context. Finally, we apply the perspective we are offering to evidence three imprecise notions about "acting rationally".

O laboratório de leitura como "campo" para o cultivo e a manutenção da saúde mental no contexto do neoliberalismo / The reading laboratory as a "field" for the cultivation and maintenance of mental health in the context of neoliberalism / Le laboratoire de lecture comme "terrain" pour cultiver et de maintenir la santé mentale dans le contexte du néolibéralisme / El laboratorio de lectura como "campo" para el cultivo y mantenimiento de la salud mental en el contexto del neoliberalismo

Este artigo objetiva refletir sobre o adoecimento psíquico do sujeito no contexto do neoliberalismo, que consiste em força estruturante (Bourdieu) que age sobre a sua subjetividade, desenhando-a a partir de uma lógica empresarial, pautada pela máxima produtividade, racionalidade cartesiana e desvalorização dos afetos, de que resulta o adoecimento mental e sofrimento psíquico desse sujeito. Para tanto, apresenta-se uma experiência com a leitura literária desenvolvida coletivamente por meio do Laboratório de Leitura como proposta de intervenção desmobilizadora dessas estruturas estruturantes.

Resumos This article aims to reflect on the psychic illness of the subject in the context of neoliberalism, which is a structuring force (Bourdieu) that acts on their subjectivity, drawing it from a business logic, guided by maximum productivity, Cartesian rationality and devaluation of affections, resulting in the mental illness and psychic suffering of this subject. To this end, an experience with literary reading developed collectively via the Reading Laboratory is presented as for na intervention to demobilize these structuring structures.

Cet article reflète sur la maladie psychique du sujet dans le contexte du néolibéralisme, une force structurante (Bourdieu) qui agit sur sa subjectivité, en la tirant d'une logique d'entreprise basée sur la productivité maximale, la rationalité cartésienne et la dévalorisation des affects, ce qui entraîne la maladie mentale et la souffrance psychique de ce sujet. Pour ce faire, une expérience de lecture littéraire développée collectivement à travers le Laboratoire de lecture est présentée comme une proposition d'intervention pour démobiliser ces structures structurantes.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo reflexionar sobre la enfermedad psíquica del sujeto en el contexto del neoliberalismo, que consiste en una fuerza estructurante (Bourdieu) que actúa sobre su subjetividad extrayéndola de una lógica empresarial, guiada por la máxima productividad, la racionalidad cartesiana y la desvalorización de los afectos, lo que tiene como resultado la enfermedad mental y el sufrimiento psíquico de este sujeto. Para ello, se presenta una experiencia con la lectura literaria desarrollada colectivamente mediante el Laboratorio de Lectura como propuesta de intervención desmovilizadora de estas estructuras estructurantes.

A conexão entre a intencionalidade e a consciência: um estudo filosófico / La conexión entre la intencionalidad y la conciencia: un estudio filosófico / The connection between intentionality and consciousness: a philosophical study

Este artigo aborda a relação entre consciência e intencionalidade, argumentando que essas duas características fundamentais da mente estão intrinsecamente entrelaçadas. A partir da perspectiva da Teoria da Intencionalidade Fenomenal (TIF), exploramos como a intencionalidade afenomenal (não-fenomenal) depende da consciência para sua adequada representação pelos sujeitos, destacando a visão de Dennett sobre uma intencionalidade original e fenomenal. Em seguida, analisamos o argumento transcendental proposto por Searle para o livre arbítrio, que revelou insights valiosos sobre como a racionalidade pode ser experimentada. Ao unir os pressupostos da TIF com a análise do livre arbítrio, sustentamos que a experiência da liberdade de agir está baseada em razões e é mediada pela consciência. Concluímos que a intencionalidade e a consciência não estão separadas como entidades isoladas, mas são interdependentes e complementares. Portanto, compreender essas facetas como elementos integrados é essencial para uma compreensão abrangente da mente. Este estudo contribui para o avanço teórico e conceitual no campo da psicologia da consciência e fornece um arcabouço para pesquisas futuras sobre a interação entre consciência e intencionalidade.(AU)

This paper discusses the relationship between consciousness and intentionality, arguing that these two fundamental features of mind are intrinsically interwoven. From the perspective of the Phenomenal Intentionality Theory (PIT), we explore how phenomenal intentionality depends on consciousness for its proper representation by subjects, highlighting Dennett's view on original phenomenal intentionality. Then, we analyze Searle's transcendental argument for free will, which has revealed valuable insights into how rationality can be experienced. By combining PIT's assumptions with the analysis of free will, we argue that the experience of freedom to act is based on reasons and is mediated by consciousness. We conclude that consciousness and intentionality are not separate as isolated entities, but are interdependent and complementary. Therefore, understanding these facets as integrated elements is essential for a comprehensive understanding of mind. This study contributes to the theoretical and conceptual advancement in the field of consciousness psychology and provides a framework for future research on the interaction between consciousness and intentionality.(AU)

Este artículo aborda la relación entre conciencia e intencionalidad, argumentando que estas dos características fundamentales de la mente están intrínsecamente entrelazadas. Desde la perspectiva de la Teoría de la Intencionalidad Fenomenal (TIF), exploramos cómo la intencionalidad afenomenal (no fenomenal) depende de la conciencia para su adecuada representación por los sujetos, destacando la visión de Dennett sobre una intencionalidad original y fenomenal. A continuación, analizamos el argumento trascendental propuesto por Searle para el libre albedrío, que ha revelado conocimientos valiosos sobre cómo la racionalidad puede ser experimentada. Al unir los presupuestos de la TIF con el análisis del libre albedrío, sostenemos que la experiencia de la libertad de actuar está basada en razones y está mediada por la conciencia. Concluimos que la intencionalidad y la conciencia no están separadas como entidades aisladas, sino que son interdependientes y complementarias. Por lo tanto, comprender estas facetas como elementos integrados es esencial para una comprensión integral de la mente. Este estudio contribuye al avance teórico y conceptual en el campo de la psicología de la conciencia y proporciona un marco para futuras investigaciones sobre la interacción entre conciencia e intencionalidad.(AU)

Responses in cognitive hierarchy games are correlated with academic performance and the cognitive reflection test.

Economics and Finance undergraduate students from four cohorts played LUPI, a game rewarding the person submitting the lowest unique positive integer, for a small bonus in an exam. Some months later, they played this game again with financial incentives and took a cognitive reflection test (CRT). We find that submitted responses to different configurations of LUPI are correlated with short-term (i.e., exam grade) and medium-term (i.e., final grade and GPA) academic performance, as well as the score in the CRT.

Dual educational rationality and acculturation in Mapuche people in Chile.

Even though Mapuche people represent the largest indigenous population in Chile, the "logic of double rationality" in their educational knowledge and its link with acculturation dynamics, has been scarcely studied. The aim of this study was to explore the relationships between the attitudes toward school education and the acculturation orientations of 468 Mapuche people, with ages from 17 to 53 years (M = 16.19; SD = 7.0). Participants were students of secondary schools and universities from urban and rural areas of different regions of Chile. Results showed that most of the participants presented a bicultural orientation (39.4%), followed by a group of segregated or ethnic identity profile (23.5%), while those who preferred assimilation (17.5%), and marginalization (20.7%) represented a minority. Results indicated that people identified as bicultural scored higher in the components of dual Mapuche/ Chilean Mestizo educational rationality than the other acculturation profiles. Also, the fluency in speaking Mapuche language was positively associated with the perception of cultural differences in knowledge and education between Mapuche and Chilean culture, the evaluation of the teaching of Mapuche culture, the perception of school as a factor of assimilation, the valuation of bicultural practices, and the justification of double rationality. Findings' contributions to the development of pertinent educational practices in contexts of social and cultural diversity are discussed.

Emoción, subjetividad, memoria y salud mental / Emotion, subjectivity, memory and mental health

RESUMEN Se intenta esclarecer las diferentes estrategias que utilizan la psicología clínica y la psiquiatría para modificar esquemas emocionales y conductuales inadecuados, inadaptados o psicopatológicos. Se revisa la literatura científica, internacional y relevante en relación al tema, investigación original, narrativa y cualitativa, con componentes integradores, agregativos e interpretativos. Para la emocionalidad son fundamentales la respuesta fisiológica, tan vinculada a la genómica, y la vivencia de los sentimientos y pensamientos. Las que pueden considerarse como lógica y memoria afectivas de trabajo muestran que, por lo general, las preferencias e intenciones son las que deciden o determinan y la racionalidad la que explica. Gracias al rol de la estría terminal, la estructura subcortical amigdalina es capaz de desencadenar todo tipo de respuesta emocional. En síntesis, la verdad o certeza en entornos múltiples será solo una opinión y no algo incuestionable. La anatomofisiología, creencias, cultura y actitudes personales están interrelacionados y se influyen mutuamente de manera continua.

SUMMARY Clinical psychology and psychiatry use different strategies to modify inadequate, maladjusted or psychopathological emotional and behavioral schemas. This study is based on related relevant international scientific literature, an original narrative qualitative research with integrating, aggregational and interpretative components. The physiological response, so linked to genomics, and the experience of thoughts and feelings are fundamental for emotionality. Affective logic and work memory express well that preferences and intentions generally decide and then rationality, explains. Thanks to the role of terminal stria, the subcortical amygdala structure is able to trigger any type of emotional response. In short, truth or certainty in multiple environments will only be an opinion and not something unquestionable. The anatomophysiology, beliefs, culture and personal attitudes are interrelated and influence themselves mutually on a continuous basis.

Comprensión Hermenéutica de una Ontologia del Presente en la Era Digital / Hermeneutic Understanding of an Ontology of the Present in the Digital Age / Compreensão Hermenêutica de uma Ontologia do Presente na Era Digital

Resumen EL presente como categoría filosófica, expresa un carácter conductual, que se asume como una actitud (ethos) frente a un mundo digital. Este "ethos" configura una relacionalidad entre Lo humano y La máquina, construye puentes de apertura (apertus) que consolida unidades de posibilidad existencial a través de prácticas que manifiestan, no una digitalización, sino, una digitalización, esto es, una praxis particular y singular que, en el marco digital, pretende comprender intencionalmente el campo existencial del ser humano en las lógicas digitales. Esta digitalización como práctica, configura, "el presente" que en el marco de lo digital se constituye en una racionalidad, una especie de capacidad que tienen los seres humanos de analizar a través de un ejercicio mental la realidad existencial de sí mismo y de su entorno.

Abstract The present as a philosophical category, expresses a behavioral character, which is assumed as an attitude (ethos) towards a digital world. This "ethos" configures a relationship between the human and the machine, builds bridges of opening (apertus) that consolidates units of existential possibility through practices that manifest, not a digitization, but a digitiza-tion, that is, a praxis particular and unique that, in the digital framework, intends to intentionally understand the existential field of the human being in digital logics. This digitaliza-tion as a practice configures "the present" that in the digital framework constitutes a rationality, a kind of capacity that human beings have to analyze through a mental exercise the existential reality of themselves and of your environment.

Resumo O presente como categoria filosófica expressa um caráter comportamental, que se assume como uma atitude (ethos) em relação a um mundo digital. Esse "ethos" configura uma relação entre o humano e a máquina, constrói pontes de abertura (apertus) que consolida unidades de possibilidade existencial por meio de práticas que manifestam, não uma digitalização, mas uma digitalização, ou seja, uma práxis particular e única que, no quadro digital, pretende compreender intencionalmente o campo existencial do ser humano nas lógicas digitais. Essa digitaliza-ção como prática configura "o presente" que no quadro digital constitui uma racionalidade, uma espécie de capacidade que os seres humanos têm de analisar por meio de um exercício mental a realidade existencial de si e de seu ambiente.

Dual Process Theory: Embodied and Predictive; Symbolic and Classical.

Dual Process Theory is currently a popular theory for explaining why we show bounded rationality in reasoning and decision-making tasks. This theory proposes there must be a sharp distinction in thinking to explain two clusters of correlational features. One cluster describes a fast and intuitive process (Type 1), while the other describes a slow and reflective one (Type 2). A problem for this theory is identifying a common principle that binds these features together, explaining why they form a unity, the unity problem. To solve it, a hypothesis is developed combining embodied predictive processing with symbolic classical approaches. The hypothesis, simplified, states that Type 1 processes are bound together because they rely on embodied predictive processing whereas Type 2 processes form a unity because they are accomplished by symbolic classical cognition. To show that this is likely the case, the features of Dual Process Theory are discussed in relation to these frameworks.

Racionalidad pugilistica y supremacismo médico-legal. Una controversia argumental sobre la violencia consensuada

Este artículo presenta una revisión crítica de algunos de los principales argumentos esgrimidos por detractores y defensores en el denominado debate sobre el boxeo. Se examinan las posturas planteadas por destacados representantes del activismo médico-legal a favor de la abolición total del boxeo y se confronta particularmente el mito de la naturaleza salvaje e irracional de dicho deporte. Se contrasta tal concepción con el abordaje etnográfico propuesto por Lois Wacquant y su mentor, Pierre Bourdieu, sobre la existencia de una racionalidad pugilística forjada en el habitus corporal del boxeador. Se recorren aspectos importantes del problema como es el hecho de que la Pedagogía, a través de la cual se enseña a boxear, dista de ser consciente, reflexiva, teorizadora e intelectualista (lo cual alimenta la apariencia de una supuesta ausencia de formación y cultivo de un saber que es eminentemente práctico). Asimismo, se muestra la dualidad de la argumentación médica al moverse sutilmente del plano epistémico al plano ético-moral y las implicaciones que tal opacidad arrastra. El objetivo del artículo no es cerrar la controversia en detrimento de las preocupaciones del sector médico-sanitario, sino mostrar la complejidad filosófica que le subyace.

Este artigo apresenta uma revisão crítica de alguns dos principais argumentos apresentados por adversários e apoiadores no chamado debate do boxe. Ela examina as posições apresentadas por destacados representantes do ativismo médico-legal em favor da abolição total do boxe e enfrenta em particular o mito da natureza selvagem e irracional do esporte. Esta concepção é contrastada com a abordagem etnográfica proposta por Lois Wacquant e seu mentor, Pierre Bourdieu, sobre a existência de uma racionalidade pugilística forjada no hábito corporal do boxeador. Aspectos importantes do problema são explorados, como o fato de que a pedagogia através da qual o boxe é ensinado está longe de ser consciente, reflexiva, teorizante e intelectual (o que alimenta a aparência de uma suposta ausência de treinamento e cultivo de um conhecimento que é eminentemente prático). Ela também mostra a dualidade da argumentação médica ao passar sutilmente do plano epistêmico para o plano ético-moral, e as implicações que tal opacidade implica. O objetivo do artigo não é fechar a controvérsia em detrimento das preocupações do setor médico-sanitário, mas mostrar a complexidade filosófica que lhe está subjacente.

This article presents a critical review of some of the main arguments put forward by detractors and defenders in the so-called boxing debate. It examines the positions put forward by prominent representatives of medico-legal activism in favor of the total abolition of boxing and particularly confronts the myth of the savage and irrational nature of the sport. This conception is contrasted with the ethnographic approach proposed by Lois Wacquant and his mentor, Pierre Bourdieu, on the existence of a pugilistic rationality forged in the boxer's bodily habitus. Important aspects of the problem are discussed, such as the fact that pedagogy, through which boxing is taught, is far from being conscious, reflective, theorizing and intellectualistic (which feeds the appearance of a supposed absence of training and cultivation of a knowledge that is eminently practical). It also shows the duality of medical argumentation by subtly moving from the epistemic plane to the ethical-moral plane and the implications that such opacity entails. The aim of the article is not to close the controversy to the detriment of the concerns of the medical-health sector, but to show the philosophical complexity that underlies it.

Racionalidad y sensibilidad ética en el cuidado enfermero al paciente internado en un hospital público peruano de Nivel II-2 / Rationality and ethical sensitivity in nursing care for patients admitted to a Peruvian public hospital of Level II-2

Introducción: En enfermería, la vivencia ética connota ser siempre afectivo-reflexiva, al ejercerse en contextos de fragilidad y vulnerabilidad de los pacientes, exigiendo a los profesionales del cuidado y la salud a actuar con tales criterios beneficiando a las personas cuidadas. Objetivo: Describir la racionalidad y sensibilidad ética en el cuidado de enfermería al paciente de un hospital público peruano de nivel II-2. Material y métodos: Se asumió el enfoque cualitativo, de tipo descriptivo bajo diseño de análisis hermenéutico. La muestra fue de 15 enfermeros, obtenido en muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia, quienes trabajaron en el área de Medicina Interna del hospital público mencionado. Se recolectó la información mediante entrevista semiestructurada aplicada por medios digitales, previo consentimiento informado. Los datos se procesaron a través del análisis de contenido. Resultados: a) Disponibilidad y esfuerzo hacia un cuidado compasivo y solidario, b) Equilibrando deberes y afectos hacia el bien global del enfermo, c) Comprensión interactiva, confianza y buen trato hasta el final de la vida. Conclusión: Los resultados destacan la capacidad de la enfermera para aplicar la afectividad, la empatía, la comunicación afectiva, la mirada atenta y el contacto físico; así como la disponibilidad para oír e interpretar las necesidades, además de comprender la angustia, sufrimiento, miedos y dolor de la persona cuando está internada en un nosocomio.

Background: In nursing, the ethical experience connotes being always affective-reflexive, when exercised in contexts of fragility and vulnerability of patients, requiring care and health professionals to act with such criteria, benefiting the people cared for. Objective:To describe the rationality and ethical sensitivity in nursing care for patients in a level II-2 Peruvian public hospital. Material and methods: The qualitative, descriptive approach was assumed under hermeneutic analysis design. The sample consisted of 15 nurses, obtained through non-probabilistic convenience sampling, who worked in the Internal Medicine area of the aforementioned public hospital. Information was collected through a semi-structured interview applied by digital means, with prior informed consent. The data was processed through content analysis. Results: a) Availability and effort towards compassionate and supportive care, b) Balancing duties and affections towards the global good of the patient, c) Interactive understanding, trust and good treatment until the end of life. Conclusion: The results highlight the nurse's ability to apply affectivity, empathy, affective communication, attentive gaze and physical contact; as well as the availability to listen and interpret the needs, in addition to understanding the anguish, suffering, fears and pain of the person when they are admitted to a hospital.

Do racional desregramento de todos os sentidos de Rimbaud ao sentimento de racionalidade em James / From Rimbaud's rational derangement of all the senses to James' sentiment of rationality / Du raisonné dérèglement de tous les sens chez Rimbaud au sentiment de rationalité chez James / Del razonado desarreglo de todos los sentidos de Rimbaud al sentimiento de racionalidad en James

Resumo Este ensaio traz o método do racional desregramento de todos os sentidos, do poeta Arthur Rimbaud, como ponto de partida para uma reflexão sobre a relação entre razão e afeto e para um possível diálogo com a noção de sentimento de racionalidade, do psicólogo e filósofo William James, sob a perspectiva teórico-metodológica do construtivismo semiótico-cultural em psicologia. Aborda-se o experimento de inalação do óxido nitroso de James como uma experiência de desregramento dos sentidos que proporcionou a ele uma compreensão sobre a questão da unidade e da variedade, ajudando a enriquecer sua cosmovisão empirista e pluralista, em oposição ao racionalismo monista de Hegel.

Abstract This essay uses Rimbaud's rational derangement of all the senses as a starting point for its reflection on the relationship between reason and affection, and for possible dialogues with psychologist and philosopher William James' sentiment of rationality, from the perspective of semiotic-cultural constructivism in psychology. James' experiment of nitrous oxide inhalation is seen as an experience of derangement of the senses that gave him insight on the question of unity and variety, thus enriching his empiricist and pluralist worldview opposed to Hegel' s monistic rationalism.

Résumé Cet essai utilise le raisonné dérèglement de tous les sens de Arthur Rimbaud comme point de départ de sa réflexion sur la relation entre raison et l'affection, et des dialogues possibles avec le sentiment de rationalité du psychologue et philosophe William James, dans la perspective du constructivisme sémiotique-culturel en psychologie. L'expérience d'inhalation d'oxide nitreux de James est considérée comme une expérience du dérèglement des sens qui lui a donné un aperçu de la question de l'unité et de la variété, enrichissant ainsi sa vision empiriste et pluraliste du monde, opposée au rationalisme moniste de Hegel.

Resumen Este ensayo toma el método del racional desarreglo de todos los sentidos del poeta Arthur Rimbaud como punto de partida para una reflexión sobre la relación entre la razón y el afecto, y un posible diálogo con la noción del sentimiento de la racionalidad del psicólogo y filósofo William James, bajo la perspectiva teórico-metodológica del constructivismo semiótico-cultural en psicología. El experimento de la inhalación de óxido nitroso de James se aborda como una experiencia de desarreglo de los sentidos que le proporcionó una comprensión de la unidad y la variedad, contribuyendo a enriquecer su cosmovisión empirista y pluralista en oposición al racionalismo monista de Hegel.

Una aproximación metaetnográfica a la racionalidad y emotividad en los procesos de atención y cuidado en hospitales de Latinoamérica / A metaethnographic approach to rationality and emotionality in the health care processes in hospitals in Latin America

Resumen Los procesos de atención y cuidado de la salud-enfermedad en los hospitales se configuran en torno a diferentes dimensiones relacionales entre los actores implicados. En las sociedades occidentales se han naturalizado a estas instituciones como espacios que suponen una estructura vertical, dominada por la racionalidad biomédica. Este artículo se basa en la revisión de la bibliografía y muestra que las prácticas de atención y cuidado involucran distintos vínculos, saberes y emociones que configuran aspectos por fuera de lo normado desde la institución. El objetivo consiste en indagar en los procesos de atención y cuidado desarrollados en los hospitales de Latinoamérica, colocando el foco en las tensiones entre la racionalidad que impone la norma y las emociones que emergen en el proceso de trabajo. Para ello se realizó una metaetnografía, que permitió sintetizar investigaciones cualitativas y producir una nueva interpretación del problema estudiado. De este modo, se conformó un corpus de 36 artículos científicos a partir de las búsquedas en las bases de la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud (BVS), PubMed, SciELO y Scopus. Los resultados muestran que las racionalidades y las emociones intervienen como dimensiones estructurales de los procesos de atención y cuidado en los hospitales.

Abstract Healthcare process that take place in hospitals are shaped around different relational dimensions between the actors involved. Western societies have naturalized these institutions as spaces of presumed vertical structure, ruled by biomedical rationality. This literature review shows that care practices entail different relations, knowledge and emotions, which configure aspects found outside the institution's standards. It investigates the healthcare processes developed in Latin America hospitals, focusing on the tensions between the rationality imposed by the norm and the emotions that emerge in the work process. For this purpose, a metaethnography was carried out to summarize qualitative research and produce new interpretations on the topic. A total 36 scientific papers was obtained by searching the BVS, PubMed, SciELO and Scopus databases. Results show that rationalities and emotions function as structural dimensions of healthcare processes in hospitals.

The impact of attitudes on behavioural change: a multilevel analysis of predictors of changes in consumer behaviour / El impacto de las actitudes en el cambio comportamental: un análisis multinivel de los predictores de los cambios en el comportamiento del consumidor

Abstract Introduction/objective: The paper sought to identify the predictor variables of changes in habits and behaviours of responsible consumption in students of Pedagogy of History and Geography in the city of Temuco, Chile. Method: The sample comprised of 110 students divided into an experimental (n = 68) and a control (n = 42) group. Pre-and post-intervention measurements were considered, within the framework of a pilot financial education programme for students of Pedagogy of History and Geography. Analyses included Multilevel Mixed Effects Analyses, which evaluated the predicting power of attitudes towards purchasing, materialism, self-discrepancy and levels of financial literacy regarding behavioural change in responsible consumption. Results: The results set forth rationality (a subscale of attitudes toward purchasing), and centrality (a subscale of materialism) as significant predictors of behavioural changes in purchasing. Conclusions: These results suggest guidelines for interventions to promote responsible consumption in university students.

Resumen Introducción/objetivo: Este artículo buscó identificar las variables predictoras de los cambios en hábitos y conductas de consumo responsable en estudiantes de Pedagogía en Historia y Geografía en la ciudad de Temuco, Chile. Método: La muestra se conformó por 110 estudiantes divididos en un grupo experimental (n = 68) y uno control (n = 42). Se consideraron mediciones pre y post intervención, en el marco de un programa piloto de educación financiera para estudiantes de Pedagogía en Historia y Geografía. Se incluyeron análisis de efectos mixtos multinivel, que evaluaron el poder de predicción de las actitudes hacia la compra, el materialismo, la discrepancia del yo, y los niveles de alfabetización financiera sobre el cambio en las conductas de consumo responsable. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que racionalidad (una subescala de las actitudes hacia la compra) y centralidad (una subescala de materialismo) son los predictores significativos de los cambios comportamentales en la compra. Conclusiones: Estos resultados sugieren posibles pautas de intervención para promover el consumo responsable en estudiantes universitarios.

Trayectorias del pensamiento crítico social y ambiental en la investigación. Caso Maestría de Desarrollo Sostenible y Medio Ambiente / Trajectories of critical social and environmental thinking from the investigation. Master's case of Sustainable Development and Environment / Trajetórias de pensamento social e ambiental crítico na pesquisa. Caso do Mestrado em Desenvolvimento Sustentável e Meio Ambiente

RESUMEN Se presentan los resultados del estudio documental que tuvo como objetivo interpretar las trayectorias del pensamiento crítico social y ambiental en las tesis de la Maestría en Desarrollo Sostenible y Medio Ambiente de la Universidad de Manizales. La metodología utilizada fue cualitativa con alcance interpretativo, para lo cual se empleó la revisión sistemática de literatura y el análisis categorial como recursos metodológicos; las fases de la investigación fueron la exploración y el análisis documental de 76 tesis desarrolladas entre 2007 y 2018, con una organización en dos categorías: la racionalidad social y la racionalidad ambiental. Respecto a la racionalidad social se encontró un enfoque del desarrollo humano a partir de la postura de los investigadores para el examen crítico de sí mismo y de las propias tradiciones, la habilidad para un pensamiento desde la diversidad y la pluralidad y la necesidad de entender los sufrimientos ajenos. Y en la racionalidad ambiental, los investigadores demuestran su postura en torno a la racionalidad sustantiva, teórica, técnica y cultural para identificar y reducir las problemáticas ambientales. Se idéntico la línea del pensamiento lógico disciplinar para posteriores estudios.

ABSTRACT The results of the documentary study that aimed to interpret the trajectories of critical social and environmental thought in the theses of the Master's Degree in Sustainable Development and Environment at the University of Manizales are presented. The methodology used was qualitative with an interpretative scope, for which the systematic literature review and categorical analysis were used as methodological resources; the phases of the research were the exploration and documentary analysis of 76 theses developed between 2007 to 2018; with an organization in two categories: social rationality and environmental rationality. Regarding social rationality, an approach to human development was found from the position of researchers for the critical examination of themselves and their own traditions, the ability to think from diversity and plurality and the need to understand the sufferings of others. And in environmental rationality, researchers show their position around substantive, theoretical, technical and cultural rationality to identify and reduce environmental problems. The line of disciplinary logical thought was identical for later studies.

RESUMO Apresentamos os resultados do estudo documental que visou interpretar as trajetórias do pensamento crítico social e ambiental nas teses do Mestrado em Desenvolvimento Sustentável e Meio Ambiente da Universidade de Manizales. A metodologia utilizada foi qualitativa com escopo interpretativo, para a qual a revisão sistemática da literatura e a análise categórica foram utilizadas como recursos metodológicos; as fases da pesquisa foram a exploração e análise documental de 76 teses desenvolvidas entre 2007 e 2018, com uma organização em duas categorias: racionalidade social e racionalidade ambiental. Com relação à racionalidade social, encontramos uma abordagem do desenvolvimento humano baseada na postura dos pesquisadores para o exame crítico de si mesmos e de suas próprias tradições, a capacidade de pensar a partir da diversidade e pluralidade e a necessidade de compreender o sofrimento dos outros. E na racionalidade ambiental, os pesquisadores demonstram sua posição sobre a racionalidade substantiva, teórica, técnica e cultural para identificar e reduzir as questões ambientais. A linha de pensamento lógico disciplinar é identificada para estudos futuros.

Emotion, rationality, and social identity: a theoretical-methodological proposal for a cognitive approach.

Humberto Maturana's biology of cognition and the studies of neuroscientist Antonio Damasio have proposed theories that indicate the role of emotion in cognitive processes. Emotion lies at the basis of any behavior. An emotional transition defines a transition from one domain of actions to the other, while emotions shared in human interaction define collective domains of action and thus also social identity. In this case, they may give rise to operational coherences within the same domain of action which is recognized as "rationality". The transition from one operational coherence to another within the same rationality does not therefore entail an emotional transition. This article uses this theoretical framework to propose an interpretation of the phenomenon of social identity and distinguishes social identities based only on emotions from those related to operational coherence. We call the former type of social identity "ontological", while the latter is referred to as "formal". To empirically prove the theoretical proposal of the article, the concept of metacontrast found in social self-categorization theory and its quantification elaborated by Alberto Voci are used. According to the social self-categorization theory, the greater the distance between two groups' visions of the world, the greater the metacontrast between them. Using our model, metacontrast must thus be greater for ontological social identity and less for formal social identity. Our hypothesis was confirmed by the data. This outcome allows huge applications of the methodology proposed, as exemplified in the final considerations.

As crianças e o brincar no contexto escolar: tempos (in)sensíveis

RESUMO Neste artigo, em formato de ensaio, buscamos a reflexão demarcada por uma dicotomia na Educação Infantil em que, de um lado temos o tempo cronometrado, medido, regulado pela opressão dos relógios dos adultos, concebido pela objetividade dos números, horários e rotinas, representante do mundo pensado, racionalizado. De outro, temos o tempo sentido, percebido pelas crianças, a subjetividade, a experiência e o acontecimento, representantes do mundo vivido. Concluimos que, não obstante a feição social do tempo, pode possibilitar as crianças expandir suas capacidades criativas e inventivas pelo brincar e ser uma aposta ético-política para enfrentar a instrumentalização do tempo e seu domínio na experiência escolar.

ABSTRACT In this paper, in an essay format, we pursue the reflection delimited by a dichotomy in Early Childhood Education where, on the one hand, time is tracked, measured, regulated by the oppression of clocks of adults, conceived by the objectivity of numbers, schedules and routines, representative of the thought and rationalized world. On the other hand, we have the time felt and perceived by the children, the subjectivity, the experience and the fact, representatives of the lived world. We conclude that, despite the social aspect of time, allowing children to broaden their creative and inventive capacities by playing is an ethical-political attempt to face the instrumentalization of time and its power in the school experience.

RESUMEN En este artículo, en formato de ensayo, buscamos la reflexión demarcada por una dicotomía en la Educación Infantil donde, por un lado tenemos el tiempo cronometrado, medido, regulado por la opresión de los relojes de los adultos, concebido por la objetividad de los números, horarios y rutinas, el mundo pensado, racionalizado. De otro, tenemos el tiempo sentido, percibido por los niños, la subjetividad, la experiencia y el acontecimiento, representantes del mundo vivido. Concluimos que, a pesar de la aparición social del tiempo, puede permitir a los niños expandir sus capacidades creativas e inventivas por el juego y ser una apuesta ético-política para enfrentar la instrumentalización del tiempo y su dominio en la experiencia escolar

Pluralismo moral e raciocínio prático / Moral pluralism and practical reasoning

Procuro esclarecer e precisar o que seria o pluralismo moral com base em uma caracterização do que julgo ser a forma mais profunda e radical de conflito moral: o conflito entre valores incomensuráveis. A seguir, lido com os limites do papel da sensibilidade moral nos cenários de conflitos práticos. Por fim, introduzo um modelo de racionalidade prática consistente com o pluralismo moral mais radical. Concluo que, longe de significar a abdicação da racionalidade no domínio prático, o pluralismo, uma vez absorvido pela nossa cultura moral e política, traria importantes lições de tolerância para nossa época.

My aim is to clarify and specify what is moral pluralism. My starting point is what I consider the deepest and most radical type of moral conflict: the conflict between incommensurable values. Next, I deal with moral sensibility and the limits of its role in scenarios of practical conflict. Last, I introduce a model of practical rationality consistent with the most radical form of moral pluralism. My conclusion is that, rather than signifying the abdication of rationality in the practical domain, pluralism, once integrated in our moral and political culture, brings relevant lessons of tolerance to our age.

Juicio y toma de decisiones en niños de edad escolar / Judgment and Decision Making in School-Age Children

En los últimos cincuenta años, psicólogos y economistas han catalogado los errores que la gente adulta comete cuando toma decisiones. El objetivo de nuestro resumen narrativo es describir estos errores como ocurren en niños de edad escolar. Luego de una breve introducción a las teorías más importantes en economía comportamental (Utilidad Esperada, Prospect, Rastro Difuso, Proceso Dual) haremos un resumen de esta literatura, con énfasis en el período de edad escolar. Evaluamos si los niños comprenden el concepto de 'valor esperado', si sus respuestas cambian en base a como se hace la pregunta, y si prefieren arriesgar en vez de aceptar propuestas seguras. También describimos, desde una perspectiva del desarrollo, la tendencia a sobrevalorar las posesiones, a perseverar cuando el gasto es irrecuperable, y a tener diferentes cuentas mentales. Nuestra revisión indica que las tendencias que se ven en la adultez también suelen ocurrir en niños y niñas de edad escolar, y señala áreas en las que se carece de datos sólidos. Concluimos nuestro artículo sugiriendo futuras áreas de investigación

Over the last half century, psychologists and behavioral economists have catalogued myriad mistakes that people make when making decisions. The way those mistakes are expressed in school-aged children is the focus of this narrative review. After a brief introduction to the main theoretical positions (expected utility theory, prospect theory, fuzzy-trace theory, dual-systems theory), we do a comprehensive review of the developmental literature. We start with children's understanding of expected value, their sensitivity to framing effects, and their tendency to favor risky choices over riskless options. Next, we describe developmental research on the endowment effect, sunk cost, and mental accounting. Our review indicates that biases observed in adults are often evident in school-age children too, and singles out areas of developmental research in which solid information is not available. We conclude by highlighting areas in need of future research

Considerações para uma formação política do psicanalista / Considerations for a political formation of psychoanalyst / Consideraciones para una formación política del psicoanalista / Considérations pour une formation politique du psychanalyste

Este artigo, que se inscreve na interface entre a psicanálise e as ciências sociais, pretende interrogar sobre a formação do psicanalista para além do setting clínico tradicional. Partimos de algumas anotações sobre a racionalidade neoliberal que iluminam a interpretação da cultura contemporânea no que diz respeito à competição como norma de conduta e à empresa como modelo de subjetivação. Uma articulação entre competição, desempenho e "autocriação de si" alinhavada a uma crescente instrumentalização dos afetos e do outro tem apontado para novos ideais no campo do imaginário social e para consequências do ponto de vista da economia psíquica. Seguimos essas pistas neste trabalho, considerando que, se os sintomas revelam os movimentos do desejo, se comprovam a atemporalidade do inconsciente e a singularidade de cada narrativa, também, potencialmente, denunciam as contradições de cada tempo da cultura. É dessa perspectiva que questionamos se o posicionamento ético do psicanalista não é, incidentalmente, político.

This article, enrolled between psychoanalysis and the social sciences fields, aims to question the formation of the psychoanalyst beyond the traditional clinical setting. We start from some notes about the neoliberal rationality that illuminate the interpretation of the contemporary culture in which the competition is the norm of conduct and the company is the model of subjectivation. An articulation between competition, performance and "self-creation of the self" aligned with an increasing instrumentalization of emotions and of the other, has pointed to new ideals in the social imagery field and to consequences from the psychic point of view. We follow these clues in this work, considering that if the symptoms reveal the movements of desire, if they prove the timelessness of the unconscious and the singularity of each narrative, they also potentially denounce the contradictions of each culture time. It is from this perspective that we question whether the ethical position of the psychoanalyst is not, incidentally, political.

Este artículo, que se inscribe en la interfaz entre el psicoanálisis y las ciencias sociales, pretende interrogar sobre la formación del psicoanalista más allá del setting clínico tradicional. Partimos de algunas anotaciones sobre la racionalidad neoliberal que iluminan la interpretación de la cultura contemporánea en lo que se refiere a la competencia como norma de conducta y a la empresa como modelo de subjetivación. Una articulación entre competencia, desempeño y "auto creación de sí mismo" alineadas a una creciente instrumentalización de los afectos y del otro han apuntado a nuevos ideales en el campo del imaginario social y para consecuencias desde el punto de vista de la economía psíquica. Seguimos estas pistas en este trabajo, considerando que si los síntomas indican los movimientos del deseo, se comprueban la atemporalidad del inconsciente y la singularidad de cada narrativa, también, potencialmente, denuncian las contradicciones de cada tiempo de la cultura. Es desde esa perspectiva que cuestionamos si el posicionamiento ético del psicoanalista, no es, incidentalmente, político.

Cet article, qui s'inscrit dans l'interface entre la psychanalyse et les sciences sociales, prétend interroger la formation du psychanalyste au-delà du setting clinique traditionnel. Nous partons d'un certain nombre de remarques concernant la rationalité néolibérale, qui mettent en lumière l'interprétation de la culture contemporaine par rapport à la compétition comme norme de conduite et à l'entreprise comme modèle de subjectivation. Une articulation entre compétition, performance et "autocréation de soi", associées à une instrumentalisation croissante des affects et de l'autre, a mis en relief de nouveaux idéaux dans le domaine de l'imaginaire social et des conséquences du point de vue de l'économie psychique. Nous suivons dans ce travail ces pistes de réflexion, en considérant que si les symptômes soulignent les mouvements du désir, ils révèlent l'intemporalité de l'inconscient et la singularité de chaque narrative, et dénoncent également potentiellement les contradictions de chaque moment de la culture. C'est par cette approche que nous nous demandons si le positionnement éthique du psychanalyste n'est pas, incidemment, politique.