Plastid phylogenomics of the tribe potentilleae (Rosaceae).

The tribe Potentilleae comprises approximately 1700 species in 13 genera, making it one of the largest of the 16 tribes in Rosaceae. Our understanding of the composition and relationships among members of Potentilleae has advanced dramatically with the application of molecular markers in the last two decades. Yet there is still much work remaining toward a robust phylogenetic framework for the entire Potentilleae and a comprehensive genus-level dating framework for the tribe. The goals of the present study were to establish a phylogenetic framework for Potentilleae, infer the origin and diversification of the tribe using a temporal framework, and explore the taxonomic implications in light of the updated phylogenetic framework. We used the plastome sequences from 158 accessions representing 139 taxa covering all 13 recognized genera of the tribe to reconstruct the Potentilleae phylogeny. High phylogenetic resolution was recovered along the Potentilleae backbone. Two major clades were recovered within Potentilleae, corresponding to the two subtribes Fragariinae and Potentillinae. Within Fragariinae, two subclades were recovered. In one subclade, Sibbaldia sensu stricto is sister to a clade containing Sibbaldianthe, Comarum, Farinopsis, and Alchemilla sensu lato. In the other subclade, Fragaria is sister to a clade comprising Chamaerhodos, Chamaecallis, Drymocallis, Dasiphora, and Potaninia. Within Potentillinae, Argentina is sister to Potentilla sensu stricto. Within Potentilla sensu stricto, clade Himalaya is sister to Alba, and the Himalaya-Alba clade together is sister to a clade comprising Reptans, Potentilla ancistrifolia Bunge, Fragarioides, Ivesioid, and Argentea. Divergence time estimates indicated that tribe Potentilleae originated during the middle Eocene, and subtribes Fragariinae and Potentillinae diverged around the Eocene-Oligocene transition, and divergence times dated for Potentilleae genera ranged from the early Miocene to the late Pleistocene.

Leaf secretory structures in Rosa lucieae (Rosaceae): two times of secretion-two ecological functions?

Secretory trichomes and colleters are two of the secretory structures whose exudates may cover the body of the plant. Such secretions comprise resins or mucilages which are associated with an array of ecological roles. In Rosaceae, secretory trichomes have been reported for the leaves while colleters associated with leaf teeth. Our study aimed to identify the secretory structures of Rosa lucieae and understand the ecological role played by these glands as interpreted by morphoanatomical and histochemical studies. Samples from developing and fully mature leaves were collected, fixed, and processed according to usual techniques for light and scanning electron microscopy. In R. lucieae, colleters are restricted to the leaf and stipular margins and are associated with the teeth. They present a parenchymatous axis surrounded by a secretory palisade epidermis and usually fall off after the secretory activity is finished. Different from colleters, secretory trichomes are persistent. They present a multicellular secretory head and stalk. They are found at the base of the leaflet, petiolule, rachis, and petiole and occasionally on the stipular and leaf margins. The colleters predominantly secrete mucilages while the secretory trichomes secrete lipids and terpenes, both via cuticle rupture. The secretory activity of colleters is predominant in the leaf primordia, holding leaflets together and protecting meristems and leaves from desiccation, while the secretory trichomes maintain their secretory activity at different stages of leaf development, protecting different regions of the leaf against pathogens and herbivores.

Antioxidant effect of Rosa pimpinellifolia L. fruit extract on cholestatic liver injury: an experimental study

SUMMARY BACKGROUND: Antioxidants have been considered a rational curative strategy to prevent and cure liver diseases involving oxidative stress. An acute obstructive jaundice rat model was established to investigate the in vivo hepatoprotective efficacy of Rosa pimpinellifolia L. METHODS: The experimental jaundice model was performed by binding the main bile duct in 25 male Sprague-Dawley rats. All rats were randomly divided into five groups: first group: laparotomy-sham-only, second group: biliary tract binding (control), and third, fourth, and fifth groups: treatment groups with 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg fruit extracts daily, respectively. RESULTS: Considering dosage, although there was no significant therapeutic effect in the 250 mg/kg of Rosa pimpinellifolia L. group, the best results were found in the 500 mg/kg dose group, while results in the 750 mg/kg dose group showed consistent correlation with proinflammatory response. With regard to biochemical parameters, lipid hydroperoxide level in the rat serum and liver tissue was significantly decreased in all treatment groups. Amadori products, which are one of the early markers of glycol-oxidative stress, showed statistical significance in the treatment. CONCLUSION: It was revealed that the antioxidant effect of Rosa pimpinellifolia L. was more prominent in the early stages of hepatic injury secondary to oxidative stress.

Cytogenotoxic evaluations of leaves and stems extracts of Rubus rosifolius in primary metabolically noncompetent cells.

Plants with medicinal potential may also produce adverse effects in humans. This seems to be the case for the species Rubus rosifolius, where preliminary studies demonstrated genotoxic effects attributed to extracts obtained from leaves and stems of this plant using on HepG2/C3A human hepatoma cells as a model. Considering the beneficial properties of this plant as an antidiarrheal, analgesic, antimicrobial, and antihypertensive and its effects in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, the present study was developed with the aim of determining the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of extracts of leaves and stems of R. rosifolius in primary without metabolic competence in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Cell viability analyses at concentrations of between 0.01 and 100 µg/ml of both extracts did not markedly affect cell viability. In contrast, assessment of the genotoxic potential using the comet assay demonstrated significant damage to DNA within PBMC from a concentration of 10 µg/ml in the stem extract, and a clastogenic/aneugenic response without cytokinesis-block proliferation index (CBPI) alterations at concentrations of 10, 20, or 100 µg/ml for both extracts. Under our experimental conditions, the data obtained demonstrated genotoxic and mutagenic effects attributed to extracts from leaves and stems of R. rosifolius in cells in the absence of hepatic metabolism.

The roles of WRKY transcription factors in Malus spp. and Pyrus spp.

The WRKY transcription factor gene family is known to be involved in plant defense against pathogens and in tolerance to different environmental stresses at different stages of development. The response mechanisms through which these genes act can be influenced by different phytohormones as well as by many trans- and cis-acting elements, making this network an important topic for analysis, but still something complex to fully understand. According to available reports, these genes can also perform important roles in pome species (Malus spp. and Pyrus spp.) metabolism, especially in adaptation of these plants to stressful conditions. Here, we present a quick review of what is known about WRKY genes in Malus and Pyrus genomes offering a simple way to understand what is already known about this topic. We also add information connecting the evolution of these transcription factors with others that can also be found in pomes.

First report of Kuehneola uredinis (Link) Arthur infecting blackberry in Brazil.

Blackberry (Rubus spp.) is a shrub plant of the Rosaceae, which fruits are used for fresh markets or processing. Blackberry cultivation has increased in Brazil and has turned into an alternative for family farmers. Among the significant diseases that can occur in plantations, there is rust, caused by phytopathogenic fungus species: Gymnoconia nitens (orange rust), Kuehneola uredinis (cane and leaf rust) and Phragmidium violaceum (blackberry rust). This research project was conducted to identify the fungi specie causative of rust occurred on experimental blackberry fields, in Diamantina, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Infected blackberry leaves with symptoms of rust fungi and full spores yellow were collected. Infection was limited to undersurfaces of the leaves and reddening occurred on corresponding upper areas. No stem or fruit infection occurred on the infected plants. Morphological analyzes of the microstructures (sorus and spores) were carried out under optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was observed uredinia with urediniospores uniformly echinulate golden-yellow and telia obtain with teliospores smooth hyaline, mostly four celled and with a short rounded apical papilla. The rust was identified as Kuehneola uredinis (Link) Arthur. This is the first record for Brazil. Morphological descriptions, illustrations of the microstructures, examined material, geographic distribution and taxonomic comments are provided for this species.

Identification of DNA Methylation and Transcriptomic Profiles Associated With Fruit Mealiness in Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.

Peach (Prunus persica) fruits have a fast ripening process and a shelf-life of days, presenting a challenge for long-distance consuming markets. To prolong shelf-life, peach fruits are stored at low temperatures (0 to 7 °C) for at least two weeks, which can lead to the development of mealiness, a physiological disorder that reduces fruit quality and decreases consumer acceptance. Several studies have been made to understand this disorder, however, the molecular mechanisms underlying mealiness are not fully understood. Epigenetic factors, such as DNA methylation, modulate gene expression according to the genetic background and environmental conditions. In this sense, the aim of this work was to identify differentially methylated regions (DMRs) that could affect gene expression in contrasting individuals for mealiness. Peach flesh was studied at harvest time (E1 stage) and after cold storage (E3 stage) for 30 days. The distribution of DNA methylations within the eight chromosomes of P. persica showed higher methylation levels in pericentromeric regions and most differences between mealy and normal fruits were at Chr1, Chr4, and Chr8. Notably, differences in Chr4 co-localized with previous QTLs associated with mealiness. Additionally, the number of DMRs was higher in CHH cytosines of normal and mealy fruits at E3; however, most DMRs were attributed to mealy fruits from E1, increasing at E3. From RNA-Seq data, we observed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between normal and mealy fruits were associated with ethylene signaling, cell wall modification, lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and iron homeostasis. When integrating the annotation of DMRs and DEGs, we identified a CYP450 82A and an UDP-ARABINOSE 4 EPIMERASE 1 gene that were downregulated and hypermethylated in mealy fruits, coinciding with the co-localization of a transposable element (TE). Altogether, this study indicates that genetic differences between tolerant and susceptible individuals is predominantly affecting epigenetic regulation over gene expression, which could contribute to a metabolic alteration from earlier stages of development, resulting in mealiness at later stages. Finally, this epigenetic mark should be further studied for the development of new molecular tools in support of breeding programs.

Molecular sensitization profile of patients with lipid transfer protein syndrome and associated clinical characteristics / Perfil de sensibilização molecular de doentes com síndrome de proteínas de transferência lipídica e associação com características clínicas

Introduction: Lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) can cause a diversity of food allergy phenotypes, broadly defined as LTP syndrome. Objective: The aims of this study were to characterize the molecular profile of patients with this syndrome and to evaluate any possible association with clinical phenotypes. Methods: Retrospective study of patients followed up from April 2011 to April 2019. Patients with LTP syndrome and sensitization to Pru p 3, diagnosed by ImmunoCAP ISAC® (Phadia, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Sweden), were selected. Statistical analysis was conducted in IBM SPSS® v20. Results: One hundred patients were assessed, 64% of which were females, with a mean age 27.2±11.8 years (15% pediatric). Mean age at first reaction was 19.9±10 years. According to clinical presentation, two groups were created: local reaction (LR) (n=28) and systemic reaction (SR) (n=72). The following parameters were analyzed in association with the SR group: LTP sensitization profile, co-sensitization to profilins or PR-10 proteins, presence of atopy, and gender. In univariate analysis, a positive association was found between the SR group, female sex (odds ratio [OR] 2.8, p=0.02), and presence of Jug r 3 (OR 2.6, p=0.03). There was a negative association between the SR group, the presence of Par j 2 (OR 0.16, p < 0.01), and co-sensitization to profilins (OR 0.11, p < 0.01). In multivariate analysis, only the presence of Par j 2 kept statistical significance (OR 0.023, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Molecular profile characterization may be useful as a predictor of disease expression in an individual, making a relevant contribution to improved follow-up of these patients. Sensitization to Par j 2 seems to provide protection for the occurrence of SR.

Introdução: As proteínas de transferência lipídicas (LTP) são causa de uma variedade de fenótipos de alergia alimentar globalmente definidos como síndrome LTP. Objetivo: O nosso objetivo é caracterizar o perfil molecular destes doentes e avaliar associação com os fenótipos clínicos. Metodologia: Estudo retrospectivo em que foram selecionados doentes com síndrome de LTP e sensibilização ao alergênio molecular pru p 3 em ImmunoCAP ISAC® (Phadia, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Suécia) realizados de abril de 2011 a abril de 2019. A análise estatística foi realizada através do software IBM SPSS® v20. Resultados: Cem doentes, 64% do sexo feminino, com média de idades à data do exame de 27,2±11,8 anos (idade pediátrica - 15%). A média de idades da primeira reação foi de 19,9±10 anos. Foram constituídos dois grupos com base na apresentação clínica à data da realização do exame: local (LR) n = 28; sistêmica (SR) n = 72. Os seguintes parâmetros foram avaliados em relação ao grupo SR: perfil de sensibilização a LTP, co-sensibilização com profilinas ou PR-10, presença de atopia e gênero. Na análise univariada foi encontrada associação positiva com grupo SR para sexo feminino (Odds ratio (OR) 2,8, p = 0,02) e presença de Jug r 3 (OR 2,60, p = 0,03). Associaram-se negativamente à doença sistêmica a presença de Par j 2 (OR 0,16, p < 0,01) e de profilinas (OR 0,11, p < 0,01). Na análise multivariada apenas manteve significado estatístico a presença de par j 2 (OR 0,023, p < 0,01). Conclusões: A caracterização do perfil molecular pode ser útil como preditos da expressão da doença, sendo uma importante ferramenta no seguimento destes doentes. A presença de Par j 2 parece ser fator protetor de reação grave.

Shotgun proteomics of peach fruit reveals major metabolic pathways associated to ripening.

BACKGROUND: Fruit ripening in Prunus persica melting varieties involves several physiological changes that have a direct impact on the fruit organoleptic quality and storage potential. By studying the proteomic differences between the mesocarp of mature and ripe fruit, it would be possible to highlight critical molecular processes involved in the fruit ripening. RESULTS: To accomplish this goal, the proteome from mature and ripe fruit was assessed from the variety O'Henry through shotgun proteomics using 1D-gel (PAGE-SDS) as fractionation method followed by LC/MS-MS analysis. Data from the 131,435 spectra could be matched to 2740 proteins, using the peach genome reference v1. After data pre-treatment, 1663 proteins could be used for comparison with datasets assessed using transcriptomic approaches and for quantitative protein accumulation analysis. Close to 26% of the genes that code for the proteins assessed displayed higher expression at ripe fruit compared to other fruit developmental stages, based on published transcriptomic data. Differential accumulation analysis between mature and ripe fruit revealed that 15% of the proteins identified were modulated by the ripening process, with glycogen and isocitrate metabolism, and protein localization overrepresented in mature fruit, as well as cell wall modification in ripe fruit. Potential biomarkers for the ripening process, due to their differential accumulation and gene expression pattern, included a pectin methylesterase inhibitor, a gibbellerin 2-beta-dioxygenase, an omega-6 fatty acid desaturase, a homeobox-leucine zipper protein and an ACC oxidase. Transcription factors enriched in NAC and Myb protein domains would target preferentially the genes encoding proteins more abundant in mature and ripe fruit, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Shotgun proteomics is an unbiased approach to get deeper into the proteome allowing to detect differences in protein abundance between samples. This technique provided a resolution so that individual gene products could be identified. Many proteins likely involved in cell wall and sugar metabolism, aroma and color, change their abundance during the transition from mature to ripe fruit.

Dormant but Active: Chilling Accumulation Modulates the Epigenome and Transcriptome of Prunus avium During Bud Dormancy.

Temperate deciduous fruit tree species like sweet cherry (Prunus avium) require long periods of low temperatures to trigger dormancy release and flowering. In addition to sequence-based genetic diversity, epigenetic variation may contribute to different chilling requirements among varieties. For the low chill variety 'Royal Dawn' and high chill variety 'Kordia', we studied the methylome of floral buds during chilling accumulation using MethylC-seq to identify differentially methylated regions (DMRs) during chilling hours (CH) accumulation, followed by transcriptome analysis to correlate changes in gene expression with DNA methylation. We found that during chilling accumulation, DNA methylation increased from 173 CH in 'Royal Dawn' and 443 CH in 'Kordia' and was mostly associated with the CHH context. In addition, transcriptional changes were observed from 443 CH in 'Kordia' with 1,210 differentially expressed genes, increasing to 4,292 genes at 1,295 CH. While 'Royal Dawn' showed approximately 5,000 genes differentially expressed at 348 CH and 516 CH, showing a reprogramming that was specific for each genotype. From conserved upregulated genes that overlapped with hypomethylated regions and downregulated genes that overlapped with hypermethylated regions in both varieties, we identified genes related to cold-sensing, cold-signaling, oxidation-reduction process, metabolism of phenylpropanoids and lipids, and a MADS-box SVP-like gene. As a complementary analysis, we used conserved and non-conserved DEGs that presented a negative correlation between DNA methylations and mRNA levels across all chilling conditions, obtaining Gene Ontology (GO) categories related to abiotic stress, metabolism, and oxidative stress. Altogether, this data indicates that changes in DNA methylation precedes transcript changes and may occur as an early response to low temperatures to increase the cold tolerance in the endodormancy period, contributing with the first methylome information about the effect of environmental cues over two different genotypes of sweet cherry.

Risk assessment via genotoxicity, metabolism, apoptosis, and cell growth effects in a HepG2/C3A cell line upon treatment with Rubus rosifolius (Rosaceae) leaves extract.

RUBUS ROSIFOLIUS: Sm. (Rosaceae) is a plant traditionally used in Brazil and some other countries to treat diarrhea, stomach diseases, and as an analgesic, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, and as well as other pharmacological properties. The aim of this study was to examine cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of R. rosifolius leaves extract on HepG2/C3A cells and correlate these findings with the expression of mRNA to underlying mechanisms of action. At concentrations between 0.01 and 100 µg/ml, cytotoxic effects were not detected by the MTT assay. This was confirmed by mRNA induction of the CYP3A4 gene (by RT-qPCR assay). However, genotoxic effects occurred at treatments from 1 µg/ml extract (comet and micronucleus test). An increase in the number of cells in S phase was observed at 100 µg/ml, and an elevation in apoptotic cell number was found for all tested concentrations (10, 20, or 100 µg/ml) (cell cycle and apoptosis analysis by flow cytometry). The genotoxicity induced by the extract was the main cause of the rise in the number of cells undergoing apoptosis, as indicated by rise in mRNA of CASP7 gene, and elevation of cells in the S phase of the cell cycle at the higher tested concentrations, as an attempt to repair genetic damage that occurred. These observations suggest that, despite its pharmacological potential, the use of R. rosifolius leaves extract may pose a risk to the integrity of the genetic material of human cells.

The genotoxic effects of fruit extract of Crataegus oxyacantha (hawthorn) in mice.

Crataegus oxyacantha L. (Rosaceae) is a medicinal plant with a long history of use in European, Chinese, and American. The majority of pharmacological activities associated with fruit extracts of C. oxyacantha L. are related to cardio-stimulant properties utilized in the treatment of atherosclerosis, hypertension with myocardic insufficiency, angina pectoris, cardiac rhythm alterations, and heart failure. Some other therapeutic uses for renal calculi, dyspnea, as well as a diuretic, sedative, and anxiolytic were also reported. Due to the beneficial potential of C. oxyacantha fruits extract but evidence in vitro of genetic toxicity, the aim of the present study was to examine the genotoxic potential of plant extract in vivo in mice. The extract was administered orally, daily by gavage at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight for seven days. Data demonstrated that C. oxyacantha extract did not markedly induce DNA damage in leukocytes and bone marrow cells by the comet assay; however, the extract produced a significant rise in micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) at all tested doses in a non-dose dependent manner as evidenced by the micronucleus test. The PCE/normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE) ratio indicated no significant cytotoxicity. Under our experimental conditions, C. oxyacantha fruits extract exhibited weak clastogenic and/or aneugenic effects in bone marrow cells of male mice, confirming our previous in vitro findings that this plant extract induced genotoxicity suggesting that prolonged or high dose use needs to be undertaken with caution.

Vegetative propagation of rootstock selections potentially tolerant to Peach Tree Short Life / Propagação vegetativa de seleções de porta-enxertos potencialmente tolerantes à morte-precoce do pessegueiro

Peach Tree Short Life (PTSL) is a syndrome that involves several biotic and abiotic agents. Seeking to reduce losses, the main research line has been the search for tolerant rootstocks. Among desirable characteristics in an appropriate rootstock, the ease of vegetative propagation is fundamental to preserve genetic identity and facilitate the diffusion of technologies. The objective of this research was to evaluate the technical feasibility of vegetative propagation by herbaceous stem cuttings of 18 clonal rootstock selections [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.], potentially tolerant to PTSL, under intermittent mist system. As reference rootstock cultivars, "Capdeboscq", "Okinawa" (P.persica) and "Sharpe" ["Chickasaw" (Prunus angustifolia Marsh.) x Prunus spp.] were used. From the evaluations after 65 days of cutting set, it was possible to conclude that the propagation of rootstock selections by herbaceous cuttings is technically feasible, with rooting percentages varying from 21.67% to 91.67%; thus, none of these genotypes should be discarded from the selection process. The quality of the adventitious roots formed was satisfactory in most of the studied genotypes, with high cuttings percentage suitable for transplanting, satisfactory root number and root length. However, the selection WFM-ESM-07-04 and cultivars Capdeboscq and Sharpe stood out positively in this aspect.Among the three reference rootstocks, 'Okinawa' and 'Capdeboscq' showed very similar propagative capacity (yield) for herbaceous cuttings, but both are better than 'Sharpe'.

A morte-precoce do pessegueiro é uma síndrome cuja causa envolve diversos agentes bióticos e abióticos e, para reduzir os prejuízos, a principal linha de pesquisa tem sido a busca por porta-enxertos tolerantes. Dentre as características desejáveis em um bom porta-enxerto, a facilidade de propagação vegetativa é fundamental para preservação da identidade genética e facilitar a difusão de tecnologias. O objetivo, com o presente trabalho, foi avaliar a viabilidade técnica da propagação vegetativa por estacas herbáceas de 18 seleções clonais de porta-enxertos [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] potencialmente tolerantes à morte-precoce, sob câmara de nebulização intermitente. Como cultivares de referência, foram utilizadas "Capdeboscq", "Okinawa" (P. persica) e "Sharpe" [Chickasaw (Prunus angustifolia Marsh.) x Prunus spp.]. Com as avaliações realizadas após 65 dias da estaquia, foi possível concluir que a propagação das seleções de porta-enxertos por estacas herbáceas é tecnicamente viável, com porcentagens de enraizamento que variaram de 21,67% a 91,67%, de tal forma que nenhum desses genótipos deve ser descartado do processo de seleção. A qualidade das raízes adventícias formadas foi satisfatória na maioria dos genótipos estudados, com elevadas porcentagens de estacas aptas ao transplantio, satisfatório número e comprimento de raízes. Entretanto, a seleção WFM-ESM-07-04 e as cultivares Capdeboscq e Sharpe se destacaram positivamente nesse aspecto. Dentre os três porta-enxertos de referência utilizados, 'Okinawa' e 'Capdeboscq' apresentaram capacidade propagativa (rendimento) por estacas herbáceas bastante similar entre si, porém ambos são melhores do que 'Sharpe'.

Vegetative propagation of rootstock selections potentially tolerant to Peach Tree Short Life / Propagação vegetativa de seleções de porta-enxertos potencialmente tolerantes à morte-precoce do pessegueiro

Peach Tree Short Life (PTSL) is a syndrome that involves several biotic and abiotic agents. Seeking to reduce losses, the main research line has been the search for tolerant rootstocks. Among desirable characteristics in an appropriate rootstock, the ease of vegetative propagation is fundamental to preserve genetic identity and facilitate the diffusion of technologies. The objective of this research was to evaluate the technical feasibility of vegetative propagation by herbaceous stem cuttings of 18 clonal rootstock selections [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.], potentially tolerant to PTSL, under intermittent mist system. As reference rootstock cultivars, "Capdeboscq", "Okinawa" (P.persica) and "Sharpe" ["Chickasaw" (Prunus angustifolia Marsh.) x Prunus spp.] were used. From the evaluations after 65 days of cutting set, it was possible to conclude that the propagation of rootstock selections by herbaceous cuttings is technically feasible, with rooting percentages varying from 21.67% to 91.67%; thus, none of these genotypes should be discarded from the selection process. The quality of the adventitious roots formed was satisfactory in most of the studied genotypes, with high cuttings percentage suitable for transplanting, satisfactory root number and root length. However, the selection WFM-ESM-07-04 and cultivars Capdeboscq and Sharpe stood out positively in this aspect.Among the three reference rootstocks, 'Okinawa' and 'Capdeboscq' showed very similar propagative capacity (yield) for herbaceous cuttings, but both are better than 'Sharpe'.(AU)

A morte-precoce do pessegueiro é uma síndrome cuja causa envolve diversos agentes bióticos e abióticos e, para reduzir os prejuízos, a principal linha de pesquisa tem sido a busca por porta-enxertos tolerantes. Dentre as características desejáveis em um bom porta-enxerto, a facilidade de propagação vegetativa é fundamental para preservação da identidade genética e facilitar a difusão de tecnologias. O objetivo, com o presente trabalho, foi avaliar a viabilidade técnica da propagação vegetativa por estacas herbáceas de 18 seleções clonais de porta-enxertos [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] potencialmente tolerantes à morte-precoce, sob câmara de nebulização intermitente. Como cultivares de referência, foram utilizadas "Capdeboscq", "Okinawa" (P. persica) e "Sharpe" [Chickasaw (Prunus angustifolia Marsh.) x Prunus spp.]. Com as avaliações realizadas após 65 dias da estaquia, foi possível concluir que a propagação das seleções de porta-enxertos por estacas herbáceas é tecnicamente viável, com porcentagens de enraizamento que variaram de 21,67% a 91,67%, de tal forma que nenhum desses genótipos deve ser descartado do processo de seleção. A qualidade das raízes adventícias formadas foi satisfatória na maioria dos genótipos estudados, com elevadas porcentagens de estacas aptas ao transplantio, satisfatório número e comprimento de raízes. Entretanto, a seleção WFM-ESM-07-04 e as cultivares Capdeboscq e Sharpe se destacaram positivamente nesse aspecto. Dentre os três porta-enxertos de referência utilizados, 'Okinawa' e 'Capdeboscq' apresentaram capacidade propagativa (rendimento) por estacas herbáceas bastante similar entre si, porém ambos são melhores do que 'Sharpe'.(AU)

Susceptibility, Oviposition Preference, and Biology of Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Prunus Spp. Rootstock Genotypes.

Studying the susceptibility of peach trees to Grapholita molesta (Busck) is one of the major steps in the development of pest-resistant peach varieties. This work evaluated the susceptibility of 55 genotypes of the "Prunus Rootstock Collection" ("Coleção Porta-enxerto de Prunus") of Embrapa Temperate Climate (Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) to the natural infestation of G. molesta, assessed the oviposition preference of G. molesta in choice and no-choice bioassays, and estimated the biological parameters and the fertility life table on different Prunus spp. genotypes in the laboratory. Genotypes Prunus kansuensis (Rehder), I-67-52-9, and I-67-52-4 were the most susceptible to G. molesta infestation in the field (>60% of branches infested), while 'Sharpe' (Prunus angustifolia x Prunus spp.) and Prunus sellowii (Koehne) were the least infested (0% of branches infested). In choice and no-choice bioassays, G. molesta preferred to oviposit on P. kansuensis when compared with Sharpe. The Sharpe genotype also showed an antibiosis effect, resulting in negative effects on the fertility life table parameters when compared with the genotypes P. kansuensis and 'Capdeboscq.' The results found in the present study can provide information to initiate a long-term breeding program moving desired G. molesta resistance traits from the rootstock into the Prunus spp. cultivars.

Correção cirúrgica de rinofima grave / Surgical repair of severe rhinophyma

A rosácea pode manifestar-se com a formação de fima, que se caracteriza por hipertrofia de glândulas sebáceas e proliferação de tecido conectivo e vasos sanguíneos. Considerada complicação grave, a fima é mais comum em homens, e mais frequente no nariz, quando é denominada rinofima. Rosácea e rinofima podem trazer prejuízos funcionais e estéticos com piora da qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Nos estádios iniciais realizam-se terapêuticas farmacológicas, às quais, porém, a forma fimatosa responde pobremente. Relatamos um caso de correção cirúrgica de rinofima gigante pela técnica de shaving e eletrocoagulação, com excelente resultado cosmético e funcional.

Rosacea can develop into phyma, which is characterized by hypertrophy of sebaceous glands and proliferation of connective tissue and blood vessels. Regarded as a serious complication, phymas are more common in men, being more frequent in the nose ­ when it is called rhinophyma. Rosacea and rhinophyma can cause functional and aesthetic impairment, leading to a worsening in the patients' quality of life. Pharmacological and physical therapies are performed in initial stages, however phymatous variants of the condition respond poorly to the first. The authors of the present article report a case of surgical correction of a giant rhinophyma using the shaving and electrocoagulation techniques, with excellent aesthetic and functional outcomes.

Graft incompatibility in Prunus spp. preceded by SPAD index reduction / Incompatibilidade de enxertia em Prunus spp. precedida pela redução do índice SPAD

This study aimed to measure the leaf chlorophyll index (SPAD 502 Plus) in three peach cultivars grafted on different clonal rootstocks, totaling 68 scion/rootstock combinations, between five and nine months after planting in the field to determine possible graft incompatibility symptoms in Prunus spp. Three field trials with peach scion cultivars BRS-Kampai, Jade, and Maciel grafted on 18, 25, and 25 clonal rootstocks, respectively, were established in July and August 2014. Own-rooted scion trees (without rootstock) were used as controls in each trial and all rootstocks were propagated from herbaceous cuttings. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications and each plot consisting of a single plant. Three SPAD measurements were taken between January and April 2015. SPAD index values for rootstocks Mirabolano 29C (P. cerasifera) and Marianna 2624 (P. cerasifera x P. munsoniana) were significantly lower in the three scion cultivars, culminating with tree death from graft incompatibility. Rootstocks Mirabolano 29C and Marianna 2624 showed translocated graft incompatibility with scion cultivars BRS-Kampai, Jade, and Maciel and tree death was preceded by a reduction in SPAD index values five months after field planting. No reduction in SPAD index values was observed in the other scion/rootstock combinations nine months after planting, but these combinations should be monitored for a longer period to confirm their graft compatibility.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi mensurar o índice de clorofila (SPAD 502 Plus) em folhas de três cultivares de pessegueiros enxertados em diferentes porta-enxertos clonais, totalizando 68 combinações copa/porta-enxerto, entre cinco e nove meses após o plantio no campo, para qualificar os possíveis sintomas que antecedem a incompatibilidade de enxertia em Prunus spp. Três unidades de observação (UO) com as cultivares copa BRS-Kampai, Jade e Maciel foram estabelecidas sobre 18, 25 e 25 porta-enxertos clonais, respectivamente, no inverno de 2014. Como testemunhas, utilizaram-se as respectivas cultivares-copa autoenraizadas (sem porta-enxerto) que, assim como os porta-enxertos, também foram propagadas por estacas herbáceas. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, sendo cada parcela composta por uma planta. O índice SPAD foi determinado em três avaliações, entre janeiro e abril de 2015. Os porta-enxertos Mirabolano 29C (P.cerasifera) e Marianna 2624 (P.cerasifera x P.munsoniana) reduziram os índices SPAD nas avaliações realizadas nas três cultivares copa de pessegueiro, que culminaram com a morte das plantas por incompatibilidade. Conclui-se que os porta-enxertos Mirabolano 29C (P.cerasifera) e Marianna 2624 (P.cerasifera x P.munsoniana) apresentam incompatibilidade de enxertia do tipo “translocada” com as cultivares de pessegueiro BRS-Kampai, Jade e Maciel e a morte dessas plantas foi precedida pela redução dos índices SPAD nas folhas após cinco meses do plantio. As demais combinações copa/porta-enxerto testadas não reduziram os índices SPAD até os nove meses de idade, mas necessitam ser avaliadas por maior período de tempo para se afirmar sobre a compatibilidade de enxertia.(AU)

Graft incompatibility in Prunus spp. preceded by SPAD index reduction / Incompatibilidade de enxertia em Prunus spp. precedida pela redução do índice SPAD

This study aimed to measure the leaf chlorophyll index (SPAD 502 Plus) in three peach cultivars grafted on different clonal rootstocks, totaling 68 scion/rootstock combinations, between five and nine months after planting in the field to determine possible graft incompatibility symptoms in Prunus spp. Three field trials with peach scion cultivars BRS-Kampai, Jade, and Maciel grafted on 18, 25, and 25 clonal rootstocks, respectively, were established in July and August 2014. Own-rooted scion trees (without rootstock) were used as controls in each trial and all rootstocks were propagated from herbaceous cuttings. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications and each plot consisting of a single plant. Three SPAD measurements were taken between January and April 2015. SPAD index values for rootstocks Mirabolano 29C (P. cerasifera) and Marianna 2624 (P. cerasifera x P. munsoniana) were significantly lower in the three scion cultivars, culminating with tree death from graft incompatibility. Rootstocks Mirabolano 29C and Marianna 2624 showed translocated graft incompatibility with scion cultivars BRS-Kampai, Jade, and Maciel and tree death was preceded by a reduction in SPAD index values five months after field planting. No reduction in SPAD index values was observed in the other scion/rootstock combinations nine months after planting, but these combinations should be monitored for a longer period to confirm their graft compatibility.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi mensurar o índice de clorofila (SPAD 502 Plus) em folhas de três cultivares de pessegueiros enxertados em diferentes porta-enxertos clonais, totalizando 68 combinações copa/porta-enxerto, entre cinco e nove meses após o plantio no campo, para qualificar os possíveis sintomas que antecedem a incompatibilidade de enxertia em Prunus spp. Três unidades de observação (UO) com as cultivares copa BRS-Kampai, Jade e Maciel foram estabelecidas sobre 18, 25 e 25 porta-enxertos clonais, respectivamente, no inverno de 2014. Como testemunhas, utilizaram-se as respectivas cultivares-copa autoenraizadas (sem porta-enxerto) que, assim como os porta-enxertos, também foram propagadas por estacas herbáceas. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, sendo cada parcela composta por uma planta. O índice SPAD foi determinado em três avaliações, entre janeiro e abril de 2015. Os porta-enxertos Mirabolano 29C (P.cerasifera) e Marianna 2624 (P.cerasifera x P.munsoniana) reduziram os índices SPAD nas avaliações realizadas nas três cultivares copa de pessegueiro, que culminaram com a morte das plantas por incompatibilidade. Conclui-se que os porta-enxertos Mirabolano 29C (P.cerasifera) e Marianna 2624 (P.cerasifera x P.munsoniana) apresentam incompatibilidade de enxertia do tipo “translocada” com as cultivares de pessegueiro BRS-Kampai, Jade e Maciel e a morte dessas plantas foi precedida pela redução dos índices SPAD nas folhas após cinco meses do plantio. As demais combinações copa/porta-enxerto testadas não reduziram os índices SPAD até os nove meses de idade, mas necessitam ser avaliadas por maior período de tempo para se afirmar sobre a compatibilidade de enxertia.

Lachemilla mexiquense (Rosaceae), a new species from Mexico.

A new species of Lachemilla (Rosaceae), Lachemilla mexiquense D.F. Morales-B., from Mexico is described and illustrated. This species is similar to Lachemilla aphanoides by its tripartite leaves and glomerulate inflorescence with entirely glabrous flowers, but it differs by its stonoliferous habit, persistent basal leaves and basal stipules, and smaller flowers with a campanulate-elongate hypanthium and single carpel. A key to the species of Lachemilla in Mexico is provided.

ResumenUna nueva especie de Lachemilla (Rosaceae), Lachemilla mexiquense D.F. Morales-B., de México se describe e ilustra. Esta especie es similar a Lachemilla aphanoides por sus hojas tripartitas e inflorescencias glomeruladas con flores completamente glabras, pero difiere por su hábito estolonífero, hojas basales y estipulas basales persistentes y flores de menor tamaño con hipantio campanulado-elongado con un solo carpelo. Se provee una clave para las especies de Lachemilla en México.

The Chilean wild raspberry (Rubus geoides Sm.) increases intracellular GSH content and protects against H2O2 and methylglyoxal-induced damage in AGS cells.

The Chilean raspberry Rubus geoides Sm. (Rosaceae) is a native species occurring in the Patagonia. Five R. geoides samples were assessed for phenolic content and composition, antioxidant activity, effect on total reduced glutathione (GSH) synthesis and protective effect against H2O2 and methylglyoxal (MGO)-induced stress in epithelial gastric AGS cells. The HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS profiles allowed the tentative identification of 39 phenolics including flavonol glycosides and tannins. R. geoides presented higher total phenolic and flavonoid content than Rubus idaeus. Two out of the five phenolic enriched R. geoides extracts (PEEs) exhibited better antioxidant activity than R. idaeus in the DPPH, FRAP and TEAC assays. A significant cytoprotective activity was observed when AGS cells were pre-incubated with extracts and subsequently challenged with H2O2 or MGO. Treatment with the PEEs increased the intracellular GSH content. R. geoides fruit extracts may induce the activation of intracellular protection mechanisms against oxidative and dicarbonyl-induced stress.