Courses that impact the terminal efficiency in the dentistry career at the University of Costa Rica (2007-2014) / Cursos que impactan la eficiencia terminal en la carrera de Odontología de la Universidad de Costa Rica 2007-2014

Abstract The main objective of this study was to determine the failure rates of the courses in the curriculum of the Dentistry degree program at the University of Costa Rica for the cohorts from 2007 to 2014. Data from 736 records were used. The variables considered were the following: gender, age at admission, nationality, marital status, children, domicile, previous high school attended, admission exam scores, and approved courses. The data were obtained from the Student Application System, physical records, and the Supreme Electoral Tribunal of Costa Rica. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were performed. Among the students, 98% were Costa Rican, 68% were female, 79% were admitted based on their admission exam scores, 43% were admitted at the age of 18 or younger, 50% came from public schools, 77% resided in the Greater Metropolitan Area, and 95% were single and childless. The majority of study dropouts occurred in the first four cycles of the dentistry degree. The courses with the lowest overall success rate in the curriculum were service courses: General Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, and Elemental Mathematics. Among the core courses, the Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics Clinic and the Endodontics Clinic had the highest failure rates. Moreover, there was a statistically significant difference between the approval rates of the physics course and the school of origin. In the Dentistry degree program at University of Costa Rica, the failure rate is high in the first four cycles of the program, which is when service courses are mainly offered. As fo the core courses, the Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics Clinic and the Endodontics Clinic had the lowest success rates.

Resumen El objetivo del studio fue determinar los índices de reprobación de los cursos de la malla curricular de la Licenciatura en Odontología de la Universidad de Costa Rica de las cohortes del 2007 al 2014. Se utilizaron los datos de 736 expedientes. Las variables consideradas fueron: sexo, edad de ingreso, nacionalidad, estado civil, hijos, lugar y colegio de procedencia, nota de examen de admisión y cursos aprobados. Los datos se obtuvieron del Sistema de Aplicaciones Estudiantiles, los expedientes físicos y del Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones de Costa Rica. Se realizó estadística descriptiva, análisis bivariado y multivariado. El 98% de los estudiantes fueron costarricenses, el 68% mujeres, el 79% ingresó según la nota de admisión, el 43% ingresó con una edad de 18 años o menos, el 50% provenía de un colegio público, el 77% residía en la Gran Área Metropolitana y el 95% eran solteros y permanecieron sin hijos. El abandono de los estudios se presentó mayoritariamente en los primeros 4 ciclos de la carrera de odontología. Los cursos de la malla curricular que menor tasa de éxito total obtuvieron fueron cursos de servicio: Química General, Química Orgánica y Matemática Elemental. De los cursos propios la Clínica de Odontopediatría y Ortodoncia y la Clínica de Endodoncia fueron los cursos con más reprobación. Hubo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre la aprobación del curso de física y el colegio de procedencia. En la Licenciatura de Odontología de la Universidad de Costa Rica la reprobación es alta en los primeros cuatro ciclos de la Carrera, que es cuando más se imparten cursos de servicio. Respecto a los cursos propios, la Clínica de Odontopediatría y Ortodoncia y la Clínica de Endodoncia fueron los que obtuvieron la menor tasa de éxito.

Síndrome de burnout em professores e suas causas: uma revisão integrativa / Faculty burnout syndrome and its causes: an integrative review / Síndrome de burnout en docentes y sus causas: una revisión integradora

As condições de trabalho às quais os professores são submetidos levam, muitas vezes, ao seu desgaste físico e mental. Uma consequência desse desgaste é o número crescente de casos de síndrome de burnout entre esses profissionais. Este trabalho objetiva, então, apresentar e discutir a produção científica sobre a percepção das causas da síndrome de burnout em professores. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa de literatura, realizada em junho de 2023. A questão norteadora foi baseada na estratégia de população, interesse e contexto (PICo). A busca pelos artigos foi realizada nas bases de dados: Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline), via PubMed, e SciELO, utilizando os termos de busca: "School Teachers" AND "Burnout, Professional". O processo de seleção dos estudos foi seguido conforme as recomendações do PRISMA. Na busca, foi recuperado o quantitativo de 72 publicações e, ao final, foram selecionados sete estudos para a amostra. Os estudos evidenciaram como as principais causas da síndrome de burnout em professores: a desvalorização dos profissionais; violência; exaustão emocional; conflitos com alunos; assédio; sobrecarga; falta de suporte organizacional; e a pandemia de covid-19. Observou-se que os professores são submetidos diariamente a vários fatores que podem desencadear a síndrome de burnout. Desse modo, fica evidente a necessidade de intervenções para atenuar a problemática. Compreende-se o fortalecimento das políticas públicas como uma estratégia resolutiva, levando em consideração a importância da saúde mental dos professores.

The unfavorable working conditions faculty members are subjected to often lead to their physical and mental exhaustion, consequently increasing the prevalence of burnout syndrome among these professionals. Thus, this study presents and discusses the scientific literature on the perceived causes of burnout syndrome among faculty members. An integrative literature review was conducted in June 2023 based on a question formulated using the population, interest and context (PICo) strategy. The Medline via PubMed and Scielo databases were consulted using the search terms "School Teachers" AND "Burnout, Professional". Selection followed the PRISMA recommendations. From the 72 publications identified, seven studies were included in the final sample. According to the studies, professional devaluation, violence, emotional exhaustion, conflicts with students, harassment, overload, lack of organizational support, and the COVID-19 pandemic are the main causes of burnout among teachers. Faculty members are daily exposed to various factors that can trigger burnout syndrome evancing the need for interventions to mitigate this problem. Strengthening public policies is as a solution strategy, considering the importance of teachers' mental health.

Las condiciones laborales que enfrentan los docentes generan, muchas veces, agotamiento físico y mental en esta población. Una consecuencia de este estrés es el aumento de la prevalencia del síndrome de burnout entre estos profesionales. Este estudio tiene por objetivo presentar y discutir la producción científica sobre la percepción de las causas del síndrome de burnout entre los docentes. Este estudio es una revisión integradora de la literatura realizada en junio de 2023. La pregunta orientadora se formuló basándose en la estrategia de población, interés y contexto (PICo). Se buscaron artículos en las bases de datos Medline a través de PubMed y SciELO utilizando el término de búsqueda: "School Teachers" AND "Burnout, Professional". El proceso de selección de estudios siguió las recomendaciones de PRISMA. La búsqueda arrojó un total de 72 publicaciones, y se seleccionaron siete estudios para la muestra final. Los estudios revelaron que las principales causas del burnout entre los docentes fueron la desvalorización profesional, la violencia, el agotamiento emocional, los conflictos con los estudiantes, el acoso, la sobrecarga, la falta de apoyo organizacional y la pandemia del covid-19. Se observó que los docentes están expuestos diariamente a diversos factores que pueden desencadenar el síndrome de burnout. Por lo tanto, se hace evidente la necesidad de intervenciones para mitigar este problema. El fortalecimiento de las políticas públicas es una estrategia de solución teniendo en cuenta la importancia de la salud mental de estos profesionales.

[Dr. Valentin Grandis and Dr. Virgilio Ducceschi, two italian masters who initiated Experimental Physiology at the Faculty of Medical Sciences - Universidad Nacional De Cordoba (Argentina)] / Dr. Valentin Grandis y Dr. Virgilio Ducceschi, Dos maestros italianos iniciadores de la Fisiología experimental en la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas - UNC.

This paper examines the significant contribution of Dr. Valentín Grandis and Dr. Virgilio Ducceschi to the founding and development of experimental physiology at the Faculty of Medical Sciences of the National University of Córdoba (UNC), Argentina. Although the most notable contribution to the field of experimental physiology in Argentina is attributed to Bernardo Alberto Houssay, this study highlights the importance of the previous and fundamental efforts of Grandis and Ducceschi, two Italian professors whose work in Buenos Aires and Córdoba laid the foundations for research and teaching in this discipline. The paper details how, in 1904, the arrival of Valentin Grandis at the UNC marked the formal beginning of the teaching and practice of experimental physiology at the institution, followed by the incorporation of Virgilio Ducceschi, who continued and expanded Grandis' legacy. The work of these two Italian masters involved not only the installation of a state-of-the-art laboratory but also the establishment of a solid academic and scientific foundation that would influence future generations of Argentine physicians and researchers. Through a detailed analysis of their biographies, scientific contributions, and the impact of their work, this paper illustrates how Grandis and Ducceschi were key figures in the development of medical science in Argentina, particularly in the field of experimental physiology. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of their educational approach and their ability to train disciples who would continue their research, thus ensuring the permanence of their legacy at the National University of Córdoba and in Argentine science in general. In conclusion, this paper vindicates and celebrates the contributions of Valentín Grandis and Virgilio Ducceschi to the initiation of research and experimentation in physiology and biological chemistry at the UNC, highlighting their importance in the advancement of medicine and science in Argentina.

Este trabajo examina el significativo aporte de los doctores Valentín Grandis y Virgilio Ducceschi a la fundación y desarrollo de la fisiología experimental en la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Argentina. A pesar de que la contribución más notable en el campo de la fisiología experimental en Argentina se atribuye a Bernardo Alberto Houssay, este estudio destaca la importancia de los esfuerzos previos y fundamentales de Grandis y Ducceschi, dos profesores italianos cuyo trabajo en Buenos Aires y Córdoba sentó las bases para la investigación y la enseñanza de esta disciplina.   El trabajo detalla cómo, en 1904, la llegada de Valentín Grandis a la UNC marcó el inicio formal de la enseñanza y práctica de la fisiología experimental en la institución, seguida por la incorporación de Virgilio Ducceschi, quien continuó y expandió el legado de Grandis. La labor de estos dos maestros italianos no solo involucró la instalación de un laboratorio de vanguardia sino también el establecimiento de una sólida base académica y científica que influiría en generaciones futuras de médicos e investigadores argentinos.   A través de un análisis detallado de sus biografías, contribuciones científicas, y el impacto de su trabajo, este documento ilustra cómo Grandis y Ducceschi fueron figuras clave en el desarrollo de la ciencia médica en Argentina, particularmente en el ámbito de la fisiología experimental. Además, el estudio resalta la importancia de su enfoque educativo y su capacidad para formar discípulos que continuarían sus investigaciones, asegurando así la permanencia de su legado en la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba y en la ciencia argentina en general.   En conclusión, el presente trabajo reivindica y celebra las contribuciones de Valentín Grandis y Virgilio Ducceschi al inicio de la investigación y experimentación en fisiología y química biológica en la UNC, subrayando su importancia en el avance de la medicina y la ciencia en Argentina.

Accreditation of medical education in Brazil: an evaluation of seventy-six medical schools.

BACKGROUND: We present the first results of the Accreditation System of Medical Schools (Sistema de Acreditação de Escolas Médicas - SAEME) in Brazil. METHODS: We evaluated the results of the accreditation of medical schools from 2015 to 2023. The self-evaluation form of the SAEME is specific for medical education programs and has eighty domains, which results in final decisions that are sufficient or insufficient for each domain. We evaluated the results of the first seventy-six medical schools evaluated by the SAEME. RESULTS: Fifty-five medical schools (72.4%) were accredited, and 21 (27.6%) were not. Seventy-two (94.7%) medical schools were considered sufficient in social accountability, 93.4% in integration with the family health program, 75.0% in faculty development programs and 78.9% in environmental sustainability. There was an emphasis on SAEME in student well-being, with seventeen domains in this area, and 71.7% of these domains were sufficient. The areas with the lowest levels of sufficiency were interprofessional education, mentoring programs, student assessment and weekly distribution of educational activities. CONCLUSION: Medical schools in Brazil are strongly committed to social accountability, integration with the national health system, environmental sustainability and student well-being programs. SAEME is moving from episodic evaluations of medical schools to continuous quality improvement policies.

Prevalence of depression and anxiety and associated factors among students in southern Brazil: results from Respire study / Prevalência de depressão e ansiedade e fatores associados em estudantes no sul do Brasil: resultados da pesquisa Respire

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms has significantly increased in Brazil since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the studies investigating the prevalence of these symptoms in school-aged in Brazil are scanty. OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence of moderate or severe symptoms of depression and anxiety and the associated factors among students in southern Brazil. METHODS: This was a census study with all 14 sites of the Federal Institute Sul-riograndense. We used a self-administered, online instrument to assess biological, sociodemographic, health, nutrition, and behavior-related variables. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale assessed depression and anxiety. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 5,112 students. The prevalence of students who presented moderate or severe symptoms of anxiety and depression was 34.3% and 24.3%, respectively. In the fully adjusted analysis, factors associated with anxiety and depression symptoms were female sex, low income, screen time at work, worse health perception, unhealthy diet, poor sleep quality, smoking, alcohol consumption, and medication use. Early age and students whose family members or friends died from COVID-19 were associated with anxiety. Married and having less screen time during leisure was a protective factor for depression. Physical activity reduced by 18% and 33% the likelihood of moderate or severe symptoms of anxiety and depression, respectively. CONCLUSION: Public policies to improve the health care of Brazilian students during the return to face-to-face activities are required.

INTRODUÇÃO: No Brasil, a prevalência de sintomas de ansiedade e depressão aumentaram significativamente desde o início da pandemia de COVID-19. No entanto, há uma lacuna no número de estudos que investigaram a prevalência destes sintomas em estudantes de idade escolar no Brasil. OBJETIVO: Identificar a prevalência de depressão e ansiedade e seus fatores associados em estudantes no sul do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um censo em todos os 14 campi do Instituto Federal Sul-rio-grandense através de um instrumento on-line, auto preenchido, com variáveis biológicas, sociodemográficas, de saúde, nutricionais e comportamentais. A saúde mental foi coletada através da Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. RESULTADOS: Participaram do estudo 5.112 estudantes com prevalência de sintomas moderados ou severos de ansiedade e depressão de 34,3% e 24,3%, respectivamente. Após a análise ajustada, ser mulher, ter renda baixa, maior tempo de tela no trabalho, pior percepção de saúde, maior consumo de alimentos não saudáveis, baixa qualidade de sono, ser fumante, consumir bebidas alcoólicas e usar medicamentos foram fatores de risco para ansiedade e depressão. Foram associadas somente a ansiedade, ser mais jovem e ter tido familiar/amigo morto por COVID-19. Ser casado e ter menor tempo de tela no lazer foi fator protetor para depressão. Praticar atividade física reduziu 18% e 33% a probabilidade de apresentar sintomas mais severos de ansiedade e depressão, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: É importante a implementação de políticas de gestão no cuidado da saúde dos estudantes nas escolas durante o retorno as atividades presenciais.

Analysis of Formative and Evaluative Activities on Statistical Graphs in Textbooks for Chilean Rural Multigrade Education.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the formative and evaluative activities involving statistical graphs in the new textbooks for Chilean rural multigrade education. The methodology is qualitative, at a descriptive level and uses the content analysis technique. The sample is made up of the six primary education textbooks distributed by the Ministry of Education for rural multigrade schools. The results show the predominance of the bar chart, semiotic level 3, the task of calculating and the personal context in both types of activities, although with respect to the reading level, it is evident that level 4 predominates in the formative activities and level 2 in the evaluative ones. According to the results, it is recommended to incorporate graphs proposed by the curricular guidelines of the Ministry of Education, which are absent in textbooks as well as to include evaluative activities that require reflection on the nature of the data, context, representation and conclusions obtained from them.

Social determinants of gastrointestinal malformation mortality in Brazil: a national study.

Introduction: In Brazil, approximately 5% are born with a congenital disorder, potentially fatal without surgery. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between gastrointestinal congenital malformation (GICM) mortality, health indicators, and socioeconomic factors in Brazil. Methods: GICM admissions (Q39-Q45) between 2012 and 2019 were collected using national databases. Patient demographics, socioeconomic factors, clinical management, outcomes, and the healthcare workforce density were also accounted for. Pediatric Surgical Workforce density and the number of neonatal intensive care units in a region were extracted from national datasets and combined to create a clinical index termed 'NeoSurg'. Socioeconomic variables were combined to create a socioeconomic index termed 'SocEcon'. Simple linear regression was used to investigate if the temporal changes of both indexes were significant. The correlation between mortality and the different indicators in Brazil was evaluated using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: Over 8 years, Brazil recorded 12804 GICM admissions. The Southeast led with 6147 cases, followed by the Northeast (2660), South (1727), North (1427), and Midwest (843). The North and Northeast reported the highest mortality, lowest NeoSurg, and SocEcon Index rates. Nevertheless, mortality rates declined across regions from 7.7% (2012) to 3.9% (2019), a 51.7% drop. The North and Midwest experienced the most substantial reductions, at 63% and 75%, respectively. Mortality significantly correlated with the indexes in nearly all regions (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our study highlights the correlation between social determinants of health and GICM mortality in Brazil, using two novel indexes in the pediatric population. These findings provide an opportunity to rethink and discuss new indicators that could enhance our understanding of our country and could lead to the development of necessary solutions to tackle existing challenges in Brazil and globally.

Parents' perceived barriers to active commuting to school. Comparative study between Spanish and Ecuadorian cities.

Parents´ perceptions can influence their children´s mode of commuting to school. In this sense, the purposes of this study were to compare parental barriers towards active commuting to school (ACS) between Ecuadorian and Spanish children, and to analyze the associations between those barriers and the children's mode of commuting. Descriptive and comparative analyses were performed using Chi-square and T-student test. Associations were analyzed by several logistic regression models. Results showed that road safety is the main barrier for ACS, and that all the barriers are perceived as higher by Ecuadorian parents (p<0.001). It was also found that Ecuadorian children were less likely to be active when parents perceive greater total barriers (OR=0.15, CI=0.06, 0.40). Public policies should focus on reducing the parental barriers in order to increase ACS, specifically those related to road safety.

Association of performance in medical residency selection with a psychiatric diagnosis, and depressive and anxiety symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: Few studies have focused on medical students and residents' mental health impact on medical residency selection (MRS) performance. The authors evaluated the association of performance in MRS with depressive and anxiety symptoms and with a reported psychiatric diagnosis (rPD). METHODS: The authors enrolled candidates after the second round of MRS examinations at a Brazilian Medical School. Performance was assessed by final grade. Depressive and anxiety symptoms were assessed by the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-Report (QIDS-SR) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The authors performed mediation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis to investigate the impact of rPD, state and trait anxiety, and depressive symptom severity on performance. RESULTS: 515 of the 643 MRS candidates (80.1%) participated in the study. Higher age, attending a preparatory course for MRS, rPD, and the number of MRS applications that year were associated with poorer performance. In mediation analysis, trait anxiety was associated with a direct effect on performance and an indirect effect mediated by rPD. CONCLUSION: The data suggest that psychiatric diagnosis is associated with poorer performance on MRS, regardless of current symptoms of anxiety and depression. Additionally, increased levels of trait anxiety may negatively impact performance, directly and indirectly.

Benefits and Difficulties of Implementing Family-Farming Food Purchases in the Brazilian National School Feeding Program.

Objectives: To explore the opinions of Brazilian National School Feeding Program (NSFP) nutritionists concerning the benefits and difficulties of implementing family-farming food purchases for the school feeding program. Methods: Exploratory and descriptive qualitative study conducted through the analysis of inductive content of open interviews carried out with technically responsible nutritionists of the School Feeding Program of 21 municipalities in Southern Brazil. Results: The qualitative analysis of the interviews resulted in 17 codes grouped into four categories that show the opinion of nutritionists on the benefits and difficulties of purchasing family-farming food: 1. increasing the visibility of rural areas and 2. improving the quality of food provided in school meals; 3. low product availability and 4. limited infrastructure for production and delivery. Conclusion: According to nutritionists, purchasing family-farming food in NSFP can increase the supply of healthy food in schools and stimulate rural development. However, efforts are needed to adjust institutional food demands for local food production and improve infrastructure for food production and distribution.

Individual and Contextual Factors Associated with Adolescents' Self-Perceived Need for Treatment.

The present study aimed to investigate associations between the self-perceived dental treatment need and clinical factors, familial characteristics, and school context in adolescents. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a representative sample of 746 students aged 15 to 19 years in a medium-sized city in Brazil. Data collection involved the use of a sociodemographic questionnaire, an oral health questionnaire, and the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scales (FACES III) instrument. Clinical examinations were performed by two trained and calibrated examiners (Kappa > 0.80) using the Nyvad criteria. A robust logistic regression analysis for complex samples was performed using a multilevel approach (α = 5%). The individual factors associated with the self-perceived treatment need were dental pain (OR = 1.08; 95% CI: 1.01-1.16), the loss of the first molars (OR = 1.09; 95% CI: 1.03-1.15), and disengaged family cohesion (OR = 1.15; 95% CI: 1.01-1.31). In terms of context, attending a public school was associated with the self-perceived treatment need (OR = 1.17; 95% CI: 1.02-1.33). Thus, the individual factors of toothache, tooth loss, and a disengaged family, as well as the school context, exerted an influence on the self-perceived treatment need.

Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Infrastructure and Resources in Schools in Belize during the COVID-19 Pandemic, 2021-2023.

Access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) resources in schools is critical for disease prevention and control, especially during public health emergencies. In Belize, systematic, national data on WASH in schools are needed to inform public health decisions and interventions. From December 2021 to January 2022, a national survey was sent electronically to government and government-aided primary and secondary schools in Belize (N = 308) to gather information on WASH services. From the survey, 12 pilot schools were selected based on the highest self-reported need for WASH resources to participate in additional evaluation and intervention, which included environmental nudges, supplemental supply provision, and hand hygiene education. To understand how the progression of the COVID-19 pandemic may have influenced hand hygiene, facility assessments to evaluate access to hand hygiene resources were conducted in person when most schools reopened for face-to-face learning during the pandemic (March 2022) and 15 months later (June 2023). Among the schools participating in the national survey (N = 221), 55% reported times when water was not available at the schools. Almost 9 in 10 schools (89%) had a functional handwashing station, and 47% reported always having soap for handwashing. Between baseline and follow-up at the 12 pilot schools, we observed decreases in the proportion of functional handwashing access points (-11%), functional handwashing access points accessible for individuals with disabilities (-17%) and small children (-29%), and functional alcohol-based hand rub dispensers (-13%). Despite the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, we observed gaps in WASH resources in schools in Belize during the onsite assessments at the pilot schools. Schools should be encouraged and provided with WASH resources to maintain vigilance for disease control measures.

Perspectivas de Profissionais de Educação sobre ações do Programa Saúde na Escola em Pelotas em 2022 / Perspectives of Education Professionals on actions of the School Health Program in Pelotas in 2022

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo descrever as ações do Programa Saúde na Escola em 2022 no município de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, segundo a perspectiva de profissionais da educação. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, contemplando 51 das 60 escolas de Ensino Fundamental de nível municipal. Foram utilizados dois questionários estruturados administrados aos responsáveis pelo Programa ou membros da equipe gestora das instituições por meio telefônico, ou presencial. Os temas abordados com diretores, vice-diretores, orientadores educacionais e coordenadores pedagógicos incluíram a existência do Programa, as temáticas desenvolvidas, sua frequência, capacitação, envolvimento de profissionais de saúde e educação, articulação entre setores, apoio, autonomia de estudantes e barreiras para implementação do programa. Entre as 51 escolas analisadas, 41 (80,5%) delas possuíam o programa, com frequência das ações prevalentes a cada 3 meses (39,0%) e sendo a ação de Promoção da saúde bucal (90,2%) a mais apontada. Em 70,7% das escolas foram realizadas ações de promoção de atividade física. Além disso, observou-se o setor saúde como principal responsável pelas ações (87,8%), limitada participação dos alunos na escolha das temáticas (34,0%) e escassez de capacitações aos educadores (36,6%). Embora uma instituição universitária tenha se apresentado como fonte de apoio (53,7%) e todas as escolas com o programa registraram ao menos uma ação realizada, a sobrecarga (36,6%) e a necessidade de articulação (34,1%) foram as barreiras mais relatadas. Apesar dos desafios e dificuldades em diversos indicadores, foram identificadas iniciativas que configuram o Programa como importante ferramenta para promoção da saúde de escolares no município.

This research aimed to describe the actions of the School Health Program in 2022 in the municipality of Pe-lotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from the perspective of education professionals. This is a cross-sectional, as-sessing 51 of the 60 municipal elementary schools. Two structured questionnaires were administered to those responsible for the Program or members of the management team of the institutions by telephone or face-to-face. Topics addressed with principals, vice-principals, educational advisors and pedagogical coordinators included the description of the existence of the Program, the themes developed, as well as its frequency, train-ing, involvement of health and education professionals, articulation between sectors, support, autonomy of students and barriers to the implementation of the program. Among the 51 schools analyzed, 41 (80.5%) of them had the program, with the frequency of prevalent actions every 3 months (39.0%) and the Oral Health Promotion action (90.2%) being the most pointed out. In 70.7% of the schools, actions to promote physical activity were carried out. In addition, the health sector was the main responsible for the actions (87.8%), limited participation in the choice of themes (34.0%) and scarcity in the provision of training for educa-tors (36.6%). Although a local university was a strong support (53.7%) and all schools with the program recorded at least one action taken, overload (36.6%) and the need for articulation (34.1%) were the most reported barriers. Despite the challenges and difficulties in several indicators, initiatives were identified that configure the Program as an important tool for promoting the health of schoolchildren in the municipality.

Haydée Guanais Dourado: formação profissional e financiamento da Fundação Rockefeller (1941-1956) / Haydée Guanais Dourado: professional training and financing from the Rockefeller Foundation (1941-1956) / Haydée Guanais Dourado: formación profesional y financiación de la Fundación Rockefeller (1941-1956)

Objetivo: descrever e analisar a trajetória formativa e profissional da enfermeira Haydée Guanais Dourado (HGD) entre 1941 e 1956. A ênfase está em dois períodos de estudos e treinamento realizados por ela nos Estados Unidos da América do Norte e no Canadá com o financiamento da Fundação Rockefeller (FR). Métodos: a pesquisa utilizou fontes documentais coletadas em arquivos do Museu da Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal da Bahia, do Centro de Documentação da Escola Anna Nery, na Hemeroteca Digital da Biblioteca Nacional e entre familiares de HGD [duas entrevistas, cinco cartões de bolsistas, um dossiê da FR, notícias de jornais e imagens] que registraram a sua experiência enquanto bolsista. A análise dos documentos foi baseada nos métodos onomástico e indiciário, conforme a proposta de Carlo Ginzburg, que destaca a importância do nome para a coleta e análise documental. Resultados: as múltiplas experiências de aprendizagem e de observação de Haydée no exterior prepararam-na para atuar como líder na área da educação em enfermagem em um momento em que a prioridade era a criação de novas Escolas de Enfermagem. Considerações finais: embora a política de concessão de bolsas patrocinada pela FR tivesse objetivos institucionais e políticos bem definidos, as escolhas de HGD foram decisivas na definição de seu trajeto profissional.

Objective: to describe and analyze nurse Haydée Guanais Dourado's (HGD) educational and professional trajectory between 1941 and 1956. The emphasis is on two periods of studies and training carried out by her in the United States of North America and in Canada with funding from the Rockefeller Foundation. Methods: the research used documentary sources collected in archives at the Museum of the Nursing School of the Universidade Federal da Bahia, the Escola Anna Nery Documentation Center, the National Library Hemeroteca Digital and among family members of HGD [two interviews, five scholarship holder cards, a dossier from the Rockefeller Foundation (RF), newspaper reports and images] that recorded her experience as a scholarship recipient. Document analysis was based on onomastic and indexical methods, as proposed by Carlo Ginzburg, which highlights the importance of the name for document collection and analysis. Results: Haydée's multiple learning and observation experiences abroad prepared her to act as a leader in the field of nursing education at a time when the priority was the creation of new Nursing Schools. Final considerations: although the scholarship granting policy sponsored by RF had well-defined institutional and political objectives, HGD's choices were decisive in defining her professional path.

Objetivo: describir y analizar la trayectoria educativa y profesional de la enfermera Haydée Guanais Dourado (HGD) entre 1941 y 1956. El énfasis está en dos períodos de estudios y formación realizados por ella en los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica y en Canadá con financiación. de la Fundación Rockefeller (FR). Métodos: la investigación utilizó fuentes documentales recopiladas en archivos del Museo de la Escuela de Enfermería de la Universidade Federal da Bahia, del Centro de Documentación de la Escola Anna Nery, de la Hemeroteca Digital de la Biblioteca Nacional y de familiares de HGD [dos entrevistas, cinco tarjetas de becario, un dossier de la FR, reportajes periodísticos e imágenes] que registraron su experiencia como becario. El análisis de los documentos se basó en métodos onomásticos e indexicales, propuestos por Carlo Ginzburg, lo que resalta la importancia del nombre para la recopilación y análisis de documentos. Resultados: las múltiples experiencias de aprendizaje y observación de Haydée en el extranjero la prepararon para actuar como líder en el campo de la educación en enfermería en un momento en que la prioridad era la creación de nuevas Escuelas de Enfermería. Consideraciones finales: si bien la política de concesión de becas patrocinada por FR tenía objetivos institucionales y políticos bien definidos, las elecciones de HGD fueron decisivas para definir su trayectoria profesional.

Temporal trend of food consumption markers, breakfast consumption and association with overweight/obesity in schoolchildren aged 7 to 10 years between 2007 and 2019.

Obesity has a multifactorial origin. Among the behavioural risk factors, excessive consumption of unhealthy foods, skipping breakfast and reduced physical activity stand out. The main objective of this article was to identify trends in dietary habits and their association with overweight/obesity over a 12-year period in schoolchildren aged 7 to 10 years in Florianópolis, southern Brazil. A cross-sectional panel analysis study, using anthropometric, sociodemographic, physical activity and food consumption data of schoolchildren aged 7 to 10 years, collected in three waves of the Study of Prevalence of Obesity in Children and Adolescents (EPOCA), carried out during the years 2007, 2012/2013 and 2018/2019, was performed. To analyse the trend in dietary variables over the years, the 95% CIs were compared with the non-overlap of intervals indicating statistical significance. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to test the association of weight status with dietary markers. The prevalence of overweight/obesity was 34.4%, 37.2% and 34.2% in 2007, 2012/2013 and 2018/2019, respectively, and there were no statistically significant differences among waves. There was a progressive and significant reduction in the consumption of soft drinks and sweets and in eating breakfast by schoolchildren, from 2007 to 2019. Breakfast consumption was inversely associated with the chance of overweight/obesity (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.59-0.93), and female students were less likely to have overweight/obesity when compared to boys (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.61-0.81). The reduction in the consumption of soft drinks and sweets over the years might be caused by efforts in public policies that intended to reduce the consumption of unhealthy foods among schoolchildren. The progressive and significant reduction in having breakfast should be better elucidated in future studies, to minimise the potential impact of this practice on schoolchildren's bodyweight.

Preparing Pharmacists for the Digital Age: How Pharmacy Courses are Adapting to Challenges and Opportunities.

OBJECTIVE: As the digitalization of health accelerates, the fusion of pharmacy and informatics becomes crucial. Pharmacy education must adapt to equip professionals for this evolving landscape. This study aims to compare pharmacy curricula in Brazil and the United States of America, focusing on health informatics, to uncover challenges and opportunities in training pharmacists for the digital era. METHODS: A cross-sectional, descriptive analysis was conducted on pharmacy curricula from leading Brazilian and American universities in early 2024. Two independent researchers collected data, concentrating on health informatics-related courses. Curriculum analysis used the n-gram technique for linguistic pattern identification in course descriptions. RESULTS: The analysis included curricula from 147 Brazilian and 140 American institutions. American programs had more health informatics courses, with greater integration into pharmacy and higher workloads. Brazilian courses were fewer, less specialized, and less integrated with pharmacy practice. Bi-gram analysis showed that the United States emphasized pharmaceutical practice and technologies, while Brazil focused more broadly on public health. Challenges include Brazil's slower integration of health informatics, impacting competitiveness. The study highlights opportunities to enhance curricula in both countries, emphasizing the importance of health informatics courses. CONCLUSION: US pharmacy programs are further developed by providing specialized, high-quality digital health education with extensive coursework, reflecting a curriculum aligned with digital advancements. This stands in stark contrast to Brazilian programs, which show a need for comprehensive curriculum revision to effectively prepare pharmacists for the digital age. This study underscores the urgency for global pharmacy education reform and its alignment with the rapid evolution of digital health.

The Long and Winding Road to Real-Life Experiments: Remote Assessment of Executive Functions with Computerized Games-Results from 8 Years of Naturalistic Interventions.

Mate Marote is an open-access cognitive training software aimed at children between 4 and 8 years old. It consists of a set of computerized games specifically tailored to train and evaluate Executive Functions (EF), a class of processes critical for purposeful, goal-directed behavior, including working memory, planning, flexibility, and inhibitory control. Since 2008, several studies were performed with this software at children's own schools in interventions supervised in-person by cognitive scientists. After 2015, we incorporated naturalistic, yet controlled, interventions with children's own teachers' help. The platform includes a battery of standardized tests, disguised as games, to assess children's EF. The main question that emerges is whether the results, obtained with these traditional tasks but conducted without the presence of researchers, are comparable to those widely reported in the literature, that were obtained in more supervised settings. In this study, we were able to replicate the expected difficulty and age effects in at least one of the analyzed dependent variables of each employed test. We also report important discrepancies between the expected and the observed response time patterns, specifically for time-constrained tasks. We hereby discuss the benefits and setbacks of a new possible strategy for this type of assessment in naturalistic settings. We conclude that this battery of established EF tasks adapted for its remote usage is appropriate to measure the expected mental processes in naturalistic settings, enriching opportunities to upscale cognitive training interventions at schools. These types of tools can constitute a concerted strategy to bring together educational neuroscience research and real-life practice.

Deserts, Swamps and Food Oases: Mapping around the Schools in Bahia, Brazil and Implications for Ensuring Food and Nutritional Security.

Deserts, swamps and food oases terms have been used to characterize the food environment according to the identified food availability. Food swamps are defined as neighborhoods with a predominance of food establishments selling ultra-processed foods compared to establishments selling healthy options. In contrast, food oases are areas with easy access to healthy and nutritious foods, such as fruits, vegetables, and other fresh foods. Food deserts describe densely populated urban areas where residents face difficulty obtaining healthy food. In this context, this work aimed to map deserts, swamps, and food oases around federal schools in Bahia, Brazil, emphasizing the importance of implementing the Brazilian National School Feeding Program (PNAE) in these schools, to guarantee food security and nutrition. An ecological study was carried out in all 35 federal schools in Bahia, Brazil, using an 800 m buffer analysis, with the school as the centroid. The geographic coordinates of schools and food establishments were initially obtained using Google Maps and later confirmed onsite. To evaluate food deserts and swamps, the methodology proposed by the CDC was used and the Modified Retail Food Environment Index (mRFEI) was calculated; when the result was equal to zero, the surrounding area was considered a food desert and values between 0.01 and 20 determined food swamps; for values above 20, the neighborhood was classified as mixed. Food oases were considered regions containing at least one supermarket within the analyzed buffer. Descriptive analyses were carried out with frequency measurements, measures of central tendency (mean and median) and dispersion (standard deviation). The food environment of schools was compared considering the number of students impacted, the area where the school was located (urban or rural) and the size of the municipalities. The average number of food establishments found was 22.39 (±13.03), with the highest averages for snack bars (7.33 ± 4.43), grocery stores (5.83 ± 4.09) and restaurants (2.94 ± 2.19). Food deserts and mixed environments were identified in 40% of the sample, while swamps represented 20% and oases 65%. An association was observed between food deserts and social vulnerability, making it necessary to emphasize the importance of adequate implementation of the PNAE in these schools to reduce food and nutritional insecurity, guaranteeing the human right to adequate and healthy food and providing better nutrition and health perspectives within the school environment and impact on students' lives through food and nutrition education actions, which are also part of the context of PNAE activities.

Factores relacionados con la publicación de los trabajos de investigación presentados en los congresos científicos nacionales de estudiantes de Medicina de Perú entre los años 2017-2019 / Factors related to the publication of research papers presented at medical student national scientific conferences in Peru between 2017 and 2019

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir las características de los trabajos presentados en los congresos de estudiantes de Medicina de la Sociedad Médico Estudiantil Peruana entre los años 2017 y 2019, así como los factores relacionados para su publicación. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de diseño observacional, transversal, bibliométrico y retrospectivo, de fuente secundaria en base a los libros de resúmenes de los trabajos de los congresos científicos entre los años 2017 y 2019. Los datos se analizaron mediante el software Stata, versión 13, y con estadística descriptiva. En el análisis multivariado se calcularon razones de prevalencias, con un intervalo de confianza al 95 % y p < 0,05 en los análisis crudos y ajustados. Resultados: De los 447 trabajos presentados, 170 (38,0 %) fueron investigaciones concluidas; 168 (37,6 %), protocolos de investigación, y 109 (24,4 %), casos clínicos. El 52,1 % (n = 233) de los autores procedían de una universidad de Lima; el 40,9 % (n = 183) eran de universidades públicas. En 376 de los trabajos (52,1 %), hubo un asesor entre los autores, de los cuales 332 (88,3 %) fueron médicos. La frecuencia de publicaciones fue 11,4 %. La prevalencia de publicación en formato de artículo original fue 131 % mayor (RPa: 2,31; IC 95 %: 1,22-4,37, p = 0,010) y 63 % menor (RPa: 0,37; IC 95 %: 0,17-0,81, p = 0,014) en los trabajos que fueron presentados en el año 2019 en comparación con el año 2017, lo cual fue estadísticamente significativo, con p < 0,05. Conclusiones: Uno de cada diez resúmenes de trabajos presentados en los congresos de la Sociedad Científico Médico Estudiantil Peruana (Socimep) fueron publicados, un número que sigue siendo bajo. Entre los factores asociados a la publicación se consideraron la presentación de un trabajo en formato de artículo original y del año 2019. Los resultados del presente estudio contribuirán a que las autoridades universitarias fortalezcan la investigación mediante estrategias y/o programas vinculados con la producción de índole científico estudiantil.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the characteristics of papers presented at medical student conferences of Sociedad Científica Médico Estudiantil Peruana (SOCIMEP Peruvian Medical Student Scientific Society) between 2017 and 2019, as well as the factors related to their publication. Materials and methods: An observational, cross-sectional, bibliometric, retrospective and secondary-source study based on the books of abstracts of papers presented at scientific conferences between 2017 and 2019. The data were analyzed with the Stata Statistical Software: Release 13 using descriptive statistics. In the multivariate analysis, prevalence ratios were calculated with a 95 % confidence interval and p < 0.05 in the crude and adjusted analyses. Results: From a total of 447 papers, 170 (38.0 %) were completed research studies, 168 (37.6 %) research protocols and 109 (24.4 %) case reports. In addition, 233 (52.1 %) authors came from a university in Lima and 183 (40.9 %) were from public universities. Moreover, 376 (52.1 %) papers had an advisor among the authors, 332 (88.3 %) of whom were physicians. The frequency of publications accounted for 11.4 %. The prevalence of original-article publications was 131 % higher (aPR: 2.31; 95 % CI: 1.22-4.37, p = 0.010) and 63 % lower (aPR: 0.37; 95 % CI: 0.17-0.81, p = 0.014) among papers presented in 2019 compared to 2017, thus being statistically significant, with p < 0.05. Conclusions: One out of 10 abstracts of papers presented at SOCIMEP conferences was published; however, this number is still low. Among the factors associated with the publication were presenting a research paper as an original article and in 2019. The results of this study will help the university leadership to strengthen research through strategies and/or programs linked to the student scientific production.