Physical Activity Report Card Indicators and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals: Insights From Global Matrix 4.0.

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization recognizes that physical activity (PA) during childhood is crucial for healthy development, aligning well with the achievement of several United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study aimed to explore the associations between 10 key indicators of PA for children and adolescents assessed in the Global Matrix 4.0 project, and the UN SDGs. METHODS: Data from 57 countries/jurisdictions of the Global Matrix 4.0 project were used. The UN SDG indicators were sourced from the SDG Transformation Center, which publishes each country's performance on each of the 17 SDGs. Given the robust evidence supporting plausible links between PA and SDGs 3 (good health and well-being), 9 (industry, innovation, and infrastructure), 11 (sustainable cities and communities), 13 (climate action), and 16 (peace, justice, and strong institutions), these SDGs were investigated. RESULTS: Countries/jurisdictions with good and moderate performance in achieving SDG 3, SDG 9, SDG 11, and SDG 16 had higher grades than countries/jurisdictions with fair performance in achieving these SDGs for the following indicators: Organized Sports and PA, Community and Environment, and Government Investments and Strategies. However, countries/jurisdictions with good performance in achieving SDG 13 had lower grades than countries/jurisdictions with fair performance in achieving SDG 13 for the following indicators: Organized Sports and PA, Community and Environment, and Government Investments and Strategies. CONCLUSIONS: Organized Sports and PA, Community and Environment, and Government Investments and Strategies were the indicators that demonstrated differences between countries/jurisdictions with good and poor performance in achieving the SDGs.

Associations Between Substitution of Sedentary Behavior Patterns With Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescents: A 3-Year Longitudinal Study.

BACKGROUND: Little is known on how the substitution of time spent in sedentary behavior (SB) patterns with time spent in physical activity impacts cardiovascular risk factors during adolescence. The study aimed to investigate how the substitution of time spent in SB and sedentary bouts with time spent in different physical activity intensities was associated with longitudinal changes in cardiovascular risk factors in analyses stratified by sex. METHODS: This is a prospective cohort study with a mean follow-up period of 3.2 (±0.34) years, involving 109 (60 girls and 49 boys) Brazilian adolescents. Body mass index, waist circumference, and cardiorespiratory fitness were the cardiovascular risk factors considered. A cardiovascular risk score was calculated. Sedentary bouts, light physical activity (LPA), and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were measured by accelerometers. Multivariate linear regression models adopting the isotemporal substitution were used to analyze the association between substitution of 10 minutes per day of sedentary bouts with LPA and MVPA and risk factors. All analyses considered 5% significance levels. RESULTS: Substitutions of SB, short and long bouts, with MVPA were associated with higher cardiorespiratory fitness in boys (ß = 0.077; 95% confidence interval, 0.001 to 0.55; ß = 0.076; 95% confidence interval, 0.003 to 0.154; and ß = 0.084; 95% confidence interval, 0.001 to 0.167, respectively). No associations were observed when analyses involved substitution of sedentary bouts with LPA, adiposity, cardiovascular risk score, and girls. CONCLUSIONS: Substituting SB bouts with MVPA appears to favorably influence changes of cardiorespiratory fitness in boys during adolescence. Greater benefits appear to occur when longer sedentary bouts are substituted by MVPA.

Effects of High-Intensity Swimming Interval Training on Area, Perimeter, Circularity Index and Phenotype of Cardiac Mitochondrial Ultrastructure in Sprague Dawley Rats.

Physical inactivity impairs health by increasing morbidity. In childhood, modifiable risk factors associated with cardiovascular pathologies and related to mitochondrial function and structure are initiated by physical inactivity. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of high-intensity swimming interval training (HIIT-swim) on cardiac mitochondrial ultrastructure in young Sprague Dawley rats compared with a sedentary group. Five-week-old Sprague Dawley rats (n = 18) were divided into a control group (C) (n = 6), a sedentary group (S) (n = 6) and an HIIT-swim group (H-s) (n = 6), the last of which performed HIIT-swim for 4 weeks. A mitochondrial ultrastructural evaluation was performed using transmission electron microscopy. In the H-s rats, mitochondrial areas and perimeters were found to be statistically significantly different from those of the C and S rats. In addition, no predominant intramitochondrial multifragmentation was observed in the mitochondria of H-s rats, but multifragmentation was evident in the mitochondria of S rats.

Temporal trends in the contribution of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors to cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in patients undergoing myocardial perfusion imaging in a large city in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Most cardiovascular (CV) events stem from modifiable risk factors, but it remains uncertain whether their impact on mortality has decreased in recent years as a result of treatment, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. We evaluated the temporal trends in the population attributable fraction (PAF) of modifiable risk factors to CV mortality in patients undergoing myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) for suspected coronary artery disease in a large city in Brazil. METHODS: The cohort comprised 25,127 patients without established CV disease undergoing MPI in a referral center in Curitiba, Brazil, from 2010 to 2018. Baseline demographic, clinical and risk factors were prospectively collected. Modifiable risk factors encompassed hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, and smoking. The primary outcome was CV death occurring up to 4 years of follow-up. The PAF of each risk factor was calculated for each triennium using multivariable Cox proportional regression models, adjusting for age, sex and family history of premature coronary disease. RESULTS: Over 9 years, there were 1438 deaths, 444 due to CV causes. In the first triennium, sedentary lifestyle exhibited the highest PAF (49%) for CV death, followed by hypertension (17%), diabetes mellitus (8%) and smoking habit (6%). The PAF for all risk factors combined remained relatively stable thorough the triennia (2010-2012: 57% vs 2013-2015: 64% vs 2016-2018: 47%, p = NS). CONCLUSION: In this large cohort of patients referred to MPI, the PAF of modifiable CV risk factors did not diminish in the last decade, with sedentary lifestyle having the largest contribution for CV mortality. CONDENSED ABSTRACT: This study examinated temporal trends in the impact of modifiable cardiovascular (CV) risk factors on CV and overall mortality in a cohort of 25,127 patients undergoing myocardial perfusion imaging from 2010 to 2018. Sedentary behavior consistently had the greatest impact on both CV and overall mortality, followed by hypertension and diabetes. Smoking had a lesser effect, while obesity showed no independent association with the outcomes. The contributions of these modifiable CV risk factors remained stable over the study period, suggesting that interventions promoting physical activity may be essential in mitigating the burden of CV disease.

Práctica de actividad física por medio de videojuegos activos en el abordaje de la obesidad en edades pediátricas

El incremento de la obesidad en el mundo demanda de un plan estratégico dirigido a su prevención en el inmediato, mediano y a largo plazo, dado que los niños que desde edades tempranas presentan condiciones de obesidad, tienden a mantener este estado en periodos siguientes de su vida, lo que conlleva a adquirir otras enfermedades denominadas no transmisibles. Estudios adelantados han identificado estrategias fundamentadas en el desarrollo de propuestas tecnológicas que aportan a la promoción de la actividad física mediante juegos activos para los niños. Estas propuestas constituyen alternativas postmodernas que motivan a un cambio de conductas sedentarias para la consolidación de hábitos de vida saludables. Es necesario la implementación de programas orientados a la prevención de la obesidad en edades pediátricas, mediados por videojuegos activos como alternativas didácticas que promuevan la disminución de los periodos de sedentarismo y el control de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles.

The increase in obesity in the world demands a strategic plan aimed at its prevention in the immediate, medium and long term, given that children who present with obesity from an early age tend to maintain this state in subsequent periods of their lives, which leads to acquiring other so-called non-communicable diseases. Advanced studies have identified strategies based on the development of technological proposals that contribute to the promotion of physical activity through active games for children. These proposals constitute postmodern alternatives that motivate a change in sedentary behaviors to consolidate healthy lifestyle habits. It is necessary to implement programs aimed at preventing obesity in pediatric ages, mediated by active video games as educational alternatives that promote the reduction of periods of sedentary lifestyle and the control of chronic non-communicable diseases.

Are there associations between sedentary time inside and outside preschools with preschoolers' executive function?

Preschool children spend a large part of their day at school, and a large part of that time they spend in sedentary time. Although sedentary time negatively affects regions of the brain responsible for cognition, it is believed that the type of sedentary time performed can favor executive functions' performance. The present study explored the associations between sedentary time inside and outside preschools with executive function (EF) tasks in preschoolers. Seventy-three preschool children (60% girls; 55.0 ± 9.1 months of age) were objectively assessed for sedentary time and physical activity (PA) using accelerometers (wGT3X). EF was evaluated using the Go/No-Go paradigm through the Early Years Toolbox - YET. Go's inverse efficiency (IE) and the No-Go accuracy were analyzed. To establish possible associations between EF and sedentary time, a structural equation model was conducted after adjustments for sex, age, body mass index, and moderate-to-vigorous PA. A significant and positive association between sedentary time on weekend days and IE (b = 0.61; p < .001) was observed. The general model explained 52% of the variation in IE and 2.1% in the accuracy of No-Go. The sedentary time on weekend days seems to be related to worse EI. This result emphasizes a context-dependent association between time being sedentary and preschoolers' EF. Further investigations should focus on exploring the type of sedentary behavior children are engaged in different contexts.

Association between sedentary behavior, diet and nutritional status in adolescents: baseline results from the LONCAAFS Study / Associação entre comportamento sedentário, dieta e estado nutricional em adolescentes: resultados do estudo LONCAAFS

Abstract The aim of the present study was to analyze the relationship between time spent engaged in sedentary behaviors, type of diet, and overweight in adolescents. A cross-sectional study using data from the Longitudinal Study on Sedentary Behavior, Physical Activity, Eating Habits, and Health of Adolescents - LONCAAFS Study. A total of 1,438 adolescents (10 to 14 years old) from public schools in the city of João Pessoa, Brazil, participated in the study. To evaluate the combined effects of excessive time in sedentary behavior and consumption from two food groups: Convenience and Prudent on overweight, we performed multiple logistic regression analyses, adjusted for energy, level of physical activity, sex, and age. Excessive time in sedentary behavior increased the chance of adolescents being overweight by 37% (OR = 1.37; 95%CI: 1.04-1.80). This chance increased to 43% when the adolescents were simultaneously engaged in excessive sedentary behavior and had high consumption of the Convenience food group (OR = 1.43; 95%CI: 1.05-1.94) and increased to 39% on those who engaged in excessive sedentary behavior and had low consumption of foods from the Prudent (OR = 1.39; 95%CI: 1.04-1.84). Excessive sedentary behavior is associated with being overweight and the chance increases with the consumption of convenient foods.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a relação entre tempo gasto em comportamentos sedentários, dieta e excesso de peso em adolescentes. Estudo transversal com dados do Estudo Longitudinal sobre Comportamento Sedentário, Atividade Física, Hábitos Alimentares e Saúde do Adolescente - Estudo LONCAAFS. Participaram 1.438 adolescentes (10 a 14 anos) de escolas públicas de João Pessoa, Brasil. Para avaliar os efeitos combinados do tempo excessivo no comportamento sedentário e no consumo de dois grupos de alimentos: Conveniência e Prudente sobre o excesso de peso, foram realizadas análises de regressão logística múltipla, ajustadas para energia, nível de atividade física, sexo e idade. O tempo excessivo em comportamento sedentário aumentou em 37% a chance de os adolescentes apresentarem excesso de peso (OR = 1,37; IC95%: 1,04-1,80). Essa chance aumentou para 43% quando os adolescentes apresentaram, simultaneamente, comportamento sedentário excessivo e alto consumo do grupo de alimentos de conveniência (OR = 1,43; IC95%: 1,05-1,94), e aumentou para 39% naqueles com excesso de comportamento sedentário e baixo consumo de alimentos do Prudente (OR = 1,39; IC95%: 1,04-1,84). O comportamento sedentário excessivo está associado ao excesso de peso e a chance aumenta com o consumo de alimentos convenientes.

Leisure-time physical activity as a key protective factor against cognitive decline in older adults: an isotemporal substitution analysis / Atividade física de lazer como fator-chave de proteção contra o declínio cognitivo em idosos: uma análise de substituição isotemporal / La actividad física en el tiempo libre como factor protector clave contra el deterioro cognitivo en adultos mayores: un análisis de sustitución isotemporal

Abstract: This study aimed to test hypothesized effects of replacing sedentary behavior with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, sleep, and different domains of physical activity by equivalent amounts on suggestive cognitive decline in an older adult population. This was a cross-sectional study including 473 older adults aged ≥ 60 years. Cognitive decline was assessed using the Mini-Mental Health Examination. Physical activity, its different domains and the time of exposure to sedentary behavior were assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. For data analysis, two isotemporal substitution models were constructed using Poisson regression. The first model tested the effect of sleep time, sedentary behavior, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity on cognitive decline. The second model was used to determine the effect of physical activity domains (leisure, work, transport, and home), sleep time, and sedentary behavior on cognitive decline. Physical activity during leisure time was protective against cognitive decline among all domains tested, replacing sedentary behavior, sleep, and transport. Conversely, substitution of the leisure domain for sedentary behavior, sleep, and transport was considered a risk factor for cognitive decline. Leisure time proved to be a strong protective factor in reducing the risk of cognitive decline, and it is necessary to encourage and stimulate public policies that include it.

Resumo: Este estudo objetivou verificar os efeitos hipotéticos da substituição do comportamento sedentário por atividade física moderada a vigorosa, sono e diferentes domínios da atividade física por quantidades equivalentes sobre o declínio cognitivo em uma população idosa. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com 473 idosos de ≥ 60 anos. O declínio cognitivo foi avaliado por meio do Mini Exame do Estado Mental. A atividade física, seus diferentes domínios e o tempo de exposição ao comportamento sedentário foram avaliados por meio do Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física. Para a análise dos dados, foram utilizados dois modelos de substituição isotemporal, por meio da regressão de Poisson. O primeiro modelo testou o efeito do tempo de sono, comportamento sedentário e atividade física moderada a vigorosa no declínio cognitivo. O segundo modelo foi utilizado para determinar o efeito dos domínios de atividade física (lazer, trabalho, transporte e casa), tempo de sono e comportamento sedentário no declínio cognitivo. A atividade física no lazer foi um fator protetivo contra declínio cognitivo em todos os domínios testados, substituindo comportamento sedentário, sono e transporte. Por outro lado, a substituição do domínio lazer por comportamento sedentário, sono e transporte foi considerada fator de risco para o declínio cognitivo. O tempo livre mostrou-se um forte fator protetor na redução do risco de declínio cognitivo, sendo necessário incentivar e estimular políticas públicas.

Resumen: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar los efectos hipotéticos al reemplazar el comportamiento sedentario por actividad física de moderada a vigorosa, sueño y diferentes dominios de actividad física por cantidades equivalentes sobre el deterioro cognitivo en una población anciana. Se trata de un estudio transversal, con 473 ancianos ≥ 60 años. El deterioro cognitivo se evaluó mediante el Mini Examen del Estado Mental. La actividad física, sus diferentes dominios y el tiempo de exposición al comportamiento sedentario se evaluaron mediante el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física. Para el análisis de los datos, se utilizaron dos modelos de reemplazo isotemporal, utilizando la regresión de Poisson. El primer modelo probó el efecto del tiempo de sueño, comportamiento sedentario y actividad física de moderada a vigorosa en el deterioro cognitivo. El segundo modelo se utilizó para determinar el efecto de los dominios de actividad física (ocio, trabajo, transporte y hogar), tiempo de sueño y comportamiento sedentario en el deterioro cognitivo. La actividad física en el tiempo libre fue un factor protector contra el deterioro cognitivo en todos los dominios evaluados, reemplazando el comportamiento sedentario, el sueño y el transporte. Por otra parte, reemplazar el dominio del ocio por comportamiento sedentario, sueño y transporte se consideró un factor de riesgo para el deterioro cognitivo. El tiempo libre demostró ser un fuerte factor protector para reducir el riesgo de deterioro cognitivo, por lo que es necesario fomentar y estimular políticas públicas.

Understanding the dynamics of the obesity transition associated with physical activity, sedentary lifestyle, and consumption of ultra-processed foods in Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: We investigate the obesity transition at the country- and regional-levels, by age, gender, and socioeconomic status (SES) and its relationship to three health behavior attributes, including physical activity (PA), sedentary activities (ST), and consumption of ultra-processed foods (CUPF) within the urban population of Colombia, from 20,010 to 2050. METHODS: The study is informed by cross-sectional data from ENSIN survey. We used these data to develop a system dynamics model that simulates the dynamics of obesity by body mass index (BMI) categories, gender, and SES. This model also uses a conservative co-flow structure for three health-related behaviors (PA, ST, and CUPF). RESULTS: At the national level, our results indicate that the burden of obesity is shifting towards populations with lower SES as the gross domestic product (GDP) increases, particularly women aged 20-59 years with lower SES. Among this group of women, the highest burden of obesity is among those who do not meet the PA, ST and CUPF recommendations. At the regional level, our findings suggest that the regions are at different stages in the obesity transition. CONCLUSIONS: The burden of obesity is shifting towards women with lower SES as GDP increases at the national level and across several regions. This obesity transition is paralleled by a high prevalence of women from low SES groups who do not meet the minimum recommendations for PA, CUPF, and ST. Our findings can be used by decision-makers to inform age- and SES- specific policies seeking to tackle the obesity.

Innovative and disruptive technologies to prescribe, encourage, and evaluate physical exercise in healthy adults: a protocol of exploratory study followed by a noninferiority, investigator-blinded randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of mortality worldwide. A significant contributing factor to this mortality is the lack of engagement in preventive activities. Consequently, strategies for enhancing adherence to and duration of physical activity (PA) have become pivotal. This project aims to create and validate innovative, disruptive, and secure technologies that ensure appropriate exercise intensity, bolster adherence to PA, and monitor health biomarker responses pre-, during, and post-physical activity. METHODS: This exploratory study, followed by a noninferiority, investigator-blinded randomized clinical trial, will be divided into three phases: (1) development and validation of a sensor for real-time biofeedback during a functional assessment test; (2) integration of biofeedback and gamification into an app for the structured prescription of physical training within a controlled setting; and (3) implementation of biofeedback and gamification into an app for the prescription and monitoring of physical training in an uncontrolled setting. Phase 1 entails a validation test of a biosensor-monitoring heart rate (HR) and steps-during a modified shuttle walk test. In phase 2, the biosensor interfaces with a gamified smartphone application. The training regimen spans 6 weeks, 5 days weekly, with each session lasting 60 min: a five-min warm-up involving stationary gait, followed by 50 min of training at the target HR on the step and concluding with a five-min cool-down at a stationary pace. After 6 weeks of training, a new functional capacity test is conducted. Phase 3 involves an investigator-blinded, randomized clinical trial to demonstrate noninferiority. Participants are randomly assigned to either the intervention group (IG) or the control group (CG). IG participants practice exercise using the gamified application in an uncontrolled environment according to the prescribed method outlined in phase 2. CG participants receive PA practice guidelines exclusively. DISCUSSION: Anticipated outcomes include improved exercise adherence through the gamified application, better maintenance of prescribed exercise intensity, and enhanced health biomarkers. The results of this study will inform health-related decision-making. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study protocol received approval from the Ethics Committee of Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (54,492,221.80000.5345) and has been registered with the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (ReBEC, RBR-359p69v).

Relación de las Enfermedades Crónicas no Transmisibles y Ejercicio Físico en la Población Chilena entre los años 2015-2016 / Risk of Retention of Secretions in Patients with Invasive Mechanical Ventilation

Introducción. Las prevalencias de la inactividad física, el sedentarismo y el sobrepeso y obesidad han aumentado sus índices durante los últimos años en Chile, lo que conlleva al desarrollo y aparición de diversas enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, como por ejemplo, hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus e inclusive enfermedades respiratorias, las cuales repercuten negativamente en la población y deterioran la calidad de vida de las personas, independientemente el sexo y el rango etario. El ejercicio físico es una de las principales herramientas utilizadas por diversos profesionales de la salud como método de prevención y tratamiento en la población afectada, inclusive representa una alternativa de menor costo. Objetivo. Relacionar el ejercicio físico de alta y mediana intensidad con las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles en personas mayores a 18 años residentes en Chile durante el periodo 2015-2016. Métodos. Análisis cuantitativo, descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo de base secundaria ENCAVI 2015-2016, de residentes en Chile mayores de 18 años y con al menos una de las siguientes condiciones de salud: Hipertensión arterial, Diabetes Mellitus y enfermedades respiratorias crónicas no transmisibles. Resultados. Todas las variables presentan relaciones significativas (p<0,005) (HTA, DM, enfermedades respiratorias, edad, horas sentado, ejercicio físico de moderada y alta intensidad. Sin embargo, las variables de ejercicio físico moderada intensidad y enfermedades respiratorias (p=0,578) y las variables de sexo y horas sentado (p=0,005) no presentan relación significativa. Discusión. El ejercicio físico de moderada intensidad es el que tiene mejor respuesta ante las diferentes patologías según diferentes autores, por otro lado, en la recopilación de datos podemos encontrar que este tipo de ejercicio es efectivo en la Diabetes Mellitus. Conclusiones. Según los datos analizados, mientras mayor frecuencia de ejercicio físico de alta intensidad (en días) y ejercicio físico de moderada intensidad (en horas) se realice durante los últimos días de la semana, los diagnósticos de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (HTA, DM) y enfermedades respiratorias se verán controladas, mientras que, cuando existe menor frecuencia del ejercicio físico realizado durante los últimos días de la semana, tiende a existir mayor diagnóstico.

Background. The prevalence of physical inactivity, sedentary lifestyle, and overweight and obesity have increased their rates in recent years in Chile, which leads to the development and appearance of various chronic non-communicable diseases, such as for example, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and even respiratory diseases, which have a negative impact on the population and deteriorate the quality of life of people, regardless of gender and age range (7). Physical exercise is one of the main tools used by various health professionals as a method of prevention and treatment in the affected population, even representing a lower cost alternative. Objetive. To relate high and medium intensity physical exercise with chronic non-communicable diseases in people over 18 years of age residing in Chile during the period 2015-2016. Methods. Quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective analysis of the ENCAVI 2015-2016 secondary base of residents in Chile over 18 years of age and with at least one of the following health conditions: High blood pressure, Diabetes Mellitus and chronic non-communicable respiratory diseases. Results. All the variables present significant relationships (p<0.005) (HTN, DM, respiratory diseases, age, hours sitting, moderate and high intensity physical exercise. However, the variables of moderate intensity physical exercise and respiratory diseases (p=0.578) and the variables of sex and sitting hours (p=0.005) do not present a significant relationship. Discussion. Moderate intensity physical exercise is the one that has the best response to different pathologies according to different authors, on the other hand, in data collection we can found that this type of exercise is effective in Diabetes Mellitus. Conclusions. According to the data analyzed, the greater the frequency of high-intensity physical exercise (in days) and moderate-intensity physical exercise (in hours) performed during the last days of the week, the diagnoses of chronic non-communicable diseases (HTN, DM) and respiratory diseases will be controlled, while, when there is less frequency of physical exercise carried out during the last days of the week, there tends to be a greater diagnosis.

Nivel de actividad física y sedentarismo en adolescentes de Perú

Introducción: La inactividad física y el sedentarismo representan un problema de salud pública, pues están asociados a enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles y aumento de la mortalidad, por lo que identificarlos y tratarlos es de prioridad en la adolescencia, ya que es un período vital para mantener la salud durante toda su vida. Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de actividad física y sedentarismo en adolescentes del Perú. Método: Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, observacional, retrospectivo de corte longitudinal y de análisis secundario de datos. La población estuvo conformada por 750 fichas de adolescentes que figuran en la base de datos de la cohorte mayor de Niños del Milenio de Perú durante 3 rondas (3, 4 y 5) realizadas en los años 2009, 2013 y 2016, cuando los participantes tenían 15, 19 y 22 años. La técnica fue la revisión documental y el instrumento una ficha de recolección de datos previamente validada y confiable, donde se incluyeron ítems que evaluaron el nivel de actividad física según los criterios utilizados por el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física y el sedentarismo según la Asociación Americana de Pediatría. Resultados: El nivel bajo de actividad física se presentó en el 73,0 % en la ronda 3, 84,6 % en la 4 y 83,8 % en la 5, con mayor predominancia en las mujeres. El sedentarismo se presentó en 93,5 %, 73,5 % y 83,6 % en las rondas 3, 4 y 5, respectivamente. Conclusión: Existe bajo nivel de actividad física y alta presencia de sedentarismo en adolescentes del Perú, lo que aumenta el riesgo de presentar enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles en ese grupo etario.

Introduction: Physical inactivity and sedentary lifestyle represent a public health problem, as they are associated with chronic non-communicable diseases and increased mortality, so identifying and treating them is a priority in adolescence, since it is a vital period to maintain health throughout life. Objective: To determine the level of physical activity and sedentary lifestyle in adolescents in Peru. Methods: A quantitative, observational, retrospective, longitudinal study and secondary data analysis was carried out. The population was made up of 750 records of adolescents that appear in the database of the largest cohort of Peru Children of the Millennium (Niños del Milenio de Perú) during 3 rounds (3, 4 and 5) carried out in 2009, 2013 and 2016, when the participants were 15, 19 and 22 years old. The technique was a documentary review and the instrument was a previously validated and reliable data collection sheet, which included items that evaluated the level of physical activity according to the criteria used by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and sedentary lifestyle according to the American Association of Pediatrics. Results: The low level of physical activity occurred in 73.0% in round 3, 84.6% in round 4 and 83.8% in round 5, with a higher predominance in women. Sedentary lifestyle occurred in 93.5%, 73.5% and 83.6% in rounds 3, 4 and 5, respectively. Conclusion: There is low level of physical activity and high presence of sedentary lifestyle in adolescents in Peru, which increases the risk of presenting chronic non-communicable diseases in that age group.

Mentally-passive sedentary behavior and incident depression: Mediation by inflammatory markers.

BACKGROUND: Sedentary behavior (SB; time spent sitting, as distinct from lack of exercise or physical activity) is associated with depression, yet little is known about the relationship between different types of SB (e.g., mentally-passive versus mentally-active) with depression and potential biological mediators of these associations. METHODS: We used cohort data from the 1958 National Child Development Study (n = 4607; 50.4 % women), conducted in UK, employing the 44 y and 46 y waves as baseline, and the 50 y and 55 y waves as follow-up. Participants reported time spent in TV viewing and watching videos (mentally-passive SB); and, time sitting while doing light activities such as deskwork or driving a car during worktime (mentally-active SB). Depression diagnosis was self-reported during the initial and follow-up waves. Waist circumference, C-reactive protein, and glycated hemoglobin were examined as potential mediators. RESULTS: Mentally-passive SB was associated with incident depression (HR: 1.43; 95%CI: 1.19; 1.71), while there was no association for mentally-active SB. Waist circumference (coefficient: -0.03; 95%CI: -0.05; -0.01; 9.2 %) and C-reactive protein (coefficient: -0.03; 95%CI: -0.04; -0.01; 8.3 %), but not glycated hemoglobin, partly mediated the association for mentally-passive SB. CONCLUSIONS: In the relationship of mentally-passive SB with incident depression, the mediating contributions of waist circumference and C-reactive protein point to possible inflammatory-related mechanisms.

The burden of prolonged sedentary behavior imposed by uberization.

Mobility applications are rapidly growing in cities worldwide due to their convenience and low cost. Mobility applications drivers experience vast flexibility in work hours, often work longer than in fixed-hours jobs, and can constantly transport passengers in their vehicles for up to 12 h; after this, they must go offline for eight consecutive hours before driving again. Nonetheless, drivers have found an easy way around this limitation by switching to other apps and continuing driving. This burden of prolonged work can increase sedentary behavior among mobility applications drivers. Sedentary behavior is any waking activity in which the individual expends 1.5 metabolic equivalents (METs) or less while sitting or reclining. This behavior can increase the risk of detrimental effects on health. In this opinion article, we aim to discuss the possible effects of the burden of prolonged work on the sedentary behavior of mobility applications drivers and propose possible strategies to face this concerning situation.

Características e diferenças nos sintomas dos períodos menstrual e pré-menstrual em mulheres sedentárias / Characteristics and differences in the symptoms of themenstrual and premenstrual periods in sedentary women

Objetivo: estabelecer as diferenças de sintomas físicos e mentais nos períodos menstrual e pré-menstrual em mulheres sedentárias. Métodos: estudo transversal, por questionário, respondido por 77 mulheres saudáveis, de 18 a 35 anos, sedentárias e que não fizessem uso de anticoncepcional continuamente. O questionário incluiu questões sobre dados antropométricos, sintomas físicos e mentais nos períodos menstrual e pré-menstrual. O teste Mann-Whitney comparou os momentos menstrual e pré-menstrual. Resultados: no período menstrual, em uma escala numérica de 0 a 10 pontos, observou-se maiores queixas de dor (7/10), mau humor (7/10), desânimo (8/10), irritabilidade (8/10), ansiedade (7/10), choro (7/10), raiva (9/10) e impacto nas atividades de vida diárias (AVDs) (7/10). Já no período pré-menstrual observou-se queixas de cefaleia (5/10), edema/retenção hídrica (6/10), mau humor (6/10), tristeza (6/10), irritabilidade (7/10), choro (7/10) e raiva (6/10). Quando comparados os períodos menstrual e pré-menstrual, o período menstrual apresentou piores sintomas de dismenorreia (P<0,05), lombalgia (P<0,05), dor nos membros inferiores (P<0,05), dificuldade de concentração (P<0,05), aumento do sono (P<0,05) e desânimo (P<0,05). As voluntárias apontaram 14 sintomas piores, com intensidade igual ou maior que 7 no período menstrual, e apresentaram 9 sintomas com intensidade igual ou maior que 7 no período pré-menstrual. Conclusão: os sintomas no período menstrual são mais intensos quando comparados ao período pré-menstrual e podem afetar AVDs. O presente estudo destaca a importância de análises e cuidados em relação ao período menstrual, já que tem grande impacto nos fatores físicos, mentais e emocionais das mulheres sedentárias.

Objective: to establish the differences in physical and mental symptoms in menstrual and premenstrual periods in sedentary women. Methods: cross-sectional study, through questionnaire, answered by 77 healthy women, aged 18 to 35 years, sedentary and who did not use contraceptives continuously. The questionnaire included questions about anthropometric data, physical and mental symptoms in menstrual and premenstrual periods. The Mann-Whitney test compared menstrual and premenstrual times. Results: in the menstrual period, on a numerical scale from 0 to 10 points, there were more complaints of pain (7/10), bad mood (7/10), discouragement (8/10), irritability (8/10), anxiety (7/10), crying (7/10), anger (9/10) and impact on ADLs (7/10). In the premenstrual period, there were complaints of headache (5/10), edema/water retention (6/10), bad mood (6/10), sadness (6/10), irritability (7/10), crying (7/10) and anger (6/10). When comparing the menstrual and premenstrual periods, the menstrual period had worse symptoms of dysmenorrhea (P<0.05), low back pain (P<0.05), pain in the lower limbs (P<0.05), difficulty concentrating (P<0.05), increased sleep (P<0.05) and discouragement (P<0.05). The volunteers reported 14 worse symptoms, with intensity equal to or greater than 7 in the menstrual period, and 9 symptoms with intensity equal to or greater than 7 in the premenstrual period. Conclusion: the symptoms in the menstrual period are more intense when compared to the pre-menstrual period and can affect the ADLs. This study highlights the importance of analysis and greater care in relation to the menstrual period, as it has a great impact on physical, mental and emotional factors in sedentary women.

Sedentary behavior is associated with poor sleep quality during the COVID-19 pandemic, and physical activity mitigates its adverse effects.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to evaluate the association of sedentary behavior (SB) and moderate to vigorous leisure-time physical activity (MVPA) with sleep quality during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Cross-sectional, population-based study in adults, conducted from October to December 2020 in the Iron Quadrangle region, Brazil. The outcome was sleep quality, evaluated with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. SB was assessed by self-report of total sitting time, before and during the pandemic. Individuals with ≥ 9 h of total sitting time were classified as SB. In addition, the ratio of time spent in MVPA to time in SB was analyzed. A contrasted directed acyclic graph (DAG) model was constructed to adjust logistic regression models. RESULTS: A total of 1629 individuals were evaluated, the prevalence of SB before the pandemic was 11.3% (95%CI: 8.6-14.8), and during the pandemic 15.2% (95%CI: 12.1-18.9). In multivariate analysis, the chance of poor sleep quality was 77% higher in subjects with SB ≥ 9 h per day (OR: 1.77; 95% CI: 1.02-2.97). Furthermore, a one-hour increase in SB during the pandemic, increased the chance of poor sleep quality by 8% (OR: 1.08; 95%CI 1.01-1.15). In the analysis of the ratio of MVPA per SB in individuals with SB ≥ 9 h, practicing 1 min of MVPA per hour of SB reduces the chance of poor sleep quality by 19% (OR: 0.84; 95%CI: 0.73-0.98). CONCLUSION: SB during the pandemic was a factor associated with poor sleep quality, and the practice of MVPA can reduce the effects of SB.

Actividad física en la población urbana costarricense y su relación con patrones sociodemográficos y antropométricos / Physical activity in Costa Rican urban population and its relationship to socio-demographic and anthropometric patterns

Gómez, G., Salas, E., Sheik, A. y Ferrari, G. (2023). Actividad física en la población urbana costarricense y su relación con patrones sociodemográficos y antropométricos. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 21(1), 1-20. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la cantidad de actividad física realizada por la población urbana costarricense y determinar su asociación con variables sociodemográficas y antropométricas. Se analizó una muestra representativa de la población urbana costarricense, constituida por 798 individuos. Los datos de actividad física (desplazamiento, tiempo libre y total) se tomaron mediante el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física (IPAQ, por sus siglas en inglés). Los participantes fueron clasificados como activos o inactivos conforme la recomendación internacional de actividad física. El 37.1% de los participantes no cumplió con estas recomendaciones. Se observó, además, que el tiempo de actividad física fue significativamente mayor (p< .001) en los hombres (535.3 vs 371.3 min/sem), en las personas de menor edad (584.3 min/sem en el grupo de 15 a 19 años vs 309.2 min/sem en el grupo de 50 a 65 años) y en los que no presentaron exceso de peso (521.3 vs 411.7min/sem). La circunferencia de cintura fue significativamente menor entre las personas activas (90.6 vs 94.1 cm, p < .011) y, los hombres activos también mostraron una menor circunferencia de cuello (38.2 vs 39.6 cm, p < .001), menor peso (75.7 vs 79.3 kg, p = .025) y menor índice de masa corporal (26.1 vs 27.9 kg/m2, p = .004). Estos resultados podrían usarse para concientizar sobre la necesidad de mejoras en la implementación de políticas y prácticas globales que promuevan la actividad física.

Gómez, G., Salas, E., Sheik, A. & Ferrari, G. (2023). Physical activity in Costa Rican urban population and its relationship to socio-demographic and anthropometric patterns. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 21(1), 1-20. The objective of this study was to describe the amount of physical activity carried out by Costa Rican urban population and to determine its relationship to socio-demographic and anthropometric variables. A representative sample of Costa Rican urban population, made up of 798 individuals, was analyzed. The physical activity data (displacement, free time and total) were taken through the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Participants were classified as active or inactive according to the international recommendation for physical activity. 37.1% of participants did not meet the recommendations. It was also observed that the time of physical activity was significantly longer (p< .001) in men (535.3 vs. 371.3 min/week) in younger people (584.3 min/week in the 15-19 years old group vs. 309.2 min/week in the 50-65 years old group) and in people that were not overweight (521.3 vs. 411.7 min/week). The waist circumference was significantly lower in active people (90.6 vs. 94.1 cm, p < .011), and active men also showed a lower neck circumference (38.2 vs. 39.6 cm, p < .001), lower weight (75.7 vs. 79.3 kg, p = .025) and a lower body mass index (26.1 vs. 27.9 kg/m2, p = .004). These results could be used to raise awareness on the need for improvement in the implementation of global policies and practices to promote physical activity.

Gómez, G., Salas, E., Sheik, A. e Ferrari, G. (2023). Atividade física na população urbana costarriquenha e sua relação com os padrões sociodemográficos e antropométricos. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 21(1), 1-20. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a quantidade de atividade física realizada pela população urbana costarriquenha e determinar sua associação com variáveis sociodemográficas e antropométricas. Foi analisada uma amostra representativa da população urbana costarriquenha de 798 indivíduos. Os dados de atividade física (deslocamento, lazer e total) foram coletados utilizando o Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ). Os participantes foram classificados como ativos ou inativos, de acordo com a recomendação internacional de atividade física. Dos participantes, 37,1% não cumpriram estas recomendações. Também foi observado que o tempo de atividade física foi significativamente maior(p<0,001) nos homens (535,3 vs 371,3 min/sem), nas pessoas mais jovens (584,3 min/sem na faixa etária de 15-19 anos vs 309,2 min/sem na faixa etária de 50-65 anos) e naqueles que não apresentaram excesso de peso (521,3 vs 411,7min/sem). A circunferência da cintura foi significativamente menor nas pessoas ativas (90,6 vs 94,1 cm, p < .011) e, os homens ativos também mostraram circunferência inferior do pescoço (38,2 vs 39,6 cm, p < .001), peso inferior (75,7 vs 79,3 kg, p = .025) e índice de massa corporal inferior (26,1 vs 27,9 kg/m2, p = .004). Estes resultados poderiam ser usados para aumentar a conscientização da necessidade de melhorias na implementação de políticas e práticas globais que promovam a atividade física.

Moderate Physical Activity Reduces the Odds of Sarcopenia in Community- dwelling Older Women: A Cross-sectional Study.

INTRODUCTION: The time spent in different physical activity (PA) intensities is associated with sarcopenia risk for community-dwelling older women. AIM: To evaluate the role of sitting time and physical activity (PA) level as predictors of sarcopenia odds. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, physically independent older women (n = 67) performed the six-minute walk test to identify functional limitation (≤ 400 m). Sedentary time (as sitting time) and PA (light, moderate and vigorous) were obtained with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Sarcopenia was diagnosed as recommended by the Society of Sarcopenia, Cachexia and Wasting Disorders (SCWD). Sarcopenia odds (low muscle mass and functional limitation) was predicted by binary logistic regression, considering the weekly sitting time and PA as independent variables. RESULTS: Sarcopenia prevalence was 7.5% (n = 5), with functional limitation present in 38.8% (n = 26), and low muscle mass in 22.4% (n = 15). The predictive model (p = 0.014) involved moderate PA as the only significant predictor (OR = 0.999; p = 0.005; 95% CI: 0.998-1.000) of functional limitation. Moderate PA prevents sarcopenia odds. Each weekly hour of moderate PA decreased sarcopenia odds by 6%. CONCLUSION: Time spent in moderate PA can prevent sarcopenia.

Factores asociados al exceso de peso corporal en estudiantes universitarios en tiempos de Covid-19

Introducción: El exceso de peso corporal afecta la calidad de vida de millones de jóvenes alrededor del mundo. Objetivo : Determinar los factores asociados a la prevalencia del sobrepeso y obesidad en estudiantes universitarios en tiempos de covid-19, durante octubre a diciembre del 2020. Método : Investigación de tipo analítica, transversal. Se contó con una población de 325 estudiantes de la carrera profesional de tecnología médica y una muestra de 169 estudiantes de ambos sexos. Para calcular el sobrepeso y obesidad se empleó el índice de masa corporal y diámetro de la circunferencia de la cintura. Los factores asociados se determinaron mediante una encuesta validada por juicio de expertos. Resultados : El 49,1% de estudiantes tenían sobrepeso u obesidad, siendo las mujeres las más afectadas. El 59,0% de estudiantes con sobrepeso u obesidad presentaron riesgo elevado de obesidad abdominal. Según los hábitos alimenticios, el 97,6% de jóvenes ingería tres o más comidas diarias, 81,9% consumía alimentos ricos en carbohidratos y 54,2% comida chatarra de 1 -2 veces por semana. En relación al sedentarismo, el 71,0% de estudiantes permanecía sentado entre 5 y 8 horas al día, 67,4% dormía menos de 7 horas diarias y 57,8% no realizaba ninguna actividad física. Conclusiones: La ingesta de alimentos con alto contenido en carbohidratos, comida chatarra, horas destinadas al sueño y que permanecen sentados diariamente son los factores asociados a la alta prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad de los estudiantes en los tiempos de la Covid-19.

Introduction: excess body weight affects the quality of life of millions of young people around the world. Objective: to determine the factors associated with the prevalence of overweight and obesity in university students during COVID-19, from october to december 2020. Methods: analytical, cross-sectional research with non-experimental design. There was a population of 325 students of the professional career of medical technology and a sample of 169 students of both sexes. Body mass index and waist circumference diameter were used to calculate overweight and obesity. The associated factors were determined by means of a survey validated by expert judgment. Results: 49.1% of the students were overweight or obese, with females being the most affected. Of overweight or obese students, 59.0% were at high risk of abdominal obesity. According to eating habits, 97.6% of young people ate three or more meals per day, 81.9% consumed foods rich in carbohydrates and 54.2% consumed junk food 1 -2 times per week. In relation to sedentary lifestyle, 71.0% of students remained seated between 5 and 8 hours a day, 67.4% slept less than 7 hours a day and 57.8% did not perform any physical activity. Conclusions: the intake of food with high carbohydrate content, junk food, hours spent sleeping and sitting daily are the factors associated with the high prevalence of overweight and obesity among students during the COVID-19 period.

A controlled open clinical trial of the positive effect of a physical intervention on quality of life in schizophrenia.

Justification: Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder associated with important physical (obesity and low motor functional capacity) and metabolic (diabetes and cardiovascular diseases) changes that contribute to a more sedentary lifestyle and a low quality of life. Objective: The study aimed to measure the effect of two different protocols of physical exercise [aerobic intervention (AI) versus functional intervention ([FI)] on lifestyle in schizophrenia compared with healthy sedentary subjects. Methodology: A controlled clinical trial involving patients diagnosed with schizophrenia from two different locations [Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) and Centro de Atenção Psicosocial (CAPS) in the city of Camaquã] was carried out. The patients undertook two different exercise protocols (IA: 5-min warm-up of comfortable intensity; 45 min of aerobic exercise of increasing intensity using any of the three modalities-a stationary bicycle, a treadmill, or an elliptical trainer; and 10 min of global stretching of large muscle groups; and FI: a 5 min warm-up with a stationary walk; 15 min of muscle and joint mobility exercises; 25 min of global muscle resistance exercises; and 15 min of breathing body awareness work) twice a week for 12 weeks and were compared with physically inactive healthy controls. Clinical symptoms (BPRS), life quality (SF-36), and physical activity levels (SIMPAQ) were evaluated. The significance level was p ≤ 0.05. Results: The trial involved 38 individuals, of which 24 from each group performed the AI, and 14 from each group underwent the FI. This division of interventions was not randomized but was instead decided upon for convenience. The cases showed significant improvements in quality of life and lifestyle, but these differences were greater in the healthy controls. Both interventions were very beneficial, with the functional intervention tending to be more effective in the cases and the aerobic intervention more effective in the controls. Conclusion: Supervised physical activity improved life quality and reduced sedentary lifestyle in adults with schizophrenia.