Association of self-leadership and epidemic risk perception on quality of life in post-pandemic mainland of China: a cross-sectional study.

Background: Self-leadership has proven to adjust individual psychological states and promote active behaviors to mitigate stress perception and negative lifestyle. This study aims to investigate the relationship between self-leadership, epidemic risk perception, and quality of life among the general public in post-pandemic mainland of China. Methods: Two online self-reported questionnaire surveys were carried out with 3,098 and 469 people in the Chinese mainland in February 2021 and December 2022, respectively. The univariate analysis, structural equation modeling, and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis were used to analyze the data which was collected by Revised Self-Leadership Questionnaire, Perceived Risk of COVID-19 Pandemic Scale and World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Scale. Results: The Self-leadership was directly, moderately, and positively correlated with quality of life (Standardized path coefficients: 0.383 and 0.491, respectively; p < 0.05), and epidemic risk perception was negatively correlated with quality of life (Standardized path: 0.068 and 0.120, respectively; p < 0.05). The structural equation model for self-leadership, epidemic risk perception, and quality of life had a good fit (CFI = 0.957, 0.939 > 0.9; RSMEA = 0.058, 0.064 < 0.08, respectively) and was consistent across genders, educational levels, and types of occupations (Delata-CFI < 0.01). The core condition for achieving a high quality of life lies in maintaining a low level of self-punishment and a high level of self-cueing or a high level of self-punishment and a low level of self-cueing. Conclusion: In the post-epidemic era, the public can adjust their attitude toward stress by enhancing their self-leadership skills. Among various self-leadership skills, self-punishment or self-cueing may have the most significant impact on the quality of life.

Identity, self-blame, and body regard in NSSI: A test of moderated-mediation.

BACKGROUND: Prior work suggests that an unstable identity is an important developmental factor impacting risk for non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), partly because it can foster lowered self-esteem and self-blame coping styles. Theoretical models suggest that how one regards the self, including experiences of and reactions to one's body (e.g., body regard), impact how factors such as identity instability and coping styles influence NSSI behavior. This study tested whether body regard moderated the mediational effect of self-blame coping on the relationship between poor self-concept clarity and past-year NSSI. METHODS: A sample of 1906 university students had complete data from an anonymous online questionnaires measuring self-concept clarity, self-blame coping, and past-year NSSI behaviors. RESULTS: Past-year NSSI was reported by 23.5% of the sample. Moderated mediational regression analyses using the PROCESS macro for SPSS were run. Body regard significantly moderated the effects of self-blame coping and poor self-concept clarity on NSSI such that neither risk factor was associated with NSSI when body regard was high. Poor self-concept clarity also retained a significant, although weakened, direct relationship with NSSI in the full model. CONCLUSIONS: Positive body regard is protective and appears to mitigate the strength of the relationships between poor self-concept clarity and self-blame coping on past year NSSI. When body regard is low or average, poor self-concept clarity is associated with increased NSSI, partly through the effect of self-blame coping. Treatments that address body- and self-perceptions related to self-concept may enhance the effectiveness of interventions used to reduce NSSI behavior.

Self-Critical and Self-Punishment Cognitions Differentiate Those With and Without a History of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study.

The aim of this study was to examine trait, state, and temporal instability measures of self-critical and self-punishment cognitions to evaluate their respective roles in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). Participants were university students with a history of NSSI (n = 64) and those with no history of NSSI (n = 59). At baseline, participants completed measures assessing history of NSSI behavior, as well as trait measures of self-criticism and self-punishment. After completion of baseline procedures, participants subsequently participated in a 10-day ecological momentary assessment protocol in which self-critical and self-punishment cognitions were assessed in real time three times daily. Employing bivariate and multivariate frameworks, our results demonstrate that both trait and state levels of self-critical and self-punishment cognitions robustly differentiate between young adults with and without a lifetime history of NSSI. The present results also confirm that the temporal instability of these cognitive states also meaningfully differentiate between groups, such that those who exhibit greater fluctuations in these cognitive states are more likely to have a history of NSSI. The current findings suggest that trait, state, and temporal instability of negative self-focused cognitions may be vulnerability factors for engagement in NSSI.

Real-time monitoring of the associations between self-critical and self-punishment cognitions and nonsuicidal self-injury.

The Defective Self Model of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) proposes that some people engage in NSSI to punish themselves and/or to respond to self-critical cognitions. Although there is a growing body of research to support this theory, there has been a lack of ecologically valid approaches employed to critically examine its tenets. The current study aimed to fill this gap in the literature. A sample of 64 undergraduates with a history of repetitive NSSI were recruited and completed an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) protocol. At baseline, participants completed trait measures of self-criticism and self-punishment cognitions. Over the EMA period, participants reported their experience of self-critical and self-punitive cognitions, and NSSI urge intensity three times daily. Our between-persons level findings suggest that trait and aggregated state self-punishment, but not self-critical cognitions, predict NSSI urges experienced over the EMA period. Our findings additionally provide evidence that both momentary self-critical and self-punishment cognitions are concomitantly and prospectively associated with NSSI urge intensity as measured in real-time and modeled at a within-persons level. However, after adjusting for concurrent NSSI urge intensity in prospective models, these within-persons level findings do not hold. Nevertheless, our findings provide greater support for the Defective Self Model of NSSI.

A Daily Diary Investigation of the Defective Self Model Among College Students With Recent Self-Injury.

The Defective Self Model of self-injury (Hooley, Ho, Slater, & Lockshin, 2010) asserts that individuals choose to self-injure to gratify the desire for self-punishment associated with a self-critical cognitive style. Specifically, self-injury is used to regulate negative self-directed thoughts and emotions and is made accessible via the belief that the individual deserves punishment. This study sought to test primary assumptions of the Defective Self Model using a 2-week daily diary protocol. It was hypothesized that trait self-criticism would predict daily self-injury urge intensity and behaviors directly, as well as indirectly, through daily thoughts about deserving punishment. We also posited that guilt would predict self-injury urge intensity and behaviors beyond sadness, hostility, and fear. Support for primary hypotheses was mixed. Self-criticism did not directly predict self-injury outcomes, but did indirectly predict urge intensity through daily thoughts about punishment. Daily guilt predicted self-injury urge intensity beyond daily sadness, hostility and fear and was the only type of negative affect associated with self-injury behavior. Results are primarily contextualized through a social cognitive lens in which self-injury urge is precipitated by the activation of a self-critical schema in daily life. Alternatively, self-criticism may serve as a gateway to initial self-injury but lack the sensitivity to predict individual self-injury episodes. Treatments designed to reduce self-critical thoughts and bolster self-compassion may decrease self-injury urge intensity, thereby affecting the frequency of self-injury episodes.

A lab-based study exploring the associations among nonsuicidal self-injury, pain, and emotion among university students.

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI; e.g., self-cutting without lethal intent) is a widespread mental health concern among emerging adults in university. Although accumulating evidence suggests that NSSI is primarily an emotion coping behaviour, little is known about variability in emotional response to pain among individuals who self-injure. Recent theory on NSSI suggests that individuals who engage in NSSI to self-punish may experience additional affective gains in response to pain compared to individuals without self-punishment motivations for NSSI and individuals who do not self-injure. To test this hypothesis, 82 undergraduate students (Mage = 21.52 years) were recruited from a mid-sized university, and reported on their emotions three times: at baseline, following a stress-induction task, and after a cold-pressor task. Although all participants showed decreased negative emotions (e.g., hostility, fear) and increased serenity following cold pain, students who engaged in NSSI specifically to self-punish also showed decreased guilt and sadness. The present findings demonstrate that pain may serve to regulate different emotions for students who self-injure depending on their motivations for engaging in NSSI. Additionally, findings suggest that prevention and intervention efforts aimed at reducing the need to self-punish may help to reduce some of the emotionally reinforcing properties of NSSI.

Truth or Punishment: Secrecy and Punishing the Self.

We live in a world that values justice; when a crime is committed, just punishment is expected to follow. Keeping one's misdeed secret therefore appears to be a strategic way to avoid (just) consequences. Yet, people may engage in self-punishment to right their own wrongs to balance their personal sense of justice. Thus, those who seek an escape from justice by keeping secrets may in fact end up serving that same justice on themselves (through self-punishment). Six studies demonstrate that thinking about secret (vs. confessed) misdeeds leads to increased self-punishment (increased denial of pleasure and seeking of pain). These effects were mediated by the feeling one deserved to be punished, moderated by the significance of the secret, and were observed for both self-reported and behavioral measures of self-punishment.

Quando a pena é um mal necessário na psicose melancólica / When punishmet is a necessary evil within melancholic psychosis / La peine comme mal nécessaire dans la psychose mélancolique / Cuando la pena es un mal necesario en la psicosis melancólica

O presente artigo questiona a lógica autoterapêutica do delírio melancólico. Os casos clínicos propostos como contribuição ensinam que o psicótico melancólico pode tentar tratar sua culpabilidade delirante a partir da violência que ele se inflige, mas também a partir de condutas heteroagressivas, de delitos e de crimes. Em cada um dos casos, a dupla "autoacusação-autopunição" é operante. Ela permite um equilíbrio do gozo. A tal ponto que podemos defender que a pena, na ambivalência (dor moral e sanção aplicada), é um mal necessário na melancolia.

This paper questions self-therapeutic logic within melancholic delusion. The clinical cases presented here as a contribution teach us that melancholic psychotics can try to treat their delusional blame through self-inflicted violence, and also through hetero- aggressive behavior and crime. In each of these cases, the "self-accusation-self-punishment" relationship is at work. This balances out pleasure — to the extent that we can state that punishment, within ambivalence (moral suffering and inflicted punishment), is a necessary evil in melancholia.

Cet article interroge la logique auto-thérapeutique du délire mélancolique. Les cas cliniques mis ici à contribution enseignent que le psychotique mélancolique peut tenter de traiter sa culpabilité délirante à partir de la violence qu'il s'inflige mais aussi à partir de conduites hétéro-agressives, de délits et de crimes. En chaque cas, le couple «autoaccusation-autopunition¼ est à l'œuvre. Il permet l'équilibration de la jouissance et on peut donc affirmer que la peine, dans son double sens (douleur morale et sanction appliquée) est un mal nécessaire dans la mélancolie.

Este artículo cuestiona la lógica autoterapéutica del delirio melancólico. Los casos clínicos presentados aquí, demuestran que el psicótico melancólico puede intentar tratar su culpabilidad delirante a partir de la violencia que se aplica a sí mismo, pero también a partir de conductas heteroagresivas, de delitos y de crímenes. En cada caso, el dúo — autoacusación y autocastigo — está activo y permite equilibrar el goce. Por lo tanto, se puede postular que el dolor, en la ambivalencia (dolor moral y pena impuesta) es un mal necesario en la melancolía.

Dieser Artikel stellt die autotherapeutische Logik des melancholischen Wahnes in Frage. Die angeführten klinischen Beobachtungen lehren, dass der melancholische Psychotiker mit der Gewalt, die er sich selbst antut, aber auch mit seinem aggressiven Verhalten gegenüber anderen, mit Straftaten und Verbrechen versuchen kann, seine wahnsinnigen Schuldgefühle zu behandeln. In allen analysierten Fällen ist das Paar„Selbstbeschuldigung-Selbstbestrafung" am Werk, welches eine Regulierung des Genusses erlaubt. Man könnte also behaupten, dass das moralische Leiden und die angewandte Strafe ein notwendiges Übel der Melancholie sind.

Self-Punishment Promotes Forgiveness in the Direct and Indirect Reciprocity Contexts.

Most previous studies regarding self-punishment have focused on the correlation between moral emotion and self-punishment. Only a few studies have attempted to understand self-punishment from the perspective of seeking forgiveness, and no study has yet directly tested whether wrongdoers' self-punishment promotes others to forgive the wrongdoers. In three studies, the participants judged the wrongdoers' self-punishment behaviors following an unfair allocation and reported the extent to which they forgave the wrongdoers. The results demonstrated that self-punishment did promote forgiveness in both the direct (Studies 1 and 2) and indirect reciprocity (Study 3) contexts. Consistent with costly signaling theory, the costlier the self-punishment was, the stronger the effect it had on forgiveness. Moreover, communicative self-punishment had a better effect than silent self-punishment when the cost was relatively high in the direct-reciprocity studies. These findings can guide us regarding how to address a damaged relationship via self-punishment when compensation is not feasible or acceptable.

Two pathways to self-forgiveness: A hedonic path via self-compassion and a eudaimonic path via the reaffirmation of violated values.

Self-forgiveness is often measured as a hedonic end-state, as the presence of positive affect and the absence of negative affect towards the self following a wrongdoing. However, self-forgiveness is also referred to as a difficult process. Self-forgiveness as a process of accepting responsibility and working through one's wrongdoing is a substantially un-hedonic - it is likely to be uncomfortable and at times painful. In this study, we examine two pathways to self-forgiveness: a hedonic focused pathway (via self-compassion) and a eudaimonic pathway (via reaffirmation of transgressed values). Across two studies, the data suggest that following interpersonal transgressions, self-compassion reduces self-punitiveness and increases end-state self-forgiveness (Study 1) via a reduction in perceived stigma (Study 2). In contrast, value reaffirmation increases the process of genuine self-forgiveness and reduces defensiveness (Study 1) via increased concern for shared group values (Study 2), in turn increasing desire to reconcile (Study 1), and amend-making and end-state self-forgiveness 1 week following the intervention (Study 2). The results suggest that both pathways can lead to self-forgiveness; however, following a transgression, self-forgiveness via a eudaimonic pathway offers greater promise for meeting the needs of both offenders and victims.

El sentimiento inconsciente de culpa freudiano: clínica diferencial y suposición de sujeto. Una aproximación metodológica / The freudian unconscious feeling of guilt: differential clinic and supposition of subject. A methodological approximation

En este artículo presentamos dos aspectos del estado de avance de nuestra investigación sobre el sentimiento inconsciente de culpa y su relación con el deseo. En primer lugar, y en relación con nuestro primer objetivo específico, damos cuenta aquí de la revisión bibliográfica sobre el contexto de surgimiento y el camino de construcción de la noción mencionada. Luego, en un segundo movimiento, realizamos un análisis de la metodología aplicada por Freud en su investigación, para establecer y explicitar, por comparación, nuestra propia metodología. Respecto de la primera parte del trabajo, hemos hallado que Freud parte, a modo de regla general, de la postulación de la represión del complejo de Edipo y la formación del Superyó como instancia subrogante de la autoridad paterna; luego formula la hipótesis de sentimiento inconsciente de culpa para aquellos casos en que detecta diversos fenómenos clínicos, como la reacción terapéutica negativa, por ejemplo. A continuación, prosigue su conceptualización hacia la necesidad de auto-castigo, y de allí, al masoquismo generalizado de las neurosis. En lo que respecta a la segunda parte del trabajo, encontramos que la metodología freudiana responde al razonamiento abductivo. Por comparación con dicha metodología, caracterizamos y explicitamos la nuestra, que también responde a la abducción.

In this article we are going to introduce two aspects about our state of progress regarding our first investigation about the unconscious feeling of guilt and its relation with desire. Firstly, and in relation to our first purpose, we notice here the literature review about the context of emergence and the way of the construction of the mentioned notion. Then, in a second movement, we analyze the methodology applied by Freud in his investigation, to state and explain, by comparison, our own methodology. In regards with the first part of the work, we have found that Freud begins, as a general rule, with the postulation related to the repression of the Oedipus complex and the formation of the superego as a surrogate instance of paternal authority; then he formulates the hypothesis of unconscious feeling of guilt for those cases in which he detects various clinical phenomena, like negative therapeutic reaction, for instance. After that, he continues his conceptualization to the need of self-punishment, and from there, to the widespread masochism of neuroses. In the second part of the article, we find that the freudian methodology goes along with the abductive reasoning. By comparing these methodologies, we describe and explain ours, which also responds to abduction.

Psicopatologia da imagem corporal: causalidades e consequências / Psychopathology of the corporal image: causalities and consequences

Para fins de estudo e investigação sobre a imagem corporal na adolescência definem-se quatro eixos teóricos básicos: a imagem especular, a autopunição, a passagem ao ato e os fenômenos de corpo. Os dois primeiros – imagem especular e autopunição – constituem elementos de definição do objeto de investigação, aqui proposto, enquanto o terceiro e o quarto se inscrevem como consequências. A hipótese principal visa demonstrar o que ocorre no momento da constituição psíquica do sujeito quando se define a estrutura clínica – neurose ou psicose – em casos em que predominam alterações psicopatológicas da imagem corporal.

For purposes of studying and probing into our body image in adolescence, four main theoretical pillars have been defined: the speculate image, self punishment, passage to the act and the body phenomena. Speculate image and self punishment are elements that define the object of research proposed in this work, while the third and fourth pillars fall represent its consequences. The main hypothesis aims to demonstrate what happens at the moment of the subject’s psychic constitution when the clinical structure is defined - neurosis or psychosis - in cases where psychopathological changes in body image predominate.

O caso Aimée e a causalidade psíquica / x

O artigo discute as formulações acerca da causalidade psíquica nos primórdios da obra de Jacques Lacan. Com base na análise do caso Aimée, presente na tese de psiquiatria de Lacan, busca demonstrar como a hipótese de uma origem social nos mecanismos psíquicos de autopunição da paranóia permite a Lacan articular, alguns anos depois, identificação e causalidade psíquica.

The case of Aimée and psychic causality. The article discusses the formulations about psychic causality in Lacan's early work. Based on the analysis of the Aimée case of Lacan's psychiatric thesis, it tries to demonstrate how the hypothesis of social origin in the psychic mechanisms of self-punishment present in the paranoia, make it possible for Lacan to articulate, years later, identification and psychic causality.