Value of circulating tumor cell assisting low-dose computed tomography in screening pulmonary nodules based on existing liquid biopsy techniques: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess the diagnostic utility of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in conjunction with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) for differentiating between benign and malignant pulmonary nodules and to substantiate the foundation for their integration into clinical practice. METHODS: A systematic literature review was performed independently by two researchers utilizing databases including PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, Embase, and Medline, to collate studies up to September 15, 2023, that investigated the application of CTCs in diagnosing pulmonary nodules. A meta-analysis was executed employing Stata 15.0 and Revman 5.4 to calculate the pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios (PLR and NLR), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Additionally, trial sequential analysis was conducted using dedicated TSA software. RESULTS: The selection criteria identified 16 studies, encompassing a total of 3409 patients. The meta-analysis revealed that CTCs achieved a pooled sensitivity of 0.84 (95% CI 0.80 to 0.87), specificity of 0.80 (95% CI 0.73 to 0.86), PLR of 4.23 (95% CI 3.12 to 5.72), NLR of 0.20 (95% CI 0.16 to 0.25), DOR of 20.92 (95% CI 13.52 to 32.36), and AUC of 0.89 (95% CI 0.86 to 0.93). CONCLUSIONS: Circulating tumor cells demonstrate substantial diagnostic accuracy in distinguishing benign from malignant pulmonary nodules. The incorporation of CTCs into the diagnostic protocol can significantly augment the diagnostic efficacy of LDCT in screening for malignant lung diseases.

Association between neuromuscular blocking agents and the development of intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICU-AW): A systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis.

BACKGROUND: The present study aims to review the literature and synthesize evidence concerning the effects of the use of neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA) regarding the development of intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICU-AW). METHODS: This study was registered in the PROSPERO database CRD42020142916. Systematic review in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Central, Randomized clinical trials (RCTs), and cohort studies with adults that reported the use of NMBA and the development of ICU-AW were included. Pre-specified subgroup analyses were performed for presence of sepsis and type of NMBA used. The quality of evidence for intervention effects was summarized. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. RESULTS: We included 30 studies, four RCTs, 21 prospective and 5 retrospective cohorts, enrolling a total of 3839 patients. Most of the included studies were observational with high heterogeneity, whereas the RCTs had a high risk of bias. The use of NMBA increased the odds of developing ICU-AW (OR = 2.77 [95% CI 1.98-3.88], I2 = 62%), with low-quality of evidence. A trial sequential analysis showed the need to include 22,330 patients in order to provide evidence for either beneficial or harmful intervention effects. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis suggests that the use of NMBA might be implicated in the development of ICU-AW. However, there is not enough evidence to definitively conclude about the association between the use of NMBA and the development of ICU-AW, as these results are based mostly on observational studies with high heterogeneity.

Greater occipital nerve block for chronic migraine patients: A meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Greater occipital nerve block (GONB) is a minimally invasive procedure frequently used in patients with chronic migraine (CM); however, the quality of the evidence supporting its use is still unknown. Therefore, we aimed to conduct a systematic review, meta-analysis and quality assessment of GONB local anaesthetics combined or not with corticosteroids to prevent CM. METHODS: We searched Medline, Scopus and Web of Science up to October 2020. We included randomized control trials (RCT) and observational studies assessing GONB without language restrictions. Two researchers selected the studies, extracted the data and evaluated the risk of bias independently. The primary outcomes measured to assess efficacy were the change from baseline in the intensity and frequency of headache in the intervention group compared to placebo at a onetime point. We performed a meta-analysis with random effect models, and we evaluated random errors with trial sequential analysis (TSA). We assessed the risk of bias (ROB) with the ROB2 tool and the certainty of the evidence with GRADE. RESULTS: We identified 2864 studies in the databases and included three RCTs for quantitative synthesis. Most ROB assessments were 'high risk' or 'some concerns'. GONB reduced the intensity of headaches at the end of the first month (MD: -1.35, 95% CI: -2.12 to -0.59) and the second month (MD: -2.10, CI 95%: -2.94 to -1.26) as well as the frequency of headaches (first month: MD: -4.45 days, 95% CI: -6.56 to -2.34 days; second month: MD: -5.49, 95% CI -8.94 to -2.03 days). Corticosteroids did not show a significant decrease in the frequency of headaches during the first month of treatment (MD: -1.1 days, 95% CI: -4.1 to 1.8, p = .45). Included trials reported similar adverse events between groups. The exploratory TSA showed inconclusive results. Overall, the quality of the evidence was very low because of the substantial risk of bias and imprecision. CONCLUSION: The limited evidence available shows that GONB with local anaesthetics could reduce headache frequency and intensity compared to placebo, while adding corticosteroids did not show additional benefits. GONB was safe with a similar number of minor adverse events. However, our confidence in these estimates is very low since the evidence is based on a few trials, with a small sample size and a significant risk of bias. In addition, the exploratory TSA was inconclusive, so we need larger and specific trials.

Analysis of the goals scored in the 2016 and 2017 CONMEBOL Libertadores Cups / Análise de gols marcados nas Copas Conmebol Libertadores 2016 e 2017 / Análisis de los goles marcados en las Copas Conmebol Libertadores 2016 y 2017

ABSTRACT This study aimed to describe regularities in soccer goal-ending sequences in the 2016 and 2017 CONMEBOL Libertadores Cups. Observational methodology was used. The sample comprised 699 attack sequences that ended in goal from 250 games played in 2016 and 2017. An ad hoc observational instrument was designed. Data analysis was performed in three complementary ways: sequential, graph theory, and polar coordinates. Two sequences were highlighted: Pass with the head-Shot-Goal and Rebound-Rebound-Shot-Goal. The foot pass action is the most common prior to a shot. In addition, dribbling and conducting were excitatory and inhibitory actions, respectively, to score a goal. In conclusion, the use of open game was relevant to score goals and different patterns were observed.

RESUMO O objetivo foi descrever regularidades nas sequências terminadas em gol nas Copas CONMEBOL Libertadores 2016 e 2017. Foi escolhida a metodologia observacional. A amostra compreendeu 699 sequências de ataques terminadas em gol de 250 jogos disputados em 2016 e 2017. Elaborou-se um instrumento de observação ad hoc. A análise dos dados foi realizada de três maneiras complementares: análise sequencial; teoria dos grafos; e coordenadas polares. Duas sequências foram destacadas: Passe com a cabeça-Chute-Gol e Rebote-Rebote-Chute-Gol. A ação passe com o pé foi a mais comum antes de um tiro. Além disso, dribbling foi uma ação excitatória de marcar um gol e a condução o inibiu. Conclui-se que o uso do jogo aberto foi relevante para marcar gols e diferentes padrões foram observados.

RESUMEN El objetivo fue describir regularidades en las secuencias terminadas en gol en las Copas Libertadores de fútbol 2016 y 2017. Se utilizó la metodología observacional. La muestra comprendió 699 secuencias de ataque que terminaron en gol de 250 partidos jugados en 2016 y 2017. Se diseñó un instrumento de observación ad hoc. El análisis de datos se realizó a través de tres maneras complementarias: análisis secuencial; teoría de grafos y coordenadas polares. Se destacaron dos secuencias: Pase con la cabeza-Remate-Gol y Rebote-Rebote-Remate-Gol. La acción Pase con el pie fue la más común antes de un tiro. Además, el regate fue una acción excitatoria de marcar un gol y la conducción lo inhibió. En conclusión, la utilización del juego abierto fue relevante para marcar goles y se observaron diferentes patrones.

Lead-contaminated soils with contrasting texture remediated with phosphate: chemical fractionation and chloropyromorphite stability.

Pb can be stabilized in soil as Pb-P mineral. The aims of this study were to access the distribution of Pb in organic and mineral fractions of contrasting texture of soil Pb-contaminated and remediated with P and Cl and to evaluate the stability of chloropyromorphite in these soils. A clay loam Oxisol (sandstone) and a clayey Ultisol (basalt) were used in a factorial experiment, with three replications: two soils, two Pb contamination levels, two soil pH values, and four P doses. The Pb concentrations were determined in seven soil phases. Release kinetics of Pb were performed with 0.1 mol L-1 pH 2.5 citric acid. The transfer of soil Pb to chloropyromorphite was dependent on the level of contamination in the clay loam Oxisol. In the lowest P dose (molar ratios P:Pb 3:5), the main source was the Pb complexed in the organic matter and in the highest P dose (molar ratios P:Pb 12:5) was the Pb adsorbed by inner sphere in gibbsite and kaolinite. The release of Pb in the citric acid was dependent on the texture and mineralogy of the soils. Pb recovery applied to the clay loam Oxisol was around 100% (biphasic kinetic), while for the clayey Ultisol, the recovery ranged from 43 to 52% (single-phase kinetic). Remediation of Pb-contaminated soils with P and Cl is more efficient in clayey and oxidic soils since chloropyromorphite formation is faster and its solubilization is slower, an important combination in environmental terms.

Estudio secuencial de la interacción sociocognitiva durante la resolución de problemas lógicos / Sequential study of the socio-cognitive interaction in logical problem solving

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar, desde una perspectiva secuencial, la interacción sociocognitiva durante la resolución colaborativa de problemas lógicos, en díadas de estudiantes de quinto y sexto grado de educación primaria, con composiciones sociocognitivas asimétricas y simétricas. Se trató de un estudio cuasi-experimental de casos, de dos fases: la primera consistió en la resolución individual de ítems lógicos, para evaluar el nivel de competencia específica inicial de cada sujeto. Con base en dicho criterio, se conformaron díadas asimétricas (un compañero de alta competencia con un par de baja competencia) y simétricas (ambos compañeros de baja competencia), que resolvieron la tarea de manera colaborativa. La interacción sociocognitiva fue codificada por un sistema de categorías adaptado. Se realizó un análisis secuencial de la interacción, es decir, de probabilidades de transición entre códigos (eventos); esto se dio al interior de cada condición (asimétrica y simétrica), para detectar patrones secuenciales diferenciales. Los resultados indican patrones de interacción diferentes según la composición de la díada: en las díadas asimétricas, la posibilidad de establecer secuencias de co-construcción de conocimiento depende principalmente de la intervención inicial emitida por el sujeto más competente; en cambio, en las díadas simétricas se constataron niveles altos de alternancia de la participación por ambos compañeros durante la secuencia de interacción. Se ratifica la hipótesis de la influencia de la composición sociocognitiva de la díada sobre la interacción, pero con aporte de considerar a ésta desde una perspectiva secuencial y diacrónica.

Abstract This study aims at analyzing the socio-cognitive interaction during the collaborative resolution of logical problems, from a sequential perspective. It is focused on dyads of fifth and sixth graders, with asymmetric and symmetric socio-cognitive compositions. The design was a quasi-experimental case study with two phases: the first was an individual resolution of logical items to evaluate the initial specific competence level of each subject. Then, it was made up asymmetrical dyads (a high-competence partner with a pair of low competence) and symmetrical (both low-competence partners), which solved the task collaboratively. The socio-cognitive interaction was codified by a system of adapted categories. A sequential analysis of the interaction was performed (analysis of probabilities of transition between codes or events). This was done in relation to each condition (asymmetric and symmetric), to detect differential sequential patterns. The results indicate different interaction patterns depending on the composition of the dyad: asymmetric dyads showed that the possibility of establishing co-construction knowledge sequences depends mainly on the initial intervention issued by the most competent subject; symmetric dyads showed high levels of alternation referred to participation issued by both partners during the interaction sequence. The hypothesis that the influence of the socio-cognitive composition of the dyad on the interaction is ratified, but it is considered from a sequential diachronic perspective.

Effects of perioperative statin use on cardiovascular complications in patients submitted to non-cardiac surgery: protocol for a systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis.

BACKGROUND: Preliminary evidence suggests statins may reduce major perioperative vascular events. However, evidence is limited to observational studies, underpowered trials, and non-comprehensive systematic reviews. This review aims to assess the effects of perioperative statin use on cardiovascular complications in patients submitted to non-cardiac surgery. METHODS: We will search MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, LILACS, CENTRAL, Web of Science, and CINAHL for randomized controlled trials assessing the effects of perioperative statin use in adults undergoing non-cardiac surgery and reporting cardiovascular complications. For patients already using statins for hyperlipidemia, a preoperative loading dose of statin is required in the experimental group. We will place no language or publication restriction on our search. Teams of two reviewers will independently assess eligibility and risk of bias, and will extract data from the included trials. Our primary outcome is a combination of cardiovascular mortality or non-fatal myocardial infarction. We will also assess the following outcomes: individual components of the primary outcome, all-cause mortality, total myocardial infarction, elevated troponin in the first seven postoperative days, total stroke, total venous thromboembolism, postoperative atrial fibrillation, elevation of creatine phosphokinase or liver enzymes, and rates of myalgia or rhabdomyolysis. We will conduct meta-analyses using random-effects model and will use trial sequential analysis to establish monitoring boundaries to limit global type I error due to repetitive testing for our primary outcome. We will rate the quality of evidence using the GRADE system. DISCUSSION: The results of this systematic review may help to inform clinical practice and also the design of future large-scale randomized trials. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42016035987.

Screening for coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of coronary artery disease screening in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes and assess the statistical reliability of the findings. METHODS: Electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and clinicaltrials.org) were reviewed up to July 2016. Randomised controlled trials evaluating coronary artery disease screening in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes and reporting cardiovascular events and/or mortality were included. Data were summarised with Mantel-Haenszel relative risk. Trial sequential analysis (TSA) was used to evaluate the optimal sample size to detect a 40% reduction in outcomes. Main outcomes were all-cause mortality and cardiac events (non-fatal myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death); secondary outcomes were non-fatal myocardial infarction, myocardial revascularisations and heart failure. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-five references were identified and 5 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and totalised 3315 patients, 117 all-cause deaths and 100 cardiac events. Screening for coronary artery disease was not associated with decrease in risk for all-cause deaths (RR 0.95(95% CI 0.66 to 1.35)) or cardiac events (RR 0.72(95% CI 0.49 to 1.06)). TSA shows that futility boundaries were reached for all-cause mortality and a relative risk reduction of 40% between treatments could be discarded. However, there is not enough information for firm conclusions for cardiac events. For secondary outcomes no benefit or harm was identified; optimal sample sizes were not reached. CONCLUSION: Current available data do not support screening for coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes for preventing fatal events. Further studies are needed to assess the effects on cardiac events. PROSPERO: CRD42015026627.

Optimal sequential Bayesian analysis for degradation tests.

Degradation tests are especially difficult to conduct for items with high reliability. Test costs, caused mainly by prolonged item duration and item destruction costs, establish the necessity of sequential degradation test designs. We propose a methodology that sequentially selects the optimal observation times to measure the degradation, using a convenient rule that maximizes the inference precision and minimizes test costs. In particular our objective is to estimate a quantile of the time to failure distribution, where the degradation process is modelled as a linear model using Bayesian inference. The proposed sequential analysis is based on an index that measures the expected discrepancy between the estimated quantile and its corresponding prediction, using Monte Carlo methods. The procedure was successfully implemented for simulated and real data.

Fidedignidade da versão brasileira do Sistema SOCIII para análise da interação mãe-criança / Reliability of the Brazilian version of the system SOCIII for the analysis of mother-child interaction / Fiabilidad de la versión brasileña del sistema SOCIII para el análisis de la interacción madre-hijo

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a fidedignidade da versão brasileira do sistema Códigos Padronizados de Observação – SOCIII, para análise da interação mãe-criança no contexto de brincadeira livre. Esse sistema permite o registro sequencial da interação em tempo real. O estudo se baseou na análise de oito episódios de interação livre aos 48 meses de vida da criança. Dois observadores independentes codificaram os seis minutos iniciais de cada episódio. O valor Kappa global foi 0,77, e os resultados para as categorias comportamentais específicas revelaram valores aceitáveis. A discussão destaca problemas que podem surgir na obtenção de níveis satisfatórios de fidedignidade em algumas categorias de comportamentos infantis e soluções que podem ser adotadas durante o treinamento para evitar tais problemas...

The aim of this study was to analyze the reliability of the Brazilian version of the Standardized Observation Codes – SOCIII system for analysis of mother-child interaction in a free play context. This system allows the sequential coding of real-time interaction. The study was based on the analysis of eight episodes of free interaction with 48 months old children. Two independent observers coded the initial six minutes of each episode. The overall Kappa value was 0.77, and the results for the specific behavioral categories revealed acceptable values. The discussion highlights problems that can arise in obtaining satisfactory levels of reliability in some categories of child behavior and solutions that can be adopted during training to avoid such problems...

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la fiabilidad de la versión brasileña del sistema Códigos de Observación Estandarizados – SOCIII, para el análisis de la interacción madre-hijo en el contexto de juego libre. Ese sistema permite el registro secuencial de la interacción en tiempo real. El estudio se basó en el análisis de ocho episodios de interacción libre a los 48 meses de vida de los niños. Dos observadores independientes codificaron los seis primeros minutos de cada episodio. El valor global de Kappa fue 0,77, y los resultados para las categorías específicas de comportamiento revelaron valores aceptables. La discusión pone de relieve los problemas que pueden surgir en la obtención de niveles satisfactorios de fiabilidad en algunas categorías de la conducta del niño y las soluciones que se pueden adoptar durante el entrenamiento para evitar tales problemas...

Fidedignidade da versão brasileira do Sistema SOCIII para análise da interação mãe-criança / Reliability of the Brazilian version of the system SOCIII for the analysis of mother-child interaction / Fiabilidad de la versión brasileña del sistema SOCIII para el análisis de la interacción madre-hijo

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a fidedignidade da versão brasileira do sistema Códigos Padronizados de Observação – SOCIII, para análise da interação mãe-criança no contexto de brincadeira livre. Esse sistema permite o registro sequencial da interação em tempo real. O estudo se baseou na análise de oito episódios de interação livre aos 48 meses de vida da criança. Dois observadores independentes codificaram os seis minutos iniciais de cada episódio. O valor Kappa global foi 0,77, e os resultados para as categorias comportamentais específicas revelaram valores aceitáveis. A discussão destaca problemas que podem surgir na obtenção de níveis satisfatórios de fidedignidade em algumas categorias de comportamentos infantis e soluções que podem ser adotadas durante o treinamento para evitar tais problemas.(AU)

The aim of this study was to analyze the reliability of the Brazilian version of the Standardized Observation Codes – SOCIII system for analysis of mother-child interaction in a free play context. This system allows the sequential coding of real-time interaction. The study was based on the analysis of eight episodes of free interaction with 48 months old children. Two independent observers coded the initial six minutes of each episode. The overall Kappa value was 0.77, and the results for the specific behavioral categories revealed acceptable values. The discussion highlights problems that can arise in obtaining satisfactory levels of reliability in some categories of child behavior and solutions that can be adopted during training to avoid such problems.(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la fiabilidad de la versión brasileña del sistema Códigos de Observación Estandarizados – SOCIII, para el análisis de la interacción madre-hijo en el contexto de juego libre. Ese sistema permite el registro secuencial de la interacción en tiempo real. El estudio se basó en el análisis de ocho episodios de interacción libre a los 48 meses de vida de los niños. Dos observadores independientes codificaron los seis primeros minutos de cada episodio. El valor global de Kappa fue 0,77, y los resultados para las categorías específicas de comportamiento revelaron valores aceptables. La discusión pone de relieve los problemas que pueden surgir en la obtención de niveles satisfactorios de fiabilidad en algunas categorías de la conducta del niño y las soluciones que se pueden adoptar durante el entrenamiento para evitar tales problemas.(AU)

Interação mãe-criança: fidedignidade da versão brasileira do sistema observacional CITMI-R / Mother-Infant interaction: reliability of the brazilian version of the observational system CITMI-R / Interacción madre-niño: fiabilidad de la versión brasileña del sistema observacional CITMI-R

Este estudo examinou a fidedignidade entre observadores da versão brasileira do Sistema de Codificação da Interação Mãe-Criança Revisado (CITMI-R). Esse sistema permite o registro sequencial da interação em tempo real. Baseou-se na análise de 16 episódios de interação livre aos oito e aos 18 meses de vida da criança. Duas duplas de observadores independentes codificaram os seis minutos iniciais de cada episódio. Os valores de Kappa aos oito e aos 18 meses foram 0,80 e 0,86, respectivamente. Os resultados para as categorias comportamentais específicas revelaram valores mais modestos, embora aceitáveis em sua maioria. A discussão destaca o potencial do instrumento para pesquisa e intervenção, e sugere alternativas no que se refere ao treinamento e a aspectos metodológicos que podem ser aprimorados em futuros estudos de fidedignidade.(AU)

This study examined the reliability between observers of the Early Mother-Child Interaction Coding System (CITMI-R), in its Brazilian version. CITMI-R allows sequential coding in real time. The study was based on the analysis of 16 episodes of free interaction with children at eight and 18 months. Two pairs of independent observers coded the initial six minutes of each episode. The Kappa values for eight and 18 months were 0.80 and 0.86, respectively. The results for the specific behavioral categories showed more modest, but acceptable for almost all of them. The discussion highlights the potential of the instrument for research and intervention and suggests alternatives when it comes to training, and methodological aspects that can be improved in future studies of reliability.(AU)

Este estudio examinó la fiabilidad de la versión brasileña del sistema observacional Codificación de la de Interacción Temprana Madre- Hijo (CITMI-R). El sistema permite el registro secuencial en tiempo real. Se basó en el análisis de 16 episodios de interacción libre a las ocho ya los 18 meses de vida de los niños. Dos pares de observadores independientes codificaron los seis primeros minutos de cada episodio. Los valores de Kappa de ocho y 18 meses fueron de 0,80 y 0,86, respectivamente. Los resultados para las categorías específicas de comportamiento mostraron valores más modestos, pero aceptables para casi todas ellas. El debate pone de relieve el potencial del instrumento para la investigación y la intervención y sugiere alternativas respecto a aspectos de formación y metodológicos que se pueden mejorar en futuros estudios de fiabilidad.(AU)

Interação mãe-criança: fidedignidade da versão brasileira do sistema observacional CITMI-R / Mother-Infant interaction: reliability of the brazilian version of the observational system CITMI-R / Interacción madre-niño: fiabilidad de la versión brasileña del sistema observacional CITMI-R

Este estudo examinou a fidedignidade entre observadores da versão brasileira do Sistema de Codificação da Interação Mãe-Criança Revisado (CITMI-R). Esse sistema permite o registro sequencial da interação em tempo real. Baseou-se na análise de 16 episódios de interação livre aos oito e aos 18 meses de vida da criança. Duas duplas de observadores independentes codificaram os seis minutos iniciais de cada episódio. Os valores de Kappa aos oito e aos 18 meses foram 0,80 e 0,86, respectivamente. Os resultados para as categorias comportamentais específicas revelaram valores mais modestos, embora aceitáveis em sua maioria. A discussão destaca o potencial do instrumento para pesquisa e intervenção, e sugere alternativas no que se refere ao treinamento e a aspectos metodológicos que podem ser aprimorados em futuros estudos de fidedignidade...

This study examined the reliability between observers of the Early Mother-Child Interaction Coding System (CITMI-R), in its Brazilian version. CITMI-R allows sequential coding in real time. The study was based on the analysis of 16 episodes of free interaction with children at eight and 18 months. Two pairs of independent observers coded the initial six minutes of each episode. The Kappa values for eight and 18 months were 0.80 and 0.86, respectively. The results for the specific behavioral categories showed more modest, but acceptable for almost all of them. The discussion highlights the potential of the instrument for research and intervention and suggests alternatives when it comes to training, and methodological aspects that can be improved in future studies of reliability...

Este estudio examinó la fiabilidad de la versión brasileña del sistema observacional Codificación de la de Interacción Temprana Madre- Hijo (CITMI-R). El sistema permite el registro secuencial en tiempo real. Se basó en el análisis de 16 episodios de interacción libre a las ocho ya los 18 meses de vida de los niños. Dos pares de observadores independientes codificaron los seis primeros minutos de cada episodio. Los valores de Kappa de ocho y 18 meses fueron de 0,80 y 0,86, respectivamente. Los resultados para las categorías específicas de comportamiento mostraron valores más modestos, pero aceptables para casi todas ellas. El debate pone de relieve el potencial del instrumento para la investigación y la intervención y sugiere alternativas respecto a aspectos de formación y metodológicos que se pueden mejorar en futuros estudios de fiabilidad...

Eficácia ofensiva e variabilidade de padrões de jogo em futebol / Attacking efficacy and game pattern variability in soccer

O presente estudo pretende caracterizar e comparar os padrões de jogo ofensivos realizados pelas equipes semifinalistas do Campeonato do Mundo FIFA 2010 - Espanha, Holanda, Alemanha e Uruguai. Através do instrumento de observação SoccerEye e do "software" de registro SoccerEye (v1.0, Março 2011), recolheram-se 1938 sequências ofensivas de 28 jogos (sete por equipe) transmitidos por estações públicas de televisão. O instrumento de observação SoccerEye é constituído por sete critérios: 1) Início da fase ofensiva; 2) Desenvolvimento da Transição-Estado defesa/ataque; 3) Desenvolvimento da posse de bola; 4) Final da fase ofensiva; 5) Espacialização do terreno de jogo; 6) Centro do Jogo; e 7) Configuração Espacial de Interação. Para a análise sequencial dos dados utilizou-se o "software" SDIS-GSEQ (v5.0.77, 2010). Verificou-se que a seleção da Espanha, vencedora do Campeonato do Mundo FIFA 2010, tende a rematar à baliza adversária após passe curto positivo (z = 4,12) ou drible (z = 4,38), ambos os comportamentos realizados na zona central ofensiva (z = 3,94). A Espanha tende a marcar gols após uma ação do goleiro adversário (z = 5,95), que por sua vez resulta de um remate (z = 8,43) à baliza adversária. Conclui-se que a eficácia ofensiva das equipes semifinalistas no Campeonato do Mundo 2010 não se confina aos métodos e aos estilos de jogo utilizados, mas parece estar relacionada com a respetiva variação durante o mesmo jogo e/ou entre jogos diferentes, em resposta aos constrangimentos que o confronto com o adversário coloca.

The present study aims to characterize and compare the attacking game-patterns performed by the semi-finalist teams during the FIFA World Cup 2010 - Spain, Germany, The Netherlands and Uruguay. With the use of SoccerEye observational instrument and SoccerEye recording software (v1.0, March 2011), 1938 attacks were recorded from TV public broadcasts during 28 matches (7 per team) played by the semi-finalists. SoccerEye observational instrument includes seven criteria: 1) Start of the offensive phase/Ball possession recovery; 2) Development of defense/attack Transition-State; 3) Progress of ball possession; 4) End of the offensive phase; 5) Patterns of field space position; 6) Centre of the game; and 7) Spatial patterns of teams interaction. Data analysis was performed with the use of SDIS-GSEQ software (v5.0.77, 2010). Our results showed that Spanish national team-2010 FIFA World Cup winner - tended to realize shots on target after positive short passes (z = 4.12) or dribbles (z = 4.38), both actions occurring in the central offensive zone (z = 3.94). Also, Spain tended to score goals due to an intervention of the opponent goalkeeper (z = 5.95), that is a consequence of a shot on target (z = 8.43). We concluded that successful attacking game-patterns performed by 2010 FIFA World Cup semi-finalists were not a direct consequence of similar attacking game-methods or styles of play, but probably were related to its variation during the match and/or between matches, according to the constraints created by the opponent.