A novel strategy for the quantify of emerging isomeric pollutants belonging to the dihydroxybenzene family for environmental sample monitoring by amperometric detection.

This study introduces an innovative approach for quantifying isomeric pollutants utilizing an amperometric sensor. The determination of the isomers hydroquinone and catechol is based on the use of a glassy carbon electrode modified with Cu@PtPd/C nanoparticles (Cu@PtPd/C/GCE) in core-shell form, showing significant electrocatalytic activity in the oxidation of the later compounds. The determination was carried out at two different potentials: one at which where only hydroquinone is oxidized, and another in which where both hydroquinone and catechol are oxidized. Using these potentials, two calibration curves were built, one for the quantification of hydroquinone and the other for both isomers. Subsequently, the quantification of catechol was performed using a strategy based on the calculation of a difference using the information collected in the first step. The experiments using hydrogen peroxide as a redox probe demonstrate a clear synergistic effect in the catalytic reduction of hydrogen peroxide at -0.100 V, when Pt, Pd and Cu are incorporated into the core-shell nanostructure. The best performance was achieved with Cu@PtPd/C/GCE 1.00 mg mL-1. For the selected sensor, the analytical parameters are very competitive compared to similar devices reported in recent years for hydroquinone and catechol, with comparable linearity ranges of 0.010-0.200 mmol L-1 (hydroquinone) and 0.005-0.500 mmol L-1 (catechol), low limits of detection (LODs) of 14.0 nmol L-1 (S/N = 3.3) and 1.75 nmol L-1 (S/N = 3.3) for hydroquinone and catechol. The resulting sensor platform has been successfully applied for the quantification of hydroquinone and catechol in river and tap water and could be a promising candidate for environmental monitoring and drinking water safety.

Tailoring Cu-SiO2 Interaction through Nanocatalyst Architecture to Assemble Surface Sites for Furfural Aqueous-Phase Hydrogenation to Cycloketones.

In this contribution, nanocatalysts with rather diverse architectures were designed to promote different intimacy degrees between Cu and SiO2 and consequently tune distinct Cu-SiO2 interactions. Previously synthesized copper nanoparticles were deposited onto SiO2 (NPCu/SiO2) in contrast to ordinarily prepared supported Cu/SiO2. NPCu@SiO2 and SiO2@Cu core-shell nanocatalysts were also synthesized, and they were all bulk and surface characterized by XRD, TGA, TEM/HRTEM, H2-TPR, XANES, and XPS. It was found that Cu0 is the main copper phase in NPCu/SiO2 while Cu2+ rules the ordinary Cu/SiO2 catalyst, and Cu0 and electron-deficient Cuδ+ species coexist in the core-shell nanocatalysts as a consequence of a deeper metal-support interaction. Catalytic performance could not be associated with the physical properties of the nanocatalysts derived from their architectures but was associated with the more refined chemical characteristics tuned by their design. Cu/SiO2 and NPCu/SiO2 catalysts led to the formation of furfuryl alcohol, evidencing that catalysts holding weak or no metal-support interaction have no significant impact on product distribution even in the aqueous phase. The establishment of such interactions through advanced catalyst architecture, allowing the formation of electron-deficient Cuδ+ moieties, particularly Cu2+ and Cu+ as unveiled by spectroscopic investigations, is critical to promoting the hydrogenation-ring rearrangement cascade mechanism leading to cycloketones.

Iron-Reduced Graphene Oxide Core-Shell Micromotors Designed for Magnetic Guidance and Photothermal Therapy under Second Near-Infrared Light.

Core-shell micro/nanomotors have garnered significant interest in biomedicine owing to their versatile task-performing capabilities. However, their effectiveness for photothermal therapy (PTT) still faces challenges because of their poor tumor accumulation, lower light-to-heat conversion, and due to the limited penetration of near-infrared (NIR) light. In this study, we present a novel core-shell micromotor that combines magnetic and photothermal properties. It is synthesized via the template-assisted electrodeposition of iron (Fe) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) on a microtubular pore-shaped membrane. The resulting Fe-rGO micromotor consists of a core of oval-shaped zero-valent iron nanoparticles with large magnetization. At the same time, the outer layer has a uniform reduced graphene oxide (rGO) topography. Combined, these Fe-rGO core-shell micromotors respond to magnetic forces and near-infrared (NIR) light (1064 nm), achieving a remarkable photothermal conversion efficiency of 78% at a concentration of 434 µg mL-1. They can also carry doxorubicin (DOX) and rapidly release it upon NIR irradiation. Additionally, preliminary results regarding the biocompatibility of these micromotors through in vitro tests on a 3D breast cancer model demonstrate low cytotoxicity and strong accumulation. These promising results suggest that such Fe-rGO core-shell micromotors could hold great potential for combined photothermal therapy.

Response surface and DFT protocols for improvement of the adsorption process of lignocellulosic-based biomass for the removal of basic dyes.

Jatobá-do-cerrado fruit shells, archetypical of lignocellulosic-based biomass, were used as an adsorbent to remove crystal violet (CV) and methylene blue (MB) from water. The adsorbent was characterized using various techniques, and kinetic studies showed dye adsorption followed second-order kinetics. An experimental design investigated the effects of pH and temperature on removal efficiency, with a quadratic model fitting the data best. The results suggest pH influences MB's adsorption capacity more than temperature and at 25 °C and pH 8, MB had a desirability value of 0.89, with 95 % removal efficiency. For CV, temperature had a greater influence, with a desirability value of 0.874 at 25 °C and pH 10, and 95 % removal efficiency. Adsorption isotherm studies revealed maximum adsorption capacities of 123.0 mg·g-1 and 113.0 mg·g-1 for CV and MB, respectively. Experimental thermodynamic parameters indicated an endothermic and spontaneous process which it was supported by quantum chemistry calculations. The protocols developed confirmed the potential for adsorbing CV and MB dyes in water, achieving over 73.1 and 74.4 mg g-1 dyes removal.

Simplified Models to Assess the Mechanical Performance Parameters of Stents.

Ischemic heart disease remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide, which has promoted extensive therapeutic efforts. Stenting has emerged as the primary intervention, particularly among individuals aged 70 years and older. The geometric specifications of stents must align with various mechanical performance criteria outlined by regulatory agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Finite element method (FEM) analysis and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) serve as essential tools to assess the mechanical performance parameters of stents. However, the growing complexity of the numerical models presents significant challenges. Herein, we propose a method to determine the mechanical performance parameters of stents using a simplified FEM model comprising solid and shell elements. In addition, a baseline model of a stent is developed and validated with experimental data, considering parameters such as foreshortening, radial recoil, radial recoil index, and radial stiffness of stents. The results of the simplified FEM model agree well with the baseline model, decreasing up to 80% in computational time. This method can be employed to design stents with specific mechanical performance parameters that satisfy the requirements of each patient.

An invasive bivalve with the potential to reconstruct chronologies of geomarkers in a large South American basin.

The Sr/Ca and 87Sr/86Sr ratios are used as natural indicators (geomarkers) in fish to reveal migratory patterns, due to significant relationships between these ratios measured in the water and in the fish calcified structures (otoliths, bones). The aim of this study was to assess the potential use of the Limnoperna fortunei shell as a proxy for monitoring the spatial and temporal variability of Sr/Ca and 87Sr/86Sr in water. These ratios were compared in water samples and bivalve shells proceeding from eight sites of four hydrogeological regions of the La Plata Basin (Argentina and Uruguay), collected in two hydrological periods (winter and summer) in order to depict the pattern of geographical and temporal variability and to evaluate the relationship between both matrices. Significant positive linear relationships were found between shell edge and water for 87Sr/86Sr (R2 = 0.96-0.97, p < 0.005) and Sr/Ca (R2 = 0.83-0.86, p < 0.05) in summer and winter. Slopes did not differ significantly from 1 (p > 0.05) for 87Sr/86Sr, while they differed from 1 for Sr/Ca in both seasons (p < 0.05), indicating that the elemental ratio would be influenced by endogenous/exogenous factors. No significant seasonal differences were found for both natural tags (p > 0.05), except for the lower Uruguay River (87Sr/86Sr) and outer estuary (Sr/Ca). These results indicate that the L. fortunei shell could be a valuable tool for monitoring spatio-temporal variations in water 87Sr/86Sr. Shell Sr/Ca shows high potential utility as a geomarker in freshwater, but additional assessments are needed to understand the impact of temperature and growth on this ratio.

Enhancing Phototoxicity in Human Colorectal Tumor Cells Through Nanoarchitectonics for Synergistic Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapies.

Phototherapies are promising for noninvasive treatment of aggressive tumors, especially when combining heat induction and oxidative processes. Herein, we show enhanced phototoxicity of gold shell-isolated nanorods conjugated with toluidine blue-O (AuSHINRs@TBO) against human colorectal tumor cells (Caco-2) with synergic effects of photothermal (PTT) and photodynamic therapies (PDT). Mitochondrial metabolic activity tests (MTT) performed on Caco-2 cell cultures indicated a photothermal effect from AuSHINRs owing to enhanced light absorption from the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). The phototoxicity against Caco-2 cells was further increased with AuSHINRs@TBO where oxidative processes, such as hydroperoxidation, were also present, leading to a cell viability reduction from 85.5 to 39.0%. The molecular-level mechanisms responsible for these effects were investigated on bioinspired tumor membranes using Langmuir monolayers of Caco-2 lipid extract. Polarization-modulation infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) revealed that the AuSHINRs@TBO incorporation is due to attractive electrostatic interactions with negatively charged groups of the Caco-2 lipid extract, resulting in the expansion of surface pressure isotherms. Upon irradiation, Caco-2 lipid extract monolayers containing AuSHINRs@TBO (1:1 v/v) exhibited ca. 1.0% increase in surface area. This is attributed to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their interaction with Caco-2 lipid extract monolayers, leading to hydroperoxide formation. The oxidative effects are facilitated by AuSHINRs@TBO penetration into the polar groups of the extract, allowing oxidative reactions with carbon chain unsaturations. These mechanisms are consistent with findings from confocal fluorescence microscopy, where the Caco-2 plasma membrane was the primary site of the cell death induction process.

Improving the Composition and Bioactivity of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Bean Shell Extract by Choline Chloride-Lactic Acid Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction Assisted by Pulsed Electric Field Pre-Treatment.

An environmentally friendly method for the release of cocoa bean shell (CBS) extracts is proposed in this paper. This work aims to investigate the effect of pulsed electric field (PEF) pre-treatment on subsequent solid-liquid extraction (SLE) of metabolites with choline chloride-lactic acid natural deep eutectic solvent (NaDES) and bioactivity of cocoa bean shell (CBS) extract. Two different media for PEF application were evaluated: water and chlorine chloride-lactic acid. Total polyphenols (TPC), total flavonoids (TFC), individual major compounds, and antioxidant and antibacterial activity of CBS extracts were assessed. The performance of PEF-assisted extraction was compared with SLE and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The proposed method improved the release of TPC up to 45% and TFC up to 48% compared with the conventional extraction. The CBS extract showed medium growth inhibition of Escherichia coli and high growth inhibition of Salmonella sp, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. Thus, an extract with enhanced antioxidant and antibacterial properties was obtained.

Core-Shell Nanocables Decorated with Carbon Spherical Shells and Silver Nanoparticles for Sensing Ethinylestradiol Hormone in Water Sources and Pills.

The selective, rapid detection of low levels of hormones in drinking water and foodstuffs requires materials suitable for inexpensive sensing platforms. We report on core-shell Ag@C nanocables (NCs) decorated with carbon spherical shells (CSSs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by using a hydrothermal green approach. Sensors were fabricated with homogeneous, porous films on screen-printed electrodes, which comprised a 115 nm silver core covered by a 122 nm thick carbon layer and CSSs with 168 nm in diameter. NCs and CSSs were also decorated with 10-25 nm AgNPs. The NC/CSS/AgNP sensor was used to detect ethinylestradiol using square wave voltammetry in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) over the 1.0-10.0 µM linear range with a detection limit of 0.76 µM. The sensor was then applied to detect ethinylestradiol in tap water samples and a contraceptive pill with recovery percentages between 93 and 101%. The high performance in terms of sensitivity and selectivity for hormones is attributed to the synergy between the carbon nanomaterials and AgNPs, which not only increased the sensor surface area and provided sites for electron exchange but also imparted an increased surface area.

Eggshell translucency: its relationship with specific gravity and eggshell color and its influence on broiler egg weight loss, hatchability, and embryonic mortalities.

Eggshell quality is among the most important factors affecting hatchability in broiler breeders, and therefore several methods for its assessment are available in the poultry industry. Among them, eggshell translucency has received special attention in recent years due to its connection with ultrastructural disorganization of the shell layers. However, there is very limited data on the impact of translucency on hatching eggs and on the possible links between this trait and specific gravity (SG) or shell color. Thus, our study investigated associations and interactions between eggshell translucency, SG, and color on incubation parameters of eggs from the same breeding flock (Ross 308AP, 51 wk of age). To this end, light and dark eggs within 5 different SG categories (≥1.065, 1.070, 1.075, 1.080, and ≤1.085) were selected from 15,976 eggs, graded into 3 translucency scores, and later incubated to evaluate egg weight loss, hatchability and embryonic mortalities. In general, translucency scores were evenly distributed within SG categories (χ2 [8, N = 1,138] = 13.67, P = 0.090) and color (χ2 [2, N = 1,138] = 4.93, P = 0.084). No interactions between eggshell translucency and SG or between translucency and color were found for the analyzed variables. An interaction was observed between SG and eggshell color for the variable egg weight loss, where the light-shelled eggs, in most SG categories lost more weight throughout incubation than dark eggs. Eggshell translucency affected egg weight loss, hatchability, and embryonic mortality on 11 to 18 d of incubation, with highly translucent eggs showing the worst results. At the same time, eggs with SG lower than 1.070 displayed the greatest weight loss, lowest hatchability, and highest contamination. We found no influence of eggshell color on weight loss or hatchability, but light-shelled eggs exhibited higher late embryonic mortality. Together, these data suggest that despite its effects on certain hatching parameters, shell translucency bears no relationship to SG or color.

Elemental Concentrations in the Shells of the Mussel Perna perna: Discrimination of Origin.

The potential use of elemental concentrations and element:calcium (Ca) ratios as indicators of provenance for bivalve mollusks on the Brazilian coast is evaluated herein for the first time. The approach was applied to shells of the mussel Perna perna (target of extractive fisheries) from geographically close areas but under distinct environmental and anthropogenic influences. Both concentrations of the elements normalized by Ca and the total concentrations can be applied to discriminate the mussels' origin. However, the canonical approach using the total concentrations indicated variations regarding the discriminatory power, and the concentrations of the elements normalized by Ca were more robust in differentiating the provenance of the shells. The origin of mussels was better discriminated by six elementary ratios: Al:Ca, Fe:Ca, K:Ca, Mg:Ca, Mn:Ca and Na:Ca. Thus, monitoring studies aiming to discriminate the origin of P. perna individuals along their distribution based on these elementary ratios of the shell are recommended.

Identificando evasão fiscal em empresas de fachada e em créditos ilegais de ICMS / Identificación de evasión tributaria en empresas fachada y créditos ilegales del ICMS / Identifying tax evasion in shell companies and fraudulent credits of Brazil's state value-added tax (ICMS)

Resumo Empresas que emitem documentos fiscais para fraudar o fisco com a transferência de crédito do ICMS sem a circulação de mercadorias causam prejuízo ao erário público e, por conseguinte, à sociedade. Diversas iniciativas de combate a fraudes fiscais têm utilizado, com sucesso, técnicas de análise de dados e aprendizagem de máquina. Este trabalho buscou investigar o uso dessas técnicas na identificação de uma prática específica de fraude fiscal realizada por empresas popularmente conhecidas como "empresas noteiras", que formadas exclusivamente para emitir créditos não devidos de ICMS, imposto sobre operações relativas à circulação de mercadorias e sobre prestações de serviços de transporte interestadual, intermunicipal e de comunicação. Com base na análise documental e em consulta com auditores e especialistas, foram identificadas tipologias e variáveis relevantes na determinação de eventos de sonegação fiscal realizados pelas empresas noteiras. Em torno dessas variáveis, procedeu-se à coleta e à preparação de dados provenientes da Secretaria de Fazenda do Distrito Federal. Com esses dados, foi possível explorar o uso de modelos preditivos baseados em aprendizagem de máquina capazes de apontar comportamentos potencialmente fraudulentos. Os bons resultados obtidos por esses modelos demonstram seu potencial como parte de uma sistemática de monitoramento e auditorias fiscais realizadas pelos órgãos fazendários.

Resumen Las empresas que emiten documentos tributarios para defraudar al fisco con la transferencia de crédito del ICMS (impuesto a las operaciones relacionadas con la circulación. de bienes y de prestación de servicios interestatales, interurbanos y de comunicaciones) sin movimiento de mercancías causan daños al erario público y, por ende, a la sociedad en su conjunto. Varias iniciativas para combatir el fraude fiscal han utilizado con éxito técnicas de análisis de datos y aprendizaje automático. Este trabajo buscó investigar el uso de estas técnicas en la identificación de una práctica específica de fraude fiscal, practicada por empresas conocidas popularmente como 'empresas factureras', constituidas exclusivamente para emitir créditos no vencidos del ICMS. A partir del análisis documental y la consulta a auditores y especialistas, se identificaron tipologías y variables relevantes para la identificación de eventos de evasión fiscal realizados por empresas factureras. En torno a estas variables se recolectaron y prepararon datos desde la Secretaría de Hacienda del Distrito Federal. Con estos datos fue posible explorar el uso de modelos predictivos basados en machine learning capaces de señalar comportamientos potencialmente fraudulentos. Los buenos resultados obtenidos por estos modelos demuestran su potencial como parte de un seguimiento sistemático y auditorías fiscales por parte de las autoridades tributarias.

Abstract Companies that issue tax documents to defraud the tax authorities with the transfer of credits of Brazil's state value-added tax (ICMS) without the movement of goods cause financial losses to the government and, therefore, to society as a whole. Several initiatives to combat tax fraud have successfully used data analysis and Machine Learning techniques. This work sought to investigate the use of these techniques in identifying a specific practice of tax fraud, practiced by shell companies, formed exclusively to issue non-due ICMS credits, the tax on operations related to the circulation of goods, and the provision of interstate, intercity, and communication services. Based on document analysis and consultation with auditors and specialists, typologies and variables relevant to identifying tax evasion events carried out by shell companies were identified. Around these variables, data from the Finance Department of the Federal District were collected and prepared. With this data, it was possible to explore the use of predictive models based on Machine Learning capable of pointing out potentially fraudulent behavior. The good results obtained by these models demonstrate their potential as part of systematic monitoring and fiscal audits by tax authorities.

Theoretical models of staurosporine and analogs uncover detailed structural information in biological solution.

Staurosporine and its analogs (STA-analogs) are indolocarbazoles (ICZs) compounds able to inhibit kinase proteins in a non-specific way, while present antimicrobial and cytostatic properties. The knowledge of molecular features associated to the complexation, including the ligand shape in solution and thermodynamics of complexation, is substantial to the development of new bioactive ICZs with improved therapeutic properties. In this context, the empirical approach of GROMOS force field is able to accurately reproduce condensed phase physicochemical properties of molecular systems after parameterization. Hence, through parameterization under GROMOS force field and molecular simulations, we assessed STA-analogs dynamics in aqueous solution, as well as its interaction with water to probe conformational and structural features involved in complexation to therapeutic targets. The coexistence of multiple conformers observed in simulations, and confirmed by metadynamics calculations, expanding the conformational space knowledge of these ligands with potential implications in understanding the ligand conformational selection during complexation. Also, changes in availability to H-bonding concerning the different substituents and water can reflect on effects at complexation free energy due to variation at the desolvation energetic costs. Based on these results, we expect the obtained structural data provide systemic framework for rational chemical modification of STA-analogs.

Membrane process and adsorption on pine nut shell for removal of dye from synthetic wastewater.

Purification methods such as membrane technology and adsorption have been studied for the purification of textile effluents. This article aimed to evaluate the membrane separation process and adsorption on pine nut shell, separately and sequentially, for reactive dye blue 5G removal from a synthetic effluent. The membrane separation process was carried out in a front filtration module using polymeric membranes. The maximum dye retention was 35.9% using a regenerated cellulose membrane, with agitation and a pressure of 0.5 bar. The permeate flux was fully restored after cleaning the membrane. In the adsorption using pine nut shell, the best results were at pH 2, 50°C, and 50 ppm, with 85% dye removal. The Freundlich isotherm showed the best fit to the data, as did the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that the adsorption is of the physical type, with the process being endothermic and spontaneous. In the combined process, the permeate from the membrane separation process was subjected to adsorption on pine nut shell, achieving a removal rate of 98.7 for the initial concentration of 50 ppm. Therefore, this work shows the potential of pine nut shell as an adsorbent, not only to purify textile effluents but also to add value to a waste product, indicating that the combination of membrane technology and adsorption on pine nut shell could be an alternative for the treatment of textile effluents containing the reactive dye 5G blue.

The Impact of Phytase and Different Levels of Supplemental Amino Acid Complexed Minerals in Diets of Older Laying Hens.

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different sources and levels of supplemental amino acid-complexed minerals (AACM), with and without enzyme phytase (EZ). A total of 512 Dekalb White laying hens at 67 weeks of age were used in a 2 × 3 + 2 factorial arrangement of 8 treatments and 8 replications each. The main effects included EZ supplementation (10,000 FTU kg-1) and AACM inclusion level (100, 70, and 40% of inorganic mineral recommendations), plus 2 control treatments. The group of hens fed AACM-100 showed lower feed intake than the inorganic mineral (IM) group. The diet containing AACM-EZ-70 provided a higher (p < 0.05) laying percentage and a lower (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio than both the IM and IM-EZ diets. The groups fed AACM-EZ-40, AACM-EZ-100, and AACM-70 produced heavier yolks (p < 0.05). Hens fed IM laid eggs with the lowest yolk and albumen weights (p < 0.05). Layers fed with AACM-100 and AACM-70 produced the most resistant eggshells to breakage (p < 0.05). In diets containing phytase, the optimal AACM recommendations for better performance and egg quality in older laying hens are: 42, 49, 5.6, 28, 0.175, and 0.70 mg kg-1 for Zn, Mn, Cu, Fe, Se, and I, respectively.

Magnetic properties of Fe-doped NiO nanoparticles.

Undoped and Fe-doped NiO nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using a lyophilization method and systematically characterized through magnetization techniques over a wide temperature range, with varying intensity and frequency of the applied magnetic fields. The Ni1-xFexO nanoparticles can be described by a core-shell model, which reveals that Fe doping enhances exchange interactions in correlation with nanoparticle size reduction. The nanoparticles exhibit a superparamagnetic blocking transition, primarily attributed to their cores, at temperatures ranging from above room temperature to low temperatures, depending on the Fe-doping level and sample synthesis temperature. The nanoparticle shells also exhibit a transition at low temperatures, in this case to a cluster-glass-like state, caused by the dipolar magnetic interactions between the net magnetic moments of the clusters. Their freezing temperature shifts to higher temperatures as the Fe-doping level increases. The existence of an exchange bias interaction was observed, thus validating the core-shell model proposed.

Unveiling the Role of Donor Impurity Position on the Electronic Properties in Strained Type I and Type II Core/Shell Quantum Dots under Magnetic Field.

In this theoretical investigation, we delve into the significant effects of donor impurity position within core/shell quantum dot structures: type I (CdTe/ZnS) and type II (CdTe/CdS). The donor impurity's precise location within both the core and the shell regions is explored to unveil its profound influence on the electronic properties of these nanostructures. Our study investigates the diamagnetic susceptibility and binding energy of the donor impurity while considering the presence of an external magnetic field. Moreover, the lattice mismatch-induced strain between the core and shell materials is carefully examined as it profoundly influences the electronic structure of the quantum dot system. Through detailed calculations, we analyze the strain effects on the conduction and valence bands, as well as the electron and hole energy spectrum within the core/shell quantum dots. The results highlight the significance of donor impurity position as a key factor in shaping the behaviors of impurity binding energy and diamagnetic susceptibility. Furthermore, our findings shed light on the potential for tuning the electronic properties of core/shell quantum dots through precise impurity positioning and strain engineering.

Effect of choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents on polyphenols extraction from cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) bean shells and antioxidant activity of extracts.

The effective extraction of natural compounds from cocoa bean shells using deep eutectic solvents could contribute to the sustainable valorization of this waste material. The objective of this study was to: (1) analyze the extraction kinetics of polyphenols released from cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) bean shells (CBS) by the solid-liquid extraction method using choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents (ChCl-DES) and their aqueous solutions; (2) investigate the effect of choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents (ChCl-DES) aqueous solutions on in-vitro antioxidant capacity and the main individual compounds of the extracts. ChCl-DES were prepared with lactic acid, glycerol, and ethylene glycol in a 1:2 ratio. Aqueous solutions (30%, 40%, and 50% water) to obtain solvents with different physicochemical properties were performed. The total phenolic content (TPC) was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The solution of Fick's law model for plate geometry particles was applied to fit the experimental data and calculate the effective diffusivity coefficient (De). The antioxidant capacity of the extracts was analyzed by a combination of 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging capacity and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The main bioactive compounds were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that the type of hydrogen bond donor influences the total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and the main individual compounds in the extracts. Moreover, the washing/diffusion mechanism adequately depicts the extraction kinetics data for total phenolic content. However, the influence of an additional mechanism that enhanced the extraction capacity of deep eutectic solvents compared with organic solvent was confirmed.

Nanocellulose from Cocoa Shell in Pickering Emulsions of Cocoa Butter in Water: Effect of Isolation and Concentration on Its Stability and Rheological Properties.

There is a growing interest in developing new strategies to completely or partially replace cocoa butter in food and cosmetic products due to its cost and health effects. One of these alternatives is to develop stable emulsions of cocoa butter in water. However, incorporating cocoa butter is challenging as it solidifies and forms crystals, destabilizing the emulsion through arrested coalescence. Prevention against this destabilization mechanism is significantly lower than against coalescence. In this research, the rheological properties of nanocellulose from cocoa shell, a by-product of the chocolate industry, were controlled through isolation treatments to produce nanocellulose with a higher degree of polymerization (DP) and a stronger three-dimensional network. This nanocellulose was used at concentrations of 0.7 and 1.0 wt %, to develop cocoa butter in-water Pickering emulsion using a high shear mixing technique. The emulsions remained stable for more than 15 days. Nanocellulose was characterized using attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), hot water and organic extractives, atomic force microscopy (AFM), degree of polymerization (DP), and rheological analysis. Subsequently, the emulsions were characterized on days 1 and 15 after their preparation through photographs to assess their physical stability. Fluorescent and electronic microscopy, as well as rheological analysis, were used to understand the physical properties of emulsions.

Bi-coloured enhanced luminescence imaging by targeted switch on/off laser MEF coupling for synthetic biosensing of nanostructured human serum albumin.

In this communication luminescent bioconjugated human serum albumin nanostructures (HSA NPs) with tiny ultraluminescent gold core-shell silica nanoparticles (Au@SiO2-Fl) were designed with enhanced bi-coloured luminescence properties. The HSA NPs were obtained from Human Serum Albumin free (HSA free) through the desolvation method, and Au@SiO2-Fl, through modified Turkevich and Störber methods. In this manner, porous HSA Nanostructures of 150.0-200 nm and Au@SiO2-Fl 45.0 nm final diameters were obtained. Both methodologies and structures were conjugated to obtain modified Nanocomposites based on tiny gold cores of 15 nm surrounded with well spatial Nanostructured architectures of HSA (d15 Au@SiO2-Fl-HSA) that generated variable nanopatterns depending on the modified methodology of synthesis applied within colloidal dispersions. Therefore, three methodologies of non-covalent conjugation were developed. In optimal conditions, through Transmission Electronic Microscopy (TEM), well resolved multilayered nano-architectures with a size 190.0-200 nm in average with variable contrast depending of the focused nanomaterial within the nanocomposite were shown. Optimized nanoarchitecture was based on a template tiny gold core-shell surrounded by nanostructured HSA NPs (d15 Au@SiO2-Fl-HSA). In this manner, the NanoImaging generated by laser fluorescence microscopy permitted to record improved optical properties and functionalities, such as: (i) enhanced ultraluminescent d15 Au@SiO2-Fl-HSA composites in comparison to individual components based on Metal Enhanced Fluorescence (MEF); (ii) diminished photobleaching; (iii) higher dispersibility; (iv) higher resolution of single bright nano-emitters of 210.0 nm sizes; and (v) enhanced bi-coloured Bio-MEF coupling with potential non-classical light delivery towards other non-optical active biostructures for varied applications. The characterization of these nanocomposites allowed the comparison, evaluation and discussion focused on new properties generated and functionalities based on the incorporation of different types of tuneable materials. In this context, the biocompatibility, Cargo confined spaces, protein-based materials, optical transparent could be highlighted, as well as optical active materials. Thus, the potential applications of nanotechnology to both nanomedicine and nano-pharmaceutics were discussed.