Ultra-high risk for psychosis stigma: an updated Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE: To clarify if stigma associated with schizophrenia has also been directed towards the ultra-high risk for psychosis (UHR) population, the present review aimed at synthetizing the existing literature to update and extend our understanding on the topic. METHODS: A systematic PRISMA-compliant review was performed in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane and Web of Science for articles published until 30/04/2023, using a combination of search terms describing the at-risk mental states for psychosis and stigma and correlated terms. RESULTS: Thirty-eight studies were included. Twenty-nine addressed UHR individuals directly, and 9 conducted interviews with non-patients regarding UHR. A total of 2560 UHR individuals were assessed; mean sample size was of 88.3 participants. Most of the studies were quantitative non-randomized/observational with young adults, 71.4% used SIPS (Structured Interview for Psychosis-risk Syndromes) and 25.0% used CAARMS (Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States). Overall, the summarized studies have mainly involved individuals already attending UHR clinics from Western and high income countries. Studies can be grouped into five forms of stigma, among which the most frequently explored was perceived public stigma, followed by public stigma, self-stigma/internalized stigma, stigma stress and associative stigma. The main study design was quantitative nonrandomized, with only one interventional study. Most of the results confirmed the presence of stigma toward UHR individuals and findings provide additional support to the fact that stigma seems to be present since the very early stages of the disease. CONCLUSION: There is still a paucity of research and knowledge gaps about UHR-related stigma. Nevertheless, results suggest the presence of stigma toward UHR individuals, supporting the fact that stigma is present since the early stages of psychosis.

Um Lótus ou um Dragão? - a orientalização e fetichização dos corpos das mulheres Asiáticas / A Lotus or a Dragon? - The orientalization and fetishization of Asian women's bodies

Resumo Este artigo provém das entrevistas realizadas com mulheres Chinesas residentes em Lisboa, com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 34 anos, no decorrer da primeira fase do trabalho de campo (2021/2022). Resultante do meu projeto de Doutoramento em Antropologia aqui busco compreender como mulheres asiáticas são observadas na experiência do quotidiano enquanto organismos fetichizados e como seguem (re)construindo as suas identidades. Percorrendo essencialmente representações visuais da "yellow fever" (o cinema de Hollywood em filmes como "O Mundo de Suzie Wong", "Madame Butterfly", "Miss Saigon" e "Year of the Dragon" e a pornografia inter-racial) procuro explorar como a "raça", a "fetichização sexual" e as imagens estereotipadas exaustivamente disseminadas, afetam a vida das minhas interlocutoras.

Abstract This article stems from interviews conducted with Chinese women residing in Lisbon, aged 18-34, during the initial phase of fieldwork (2021/2022). As an outcome of my Anthropology Ph.D. project, the focus here is on comprehending the perception of Asian women within the realm of everyday life as fetishized entities and how they persist in (re)shaping their identities. By primarily examining visual "yellow fever" depictions (in Hollywood cinema through films like "The World of Suzie Wong", "Madame Butterfly", "Miss Saigon", and the "Year of the Dragon", along with interracial Pornography), I endeavor to delve into the impact of "race", "sexual fetishization", and the ubiquitous propagation of stereotypical imagery on the lives of the individuals I engage with.

Stigma of ultra-high risk for psychosis: an updated systematic review

Objective: To determine whether the stigma associated with schizophrenia has also been directed towards people at ultra-high risk of psychosis (UHR), the present review aimed to synthetize the literature to update and extend our understanding of this topic. Methods: A systematic review compliant with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines was conducted in the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases for articles published until April 30, 2023, using a combination of search terms describing at-risk mental states for psychosis, stigma, and related terms. Results: Thirty-eight studies were included. Twenty-nine addressed individuals with UHR directly, and nine conducted interviews with non-patients regarding UHR. A total of 2,560 individuals with UHR were assessed, with a mean sample size of 88.3 participants. Most were quantitative non-randomized/observational studies with young adults, 71.4% used the Structured Interview for Psychosis-Risk Syndromes, and 25% used the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States. Overall, the studies mainly involved patients of UHR clinics from high-income Western countries. The described stigma can be grouped into five forms, the most frequently explored of which was perceived public stigma, followed by public stigma, self-stigma/internalized stigma, stigma stress, and associative stigma. Quantitative nonrandomized studies predominated: only one was an interventional study. Most of the results confirmed the presence of stigma toward individuals with UHR. Conclusion: Despite the knowledge gaps and scarcity of research on UHR-related stigma, the results suggest that stigma toward people with UHR exists and that it is already present at early stages of psychosis. Registration number: PROSPERO CRD42022332037.

Mating behavior of Pseudococcus calceolariae and Pseudococcus longispinus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae): are asexual reproduction and hybridization possible?

The study of insect reproduction is important from both basic and applied perspectives, particularly in mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), because of the diversity of reproduction modes and also because they are important agricultural pests. Sex pheromone control strategies are currently being developed for many species. Pseudococcus calceolariae (Maskell) and Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti) are closely related species that often coexist in the same host plant. In this study, mating behavior, the possible occurrence of asexual reproduction, and hybridization between them were investigated. We confirmed that both species did not show asexual reproduction and required the presence of a male to reproduce. When couples of the same species were put together, males had a highly stereotyped mating behavior, and females showed an active role in mating success by accepting or rejecting males with abdominal movements. In hybridization trials, no progeny was obtained for any of the interspecific combinations. Moreover, in interspecific pairs, males mainly moved randomly in the arena without direct contact with females and females showed no willingness to mate, escape, or not move in the presence of the male. Therefore, courtship and copulation success in both species were directly related to the specificity of the mating pair and, there was no evidence of hybridization. This information is useful for the understanding of reproduction in this family and supports the development of management techniques based on sex pheromones to disrupt reproduction or to monitor these mealybug species populations.

Psychometric Properties of and Measurement Invariance in the Questionnaire of Stereotypes Toward Older Adulthood in Health Care College Students and Health Professionals of Colombia: Psychometric Study.

BACKGROUND: In health professionals, negative stereotypes toward older adulthood have been associated with the difficulty in recognizing pathological processes and the refusal to care for older patients because of assuming that communication with them will be uncomfortable and frustrating. For these reasons, research on stereotypes in these groups has acquired growing importance. The usual strategy to identify and evaluate agist stereotypes is to use scales and questionnaires. Although multiple scales are currently used, in Latin America, the Questionnaire for the Evaluation of Negative Stereotypes Toward Older Adulthood (Cuestionario de Estereotipos Negativos sobre la Vejez [CENVE]), developed in Spain, is widely used but without evidence of construct validity in our context. In addition, although in the original version, a factorial structure of 3 factors was found, in later studies, a unifactorial structure was obtained. OBJECTIVE: The objective is to study the construct validity of the CENVE in a sample of Colombian health personnel to clarify its factorial structure and concurrent validity. Likewise, the measurement invariance according to gender and age was studied. METHODS: A nonprobabilistic sample of 877 Colombian health professionals and intern health students was obtained. The data were collected online using the LimeSurvey tool. To study the factor structure of the CENVE, 2 confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models were carried out, one to test a single factor and the other to test the 3-related-factor structure. The factor measurement reliability was evaluated with the composite reliability index (CRI) and the average variance extracted (AVE). The measurement invariance was studied according to gender (men and women) and age (emerging adults, 18-29 years old, and adults, 30 years old or older). Using a structural equation model, the relationship between age and the latent CENVE total score was studied to obtain evidence of concurrent validity, since studies indicate that the younger the age, the greater the number of stereotypes. RESULTS: The 1-factor structure was confirmed. The reliability results indicated that both indices show adequate values. Likewise, the existence of a strong invariance in measurement by gender and age group was verified. After contrasting the means of the groups, the results showed that men show more negative stereotypes toward old age than women. Likewise, emerging adults also showed more stereotypes than adults. We also verified that age is inversely related to the latent score of the questionnaire, such that the younger the age, the greater the stereotype. These results are in agreement with those obtained by other authors. CONCLUSIONS: The CENVE shows good construct and concurrent validity, as well as good reliability, and it can be used to assess stereotypes toward older adulthood in Colombian health professionals and health sciences college students. This will allow us to better understand the effect of stereotypes on agism.

Gender Stereotype Threat Undermines Dance Performance and Learning in Boys.

The objective of the present study was to examine the effects of gender stereotype on the performance and learning of a classical ballet pirouette in 11-year-old boys. Participants in the stereotype threat (ST) group were informed that, in general, boys tend to show worse results when completing the pirouette task in comparison to girls. Participants in the stereotype lift (SL) group were told that girls tend to show worse results in comparison to boys. The control group did not receive stereotype instructions. The results demonstrated worse performance during practice and retention (next day) for the ST group relative to the SL and control groups; the SL and control groups did not differ. The findings indicate that gender stereotype threat can undermine motor performance and learning in boys.

Primary health care, access to legal abortion and the notion of ideal victim among medical practitioners: The case of Chile.

In 2017, Chile enacted new legislation allowing access to legal abortion on three grounds, including rape. This article summarizes a qualitative, exploratory study that examined the role of primary healthcare services in the treatment of rape survivors in order to identify challenges and strengths in accessing legal abortion. The relevant data was collected through 19 semi-structured interviews conducted with key informants. The angry legislative debate that preceded enactment of the 2017 abortion bill evidenced the presence of strong biases against survivors of sexual violence. At the time, abortion opponents sought, inter alia, to discredit women who report rape, arguing that such claims would be misused to secure illicit abortions. In actual fact, however, rape has turned out to be the least used of all grounds for abortion, with girls and teens making up the smallest group of seekers. This article presents our findings on rape-related issues, notably the biases and shortcomings of medical practitioners regarding the new abortion law. We noted with concern their failure to screen for sexual violence and propensity to stigmatize the victims, a phenomenon that becomes exacerbated when it involves particularly vulnerable populations, such as girls and women who are poor, homeless, migrant, or who abuse alcohol or drugs. We further noted that prevalent stereotypes based on the notion of the ideal victim can revictimize girls and women and work to defeat the intent of the law. In Chile, the primary healthcare system is a key point of entry for abortion. In this highly charged arena, however, lack of political will, compounded by the COVID-19 pandemic, have kept health care practitioners from undergoing timely, gender-sensitive training on the new law, a key requirement for ensuring dignified care and respect for women's rights. We conclude that if government policy is to prevent multiple, intersectional discrimination, it must recognize the diversity of women and adapt to their specific contexts and singularities.

Estereotipos negativos sobre la vejez en estudiantes de enfermería / Negative stereotypes about aging among nursing students / Estereótipos negativ os sobre a velhice em estudantes de enfermagem

Introducción: En el siglo XXI, se asiste a una situación singular, que convierte el envejecimiento poblacional en uno de los retos más importantes para las sociedades modernas. Los mitos y estereotipos trasmitidos intergeneracionalmente acerca de esta etapa inciden en la calidad de atención ofrecida a este grupo.Objetivo: evaluar la transformación de los estereotipos sobre la vejez en estudiantes de segundo año del curso técnico de enfermería antes y después de impartir la unidad sobre envejecimiento.Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo cuantitativo. Se utilizó el Cuestionario de estereotipos negativos hacia la vejez (CENVE). Se incluyeron todos los estudiantes de formación técnica de Enfermería de segundo año (80), de ambos sexos, y de este año de formación, por que poseían alguna noción sobre el tema de atención al adulto mayor. Participaron en la pre intervención el 100% de los estudiantes (80), al realizar la post intervención se trabajo con 74 estudiantes por salida de 6 del estudio los cuales causaron baja de la carrera. Se calculó el promedio y el porcentaje como métodos descriptivos. Se realizó el procesamiento estadístico de las bases de datos elaborados mediante microcomputadora personal con sistema operativo Windows XP con ayuda de paquete SPSS para Windows. Versión 21.0.Resultados: la prevalencia del estereotipo negativo global en la muestra estudiada fue del 46,5 % en el pretest (p1) y del 52,3 % en la postest (p2); el factor Salud pasó del 63,5 % (p1) al 19,2 %(p2); el factor Motivacional-social, del 43,1 % (p1) al 24,9 % (p2) y el factor Carácter-personalidad, del 58,3 % (p1) al 43,8 % (p2). Se realizó la prueba t de student apareada que confirma que las diferencias no eran estadísticamente significativas y se confirmó que la intervención no fue tan eficaz como se esperaba en la transformación de estereotipos negativos.Conclusiones: existen estereotipos negativos hacia la vejez en los estudiantes de enfermería de la muestra estudiada. Es necesario crear nuevas herramientas de aprendizaje y mejorar las existentes para ofrecer un ambiente de apoyo para desarrollar una actitud y aptitud positiva frente a las personas mayores.

Introduction: In the 21st century, we are witnessing a unique situation, which makes population aging one of the most important challenges for modern societies. Myths and stereotypes intergenerationally perpetuated about this life stage affect the quality of care provided to this population group. Objective: To evaluate the transformation of stereotypes about aging in second-year students of the nursing assistant course before and after teaching the module on aging.Methods: A quantitative descriptive study was conducted. The Questionnaire to Assess Negative Stereotypes About Aging (CENVE for its acronym in Spanish) was used. All second-year nursing assistant students (80) of both sexes were included in the study as they had some knowledge of elder care. Of the students, 100% (80) participated in the pre-intervention. The post-intervention was done with 74 students since six withdrew from the study because they dropped out of the nursing program. Means and percentages were calculated as descriptive methods. Statistical analysis of the databases was performed using a personal laptop computer with the Windows XP system and the SPSS package for Windows, Version 21.0.Results: The overall prevalence of negative stereotypes was 46.5% in the pretest (p1) and 52.3% in the posttest (p2). The health factor went from 63.5% (p1) to 19.2% (p2); the motivation and social factor, from 43.1 % (p1) to 24.9 % (p2), and the character-personality factor, from 58.3 % (p1) to 43.8 % (p2). A paired Student's t-test was used, confirming that the differences were not statistically significant; therefore, the intervention was not as effective as expected in transforming negative stereotypes.Conclusions: There are negative stereotypes about aging in the nursing students of the studied sample. It is necessary to create new learning tools and improve existing ones to provide a supportive environment to develop a positive attitude and aptitude towards the elderly

Introdução: No século XXI, assistimos a uma situação única, que faz do envelhecimento populacional um dos desafios mais importantes para as sociedades modernas. Os mitos e estereótipos transmitidos intergeracionalmente sobre essa fase afetam a qualidade do cuidado oferecido a esse grupo.Objetivo: avaliar a transformação dos estereótipos sobre a velhice em alunos do segundo ano do curso técnico de enfermagem antes e após o ensino da unidade sobre envelhecimento.Método: foi realizado um estudo quantitativo descritivo. Utilizou-se o Questionário de estereótipos negativos em relação à velhice (CENVE). Incluíram-se todos os alunos do segundo ano do curso técnico de Enfermagem (80), de ambos os sexos, e deste ano do curso, por terem alguma noção sobre o tema cuidado ao idoso. 100% dos alunos participaram da pré-intervenção (80) e 74 alunos foram avaliados na pós-intervenção, devido à saída de 6 do estudo, o que os fez desistir da prova. A média e a porcentagem foram calculadas como métodos descritivos. O processamento estatístico das bases de dados foi realizado em microcomputador pessoal com sistema operacional Windows XP com auxílio do pacote SPSS para Windows. Versão 21.0.Resultados: a prevalência do estereótipo global negativo na amostra estudada foi de 46,5% no pré-teste (p1) e 52,3% no pós-teste (p2); o fator Saúde passou de 63,5% (p1) para 19,2% (p2); o fator Motivacional-social, de 43,1% (p1) a 24,9% (p2) e o fator Caráter-personalidade, de 58,3% (p1) a 43,8% (p2). Foi realizado o teste t de Student pareado, confirmando que as diferenças não foram estatisticamente significativas e confirmando que a intervenção não foi tão eficaz quanto o esperado na transformação de estereótipos negativos.Conclusões: existem estereótipos negativos em relação à velhice nos estudantes de enfermagem da amostra estudada. É preciso criar novas ferramentas de aprendizado e melhorar as existentes para oferecer um ambiente de apoio ao desenvolvimento de uma atitude e aptidão positiva em relação aos idosos.

Evaluación de las actitudes hacia la sexualidad del adulto mayor en una comunidad rural

Introducción: La sexualidad sigue siendo un tabú ante la sociedad, especialmente en la etapa del adulto mayor. Objetivo: Evaluar las actitudes hacia la sexualidad del adulto mayor, en una comunidad rural del Estado de Hidalgo. Material y Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo-descriptivo y transversal. La muestra estuvo constituida por 182 adultos mayores de un municipio rural en el Estado de Hidalgo, a quienes se les aplicó el cuestionario de actitudes hacia la sexualidad en la vejez. Resultados: La muestra tuvo un rango de edad entre 60 y 96 años. Se identificó que 56,6 % del total de los adultos mayores presentan actitudes negativas. La actitud hacia la sexualidad resultó tener diferencias significativas respecto a la edad (p< 0,05), estado civil (p< 0,05) y entorno social (p< 0,001). Por otra parte, los prejuicios y los mitos hacia la sexualidad tuvieron una correlación alta con la actitud de los adultos mayores hacia su sexualidad. Además, los encuestados hacen mención que los problemas con la sexualidad tienen que ver con el proceso del envejecimiento (57,7 %), las enfermedades (62,6 %) y los tratamientos médicos en la vejez (53,3 %). Conclusiones: En general, la actitud que tienen los adultos mayores hacia su sexualidad es negativa, donde a mayor edad presentan una actitud más negativa, así como los adultos mayores que viven solos, son viudos o divorciados. Los mitos y los prejuicios hacia la sexualidad en el adulto mayor tienen un papel importante en la actitud sobre este tema.

Introduction: Sexuality continues to be a taboo to society, especially in the older adult stage. Objective: To evaluate the attitudes towards sexuality among the elderly in a rural community of Hidalgo State. Material and Methods: Quantitative-descriptive and cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 182 older adults from a rural community in Hidalgo State, to whom the Questionnaire on Attitudes Towards Sexuality in Old Age (CASV) and sociodemographic variables were applied. Results: The sample had an age range between 60 and 96 years old. It was identified that 56.6 % of all older adults, present negative attitudes. The attitude towards sexuality turned out to have significant differences with respect to age (p< 0.05), marital status (p< 0.05), and social environment (p< 0.001). On the other hand, prejudices and myths towards sexuality had a high correlation with the attitude of older adults towards their sexuality. In addition, the older adults surveyed mention that the problems with sexuality depend on aging (57.7 %), diseases (62.6 %); and medical treatments in old age (53.3 %). Conclusions: In general, older adults have a negative attitude towards sexuality, where the older they are the more negative attitude they have, as well as those who live alone, are widowed, or divorced. The myths and prejudices towards sexuality in the elderly play an important role in the attitude on this subject.

Violencia institucional de género en el sistema jurídico colombiano / Institutional Gender-Based Violence in the Colombian Legal System

Resumen En este texto se develan los modos en que se expresa la violencia género en las estructuras jurídicas de tratamiento legal a las denuncias de las mujeres víctimas de maltratos en relaciones de pareja en Colombia. Las actuaciones y fallos judiciales referidos a estos casos derivan en acciones de revictimización e inoperancia de la justicia, que perpetúan las lógicas de dominación masculina y de daño moral a las mujeres. Mientras el sistema normativo colombiano no reconozca que en sí mismo, constituye una de las estructuras elementales del patriarcado, será ineficaz en garantizarles a las mujeres una vida libre de violencias.

Abstract: This text unveils the ways in which gender violence is expressed in the legal structures of legal treatment to the complaints of women victims of abuse in intimate partner relationships in Colombia. Judicial actions and rulings in these cases result in actions of revictimization and ineffectiveness of justice, which perpetuate the logic of male domination and moral damage to women. As long as the Colombian normative system does not recognize that it constitutes one of the elemental structures of patriarchy, it will be ineffective in guaranteeing women a life free of violence.

Diferencias y similitudes generacionales de enfermeras asturianas de los siglos xx y xxi desde la perspectiva de género / Generational Differences and Similitudes among Austrian Nurses from the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries Based on a Gender Perceptive

Introducción: El siglo pasado facilita el acceso al legado que pueden aportar diferentes generaciones de profesionales de enfermería en distintos entornos de salud. Cuatro generaciones de enfermeras asturianas pudieron coincidir en un mismo grupo de trabajo y al analizar el tiempo histórico que le ha correspondido a cada una, se observa una gran diferencia tanto a nivel teórico como práctico y tecnológico en la manera de administrar los cuidados. Objetivo: Identificar las diferencias o similitudes generacionales existentes entre la percepción de roles paradomésticos de cuatro generaciones de enfermeras asturianas y su nivel de dependencia del poder médico desde una perspectiva de género. Métodos: Se ha partido de los principios del paradigma hermenéutico orientando la investigación desde la perspectiva aportada por la historia social y cultural. La muestra ha estado integrada por enfermeras asturianas pertenecientes a la generación de Veteranos, Baby Boom, Generación X y Millennials. Se realizaron 40 entrevistas desde febrero de 2018 hasta abril del 2020. Para el análisis de datos se utilizó el modelo estructural dialéctico de los cuidados y para el análisis de datos cualitativo el software Atlas ti 7. Resultados: Emergieron 3 categorías: unidad funcional, marco funcional y elemento funcional. Sobresalen las diferentes expectativas en el uso de la tecnología informática de las distintas generaciones. Las enfermeras Millennials perciben su valoración como miembro importante del equipo de salud, sobre todo por parte de los médicos más jóvenes. Tras la pandemia de la COVID-19 la enfermería se ve reforzada como una fuerza laboral feminizada. Conclusión: Las enfermeras Millennial a pesar de reconocer el servilismo aún vigente dentro de la profesión de enfermería, apuestan por el cambio y la lucha del reconocimiento de su labor, a nivel social y profesional(AU)

Introduction: The past century facilitates access to the legacy that can be provided by different generations of nursing professionals in different health care settings. Four generations of Asturian nurses could coincide in the same work group and, upon analyzing the historical time that has corresponded to each one, a great difference was observed at the theoretical, practical and technological levels regarding the way of providing care. Objective: To identify the generational differences or similarities between perception of paradomestic roles of four generations of Asturian nurses and their level of dependence on medical power from a gender perspective. Methods: The start has been the principles of the hermeneutic paradigm, orienting the research from the perspective provided by social and cultural history. The sample was composed of Asturian nurses belonging to the generation of veterans, baby boomers, generation X and millennials. Forty interviews were conducted from February 2018 to April 2020. The dialectical structural model of care was used for data analysis, while the ATLAS.ti 7 software was used for qualitative data analysis. Results: Three categories emerged: functional unit, functional framework and functional element. The different expectations in the use of information technology by the different generations stand out. Millennial nurses perceive their valuation based on the fact that they are an important member of the healthcare team, especially by the opinion of younger physicians. In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, nursing is reinforced as a feminized workforce. Conclusion: Millennial nurses, despite recognizing the subservience that still exists within the nursing profession, are committed to change and the struggle for recognition of their work, both socially and professionally(AU)

Effects of Gender Stereotypes on Balance Performance and Learning in Men.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of gender stereotypes on the performance and learning of a balance task in men. Before practice, forty-eight participants received instructions involving the comparison of balance between males and females: males normally perform worse than females (stereotype threat condition - ST), females usually perform worse than males (stereotype lift condition - SL), or no instructions regarding gender stereotypes (control condition). One day later, they performed a retention test. The results show that the SL group outperformed the other groups during practice, but not retention. ST participants reported lower perceived competence. The findings show that gender stereotypes can affect perceptions of competence and balance performance, but not balance learning, in men.

Are Dietitians With Obesity Perceived as Competent and Warm? Applying the Stereotype Content Model to Weight Stigma in Brazil.

The aim of this study was to understand how dietitians' body size influences perceived competence and warmth, based on the Stereotype Content Model (SCM). Online data were collected from 1,039 Brazilians, who were either laypeople, registered dietitians, or nutrition students. Participants rated the competence and warmth dimensions of three dietitians who differed in sex, body weight, and age. Participants also indicated how likelythey would consult or recommend each dietitian for nutritional advice, and indicated their attitudes toward people with obesity (PWO) [using The Antifat Attitudes Test (AFAT)]. Laypeople attributed less competence and warmth to all profiles compared to dietitians and students (p < 0.001). Three clusters occupied the SCM warmth-by-competence space. However, the clusters were different among groups (laypeople, dietitians, and students). For lay participants, the woman without overweight, the older woman, and the older man were located in the high competence/medium warmth cluster. Meanwhile, the woman with obesity was located in the medium competence/high warmth cluster. The dietitians and students map found the woman with obesity and the older woman in a high competence and warmth cluster. In general, the woman with obesity, the man without obesity, and the older man can be classified as ambivalent stereotypes, the woman being perceived as more warm than competent and the men more competent than warm. Participants with high AFAT scores were less likely to consult or recommend to a family member a dietitian with obesity. This study contributes to identifying ambivalent stereotypes for dietitians. Dietitians with obesity can be seen as warm but less competent. Also, although less intense than laypeople, dietitians, and students exhibited weight stigma. These findings can foster important discussions about weight stigma and emphasize the need to increase population awareness about the causes of obesity.

Perceptions of the return to face-to-face education and reconfiguration of the domestic burden of university teachers during Covid-19 post-pandemic times / Percepciones sobre el retorno a la educación presencial y la reconfiguración de la carga doméstica de docentes universitarias en tiempos de pospandemia por covid-19 / Percepções sobre o retorno ao ensino presencial e a reconfiguração do Sobrecarga doméstica de professores universitários em tempos pós-pandemia devido à covid-19

Introduction: After a year and a half of contingency measures due to the Covid-19 virus in Colombia, by 2022 there was a return to face-to-face sessions in the educational field. This return to work implied a process of psychological adaptation to social distancing measures and to face-to-face work routines, and changes in domestic dynamics that were set during teachers' teleworking. Objective: To describe the perception of the return to face-to-face work and reconfiguration of the domestic burden of university teachers. Materials and Methods: The study approach was qualitative with a phenomenological design. The participating population were teachers in the higher education field in the city of Popayán (Colombia). Results and Conclusions: We found a favorable perception of teachers regarding the return to face-to-face work, as well as expectations about the reduction of the workload that allows quality time with their families; however, there was no evidence of an attempt to distribute these tasks evenly amongst the household members, despite the shared family experience during the preventive isolation.

Introducción: En Colombia, para el 2022 se estableció el retorno a la presencialidad en el sector educativo luego de la contingencia por el virus por covid-19. Este retorno implica un proceso de adaptación psicológica a las medidas de distanciamiento social y a las rutinas de trabajo presencial y cambios en las dinámicas domésticas que se establecieron durante el teletrabajo de docentes. Objetivo: Describir la percepción sobre el retorno a la labor presencial y la reconfiguración de la carga doméstica de docentes universitarias. Materiales y métodos: El enfoque del estudio fue cualitativo de diseño fenomenológico. La población participante fueron docentes de educación superior de la ciudad de Popayán (Colombia). Resultados y conclusiones: Se encontró una percepción favorable de las docentes frente al retorno de la presencialidad, así como expectativas sobre la disminución de la carga laboral que permita el tiempo de calidad en familia; sin embargo, no se evidenció una intención de distribución equitativa de las labores domésticas del hogar, a pesar de la experiencia compartida en familia durante el aislamiento preventivo.

Introdução: Na Colômbia, o regresso ao trabalho presencial no sector da educação foi estabelecido para 2022 após a contingência do vírus COVID-19. Este regresso implica um processo de adaptação psicológica às medidas de distanciamento social e rotinas de trabalho presencial e mudanças nas dinâmicas domésticas que foram estabelecidas durante o teletrabalho dos professores. Objetivo: Descrever a percepção do regresso ao trabalho presencial e a reconfiguração da carga de trabalho doméstico das professoras universitárias. Materiais e métodos: A abordagem do estudo foi qualitativa com um modelo fenomenológico. A população participante era de professores do ensino superior na cidade de Popayán (Colômbia). Resultados e conclusões: Encontrámos uma percepção favorável das professoras quanto ao regresso do ensino presencial, bem como expectativas quanto à diminuição da carga de trabalho que permi- tiria um tempo de qualidade para a família; contudo, não havia evidência de uma intenção de distribuição equitativa das tarefas domésticas em casa, apesar da experiência partilhada na família durante o isolamento preventivo.

Revisión de la Literatura sobre el Tema de la Influencia del Género en la Identificación y Desarrollo de Alumnas Talentosas / Literature Review on the Topic of the Influence of Gender on the Identification and Development of Gifted Female Students

RESUMEN: La influencia del género en la identificación y desarrollo de alumnas talentosas ha sido un tema medianamente estudiado por la comunidad científica. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una revisión sistemática de literatura en Scopus, Web of Science y ProQuest entre 2010-2020. El estudio comprendió dos partes. La primera llevó a identificar el estado del arte circunscrito a 148 artículos científicos, de los cuales se seleccionaron cinco para un estudio más detallado. La segunda buscó responder preguntas sobre tendencias actuales. Los hallazgos permiten afrmar que las tendencias se orientan hacia la formación de infantes talentosos en educación primaria y secundaria. De igual manera, la condición de raza representa una limitante en el desarrollo académico de mujeres talentosas. Por otro lado, se encontró que los estereotipos de género continúan siendo la base del trato de padres y profesores hacia mujeres talentosas. Al respecto, la disparidad de género en la universidad se presentó como una situación recurrente en las investigaciones analizadas. En este sentido, persiste entre los padres de jóvenes talentosos la idea de considerar a las Matemáticas y las Ciencias Naturales disciplinas principalmente masculinas. Esta situación condiciona la autopercepción académica de mujeres talentosas. De igual forma, se encuentran artículos que hacen referencia a la experiencia de aprendizaje desde un enfoque cognitivo. Por último, se detectó una dimisión en la producción científica en el tema de niños y jóvenes talentosos en los últimos años.

ABSTRACT: The influence of gender on the identification and development of gifted female students has been a moderately studied topic by the scientific community. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature in Scopus, Web of Science and ProQuest between 2010-2020. The study consists of two parts. The first led to the identification of the state of the art limited to 148 scientific articles, of which fve were selected for further study. The second sought to answer questions about current trends. The findings allow us to afrm that the trends are oriented towards the formation of gifted infants in primary and secondary education. Likewise, the race condition represents a limitation in the academic development of gifted women. On the other hand, it was found that gender stereotypes continue to be the basis of the treatment of gifted women by parents and teachers. In this sense, the gender disparity in the university appeared as a recurring situation in the analyzed research. In this sense, the idea of considering Mathematics and Natural Sciences as predominantly male disciplines persists among the parents of gifted young people. This situation conditions the academic self-perception of outstanding women. Likewise, there are articles that refer to the learning experience from a cognitive approach. Finally, in recent years a resignation has been detected in scientific production regarding gifted children.

Emociones, creencias y actitudes del personal asistencial hacia habitantes de calle que usan drogas en Medellín, Colombia / Emotions, beliefs and attitudes of healthcare workers towards homeless who use drugs in Medellín, Colombia / Emoções, crenças e atitudes do pessoal de assistência social com os moradores de rua que usam drogas em Medellín, Colômbia

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar algunos aspectos relacionados con el estigma de personal asistencial hacia habitantes de calle consumidores de sustancias psicoactivas. Metodología: Para lograr este objetivo, se llevó a cabo un estudio cualitativo, con enfoque hermenéutico y de alcance descriptivo, mediante el análisis categorial de las transcripciones de las grabaciones de los discursos de dos grupos focales con 32 participantes, miembros del Sistema de Atención al Habitante de Calle Adulto de Medellín, Colombia. La sistematización y la codificación del análisis se hicieron en un archivo de Excel®, destacándose la emergencia de las categorías: "emociones", "creencias" y "actitudes". Resultados: En los discursos de los participantes, se reiteran contenidos ambivalentes de los estigmas hacia esta población. Por una parte, la frustración en su trabajo, como principal emoción que coincide con las creencias de desconfianza y actitudes evasivas hacia ellos; y, por otro, los sentimientos de gratificación por la labor realizada, acordes con posturas más protectoras y pacientes durante el acompañamiento, pero que no se alejan de un ideal moralista de cero consumos. Conclusión: Reconocer y discutir abiertamente sobre el estigma podría orientar otras formas más humanizadas en la labor con este tipo de población, en tanto se devela que el rol profesional no nos exime del prejuicio, el estereotipo y la discriminación.

Abstract Objective: To identify some aspects related to the stigma of healthcare workers towards the homeless who consume psychoactive substances. Methodology: To achieve this objective, a qualitative study with a hermeneutic approach and descriptive scope was carried out, through the categorical analysis of transcriptions of recorded speeches from two focus groups comprised of 32 participants, members of the System of Attention to the Homeless Adult in Medellín, Colombia. Systematization and analysis encoding were performed in an Excel ® file, highlighting the presence of categories: "emotions", "beliefs" and "attitudes". Results: Ambivalent contents of the stigma towards this population are frequent in participant's speeches. On the one hand, the frustration about healthcare work, as the main emotion that coincides with the beliefs of distrust and evasive attitudes towards the homeless. On the other hand, the feelings of gratification for the work done and the presence of more protective and forbearing attitudes, but that do not alienate from the moralistic ideal of zero consumption. Conclusion: Recognizing and openly discussing stigma could guide more humanized ways of working with this type of population, as it is showed that the healthcare role does not exempt them from prejudice, stereotype and discrimination.

Resumo Objetivo: Identificar alguns aspectos relacionados ao estigma do pessoal de assistência social com os moradores de rua consumidores de substâncias psicoativas. Metodologia: Para alcançar este objetivo, foi realizado um estudo qualitativo, com abordagem hermenêutica e âmbito descritivo, através da análise categorial das transcrições das gravações dos discursos de dois grupos focais com 32 participantes, membros do Sistema de Atenção ao Morador de Rua Adulto de Medellín, Colômbia. A sistematização e a codificação da análise foram feitas num arquivo Excel®, destacando-se a emergência das categorias: "emoções", "crenças" e "atitudes". Resultados: Os participantes reiteraram em suas falas, conteúdos ambivalentes dos estigmas dessa população. Por um lado, a frustração em seu trabalho, com emoção principal que coincide com as crenças de desconfiança e atitudes evasivas com eles; e por outro, os sentimentos de gratidão pelo trabalho realizado, de acordo com posturas mais protetoras e pacientes durante o acompanhamento, mas que não se distanciam de um ideal moralista de consumo zero. Conclusão: Reconhecer e discutir abertamente o estigma poderia orientar outras formas mais humanizadas no trabalho com este tipo de população, e ao mesmo tempo se revela que o compromisso profissional não os exime do preconceito, o estereótipo e a discriminação.

Facing Racism and Sexism in Science by Fighting Against Social Implicit Bias: A Latina and Black Woman's Perspective.

The editors of several major journals have recently asserted the importance of combating racism and sexism in science. This is especially relevant now, as the COVID-19 pandemic may have led to a widening of the gender and racial/ethnicity gaps. Implicit bias is a crucial component in this fight. Negative stereotypes that are socially constructed in a given culture are frequently associated with implicit bias (which is unconscious or not perceived). In the present article, we point to scientific evidence that shows the presence of implicit bias in the academic community, contributing to strongly damaging unconscious evaluations and judgments of individuals or groups. Additionally, we suggest several actions aimed at (1) editors and reviewers of scientific journals (2) people in positions of power within funding agencies and research institutions, and (3) members of selection committees to mitigate this effect. These recommendations are based on the experience of a group of Latinx American scientists comprising Black and Latina women, teachers, and undergraduate students who participate in women in science working group at universities in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. With this article, we hope to contribute to reflections, actions, and the development of institutional policies that enable and consolidate diversity in science and reduce disparities based on gender and race/ethnicity.

Explicit and implicit activation of gender stereotypes additively impair soccer performance and learning in women.

AbstractStudies involving the manipulation of instructions regarding the negative characteristics of a group or comparisons with members of another group (explicit activation of stereotypes) have shown that age, weight, and gender stereotypes can be harmful to motor performance and learning. To date, however, no study has observed whether implicit stereotype threats, such as the sex of the coach or experimenter, can also influence the acquisition of motor skills. In the present study, the individual and combined impact of implicit and explicit influences of gender stereotype on women's soccer performance and learning was examined. In a 2 × 2 design, 60 women were divided into four groups according to the presence or absence of explicit (ES) and implicit (IS) stereotypes: ES/IS, ES, IS, and control. The groups with implicit activation practiced in the presence of a male experimenter. The groups with explicit activation received instructions activating the gender negative stereotype. The control group practiced without stereotype activations. The results showed that both explicit and implicit activation additively impaired soccer performance and learning, with both main effects being significant for practice and retention. The ES/IS group showed lower scores on the task relative to the other groups, while the ES and IS groups showed worse scores compared with the control group. The findings suggest that stigmatised populations may be forced to cope with more than one social identity threat while learning sport motor skills and indicate the importance of further studies testing strategies to minimise the deleterious effects of negative stereotypes.

Towards diversity in science - a glance at gender disparity in the Brazilian Society of Neuroscience and Behavior (SBNeC)

Gender equity is far from being achieved in most academic institutions worldwide. Women representation in scientific leadership faces multiple obstacles. Implicit bias and stereotype threat are considered important driving forces concerning gender disparities. Negative cultural stereotypes of weak scientific performance, unrelated to true capacity, are implicitly associated with women and other social groups, influencing, without awareness, attitudes and judgments towards them. Meetings of scientific societies are the forum in which members from all stages of scientific careers are brought together. Visibility in the scientific community stems partly from presenting research as a speaker. Here, we investigated gender disparities in the Brazilian Society of Neuroscience and Behavior (SBNeC). Across the 15 mandates (1978-2020), women occupied 30% of the directory board posts, and only twice was a woman president. We evaluated six meetings held between 2010 and 2019. During this period, the membership of women outnumbered that of men in all categories. A total of 57.50% of faculty members, representing the potential pool of speakers and chairs, were female. Compared to this expected value, female speakers across the six meetings were scarce in full conferences (χ2(5)=173.54, P<0.001) and low in symposia (χ2(5)=36.92, P<0.001). Additionally, women chaired fewer symposia (χ2(5)=47.83, P<0.001). Furthermore, men-chaired symposia had significantly fewer women speakers than women-chaired symposia (χ2(1)=56.44, P<0.001). The gender disparities observed here are similar to those in other scientific societies worldwide, urging them to lead actions to pursue gender balance and diversity. Diversity leads not only to fairness but also to higher-quality science.