Factores relacionados con la higiene personal de la calle niños en el sitio de disposición final de residuos en Distrito de Mangagala, ciudad de Makassar, Indonesia / Factors related to personal hygiene of street children in the final waste disposal site in Manggala district, Makassar city, Indonesia

Background. Street children are a real phenomenon in everyday life that cause complex social and health problems, dirty appearance, come from poor families, slum settlements or even street children do not have a place to live. The number of homeless people, beggars and street children has decreased, there were 990 street children and homeless people with beggars in Makassar City in 2012. There were 798 street children in Makassar City in 2016 who were recorded by Social Service officers from a number of points. Makassar road with various problems. This number includes 257 street children, 249 homeless and beggars, 58 buskers, 41 prostitutes, 5 transgender women, 63 drug users, and 125 mental disorders. The results of the observations of street children were found with traffic light and garbage disposal sites. These places are often found with dirty, dirty appearance, dirty clothes, smelly, unkempt hair, dirty hands, not wearing sandals and sometimes they eat without washing their hands, which can cause health problems for street children. Based on this background, the researcher is interested in examining the factors related to the personal hygiene of street children in the final waste disposal site in Manggala District, Makassar City. Material and Methods. The research is analytic observation using the Cross-Sectional study. The study was conducted in 21 October 2019 - 31 December 2019. The population was the patients with street children numbered 88 people, a purposive sampling technique was applied through chic square, uji continuity correction and multiple logistic regression analysis. Results. The results showed that the variables age, gender, education and knowledge had a relationship with personal hygiene (pvalue 0.035), the R-square value was 0.897, which means that the ability of the independent variable to explain the dependent variable was 89.7% and 10.3% explained. by factors other than variables. Conclusion. Knowledge variable has a significant effect on personal hygiene (pvalue <0.001), the magnitude of the influence is indicated by the value of Exp (B) 26.6, which means that street children who are knowledgeable are at least 26.6 times less likely to have personal hygiene than street children with good knowledge

Multiple traumas and resilience among street children in Haiti: Psychopathology of survival.

In Haiti, as in several developing countries, the phenomenon of street children has become a major public health issue. These children are often victims of traumas and adverse life events. This article aimed to investigate traumas experienced by street children and their coping and resilience strategies used to deal with adversities in a logic of survival, relying on a mixed method approach. A group of 176 street children, aged 7-18 (n = 21 girls), recruited in Port-au-Prince, completed measures assessing PTSD, social support and resilience. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to document traumatic experiences, factors related to resilience and coping strategies. After performing statistical analyses to evaluate prevalence and predictors associated with PTSD, and level of social support satisfaction and resilience, qualitative analysis using a grounded theory approach was conducted. Results showed that street children experienced multiple traumas such as neglect, maltreatment, psychological, physical and sexual abuse. However, they also showed self-efficacy to face their traumatic experiences and few of them (less than 15%) obtained scores reaching clinical rates of PTSD, while a large majority presented a level of resilience between moderate to very high. A socio-ecological model of multiple traumas and a model of coping, survival and resilience strategies are conceptualized. Data provide a better understanding of the traumas experienced by street children, their coping and resilience strategies. Results underscore ways to develop practices to offer psychological support, social and vocational integration based on the real needs of these children, in a perspective of social justice.

Crianças em situação de rua: malabares da exclusão

Este artigo discute os comportamentos de crianças em situação de rua, que frequentam semáforos, na cidade de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Para o levantamento de dados foram realizadas 12 observações simples, com duração de 2 horas cada, objetivando coletar informações referentes aos comportamentos das crianças nos semáforos. Para análise do material, foi utilizada a estratégia de Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin. A partir dos resultados contrapôs-se os dados à teorias que apresentam análises sobre o desenvolvimento infantil e vulnerabilidade social. Constata-se que, sendo a inteligência algo que se constrói, também, social e economicamente, as crianças em situação de rua encontram-se em desvantagem. A vulnerabilização social, somada a uma exclusão que é também afetiva, produz nas crianças modos muito específicos de viver ligados à estratégias de sobrevivência na rua.

Este artículo discute los comportamientos de los niños en las calles, que frecuentan los semáforos en la ciudad de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande del Sur, Brasil. Para la recolección de datos se llevaron a cabo 12 observaciones simples, con una duración de 2 horas cada una, con el objetivo de recopilar información sobre el comportamiento de los niños en los semáforos. Para el análisis del material, se utilizó la estrategia de Bardin Análisis de Contenido. Los resultados de los datos fueron contrarrestados con las teorías que proporcionan un análisis del desarrollo del niño y la vulnerabilidad social. Se confirma que, en tanto la inteligencia es algo que se construye, también, social y económicamente, los niños en situación de calle están en desventaja. La vulnerabilización social, añadida a la exclusión que también es afectiva, produce en el niño formas de vida muy específicas en relación con las estrategias de supervivencia en la calle

This article discusses the behaviors of street children attending traffic lights in the city of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The data collection consisted of 12 simple observations, each lasting 2 hours, aiming to collect information about the behavior of children at traffic lights. For material analysis, the Bardin Content Analysis strategy was used. From the results, the data were contrasted with theories that present analyzes about child development and social vulnerability. It is noticed that, since intelligence is something that is also built, socially and economically, street children are at a disadvantage. Social vulnerability, coupled with an exclusion that is also affective, produces in children very specific ways of living linked to strategies for survival on the street

Activo distribution and paraphernalia among "street children" / Distribución del activo y la parafernalia entre "niños de la calle"

Abstract Introduction The use of solvent inhalants has been documented in Mexico since the 1970s. Nevertheless, very little is known about the distribution and use dynamics among "street children". Few have ventured to study this issue because of the difficulties involved in working with marginalized, relatively inaccessible populations. Objective To analyze the distribution and consumption dynamics of activo, as it is known among street children in downtown Mexico City, and to document the paraphernalia and argot associated with these practices. Method This is a qualitative, descriptive, and interpretative study guided by the "Meeting Place" approach used by Hughes (1977), which has been adapted to Mexican population by Ortiz (1979). We also used ethnographic observation techniques and a social and immersion mapping of street spaces that allowed us to contact and relate to both informants and users. Results We identified activo distributors and storage areas; user groups were made up of men and women in a 7-3 ratio; physical and psycho-social characteristics of sellers and users, and some street argot and paraphernalia that allowed us to understand the dynamics of distribution and consumption. Discussion and conclusion The activo market is both captive and hidden; it is detrimental to the physical and mental health of street children, and is fostered by social exclusion and the lack of legislation.

Resumen Introducción El consumo de solventes inhalables se ha documentado en México desde la década de 1970; sin embargo, poco se sabe sobre la dinámica de distribución y consumo entre los "niños de la calle". Este tema se ha estudiado poco por las dificultades inherentes al trabajo con poblaciones marginales y de difícil acceso. Objetivo Analizar la dinámica de distribución y consumo del "activo" entre los "niños de la calle" de la zona centro de la Ciudad de México, así como documentar la parafernalia y el argot asociados a estas prácticas. Método Es un estudio de tipo cualitativo, de carácter descriptivo-interpretativo, guiado por el enfoque llamado "Lugares de Reunión" empleado por Hughes (1977) y adaptado a población mexicana por Ortiz (1979). También se emplearon técnicas etnográficas de observación, mapeo social e inmersión en los espacios de calle, que sirvieron para contactar y establecer un vínculo con los informantes y consumidores. Resultados Se identifican distribuidores y zonas de almacenamiento del activo; grupos de consumidores formados por hombres y mujeres en una proporción de 7 a 3; signos físicos y características psicosociales de vendedores y usuarios, así como el argot y parafernalia; lo que permite comprender la dinámica de distribución y consumo. Discusión y conclusión El mercado del activo es cautivo y oculto, deteriora la salud física y mental de los "niños de la calle" y es promovido además por la exclusión social y la falta de legislación.

Prevalence and determinants of post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and depression symptoms in street children survivors of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, four years after.

Working with street children and adolescents who lived through the 2010 earthquake in Port-au-Prince, this paper aims to assess the prevalence of symptoms of PTSD, anxiety and depression in relation to peritraumatic distress, and age, and to explore other risk factors and socio-demographic characteristics, four years after the events. Between March and June 2014, with a sample of 128 children and adolescents (120 boys and 8 girls) aged between 7 and 18, of an average age of 13.88 (SD=2.15), all living on the streets of Port-au-Prince, we used the following scales: the Trauma Exposure (TE), the Life Events Subscale of the CAPS; the Peritraumatic Distress Inventory (PDI); the Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES-13) and the Children Depression Inventory (CDI); (BAI). Our study reveals a high prevalence of PTSD, depression and anxiety among street children. It also demonstrates that this prevalence is lower than that of several other groups of children who were also victims of the 2010 earthquake in Port-au-Prince. Children living in the streets for economic reasons presented a lower prevalence of symptoms of PTSD, anxiety and depression than those who were on the streets as a result of psychological or physical abuse within their own families, in adoptive families or in children's homes. This study demonstrates the importance of care provision for these children in terms of helping them develop coping and resilience strategies. It also stresses the importance of providing them with nonviolent living environments and opportunities to facilitate their return to normality.

Granja-hogar La Huella para niños y adolescentes: fusión metodológica de involucramiento radical / The La Huella farm-home for children and adolescents: methodological fusion of radical involvement / Chácara e lar “La Huella” para crianças e adolescentes: fusão metodológica deenvolvimento radical

El objetivo del estudio fue considerar las claves del éxito del sistema educativo para niños, niñas y adolescentes del hogar La Huella en sus primeros 25 años. La experiencia es un referente, y el conocimiento de sus características puede aportar a la generación de nuevas prácticas con poblaciones juveniles. Se estudiaron materiales institucionales, se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas, y se analizaron los elementos centrales de la propuesta.El involucramiento personal de los educadores y el diseño de la experiencia resultaron claves en su éxito: la conjunción de ambiente de familia, vida comunitaria, referentes educativos estables, relación con la naturaleza, y educación en el trabajo doméstico y agrario.

Abstract (descriptive): The aim of the study was to consider the key elements of the success ofthe education system for children and adolescents in the La Huella home for street children in its first25 years. The experience is an important reference point, and awareness of its characteristics cancontribute to the generation of new practices with youth populations. Information materials producedby public institutions were collected and studied, a series semi-structured interviews were conductedand the central elements of the La Huella proposal were analyzed. The personal commitment of theeducators and the way in which the experience was designed were key to its success. The projectinvolved the combination of a family environment, community life, stable educational staff, arelationship with nature and education in domestic and agricultural work.

O objetivo do estudo foi considerar as chaves do sucesso do sistema de educação para crianças e adolescentes do lar “La Huella” nos seus primeiros 25 anos. A experiência é uma referência, e o conhecimento de suas características pode contribuir para a geração de novas práticas com populações jovens. Materiais institucionais foram estudados, foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas, e os elementos centrais da proposta foram analisados. O envolvimento pessoal dos educadores e o desenho da experiência foram fundamentais para o seu sucesso: a combinação de ambiente familiar, vida comunitária, referentes educacionais estáveis,relacionamento com a natureza, e educação no trabalho doméstico e agrícola.

Mental health of children who work on the streets in Brazil after enrollment in a psychosocial program.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the mental health status of children working on the streets in Sao Paulo City, Brazil, two years after their participation in a psychosocial program, and to identify factors associated with their mental health status. METHODS: From a total sample of 126 children working on the streets, 107 (85%) were re-evaluated two years after the initiation of a psychosocial program which aimed to cease their work on the streets. The focus was the presence of mental health problems, defined based on a screening instrument (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire). Logistic regression models tested factors related to the probability that a child would not present mental health problems at follow-up. RESULTS: The likelihood of a child presenting mental health problems was higher at baseline compared to the two-year follow-up (67.5 and 56.1%, respectively). Absence of mental health problems two years after a psychosocial intervention was significantly correlated with the following baseline factors: lower level of caregiver's psychiatric symptoms as measured by the SRQ (Self-Report Questionnaire) (AOR = 0.84, p = 0.0065), absence of child physical neglect (AOR = 0.38, p = 0.0705) and parental Protestant religion affiliation, compared to other religions (AOR = 4.06; p = 0.0107). CONCLUSIONS: Different factors are related to the absence of mental health problems of children working on the streets after enrollment in a two-year psychosocial program. Our findings suggest that interventions that aim to improve child mental health should consider the detection of psychiatric symptoms in caregivers, provide treatment when it is needed, and also assess other problems such as neglect in the family setting.

"Devemos continuar?" identidade, história e utopia do educador de rua / "Debemos seguir?" identidad, historia y utopia del educador de calle / "Should we continue?" identity, history and utopia of the street educator

Resumo O propósito deste trabalho foi refletir como os educadores de rua articulam o pensamento utópico com o pensamento histórico, a partir dos relatos de suas experiências ao longo de quinze anos. O sintagma identidade-metamorfose-emancipação (Ciampa, 2003) e os conceitos de pensamento utópico e pensamento histórico (Habermas, 1987) formam o arcabouço teórico que embasa a presente pesquisa. Utilizamos na coleta de dados a entrevista "não diretiva centrada" (Minayo, 1999). Observou-se que é possível articular história e utopia. O estudo indica que, para que essa articulação seja possível, é necessário que o sujeito tenha a flexibilidade de reinventar seus projetos utópicos, mudando assim de projeto emancipatório, mas não perdendo de vista a energia utópica que o move. Concluímos, também, que os profissionais que articularam os dois movimentos tendem a apresentar uma postura pós-convencional diante da vida.

Resumen El propósito del presente estudio ha sido reflejar cómo los educadores de la calle articulan el pensamiento utópico con el pensamiento histórico, a partir de los relatos de sus experiencias a lo largo de quince años. El marco teórico del trabajo es el sintagma "Identidad-metamorfosis-emancipación" de Ciampa (2003) y los conceptos del pensamiento utópico y pensamiento histórico de Habermas (1987). En la colección de datos se utilizó la técnica "no directiva centrada" (Minayo, 1999). Se observó que es posible articular la historia y la utopía. El estudio indica que para que sea posible, es necesario que el sujeto tenga flexibilidad para reinventar sus proyectos utópicos. Por lo tanto, se hace necesario el cambio de proyecto de emancipación, pero sin perder de vista la energía utópica que se le mueve. También se puede concluir que los profesionales que articulan esos dos movimientos tienden a tener una actitud post-convencional en sus vidas.

Abstract The purpose of this work was to reflect how street educators articulate utopian thinking with historical thinking, based on the reports of their experiences over fifteen years of practice. The theoretical framework used is based in the identity-metamorphosis-emancipation sintagma developed by Ciampa (2003) and in the notions of utopic thinking and historical thinking.(Habermas, 1987). The empirical research is based on interview classified by Minayo (1999) as "non directive centered". The observation revealed that it is possible to articulate history and utopia. The study indicates that whoever embraces the utopia thinking, and wants it to become reality, has to develop the flexibility to reinvent his own utopic projects, therefore changing his emancipatory project without losing the utopic perspective. We conclude also that those professionals who are able to articulate both movements tend to have a post-conventional stance in life.

Confiabilización de una Escala para Evaluar la Dimensión Social del Autoconcepto en Niños de la Calle

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo la elaboración, validación y confiabilización de una escala que evalúe la dimensión social del autoconcepto en niños de la calle y en la calle. La muestra está compuesta por 300 niños en dicha situación, seleccionados de manera no probabilística intencional en los puntos de encuentro detectados por el DDF (Departamento del Distrito Federal) de la Ciudad de México. La base del instrumento es la Escala de Autoconcepto de De la Rosa. Para validar y confiabilizar el instrumento, se lleva a cabo el procedimiento de validez de constructo. Se realizan análisis estadísticos descriptivos de la muestra e inferenciales del instrumento. Los resultados del instrumento indican un Alpha de Cronbach total de .786, donde destacan los factores de Comportamiento Asocial con .7593, Accesibilidad con .7239 y Satisfacción de Reconocimiento con .8114, de Alpha de Cronbach, respectivamente.

The present research has as objective the elaboration, validation, and confiabilization of a scale that evaluates the social dimension of the self-concept in street children and in the street children, The sample is composed with 300 in that condition, selected in a non probabilistic intentional way in the meeting paints detected by the Federal District Department of Mexico City. The base of the instrument is the Self-Concept Scale by De La Rosa. In order to validate and give confiability to the instrument, construct validity procedure is carried out. Descriptive statistics of the sample are made, and inferential about the instrument. The results of the instrument indicate a total Cronbach's Alpha of .786, which highlight the Unsocial Behavior factors with .7593, Accessibility with .7239 and Recognition Satisfaction with .8114 of the Cronbach's Alpha, respectively.

Indicadores antropométricos de la niñez en situación de calle en Medellín, Colombia / Anthropometric indicators of children on the streets in Medellin, Colombia

OBJETIVO:describir los indicadores antropométricos de Índice de Masa Corporal para la Edad (IMC/e) y Talla para la Edad (t/e) de niños, niñas y adolescentes (NNA) en situación de calle (SC) de Medellín, según características sociodemográficas y de consumo de drogas. METODOLOGIA:estudio descriptivo de 453 historiales de atención médica y nutricional de NNA en SC. Los indicadores antropométricos se categorizaron de acuerdo a los patrones de crecimiento aceptados para Colombia. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo bivariado entre indicadores antropométricos y variables sociodemográficas y de consumo de drogas. RESULTADOS: el 27,8% de los NNA tenía talla baja y el 35,3%, riesgo de talla baja. La talla baja fue mayor en hombres (89,7%) que en mujeres (10,3%) (p < 0,05). Con respecto al IMC/e, el 4,2% presentó delgadez, el 14,1% riesgo de delgadez y, un 2,2% presentó exceso de peso. Se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p < 0,01) entre el IMC/e y la edad y entre t/e y el sexo y el nivel de escolaridad. CONCLUSIONES:los NNA en SC presentan indicadores antropométricos que evidencian una desfavorable situación nutricional, especialmente para los adolescentes del sexo masculino. Es necesario, además de políticas y programas orientados a la recuperación nutricional de la población, abordar los determinantes estructurales que ocasionan la pobreza, la inequidad y la inseguridad alimentaria en la ciudad para prevenir la situación de vida en calle de NNA.

OBJECTIVE:to describe the anthropometric indicators of body mass index for age (BMI/A) and height for age (H/A) in children and adolescents living on the streets of Medellin, according to sociodemographic and drug abuse characteristics. METHODOLOGY: a descriptive study of 453 medical and nutritional records of homeless children and adolescents. The anthropometric indicators were categorized according to growth patterns accepted for Colombia. A bivariate descriptive analysis between anthropometric, sociodemographic and drug abuse variables was conducted. RESULTS :27.8% of children and adolescents had stunting and 35.3%, had risk of stunting. Stunting was higher for men (89.7%) than for women (10.3%) (p < 0.05). As for bmi/a, 4.2% of the individuals had thinness, 14.1% risk of thinness and 2.2% had weight excess. Additionally, a statistically significant association (p < 0.01) between bmi/a and age and between H/A and sex and educational level was found. CONCLUSIONS: the homeless children and adolescents assessed in this study had anthropometric indicators that show an unfavorable nutritional status, especially male adolescents. Besides having programs and policies for recovering this population's nutrition, it is also necessary to prevent the situation of street life in nna, by addressing structural determinants that cause poverty, inequity and food insecurity in the city.

Factors related to the cortisol awakening response of children working on the streets and siblings, before and after 2 years of a psychosocial intervention.

The study objective was to observe the cortisol awakening response (CAR) pattern before and after a psychosocial intervention with children from dysfunctional families who had at least one child working on the streets, and to verify factors related to it. Two hundred and eleven children between 7 and 14 years old were selected and 191 were included, 178 were re-evaluated 2 years after, of whom 113 had cortisol measures completed. Besides cortisol, they were evaluated at baseline and at end point regarding: abuse/neglect, mental health symptoms, exposure to urban violence and family environment. There was no significant difference between the CAR area under the curve (AUC) before and after the intervention. Two regression analysis models were built to evaluate factors related to the CAR before and after intervention. Before the intervention, working on the streets (vs. not) was related to a greater cortisol increase after awakening, at follow-up, having suffered physical punishment (vs. not) was related to a flattened cortisol response. The intervention was not associated with changes in the magnitude of the CAR AUC, though the CAR was associated with psychosocial stressors pre- and post-intervention. Effective interventions for children at risk that might shape a physiological cortisol response are still needed.

Definiciones de Habitante de Calle y de Niño, Niña y Adolescente en Situación de Calle: Diferencias y Yuxtaposiciones / Definitions of Homeless and Street Children: Differences and Juxtapositions

Resumen: En el presente texto se rastrea la discusión contemporánea sobre la definición de habitante de calle (homeless). Se evidencia que las definiciones son variadas, dinámicas, históricas y tienen connotaciones políticas. Estas se suelen dividir entre amplias y restringidas, o entre habitacionales y sociales. Se plantea que las definiciones usadas en países desarrollados son amplias y no encajan con la forma en que ha sido investigado dicho fenómeno en los países en vía de desarrollo. También se analiza las diferencias que habría en la forma que se define niños y niñas en situación de calle y su relación con la definición de habitabilidad en calle en general. Finalmente se propone un esquema gráfico para representar las yuxtaposiciones entre las diferentes definiciones.

Abstract: The paper traces the current discussion on the definition of homeless. It was found that the definitions are varied, dynamic, historical and have political connotations. The definitions are usually divided between extensive and restricted, or between housing and social orientation. It is argued that the definitions used in developed countries are extensive and do not fit the way it has been investigated this phenomenon in developing countries. It also discusses the differences in the way that children on the streets have been defined and its relation to the definition of homelessness. Finally, is proposed a graphic to represent the juxtapositions between the diverse definitions.

Lack of association between the 5-HTTLPR and positive screening for mental disorders among children exposed to urban violence and maltreatment

Objective: To ascertain whether genetic variations in the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR 44-bp insertion/deletion polymorphism) influence an increase in depressive and anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents exposed to high levels of violence. Methods: Saliva samples were collected from a group of children who were working on the streets and from their siblings who did not work on the streets. DNA was extracted from the saliva samples and analyzed for 5-HTTLPR polymorphism genotypes. Results: One hundred and seventy-seven children between the ages of 7 and 14 years were analyzed (114 child workers and 63 siblings). Data on socioeconomic conditions, mental symptoms, and presence and severity of maltreatment and urban violence were collected using a sociodemographic inventory and clinical instruments. There was no positive correlation between the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and presence of mental symptoms in our sample, although the children were exposed to high levels of abuse, neglect, and urban violence. Conclusions: Despite previous studies that associated adult psychiatric disorders with the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and a history of childhood maltreatment, no such association was found in this sample of children at risk. .

Identificando adolescentes em situação de rua com potencial para altas habilidades/ superdotação / Identifying teens who live in the streets for potencial high abilities/ giftedness

A presente pesquisa investigou adolescentes em situação de rua com potencial para Altas Habilidades/Superdotação (AH/SD). O método utilizado foi a Inserção Ecológica abrangendo visão contextualizada mediante a história de vida, características dos sujeitos, concepções sobre as potencialidades nos contextos de interação, fatores de risco e proteção ao desenvolvimento. Os participantes envolveram os técnicos do Programa Municipal Criança Urgente, quatro adolescentes indicados, seus responsáveis e professores daqueles que frequentavam a escola durante a pesquisa. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados foram: Escala para Avaliação das Características Comportamentais de Habilidades Superiores adaptada de Renzulli-Hartman; Escala de Autoconceito Infanto-Juvenil; TAEC - Test de Abreacción para Evaluar La Creatividad e Entrevistas Semiestruturadas. O cruzamento dos dados obtidos permitiu delinear o perfil de potencialidades de cada adolescente pesquisado. Estas contribuem para o reconhecimento, aceitação e valorização da cidadania e superação das adversidades em benefício social.

The present study investigated adolescents who live in the streets for potential High Ability / Giftedness. The method used was Ecological Insertion, that addresses a contextualized perspective that looks at life histories, subject characteristics, concepts about potential in the contexts of interaction, as well as risk and protective factors for development. The participants were staff members of the Programa Municipal Criança Urgente, four teenagers, their guardians and teachers of those who attended school during the study. The instruments used to collect data were: Renzulli-Hartman adapted scale for rating behavioral characteristics of superior students, Self-Concept Scale for Children and Youth; TAEC - Test de Abreacción para Evaluar La Creatividad and semi-structured interviews. Crossing data enabled us to define the potentiality profiles for each adolescent participant. The results contribute to recognizing, accepting and valuing citizenship and overcoming adversities in order to achieve social benefits.

Exposure to maltreatment and urban violence in children working on the streets in São Paulo, Brazil: factors associated with street work

Objective: To quantitatively study the exposure to childhood maltreatment and urban violence in children from families with at least one child working on the streets and to investigate the relationship between these factors and street work. Methods: Families who participated in a nongovernmental organization (NGO) program to eliminate child labor were included. Data concerning sociodemographic characteristics, punishment methods used in the family environment against the children, five types of abuse and neglect perpetrated by the caregivers, urban violence exposure and family functioning were collected. Results: The sample included 126 children who were working on the streets and 65 siblings who were not working on the streets. Caregivers reported high levels of severe physical punishment. The children reported high levels of abuse and neglect, and high levels of urban violence exposure. The families showed a predominance of dysfunctional and unsatisfactory relationships. A multiple logistic regression model showed that age older than 12 years and severe physical punishment at home were associated with street work. Conclusion: Interventions to decrease the risk of child street work should be family-focused and should aim to reduce violence in the family environment. .

La banda y sus choros: Un grupo de niños de la calle hilando historias de edad, género y liderazgo / La banda and their choros: A group of street children narrating tales about leadership, gender and age

Este artículo narra la historia de los chavos de Bucareli, un grupo de niños de la calle de la Ciudad de México, quienes también eran conocidos como "la banda del metro Juárez". Documentar su vida cotidiana por un periodo de tres años me ha permitido formular tres puntos de análisis relacionados con la diferenciación interna del poder, puntos también válidos para otras 15 bandas de niños de la calle de la Ciudad de México. Primero, es importante poner en una perspectiva de edad las dinámicas sociales de liderazgo y género que se dan al interior de la banda y entre las diferentes bandas. Segundo, los principios que estructuran la vida en las calles, como el liderazgo, el género y la edad, tienen un carácter inherentemente evanescente como consecuencia de la interacción de limitaciones internas y externas a la banda. Tercero, la falta de vivienda genera un mundo de paradojas y contradicciones. La diferenciación de poder entre personas que carecen relativamente de poder es una contradicción; y las dinámicas de liderazgo, género y edad demuestran las paradojas de las relaciones internas de la banda. Dichas paradojas pueden ser particularmente alienantes en las relaciones entre los niños de calle y los adultos que fungen como padres o madres sustitutos. Este análisis etnográfico de la "enloquecedora falta de una vivienda" es relevante para la salud mental. Las historias narradas por los "gamines" en torno al liderazgo, el género y la edad esconden su fragilidad, porque en ellas los niños de la calle se atribuyen un poder del cual carecen en realidad. Más que meramente síntomas de locura o una personalidad manipuladora, estas historias testifican la creatividad y la resiliencia de estos jóvenes. El poder ilusorio de sus "choros" les facilita vivir con aparente armonía en las condiciones en que viven.

This article recounts the story of the Bucareli boys, a group of street children in Mexico City who were also known as the banda of metro Juárez. Documenting the "Buca" boys over a period of three years allowed me to formulate three insights about the internal power differentiation in terms of leadership, gender, and age. These insights are valid as well, I think, for the other 15 bandas where I did fieldwork. First, it is important to place the dynamics of leadership and gender relations in an age perspective. Second, as structuring principles of street life, leadership, gender and age have an inherently evanescent character, due to an interplay of constraints that are both internal and external to the banda. My third suggestion concurs with Liebow in that homelessness creates a world of paradoxes and contradictions. Power differentiation among relatively powerless people is a contradiction in terms; and the dynamics of leadership, gender and age disclose paradoxical social ties within the banda. These can be particularly harrowing in the relations between street kids and the young adults posing as surrogate fathers and mothers. This ethnographic analysis of "crazy-making homelessness" is relevant for mental health. The kids' story-telling about leadership and gender relations veiled their fragility, since in these tales they attributed themselves a power which they did not have in reality. More than mere symptoms of psychopathology or a manipulative personality disorder, these stories testify to the creativity and resilience of these young people. The illusory power of the choros, the bullshit tales about street children, enables them to live in apparent harmony under the conditions in which they live.

The chemo and the mona: inhalants, devotion and street youth in Mexico City.

UNLABELLED: This paper understands inhalant use--the deliberate inhalation of volatile solvents or glues with intentions of intoxication--as a socially and culturally constituted practice. It describes the inhalant use of young street people in Mexico City from their perspective ("the vicioso or inhalant fiend's point of view"). BACKGROUND: Even if inhalant use is globally associated with economic inequality and deprivation, there is a marked lack of ethnography. Incomprehension and indignation have blocked our understanding of inhalant use as a form of marginalised drug use. The current explanation models reduce inhalant consumption to universal factors and individual motives; separating the practice from its context, these models tend to overlook gustatory meanings and experiences. METHODS: The paper is informed by long-term, on-going fieldwork with young street people in Mexico City. Fieldwork was done from 1990 through 2010, in regular periods of fieldwork and shorter visits, often with Mexican colleagues. We created extensive sets of fieldnotes, which were read and re-read. RESULTS: "Normalcy" is a striking feature of inhalant use in Mexico City. Street-wise inhabitants of popular neighbourhoods have knowledge about inhalants and inhalant users, and act accordingly. Subsequently, Mexico City's elaborate street culture of sniffing is discussed, that is, the range of inhalants used, how users classify the substances, and their techniques for sniffing. The paper also distinguishes three patterns of inhalant use, which more or less correlate with age. These patterns indicate embodiments of street culture: the formation within users of gusto, that is, an acquired appetite for inhalants, and of vicio, the inhalant fiends' devotion to inhalants. CONCLUSION: What emerges from the ethnographic findings is an elaborate street culture of sniffing, a complex configuration of shared perspectives and embodied practices, which are shaped by and shaping social exclusion. These findings are relevant to appreciate and address the inhalant fiends' acquired appetite and habit.

Voice performance evaluation of street children from Aracaju, Brazil using perceptual-auditory and acoustic analyses.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the voice performance of children involved in street labor with regular children using perceptual-auditory and acoustic analyses. METHODS: A controlled cross-sectional study was carried out on 7- to 10-year-old children of both genders. Children from both groups lived with their families and attended school regularly; however, child labor was evident in one group and not the other. A total of 200 potentially eligible street children, assisted by the Child Labor Elimination Programme (PETI), and 400 regular children were interviewed. Those with any vocal discomfort (106, 53% and 90, 22.5%) had their voices assessed for resonance, pitch, loudness, speech rate, maximum phonation time, and other acoustic measurements. RESULTS: A total of 106 street children (study group [SG]) and 90 regular children (control group [CG]) were evaluated. The SG group demonstrated higher oral and nasal resonance, reduced loudness, a lower pitch, and a slower speech rate than the CG. The maximum phonation time, fundamental frequency, and upper harmonics were higher in the SG than the CG. Jitter and shimmer were higher in the CG than the SG. CONCLUSION: Using perceptual-auditory and acoustic analyses, we determined that there were differences in voice performance between the two groups, with street children having better quality perceptual and acoustic vocal parameters than regular children. We believe that this is due to the procedures and activities performed by the Child Labor Elimination Program (PETI), which helps children to cope with their living conditions.

Jovens em situação de rua: espaço, tempo, negociações de sentido / Street children: space, time, sense negotiations

Trata-se de uma pesquisa etnográfica, realizada durante três meses, em Natal/RN, com grupo de pessoas em situação de rua (em torno de 11), predominantemente jovens entre 16-18 anos. Dois itens de investigação: as determinações (a) do ambiente físico e social das ruas e (b) da paisagem discursiva, construída em negociações de sentido com outros grupos, sobre as condições de existência desses jovens. Foram analisadas a construção sócio-histórica da condição social da rua e as práticas de espaço desses jovens e de outros grupos com quem interagem. As práticas de espaço de cada grupo são diferentes, produzindo o conflito entre eles. Essas duas análises se mostraram inseparáveis na compreensão dos modos de produção de sentido por e sobre esses jovens em práticas sociais com que estão implicados, pelas quais se esclarece também a produção de sentimentos de insegurança e hostilidade entre os jovens e os outros grupos estudados.(AU)

This is an ethnographic research, conducted over three months, in Natal/RN, with a homeless group (about 11), prevailingly young people between 16 and 18 years old. Two items of research: the determination a) of physical and social environment of streets and b) discursive landscape, built in sense negotiations with other groups, on these youths and their lives. The socio-historical construction of the social condition of street was analyzed, also the space practices of these youths and other groups with whom they interact. The space practices are different for each group, generating conflict among them. These two analyses are inseparable of the understanding of production of meaning by and about these youths, inside social practices that they are involved. Those analyses explain the production of insecurity and hostility feelings among these youths and other groups too.(AU)

Jovens em situação de rua: espaço, tempo, negociações de sentido / Street children: space, time, sense negotiations

Trata-se de uma pesquisa etnográfica, realizada durante três meses, em Natal/RN, com grupo de pessoas em situação de rua (em torno de 11), predominantemente jovens entre 16-18 anos. Dois itens de investigação: as determinações (a) do ambiente físico e social das ruas e (b) da paisagem discursiva, construída em negociações de sentido com outros grupos, sobre as condições de existência desses jovens. Foram analisadas a construção sócio-histórica da condição social da rua e as práticas de espaço desses jovens e de outros grupos com quem interagem. As práticas de espaço de cada grupo são diferentes, produzindo o conflito entre eles. Essas duas análises se mostraram inseparáveis na compreensão dos modos de produção de sentido por e sobre esses jovens em práticas sociais com que estão implicados, pelas quais se esclarece também a produção de sentimentos de insegurança e hostilidade entre os jovens e os outros grupos estudados.

This is an ethnographic research, conducted over three months, in Natal/RN, with a homeless group (about 11), prevailingly young people between 16 and 18 years old. Two items of research: the determination a) of physical and social environment of streets and b) discursive landscape, built in sense negotiations with other groups, on these youths and their lives. The socio-historical construction of the social condition of street was analyzed, also the space practices of these youths and other groups with whom they interact. The space practices are different for each group, generating conflict among them. These two analyses are inseparable of the understanding of production of meaning by and about these youths, inside social practices that they are involved. Those analyses explain the production of insecurity and hostility feelings among these youths and other groups too.