Before and during COVID-19: the roles of transformational leadership, organizational culture and work-life balance in healthcare.

PURPOSE: This research aims to investigate the role of transformational leadership and organizational culture - encompassing Clan, Adhocracy, Hierarchical and Market Cultures - in the context of work-life balance for healthcare workers. It aims to present a comparison of observations made pre and mid-pandemic. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: A structured questionnaire was utilized to collect data from a varied sample of 355 employees (258 before and 97 during the pandemic) representing multiple sectors and positions within a hospital. The interpretation of the data was accomplished using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). FINDINGS: Findings reveal that prior to the pandemic, transformational leadership significantly influenced all forms of organizational culture perceptions, with a strong influence on Clan Culture. Clan Culture displayed a consistent positive correlation with WLB both before and during the pandemic. During the pandemic, Market Culture exhibited a negative effect on WLB and Adhocracy Culture demonstrated a positive effect, impacts which were absent before the pandemic. Transformational leadership had a positive impact on WLB before the pandemic, but no discernible effect during the pandemic was observed. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The results indicate that the dynamics between transformational leadership, organizational culture and work-life balance are susceptible to alterations in the face of external crisis events. This study offers a unique exploration of these dynamics in the healthcare sector during the ongoing global pandemic.

Supervisors' transformational leadership style and residents' job crafting in surgical training: the residents' views.

Objectives: This study aims to explore the effects of three supervisors' leadership styles (transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire) on residents' job crafting. Methods: Sequential explanatory mixed-methods. First, a purposive sample of residents rated the leadership style of their supervisors and their own job crafting on the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire and the Dutch Job Crafting Scale. The effects were tested through linear mixed effects regression analysis. Thereafter we conducted semi-structured interviews with residents and conducted a thematic analysis. Results: A total of 116 residents participated. A transformational style had a positive effect on residents' job crafting (b = .19, t(112) =3.76, p=. 009), whereas the transactional and laissez-faire styles did not. This could be explained by the fact that residents felt a positive influence of the supervisors with such style on the atmosphere for training, on the job resources available to them, and on their modelling function for how to handle the demands of the environment. Conclusions: A transformational style of the supervisor has a positive effect on residents' job crafting. Future research should explore the supervisors' perspective, as well as the effectiveness of leadership training for supervisors with a focus on resident outcomes, such as job crafting.

Ethics Position and Leadership Style in a Mayor's Office.

INTRODUCTION: Recent cases of unethical behavior in organizations indicate the need to carry out empirical research about it. OBJECTIVE: Determine the existence of a relationship between ethics and leadership, demanded by society and prescribed by various academic theories.Method: For this reason, through the conduction of non-experimental, cross-sectional, quantitative research, it is sought to make a process of falsification of the theoretical proposals in the context of a municipal mayoralty. In the development of the research, the responses of 219 leaders were satisfactorily received, answering questions from two psychometric instruments of wide recognition and academic validity, the Ethics Position Questionnaire and the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. They were carried out both through an exploratory data analysis and a confirmatory factor analysis, and a model of structural equations that tested the existence of a relation between the ethical position and the styles of leadership. RESULTS: It was also possible to identify the influence exerted by the different ethical positions in each one of the styles of leadership in a local public administration. CONCLUSIONS: These findings facilitate the identification of ethical leadership models in local public organizations and contribute towards the empirical demonstration of the current discussion on the relationship between ethics and leadership in organizations.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Aunque la sociedad y las principales teorías sobre liderazgo postulan de manera normativa una relación existente entre la ética y el ejercicio de liderazgo, recientes casos de comportamientos no éticos indican la necesidad latente sobre la realización de estudios que los profundicen. OBJETIVO: Determinar si los principios y juicios morales tienen relación con el liderazgo en las organizaciones, y en específico en aquellas pertenecientes al sector público. MÉTODO: A partir de un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales, se logró probar la existencia de una relación entre la posición ética, medida a partir del Ethical Position Questionnaire, y los estilos de liderazgo, medidos con la aplicación del Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, en una administración pública de orden local y determinar el sentido de esa relación. RESULTADOS: Los resultados obtenidos proponen que aquellos que se orientan al reconocimiento de la existencia de principios morales universales prefieren el uso de comportamiento de liderazgo diferentes a aquellos que creen en que los comportamientos éticos se pueden relativizar según las circunstancias individuales o el contexto. CONCLUSIÓN: Los hallazgos permitirán avanzar en el estudio que permita dar respuesta al cómo liderar el cumplimiento de metas organizacionales a partir de la aplicación de principios éticos que procuren el bienestar de toda la sociedad.

A Multicentre Study of Nursing Leadership in Andalusian Hospitals from a Gender-based Perspective

ABSTRACT Introduction: Leadership is the ability to guide subordinates in a direction or decision so that they can perform a task or achieve a goal that leaves them feeling empowered and accomplished. Leaders are capable of producing changes and at the same time, they inspire others to do the same. This research analysed gender-based differences and dimensions of nursing leadership styles in 18 hospitals in Andalusia, a region of southern Spain. Methods: The sample population of the study comprised 335 subjects, who were middle managers in 18 public regional hospitals in Andalusia. The instrument used to measure different leadership styles was the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ 5X-Short form), which is composed of 45 items. Results: The study showed that the most predominant leadership style was transactional leadership with a mean value of M = 4.22 (standard deviation [SD] = 0.42) followed by transformational leadership with a mean value of M = 3.97 (SD 0.45). Of the three styles analysed, transactional leadership had the highest statistical median for both male and female subjects. From a gender-based perspective, transformational leadership showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.01) between men and women. This was true for leadership styles as well as for the dimensions that define each style. Conclusion: The most frequent leadership style in middle nursing management in Andalusian hospitals was transactional leadership. In regard to the three leadership styles as well as their dimensions, the female subjects obtained the highest scores. This means that from a gender-based perspective, female nursing managers had better performance levels than their male counterparts in the regional hospital system in Andalusia.

Implementation and Evaluation of a Transformational Leadership Education Session for Nurse Leaders and Nurse Educators.

BACKGROUND: Transformational leadership is one of the most utilized models of leadership across the disciplines. It can positively impact the leader-follower relationship, performance of the leader, and productivity of the organization. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the project was to assess the impact of an educational session on the recognition and execution of transformational leadership characteristics for nurse leaders and nurse educators. METHODS: An interactive transformational leadership education session aimed to affect the recognition and execution of nurse leaders' and nurse educators' transformational leadership characteristics. RESULTS: A Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test yielded a statistically significant increase in idealized influence (behavior), and an increase in intellectual stimulation and inspirational motivation. CONCLUSIONS: This project creates the infrastructure for future ongoing initiatives focusing on the beneficial impact of transformational leadership development for nurse leaders and educators. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: A supportive environment for transformational leadership development may take the institution to the next level regarding engagement, productivity, and performance, all of which are vital to organizational success.

Interprofessional team member's satisfaction: a mixed methods study of a Chilean hospital.

INTRODUCTION: The health organizations of today are highly complex and specialized. Given this scenario, there is a need for health professionals to work collaboratively within interprofessional work teams to ensure quality and safe care. To strengthen interprofessional teamwork, it is imperative that health organizations enhance strategic human resources management by promoting team member satisfaction. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the satisfaction of members in interprofessional teams and to explore interpersonal relationships, leadership, and team climate in a hospital context. METHODOLOGY: This study is an explanatory sequential mixed methods (quantitative/qualitative) study of 53 teams (409 professionals) at a university hospital in Santiago, Chile. The first phase involved quantitative surveys with team members examining team satisfaction, transformational leadership, and team climate. Social network analysis was used to identify interactions among team members (cohesion and centrality). The second phase involved interviews with 15 professionals belonging to teams with the highest and lowest team satisfaction scores. Findings of both phases were integrated. RESULTS: Significant associations were found among variables, and the linear regression model showed that team climate (ß = 0.26) was a better predictor of team satisfaction than team leadership (ß = 0.17). Registered nurse was perceived as the profession with the highest score on the transformational leadership measure (mean = 64), followed by the physician (mean = 33). Team networks with the highest and lowest score of team satisfaction showed differences in cohesion and centrality measures. Analysis of interviews identified five themes: attributes of interprofessional work; collaboration, communication, and social interaction; interprofessional team innovation; shared leadership; and interpersonal relationship interface work/social. Integration of findings revealed that team member satisfaction requires participation and communication, common goals and commitment for patient-centered care, clear roles and objectives to support collaborative work, and the presence of a transformational leader to strengthen well-being, dialog, and innovation. CONCLUSIONS: Results have the potential to contribute to the planning and decision-making in the field of human resources, providing elements to promote the management of health teams and support team member satisfaction. In turn, this could lead to job permanence especially where the local health needs are more urgent.

Leadership Intellectual Stimulation and Team Learning: the Mediating Role of Team Positive Affect / Estimulación intelectual del líder y aprendizaje del equipo: El rol mediador del afecto positivo del equipo

Abstract This study investigates how leadership intellectual stimulation relates to team positive affect and team learning. We explore the role of positive affect as mediator between leadership intellectual stimulation and team learning. Using a cross-sectional sample of 562 employees, nested within 130 teams from 44 small- and medium-size organizations, we implemented Structural Equation Model analysis at the team level. Results provide evidence of the strong relationship that intellectual stimulation has on team learning and team positive affect, as well as the potential of positive affect for stimulating team learning. Team positive affect serves as a partial mediator between intellectual stimulation and team learning, contributing to explain significant additional variance. Leadership intellectual stimulation is a relevant team social resource that provides support for team learning. Also, positive affect contributes significantly to improve learning among teams. This suggests the importance of developing leadership behaviors that encourage learning and team positive affect, which contributes to team learning and hence, performance.

Resumen Este estudio examina cómo la estimulación intelectual de los líderes se relaciona con el afecto positivo y el aprendizaje de los equipos. En específico, explorarnos el rol mediador del afecto positivo entre la relación de la estimulación intelectual de los líderes y al aprendizaje a nivel de los equipos. Realizamos análisis de modelos de ecuaciones estructurales a nivel grupal utilizando una muestra transversal de 562 empleados, anidados en 130 equipos de 40 pequeñas y medianas organizaciones. Los resultados proveen evidencia de la fuerte relación entre la estimulación intelectual y el afecto positivo, así como del potencial del afecto positivo para estimular el aprendizaje del equipo. El afecto positivo sirve como un mediador parcial contribuyendo a explicar varianza adicional significativa. La estimulación intelectual de los líderes es un recurso social relevante que provee apoyo al aprendizaje en los equipos. Del mismo modo, el afecto positivo contribuye significativamente a mejorar el aprendizaje. Esto sugiere la importancia de desarrollar comportamientos de los líderes que fomenten el aprendizaje y el afecto positivo, los cuales contribuyen al aprendizaje y al desempeño a nivel grupal.

Caracterización del liderazgo transformacional de los directivos de instituciones de educación superior. Caso de estudio en una universidad del departamento de Antioquia (Colombia)

Un líder posibilita la transformación de las capacidades individuales, convirtiéndolas en fortalezas organizacionales para ponerlas al servicio de la organización y con ello, permitir su sostenibilidad y perdurabilidad. La universidad en el siglo XXI afronta grandes retos, para continuar aportando al desarrollo de la sociedad, desde del cumplimiento de sus funciones misionales: investigación, docencia y extensión. Para enfrentar esos retos, el Liderazgo Transformacional en la gerencia universitaria, incide en la transformación organizacional que posibilita la resolución de problemas relacionados con la financiación institucional, la calidad en la educación, el incremento de la cobertura, o el relacionamiento con la sociedad, entre otros. Este artículo presenta el resultado de un estudio cuantitativo, racional y positivista, que demuestra teóricamente la importancia del Liderazgo Transformacional para enfrentar los problemas y retos derivados del cambio en la gerencia universitaria. Además, mediante la aplicación de la propuesta teórica a un análisis de caso de una universidad concreta, se caracteriza el Liderazgo Transformacional existente, desde la percepción de los seguidores. Para el desarrollo de la investigación, en términos metodológicos, se utilizaron las teorías del Liderazgo Transformacional y la gerencia de las instituciones de educación superior, el juicio de expertos, y la aplicación del formulario Inventario de Prácticas del Liderazgo de Kouzes y Posner -IPL-. Con estas herramientas, se logró validar las hipótesis guía, comprobando la necesidad de utilizar el Liderazgo Transformacional en el proceso de la gerencia universitaria.

A leader enables the transformation of individual capacities, converting them organizational strengths to put them at the service of the organization and thereby allow its sustainability and durability. The University in the XXI Century faces great challenges to continue contributing to the development of society, based on the fulfillment of its missionary functions: Research, teaching and extension. Transformational Leadership stands out as one of the best tools for university management to allow the organizational transformation that leads to solve problems such as financing quality in education, increased coverage, and relationships with society, among others. This work, through a quantitative, rational positivist study aimed to demonstrate theoretically the importance of Transformational Leadership in university management to face change and university transformation; And on the other hand, through a case analysis, characterize the Transformational Leadership present in the University, from the perception of the followers. For this purpose, theories of transformational leadership and management of higher education institutions, expert judgment, and the application of the Leadership Practices Inventory form of Kouzes and Posner -IPL- were used. Among the main results, the guiding hypotheses were validated, confirming the need to use Transformational Leadership in the process of the university management.

Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar a expansão da influência da China na América Latina nos campos econômico e militar bem como os Estados Unidos reagiu a este. Pois será utilizada a metodologia do estudo de caso-Venezuela, Bolívia e Equador, já que é onde a China tem uma forte presença e, especialmente, porque são países, como a potência asiática, têm um anti-política americano ou soberanista que busca consolidar uma ordem mundial multipolar A principal constatação é que a China não representa uma séria ameaça para os EUA no curto prazo, e de fato, a expansão da sua influência na região tem sido percebida pelo governo dos EUA como uma oportunidade. Isto é devido a várias razões: China tem implementado uma política cautelosa e pragmática que visa consolidar as suas metas nacionais sem desafiar diretamente a hegemonia dos EUA na região, reforçada por restrições internas que levam a liderança chinesa a optar por uma atitude menos ativista na atitude reorganização político-militar do mundo. Por outro lado, graças aos Estados Unidos, que está em uma fase de declínio de sua hegemonia na região, preferem promover os seus interesses em um quadro de cooperação e não de confronto, na esperança de tirar proveito desta nova situação.

Liderazgo, confianza y flexibilidad laboral como predictores de identificación organizacional: un estudio con trabajadores argentinos / Leadership, Trust, and Labor Flexibility as Predictors of Organizational Identification: A Study with Argentinean Workers / Liderança, confiança e flexibilidade laboral como preditores de identificação organizacional: um estudo com trabalhadores argentinos

Objetivo. Examinar el impacto del liderazgo transformador, la confianza en el supervisor y la flexibilidad laboral sobre la identificación del trabajador con su organización (IDO). Método. Se realizó un estudio empírico, cuantitativo y transversal, enmarcado en la teoría de la identidad social. Se trabajó con una muestra intencional de 257 empleados de empresas argentinas con regímenes de trabajo flexible. Los participantes completaron las escalas de identificación organizacional, liderazgo transformador, confianza en el supervisor y flexibilidad laboral. El modelo de mediación moderada postulado fue probado usando análisis de regresión múltiple y análisis de efectos condicionales. Resultados. La confianza en el supervisor medió las relaciones entre el liderazgo transformador y la IDO, afinidad (ß = 0.29, z = 4.26, p < 0.001) e imitación (ß = 0.31, z = 4.45, p < 0.001). Estas relaciones fueron moderadas por la flexibilidad laboral, siendo más fuertes sobre la IDO por afinidad (ß = 0.35, p < 0.05, IC 95% [0.29, 0.41]). Conclusión. Los líderes transformadores influyen sobre la IDO de los trabajadores a través de la confianza que generan, en tanto que la flexibilidad laboral amplifica tales relaciones. Se indican las implicaciones prácticas de estos hallazgos y se señalan las fortalezas y debilidades del trabajo realizado.

Objective. To examine the impact of transformational leadership, the trust in the supervisor, and labor flexibility on the identification of the worker with his or her organization (OI). Method. An empirical, quantitative and transversal study, framed in the social identity theory, was carried out. A sample of 257 Argentinean employees of companies with flexible work schedules was studied. The scales of Organizational identification, Transformational leadership, Trust in supervisor, and Labor flexibility were filled by participants. The moderated mediation model postulated was tested using multiple regression analysis, and analysis of conditional effects. Results. Trust in the supervisor mediated the relationship between transformational leadership and OI, either by affinity (p = 0.29, z = 4.26, p < 0.001), or by imitation (p = 0.31, z = 4.45, p < 0.001). Such relationships were moderated by labor flexibility, being stronger on the OI by affinity (p = 0.35, p < 0.05, CI 95% [0.29, 0.41]). Conclusion. Transformational leaders influence on the OI of their followers through the trust generated, while labor flexibility amplifies such relationships. The practical implications of these findings are presented, and the strengths and weaknesses of the work performed are indicated.

Escopo. Analisar o impacto da liderança transformacional, a confiança no supervisor e a flexibilidade do trabalho sobre a identificação do trabalhador com a sua organização (IO). Metodologia. Foi realizado um estudo empírico, quantitativo e transversal, enquadrado na teoria da identidade social. O trabalho foi feito com 257 funcionários argentinos, de empresas que oferecem aos seus trabalhadores a possibilidade de horários de trabalho flexíveis. As escalas de Identificação organizacional, Liderança transformacional, Confiança no supervisor e Flexibilidade laboral foram preenchidos pelos participantes. O modelo de mediação moderada postulado foi testado utilizando análise de regressão múltipla, e análise dos efeitos condicionais. Resultados. A confiança no supervisor mediou as relações entre liderança transformacional e IO, afinidade (p = 0.29, z = 4.26; p < 0.001), e imitação (p = 0.31, z = 4.45; p < 0.001). Essas relações foram moderadas pela flexibilidade laboral, sendo mais fortes sobre a IO por afinidade (p = 0.35; p <0.05, IC 95% [0.29, 0.41]). Conclusão. Os líderes transformacionais influenciam a identificação de trabalhadores através da confiança gerada, enquanto que a flexibilidade laboral amplifica tais relações. São apresentadas as implicações práticas destes resultados e são indicados os pontos fortes e fracos do trabalho executado.

Relación entre liderazgo transformacional y transaccional con la conducta de compartir conocimiento en dos empresas de servicios / Relationship between transformational and transactional leadership and the sharing of knowledge in two service organizations / Relação entre liderança transformacional e transacional com a conduta de compartilhar conhecimentos em duas empresas de serviços

El objetivo fue describir la relación entre el liderazgo transformacional-transaccional del líder con la conducta de compartir conocimiento de los colaboradores. Utilizando un diseño descriptivo-correlacional con análisis regresional y un muestreo incidental, se valoraron 150 trabajadores de dos empresas de Bogotá: 14 líderes y 136 colaboradores. Los instrumentos aplicados fueron el Multifactor Leadership Questionarie de Bass & Avolio adaptado por Vega & Zavala (2004) y la escala de Compartir Conocimiento de Castañeda (2010). El análisis estadístico se realizó con el paquete estadístico IBM-SPSS STATISTIC 20,0. Entre los líderes se encontró que el 43% se caracteriza por un liderazgo de baja efectividad (bajo nivel transformacional y transaccional) y el 40%, por un liderazgo de rango completo (alto nivel transformacional y transaccional). En los colaboradores, el compartir conocimiento puntuó entre 4,3 y 5,4/6,0; sobresale compartir experiencias e ideas y, en menor nivel, compartir documentos y conocimientos. Desde la perspectiva de los jefes, el liderazgo transaccional correlacionó significativamente (r=0,63; p=0,01) con compartir conocimiento, pero esta conducta no correlacionó con el liderazgo transformacional (r=0,39; p=0,084). En los colaboradores, el liderazgo transformacional y el transaccional mostraron una relación significativa con compartir conocimiento (r=0,29; p<0,001; r=0,26; p=0,001, respectivamente). Se concluyó que en los líderes, el liderazgo transaccional se relaciona con la conducta de compartir conocimiento, y las recompensas tienen un rol importante. No se confirmó la relación entre liderazgo transformacional y la conducta de compartir conocimiento, pero ésta si se da en los colaboradores. Se sugiere a la cultura organizacional como variable mediadora en la relación entre liderazgo transformacional y compartir conocimiento.

The purpose of this paper was to study the relationship between transformational and transactional leadership and the sharing of knowledge. A descriptive correlational design with regression analysis and a casual sampling method were used. The sample comprised 150 employees from two companies in the city of Bogotá, .D.C., Colombia, of which 14 were leaders and 136 were collaborators. Instruments used were the Multi-factor Leadership Questionnaire developed by Bass and Avolio (2000) and adapted by Vega & Zavala (2004), and the Escala de Compartir Conocimiento [Sharing Knowledge Scale ] developed by Castañeda (2010). Statistical analysis was performed with IBM-SPSS STATISTIC 20.0. Among leaders it was found that 43% of them are characterized by a low effectiveness leadership (low transformational and transactional) and 40% of them show a full range leadership (high transformational and transactional). Among collaborators, sharing of knowledge scored between 4.3 and 5.4 /6.0; sharing experiences and ideas stand out and to a lesser level, sharing documents and knowledge. Among leaders, transactional leadership significantly correlated (r=0.63; p=0.01) with sharing of knowledge but this behavior did not correlate with the transformational style (r=0.39; p=0.084); while among collaborators, transformational and transactional leadership showed a significant relationship with sharing of knowledge (r=0.29; p<0.001; r=0.26; p=0.001, respectively). It was concluded that from the perspective of the leaders, there is a relationship between transactional leadership and the behavior of sharing knowledge, and that rewards play an important role. Among leaders, the relationship between transformational leadership and sharing of knowledge was not confirmed, but it was confirmed in collaborators. Organizational culture is suggested as a mediating variable in the relationship between transformational leadership and the sharing of knowledge.

O objetivo foi descrever a relação entre a liderança transformacional-transacional do líder com a conduta de compartilhar conhecimento dos colaboradores. Utilizando um desenho descritivo-correlacional com análise regressional e uma amostragem incidental, avaliaram-se 150 trabalhadores de duas empresas de Bogotá: 14 líderes e 136 colaboradores. Os instrumentos aplicados foram o Multifactor Leadership Questionarie de Bass & Avolio adaptado por Vega & Zavala (2004) e a escala de Compartilhar Conhecimento de Castañeda (2010). A análise estatística realizou-se com o pacote estatístico IBM-SPSS STATISTIC 20,0. Entre os líderes encontrou-se que 43% se caracteriza por uma liderança de baixa efetividade (baixo nível transformacional e transacional) e 40%, por uma liderança de nível completo (alto nível transformacional e transacional). Nos colaboradores, o compartilhar conhecimento pontuou entre 4,3 e 5,4/6,0; sobressaí compartilhar experiências e ideias e, em menor nível, compartilhar documentos e conhecimentos. Desde a perspectiva dos chefes, a liderança transacional correlacionou significativamente (r=0,63; p=0,01) com compartilhar conhecimento, mas esta conduta não se correlacionou com a liderança transformacional (r=0,39; p=0,084). Nos colaboradores, a liderança transformacional e a transacional mostraram uma relação significativa com compartilhar conhecimento (r=0,29; p<0,001; r=0,26; p=0,001, respectivamente). Conclui-se que nos líderes, a liderança transacional se relaciona com a conduta de compartilhar conhecimento, e as recompensas têm um papel importante. Não confirmou-se a relação entre liderança transformacional e a conduta de compartilhar conhecimento, mas a mesma se dá nos colaboradores. Sugere-se a cultura organizacional como variável mediadora na relação entre liderança transformacional e compartilhar conhecimento.

Características de liderazgo de los estilos transformacional /transaccional en los profesionales de enfermería de una IPS de Bogotá 2011 / Characteristics of leadership of the transformational/transactional styles in the nursing professionals of an IPS in Bogotá 2011

El liderazgo un fenómeno de estudio y de interés desde diferentes áreas y disciplinas, se define como el proceso de dirigir en las actividades laborales de los miembros de un grupo y se reconoce como componente fundamental que influye en la efectividad general de una organización. La Enfermería como disciplina, es un proceso que promueve y contribuye a la mejora de las condiciones de salud y vida de la población, el logro de objetivos de cuidado propios de la profesión, y el alcance de las metas propuestas en los servicios de salud, por ello favorece el desarrollo social, profesional y organizacional. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las características de liderazgo de los estilos Transaccional y Transformacional en los profesionales de Enfermería, a partir de la aplicación del cuestionario MLQ 5x en una IPS de Bogotá en el año 2012, con el fin de contribuir en el mejoramiento de la calidad en la prestación de servicios de la institución. El estudio fue de tipo cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal. Se aplicó el instrumento MLQ-5X versión corta, basado en la teoría de Bass y Avolio sobre el Liderazgo Transformacional y Transaccional y sus características, a 77 profesionales de enfermería. Como resultado se encontró que los profesionales de Enfermería de la institución identificaron sus características de liderazgo pertenecientes al liderazgo transformacional como son: Influencia Idealizada Conductual en un 65%, Motivación Inspiracional en un 80%, Estimulación Intelectual en un 70%, Consideración Individualizada en un 70%, Esfuerzo Extra en un 80%, Efectividad en un 80% y Satisfacción en un 85%. Se concluyó que en lo concerniente al estudio realizado, se indica que éste permitió identificar las características del liderazgo transformacional y transaccional a través del cuestionario MLQ 5x en la versión líder, con relación a las características del liderazgo transformacional se identificaron las siguientes características de liderazgo Influencia Idealizada Conductual 62%, Motivación Inspiracional 80%, Estimulación Intelectual 70%, Consideración Individualizada 70%, Esfuerzo Extra 80%, Efectividad 80%, Satisfacción 85%. Se encuentra un liderazgo transformacional con tendencia a la categoría alta y un liderazgo transaccional con tendencia a la categoría baja. Por otra parte, respondiendo al objetivo de identificar las características del liderazgo transaccional en los profesionales de Enfermería de la IPS se encontró que los profesionales de Enfermería poco se identifican con estas características teniendo así unos porcentajes como en Recompensa contingente un 58.3%, Excepción Activa 36.2% y excepción pasiva 8.28%. Se identificó que el liderazgo transformacional es el estilo predominante en los profesionales en esta IPS, se encuentra un liderazgo transformacional con tendencia a la categoría alta y un liderazgo transaccional con tendencia a la categoría baja. Es importante incluir en el área de Educación de Enfermería de la institución el tema del liderazgo implementando programas y estrategias que ayuden en el desarrollo de líderes, así como proyectos de educación permanente, exponiéndolo en seminarios, talleres, congresos o simposios, utilizando como base este estudio, donde se establezcan estrategias que fomenten y fortalezcan las características de este Modelo de Liderazgo de Rango Total en el profesional de enfermería.

Leadership, a study and interest phenomenon observed from different areas and disciplines, defined as the process of leading members of a group in their work activities, is recognized as a fundamental component which influences the general effectiveness of an organization. Nursing, as a discipline, is a process that promotes and contributes to the improvement of health and life conditions of the population, achieving health care objectives inherent to the profession, and fulfilling the proposed goals in health services, favoring social, professional and organizational development. This study's objective was to identify the leadership characteristics of the Transactional and Transformational styles in the nursing profession, by applying the MLQ 5x questionnaire at an IPS in Bogota during 2012, in order to contribute in improving the quality of the services rendered by the institution. This was a quantitative, descriptive, and transversal study. The short version of the MLQ-5X instrument based on the Bass and Avolio theory on Transformational and Transactional Leadership and its characteristics was applied to 77 nursing professionals. The result showed that nursing professionals of the institution identified their leadership characteristics pertaining to transformational leadership such as: Idealized Influence Behavior 65%, Inspirational Motivation 80%, Intellectual Stimulation 70%, Individualized Consideration 70%, Extra effort 80%, Effectiveness 80%, and Satisfaction 85%. Regarding the performed study it was concluded that, it allowed the identification of the transformational and transactional leadership characteristics by means of the MLQ 5x questionnaire in leader version. In relation to transformational leadership characteristics the following were identified: Idealized Influenced Behavior 62%, Inspirational Motivation 80%, Intellectual Stimulation 70%, Individualized Consideration 70%, Extra effort 80%, Effectiveness 80% and Satisfaction 85%. As a result there is a transformational leadership with tendency towards a high category and a transactional leadership with tendency towards a low category. On the other hand in response to the objective of identifying transactional leadership characteristics in nursing professionals of the IPS, it was found that nursing professionals are less identified with these characteristics, having percentages such as Contingent Reward 58.3%, Active Exception 36.2% and Passive Exception 8.28%. Regarding the third and last objective, transformational leadership was identified as the predominating style in the professionals of this IPS, a transformational leadership with tendency towards a high category and a transactional leadership with tendency towards a low category were found. It is important to include within the Nursing Education area of the institution the topic of leadership, implementing programs and strategies which help develop leaders, as well as permanent educational projects, by means of seminars, workshops, congresses or symposium, using this study as the base, where strategies are established to promote and strengthen the characteristics of this Total Range Leadership Model in nursing professionals.

Validity of the Human System Audit Transformational Leadership Short Scale (HSA-TFL) in four european countries / Validez de la escala corta de Liderazgo Transformacional en el marco de la Auditoría del Sistema Humano en cuatro países europeos (HSA-TFL)

This study aimed to clarify the validity of the short scale of Transformational Leadership used by the Human System Audit (short HSA-TFL). The need of today's enterprises for combined assessment of transformational leadership and quality-related performance in wider contexts requires short instruments based on scientific research. Convergent, construct and criterion validity of the short HSA-TFL were analyzed. Comparison of the short HSA-TFL with the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ-5X) showed high convergent validity. Exploratory factor analysis with hospital workers in Spain (N = 625) showed the single factor structure of the Spanish version of the HSA-TFL. Confirmatory factor analysis using three further samples of hospital workers (N = 776) from different european countries confirmed a single factor. As regards criterion validity, the results indicated that the short HSA-TFL is positively related in all four countries to subjective performance. In sum, the results provide empirical evidence for the validity of the short HSA-TFL scale.

La necesidad de las empresas de evaluar el liderazgo transformacional en un contexto amplio y combinado con rendimiento de calidad, requiere instrumentos cortos y, al mismo tiempo, basados en evidencia científica. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la validez (convergente, de constructo y de criterio) de la escala corta del Liderazgo Transformacional, usada por la Auditoria del Sistema Humano (short HSA-TFL). La comparación con el Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ-5X) aportó valores de alta validez convergente. El análisis factorial exploratorio con empleados del sector sanitario en España (N = 625) del HSA-TFL, sugiere una estructura unifactorial, que fue confirmada mediante análisis factorial confirmatorio, realizado con otras tres muestras de empleados del sector hospitalario de varios países europeos (N = 776). Asimismo, los resultados muestran, en los cuatro países, una relación positiva del HSA-TFL con el rendimiento subjetivo (validez de criterio). En conclusión, la versión breve del HSA-TFL es válida para el análisis del liderazgo transformacional.

Liderazgo transformacional y la facilitación de la aceptación al cambio organizacional / Transformational leadership and the facilitation of acceptance to organizational change

Objetivo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la relación entre el estilo de liderazgo transformacional y la aceptación al cambio organizacional en trabajadores de dos empresas de Bogotá, pertenecientes al sector económico terciario. Método. Es una investigación no experimental con un diseño correlacional. Se aplicó el instrumento de medición al cambio organizacional (IMC) a 9 jefes o líderes de cargos medios y el cuestionario liderazgo multifactor (MLQ) a 62 operarios. Resultados. En los resultados se evidencian asociaciones significativas y positivas entre efectividad y comunicación en un 0,685. Conclusión. Se concluye que la comunicación y la actitud al cambio son elementos importantes en un proceso de cambio organizacional. Para efectos de futuras investigaciones se podría ampliar la muestra y adaptar el cuestionario de liderazgo transformacional a la población colombiana.

Objective. The objective of this research was to evaluate the relationship between transformational leadership styles and the acceptance of organizational change in workers of two companies in Bogotá, belonging to the terciary economic sector. Method: This was non-experimental research with a correlational design. The instrument for measuring organizational change (IMC) was applied to 9 middle management (IMC) bosses or leaders, and the multifactor leadership questionnaire (MLQ) to 62 other workers. Results. The results showed significant and positive relationships between effectiveness and communication at 0.685. Conclusion. It was concluded that communication and attitude to change are important elements in a process or organizational change. In future research the sample could be increased, and the questionnaire could be adapted to transformational leadership with the Colombian population.

O escopo de esta pesquisa foi avaliar a relação entre a forma de liderança transformacional e a aceitação à mudança organizacional em trabalhadores de duas empresas de Bogotá pertencentes ao setor econômico terciário. Metodologia. É uma pesquisa não experimental com um desenho cor relacional. Foi aplicado o instrumento de medição à mudança organizacional (IMC) em 9 chefes ou líderes de cargos médios e o questionário liderança multi-fator. (MLQ) em 62 operários. Resultados. Nos resultados foram evidenciadas associações significativas e positivas entre a efetividade e comunicação em um 0,685. Conclusão. Concluiu-se que a comunicação e a atitude são elementos importantes em um processo de mudança organizacional. Para efeito de futuras pesquisas pode-se ampliar a amostra e adaptar o questionário de liderança transformacional à população colombiana.