EFFECTIVENESS OF VISCOSUPPLEMENTATION IN THE TREATMENT OF HEMOPHILIC ARTHROPATHY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW.

Objective: To describe the efficacy of using viscosupplementation in patients with hemophilic arthropathy (HA), on pain, limb functionality, and quality of life. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was performed following the PRISMA guidelines without limitations of language or year of publication. The search was performed on the following medical databases: PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, BVS/BIREME, Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCOhost, and PROQUEST in April 2020. The search used the following word: (hemophilia AND joint diseases) OR (haemophilic arthropathy OR hemophilic arthropathy) AND viscosupplementation. Results: The systematic review identified 127 articles, 10 of which were selected for data extraction and qualitative analysis. The 10 selected articles included 297 joints with HA in 177 hemophilic subjects. Our review showed positive results in alleviating pain and improving functional capacity, and quality of life. No major adverse effects were observed. Conclusion: There is a lack of scientific evidence regarding viscosupplementation with hyaluronic acid, but the results presented in this research suggest that it is an effective and safe therapeutic option to alleviate pain and improve functional capacity in patients with HA. Level of Evidence II, Systematic Review.

Objetivo: Descrever o uso da viscossuplementação com ácido hialurônico em pacientes com artropatia hemofílica (HA), sua eficácia na dor, a funcionalidade do membro e a qualidade de vida após sua aplicação. Métodos: Revisão sistemática da literatura (RSL) que seguiu as diretrizes PRISMA, sem limitação de idioma ou ano de publicação. A pesquisa foi realizada em abril de 2020 nas seguintes bases de dados médicas: PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, BVS/BIREME, Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCOhost e ProQuest. A estratégia de pesquisa foi: (hemofilia AND joint disease) OR (artropatia hemofílica OU artropatia hemofílica) E viscossuplementação. Resultados: A RSL identificou 127 artigos, dos quais 10 foram selecionados para extração de dados e análise qualitativa. Os 10 artigos selecionados incluíram 297 articulações com AH em 177 indivíduos hemofílicos. Nossa revisão mostrou resultados positivos na melhora da dor, na capacidade funcional e na qualidade de vida. Não foram observados efeitos adversos importantes. Conclusão: A evidência científica atual a respeito da viscossuplementação com ácido hialurônico é escassa, mas os resultados apresentados nesta pesquisa sugerem que é uma opção terapêutica eficaz e segura para diminuir a dor e melhorar a capacidade funcional em pacientes com AH. Nível de Evidência II, Revisão Sistemática.

Intra-Articular Hyaluronic Acid in Osteoarthritis and Tendinopathies: Molecular and Clinical Approaches.

Musculoskeletal diseases continue to rise on a global scale, causing significant socioeconomic impact and decreased quality of life. The most common disorders affecting musculoskeletal structures are osteoarthritis and tendinopathies, complicated orthopedic conditions responsible for major pain and debilitation. Intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA) has been a safe, effective, and minimally invasive therapeutic tool for treating these diseases. Several studies from bedside to clinical practice reveal the multiple benefits of HA such as lubrication, anti-inflammation, and stimulation of cellular activity associated with proliferation, differentiation, migration, and secretion of additional molecules. Collectively, these effects have demonstrated positive outcomes that assist in the regeneration of chondral and tendinous tissues which are otherwise destroyed by the predominant catabolic and inflammatory conditions seen in tissue injury. The literature describes the physicochemical, mechanical, and biological properties of HA, their commercial product types, and clinical applications individually, while their interfaces are seldom reported. Our review addresses the frontiers of basic sciences, products, and clinical approaches. It provides physicians with a better understanding of the boundaries between the processes that lead to diseases, the molecular mechanisms that contribute to tissue repair, and the benefits of the HA types for a conscientious choice. In addition, it points out the current needs for the treatments.

Effects of Hyaluronic Acid With Intra-articular Corticosteroid Injections in the Management of Subtalar Post-traumatic Osteoarthritis - Randomized Comparative Trial.

We investigated the potential of exogenous hyaluronic acid (HA) associated with corticosteroid injections to improve pain and function for the treatment of post-traumatic subtalar osteoarthritis, in comparison with isolated intra-articular corticosteroid. Twenty-five symptomatic participants (50 ± 8 years) with a minimum follow-up of 1 year after surgery for calcaneus fractures were enrolled. Participants were randomly assigned into a therapeutic group that underwent isolated corticosteroid intra-articular subtalar injection (Corticosteroid Group, n = 12) or a combination of HA plus corticosteroid (HA+C Group, n = 13). All participants underwent three repeated injections with intervals of 1 week. We assessed the visual analog scale of pain (VAS) and the AOFAS scores at 4 moments: before treatment (pre), 4-, 12-, and 24-weeks following the last injection. HA+C Group showed lower VAS at the 12th (p = .003) and 24th weeks (p = .003) and greater AOFAS at the 4th (p = 0.040), 12th (p = .014), and 24th weeks (p = .021), in comparison to Corticosteroid Group. We observed a reduction in VAS in the Corticosteroid Group only at the 4th week (p = .007), compared with pretreatment values. In the HA+C Group, VAS presented lower levels at the 4- (p < .001), 12- (p < .001), and 24 weeks (p < .001). In the Corticosteroid Group, participants presented higher AOFAS score only at the 4th week (p < .001), while in the HA+C Group, the AOFAS scores were greater at the 4th, 12th, and 24th weeks compared to baseline (p < .001). The combination of exogenous HA and corticosteroid showed greater and longer analgesic effects and function improvement in comparison with isolated intra-articular corticosteroids.

Effectiveness of viscosupplementation in the treatment of hemophilic arthropathy: a systematic review / Efetividade da viscossuplementação no tratamento da artropatia hemofílica: uma revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the efficacy of using viscosupplementation in patients with hemophilic arthropathy (HA), on pain, limb functionality, and quality of life. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was performed following the PRISMA guidelines without limitations of language or year of publication. The search was performed on the following medical databases: PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, BVS/BIREME, Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCOhost, and PROQUEST in April 2020. The search used the following word: (hemophilia AND joint diseases) OR (haemophilic arthropathy OR hemophilic arthropathy) AND viscosupplementation. Results: The systematic review identified 127 articles, 10 of which were selected for data extraction and qualitative analysis. The 10 selected articles included 297 joints with HA in 177 hemophilic subjects. Our review showed positive results in alleviating pain and improving functional capacity, and quality of life. No major adverse effects were observed. Conclusion: There is a lack of scientific evidence regarding viscosupplementation with hyaluronic acid, but the results presented in this research suggest that it is an effective and safe therapeutic option to alleviate pain and improve functional capacity in patients with HA. Level of Evidence II, Systematic Review.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever o uso da viscossuplementação com ácido hialurônico em pacientes com artropatia hemofílica (HA), sua eficácia na dor, a funcionalidade do membro e a qualidade de vida após sua aplicação. Métodos: Revisão sistemática da literatura (RSL) que seguiu as diretrizes PRISMA, sem limitação de idioma ou ano de publicação. A pesquisa foi realizada em abril de 2020 nas seguintes bases de dados médicas: PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, BVS/BIREME, Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCOhost e ProQuest. A estratégia de pesquisa foi: (hemofilia AND joint disease) OR (artropatia hemofílica OU artropatia hemofílica) E viscossuplementação. Resultados: A RSL identificou 127 artigos, dos quais 10 foram selecionados para extração de dados e análise qualitativa. Os 10 artigos selecionados incluíram 297 articulações com AH em 177 indivíduos hemofílicos. Nossa revisão mostrou resultados positivos na melhora da dor, na capacidade funcional e na qualidade de vida. Não foram observados efeitos adversos importantes. Conclusão: A evidência científica atual a respeito da viscossuplementação com ácido hialurônico é escassa, mas os resultados apresentados nesta pesquisa sugerem que é uma opção terapêutica eficaz e segura para diminuir a dor e melhorar a capacidade funcional em pacientes com AH. Nível de Evidência II, Revisão Sistemática.

BRAZILIAN CONSENSUS STATEMENT ON VISCOSUPPLEMENTATION OF THE HIP (COBRAVI-Q).

Objective: The Brazilian Consensus on Hip Viscosupplementation aims to generate a referential and consensual source from the theoretical knowledge and clinical experience of specialists in the field. Methods: A multidisciplinary panel was formed with 15 specialists (sports medicine, orthopedists, physiatrists and rheumatologists), based on clinical and academic experience in the use of viscosupplementation of the hip. 12 statements were prepared, discussed and voted. Each panelist gave a value between 0 and 10 on a Likert scale, specifying their level of agreement with the statement. Results: The panel reached a consensus on several aspects of viscosupplementation of the hip, with emphasis on the following statements: best indication is for mild to moderate hip arthrosis; it may be indicated in severe osteoarthritis; results may vary according to the characteristics of the viscosupplement used; Viscosupplementation should not be performed as an isolated procedure, but in conjunction with other rehabilitation and pharmacological measures; best injection technique should be based on anatomical references coupled with imaging guidance; it is a cost-effective procedure. Conclusion: Viscosupplementation is a safe and effective therapy for hip osteoarthritis, even in severe cases. Guided injection is recommended. Level of Evidence V, Expert Opinion.

Objetivo: O Consenso Brasileiro de Viscossuplementação do Quadril visa gerar uma fonte referencial a partir do conhecimento teórico e da experiência clínica de especialistas da área. Métodos: Um painel multidisciplinar foi formado com quinze especialistas (médicos do esporte, ortopedistas, fisiatras e reumatologistas), com base na experiência clínica e acadêmica no uso da viscossuplementação do quadril. Foram elaboradas, discutidas e votadas doze afirmativas. Cada membro do painel deu um valor entre 0 e 10 numa escala tipo Likert, especificando seu nível de concordância com a afirmação. Resultados: O painel chegou a um consenso sobre diversos aspectos da viscossuplementação do quadril, destacando-se: a melhor indicação é para tratar artrose de quadril leve a moderada; pode ser indicada para casos graves; os resultados podem variar de acordo com o viscossuplemento utilizado; não deve ser realizada como procedimento isolado, mas em conjunto com outras medidas reabilitadoras e farmacológicas; a melhor técnica para infiltração no quadril deve se basear nas referências anatômicas combinadas com guiagem por imagem; a viscossuplementação do quadril é um procedimento custo-efetivo. Conclusão: A viscossuplementação é uma alternativa terapêutica segura e eficaz na osteoartrite do quadril, mesmo em casos graves. Recomenda-se o uso de métodos guiados. Nível de Evidência V, Opinião do Especialista.

Analysis of micro-costing through the Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing (TDABC) method in viscosupplementation procedures in different application regimens / Análise do microcusteio por meio de método Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing (TDABC) nos procedimentos de viscossuplementação do joelho em diferentes regimes de aplicação

Objective: To evaluate the micro-costing of viscosupplementation procedures compared to different infiltration regimens. Methods: This study compared, through the Time-Driven ActivityBased Costing method, the micro-costing of these different application regimens using national cost averages as a basis for calculation in a medium-sized outpatient service. Results: The results demonstrated that the difference in costs with the single application is 31.47% less for three and 119.13% for five applications. Conclusions: No study showed a superiority of the five-application regimen over the three-application regimen, which leads one to believe that there is no justification for this procedure from an economic or quality-of-life point of view.

Objective: Avaliar o microcusteio dos procedimentos de viscossuplementação do joelho em diferentes regimes de aplicação. Métodos: Este estudo comparou, por meio do método Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing, o microcusteio desses diferentes regimes de aplicação, usando com base de cálculo médias nacionais de custo em um serviço ambulatorial de porte médio. Resultados: Os resultados encontrados demonstraram que a diferença nos custos com a aplicação única é 31,47% menor para três aplicações e 119,13% para cinco aplicações. Conclusão: Em nenhum estudo houve superioridade do regime de cinco aplicações ao regime de três, fato que leva a acreditar que não há nenhuma justificativa para esse procedimento do ponto de vista econômico ou de qualidade de vida do paciente.

HYLAN G-F 20 VERSUS TRIAMCINOLONE IN THE TREATMENT OF PRIMARY SHOULDER OSTEOARTHRITIS. RANDOMIZED TRIAL.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of using an intra-articular injection of hylan G-F 20 (HA group) on primary shoulder osteoarthritis compared with an intra-articular triamcinolone injection (T group). Materials and Methods: The patients were randomized into 2 groups: in the HA group a single dose of intra-articular hylan G-F 20 was administered and in the T control group a dose of triamcinolone 20 mg was administered. The participants were evaluated at 1 week, 1, 3, and 6 months after the procedure. The patients were evaluated for pain, range of motion, Constant score, modified UCLA score, and SPADI. Results: Seventy patients met the inclusion criteria and were randomized to the HA (38) and T (32) groups. Improvements in range of motion were significant (p > 0.05). We observed decreases in the general visual analog scale (VAS) for pain in both groups, especially in the cases of mild and moderate arthritis that received hyaluronic acid (mean values from 8.1 initially to 4.9 after 6 months) (p = 0). Conclusions: Both injections led to a decrease in pain and an increase in patient satisfaction. The results tend to be better and longer lasting in patients receiving hyaluronic acid. Level of evidence II b; Cohort study.

Introdução: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do uso de uma injeção intra-articular de Hilano G-F 20 (Grupo HA) na osteoartrite primária do ombro em comparação com injeção intra-articular de triancinolona (Grupo T). Material e Método: Os pacientes foram randomizados em dois grupos: no Grupo HA foi administrada uma dose única de Hilano G-F 20 intra-articular e no Grupo controle T foi administrada uma dose de 20 mg de triancinolona. Os participantes foram avaliados 1 semana, 1, 3 e 6 meses depois do procedimento. Os pacientes foram avaliados quanto à dor, amplitude de movimento, escore de Constant, escore UCLA modificado e índice SPADI. Resultados: Setenta pacientes satisfizeram os critérios de inclusão e foram randomizados para os Grupos HA (38) e T (32). As melhoras da amplitude de movimento foram significativas (p > 0,05). Observamos diminuições na escala visual analógica (EVA) geral para dor em ambos os grupos, principalmente nos casos de artrite leve e moderada que receberam ácido hialurônico (valores médios de 8,1 inicialmente a 4,9 depois de 6 meses) (p = 0). Conclusões: Ambas as injeções reduziram a dor e aumentaram a satisfação do paciente. Os resultados tendem a ser melhores e mais duradouros em pacientes que recebem ácido hialurônico. Nível de evidência II b; Estudo de Coorte.

Effects of Reticulated Hyaluronic Acid Alone or Associated With Whole-Body Vibration in Dogs With Osteoarthritis Due to Hip Dysplasia.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of reticulated hyaluronic acid (HA) alone or associated with whole-body vibration (WBV) in dogs with osteoarthritis due to hip dysplasia. Fourteen dogs were randomized assigned into 2 groups of 7 animals: Group 1 (G1) - single intra-articular injection of hyaluronic acid; Group 2 (G2) - single intra-articular injection of hyaluronic acid associated with WBV sessions. The affected hip joint received 0.70 mL of reticulated HA guided by ultrasound. Dogs were submitted to a single session of WBV (30 and 50 Hz, for 15 min) every 48 hours for 12 weeks. Dogs were evaluated for morphometric measurements; orthopedic, radiographic and lameness scores of the hip joints; kinetic analysis; and ultrassonographic measurement of the following muscles: middle gluteal, vastus lateralis and biceps femoris. The morphometric measurements, lameness scores, and muscle measurements were conducted at 10 minutes before treatments (TP0), and at days 30 (TP30), 60 (TP60) and 90 (TP90) after treatments. The orthopedic and radiographic scores and kinetic analysis were performed at TP0 and TP90. The scores of lameness showed a statistical decrease in G1 and G2 between time-points. Significant decreases (P = .01) were observed in orthopedic scores in both groups between time-points. The Peak Vertical Force between TP0 and TP90 was significantly higher in G2 (P = .01). Vertical Impulse was null in G1 and positive in G2. Dogs treated with single intra-articular injection of hyaluronic acid alone and associated with WBV had beneficial effects in dogs with osteoarthritis due to hip dysplasia, however the association of viscosupplementation with hyaluronic acid and WBV had an earlier improvement clinical outcome and allowed better kinetic results.

May the Symptomatic Subtalar Joint Be Conservatively Treated With Intra-Articular Hyaluronic Acid Injections After a Calcaneus Fracture?

BACKGROUND: Subtalar pain following intra-articular calcaneus fractures may be associated with disability, pain, and a negative impact on the quality of life. Salvage procedures as subtalar fusion are associated with further consequences as stiffness, altered ankle biomechanics, and adjacent articular overloading with degenerative changes. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the short-term effects of viscosupplementation with intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA) on function and pain, in patients with painful subtalar joint after calcaneus fracture. METHODS: We searched for patients who underwent osteosynthesis of intra-articular calcaneus fracture between January 2011 and July 2015 and were diagnosed during the follow-up with pain and subtalar osteoarthritis. Between January and December of 2018, 13 patients (50 ± 10 years) accepted to participate in this study and received intra-articular HA injections. Three consecutive doses of 20 mg of HA were administered within a week interval, through anterolateral injections into the subtalar joint. We prospectively evaluated the function using the ankle/hindfoot American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society score (AOFAS) and level of pain using the visual analog scale (VAS) before the intervention and 4, 12, and 24 weeks after the first injection. RESULTS: Hindfoot function improved with an increase of AOFAS from 55 ± 19 before the intervention to 88 ± 20 at the 24th week (P = .001). Similarly, we observed relief of pain during the 24 weeks following intra-articular hyaluronic acid injection, with a decrease in VAS from 8.3 ± 1.3 before treatment to 2.2 ± 3.0 at the 24th week (P = .001). CONCLUSION: For patients experiencing pain and dysfunction with subtalar osteoarthritis after intra-articular calcaneus fracture, viscosupplementation with intra-articular HA may be associated with improvement in function and pain in the short term. Furthermore, patients with higher grades of osteoarthritis may have limited benefit in pain relief and function improvement. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV, Case series.

Brazilian consensus statement on viscosupplementation of the hip (cobravi-q) / Consenso brasileiro de viscossuplementação do quadril (cobravi-q)

ABSTRACT Objective: The Brazilian Consensus on Hip Viscosupplementation aims to generate a referential and consensual source from the theoretical knowledge and clinical experience of specialists in the field. Methods: A multidisciplinary panel was formed with 15 specialists (sports medicine, orthopedists, physiatrists and rheumatologists), based on clinical and academic experience in the use of viscosupplementation of the hip. 12 statements were prepared, discussed and voted. Each panelist gave a value between 0 and 10 on a Likert scale, specifying their level of agreement with the statement. Results: The panel reached a consensus on several aspects of viscosupplementation of the hip, with emphasis on the following statements: best indication is for mild to moderate hip arthrosis; it may be indicated in severe osteoarthritis; results may vary according to the characteristics of the viscosupplement used; Viscosupplementation should not be performed as an isolated procedure, but in conjunction with other rehabilitation and pharmacological measures; best injection technique should be based on anatomical references coupled with imaging guidance; it is a cost-effective procedure. Conclusion: Viscosupplementation is a safe and effective therapy for hip osteoarthritis, even in severe cases. Guided injection is recommended. Level of Evidence V, Expert Opinion.

RESUMO Objetivo: O Consenso Brasileiro de Viscossuplementação do Quadril visa gerar uma fonte referencial a partir do conhecimento teórico e da experiência clínica de especialistas da área. Métodos: Um painel multidisciplinar foi formado com quinze especialistas (médicos do esporte, ortopedistas, fisiatras e reumatologistas), com base na experiência clínica e acadêmica no uso da viscossuplementação do quadril. Foram elaboradas, discutidas e votadas doze afirmativas. Cada membro do painel deu um valor entre 0 e 10 numa escala tipo Likert, especificando seu nível de concordância com a afirmação. Resultados: O painel chegou a um consenso sobre diversos aspectos da viscossuplementação do quadril, destacando-se: a melhor indicação é para tratar artrose de quadril leve a moderada; pode ser indicada para casos graves; os resultados podem variar de acordo com o viscossuplemento utilizado; não deve ser realizada como procedimento isolado, mas em conjunto com outras medidas reabilitadoras e farmacológicas; a melhor técnica para infiltração no quadril deve se basear nas referências anatômicas combinadas com guiagem por imagem; a viscossuplementação do quadril é um procedimento custo-efetivo. Conclusão: A viscossuplementação é uma alternativa terapêutica segura e eficaz na osteoartrite do quadril, mesmo em casos graves. Recomenda-se o uso de métodos guiados. Nível de Evidência V, Opinião do Especialista.

Hylan g-f 20 versus triamcinolone in the treatment of primary shoulder osteoarthritis. randomized trial / Hilano g-f 20 versus triancinolona no tratamento da osteoartrite primária do ombro. estudo randomizado

ABSTRACT Introduction The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of using an intra-articular injection of hylan G-F 20 (HA group) on primary shoulder osteoarthritis compared with an intra-articular triamcinolone injection (T group). Materials and Methods The patients were randomized into 2 groups: in the HA group a single dose of intra-articular hylan G-F 20 was administered and in the T control group a dose of triamcinolone 20 mg was administered. The participants were evaluated at 1 week, 1, 3, and 6 months after the procedure. The patients were evaluated for pain, range of motion, Constant score, modified UCLA score, and SPADI. Results Seventy patients met the inclusion criteria and were randomized to the HA (38) and T (32) groups. Improvements in range of motion were significant (p > 0.05). We observed decreases in the general visual analog scale (VAS) for pain in both groups, especially in the cases of mild and moderate arthritis that received hyaluronic acid (mean values from 8.1 initially to 4.9 after 6 months) (p = 0). Conclusions Both injections led to a decrease in pain and an increase in patient satisfaction. The results tend to be better and longer lasting in patients receiving hyaluronic acid. Level of evidence II b; Cohort study.

RESUMO Introdução O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do uso de uma injeção intra-articular de Hilano G-F 20 (Grupo HA) na osteoartrite primária do ombro em comparação com injeção intra-articular de triancinolona (Grupo T). Material e Método Os pacientes foram randomizados em dois grupos: no Grupo HA foi administrada uma dose única de Hilano G-F 20 intra-articular e no Grupo controle T foi administrada uma dose de 20 mg de triancinolona. Os participantes foram avaliados 1 semana, 1, 3 e 6 meses depois do procedimento. Os pacientes foram avaliados quanto à dor, amplitude de movimento, escore de Constant, escore UCLA modificado e índice SPADI. Resultados Setenta pacientes satisfizeram os critérios de inclusão e foram randomizados para os Grupos HA (38) e T (32). As melhoras da amplitude de movimento foram significativas (p > 0,05). Observamos diminuições na escala visual analógica (EVA) geral para dor em ambos os grupos, principalmente nos casos de artrite leve e moderada que receberam ácido hialurônico (valores médios de 8,1 inicialmente a 4,9 depois de 6 meses) (p = 0). Conclusões Ambas as injeções reduziram a dor e aumentaram a satisfação do paciente. Os resultados tendem a ser melhores e mais duradouros em pacientes que recebem ácido hialurônico. Nível de evidência II b; Estudo de Coorte.

Platelet-Rich Plasma Versus Hyaluronic Acid for Knee Chondral Injuries In Young Patients.

Objective The present study aimed to compare the clinical and functional outcomes of hyaluronic acid (HA) or platelet-rich plasma (PRP) applications to treat young patients with knee chondral lesions with no arthrosis. Methods Prospective clinical and functional evaluation of 30 young adult patients with knee chondral lesions submitted to conservative treatment with HA or PRP for a minimum follow-up time of 12 months. The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) and visual analog scale (VAS) were used for the evaluation. Results According to the WOMAC score, the PRP group showed significant improvement in all evaluated points, whereas the HA group presented no score improvement. In the VAS, the PRP group showed improvement in all evaluated points, and the HA group presented improvement at 6 and 12 months. Compared to the HA group, the PRP group presented better WOMAC scores at all evaluated points and better VAS scores up to 6 months after treatment. Conclusion Platelet-rich plasma application resulted in better clinical and functional outcomes at both the WOMAC and VAS scores when applied to knees from young patients with chondral lesions, but no arthrosis. These outcomes were sustained for up to 12 months. Level of evidence Randomized clinical trial (Type 2B).

Hyaluronic Acid In Vitro Response: Viability and Proliferation Profile of Human Chondrocytes in 3D-Based Culture.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of hyaluronic acid in the viability and proliferation profile of human femoral-tibial joint cartilage affected by osteoarthritis using in vitro models of chondrocytes in a 2-dimensional (2D)- and 3-dimensional (3D)-based culture model by spheroids. DESIGN: In vitro study of knee cartilage affected by osteoarthritis that required surgical treatment. Samples were cultured and exposed to hyaluronic acid (100 and 500 µM; intervention group) or vehicle solution. In monolayer or 2D culture, proliferation and cell viability were measured, and nuclear morphometry was analyzed by 4',6'-diamino-2-fenil-indol (DAPI) staining. The 3D-based culture established from the culture of articular cartilage of patients submitted to total knee arthroplasty evaluated the diameter, viability, and fusion ability of the chondrospheres created. RESULTS: Samples from 3 patients resulted in viable cultures, with chondrocyte cells exhibiting a potential for cell proliferation and viability to establish a culture. Hyaluronic acid (100 and 500 µM) improved chondrocyte viability and proliferation up to 72 hours in contact when compared with the control group, and no nuclear irregularities in morphology cell characteristics were observed by DAPI. In the 3D evaluation, hyaluronic acid (500 µM) improved the cellular feedback mechanisms, increasing the survival and maintenance of the chondrospheres after 7 days of analysis, showing the intrinsic capacity of chondrospheres grouped in the attempt to rearrange and reestablish new articular tissue. CONCLUSIONS: The 2D- and 3D-based culture models with hyaluronic acid improved chondrocyte viability and proliferation and demonstrated the ability of freshly formed chondrospheres to undergo fusion when placed together in the presence of hyaluronic acid.

Potential effect of hyaluronic acid and triamcinolone acetate, alone or combined, on chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells / Efecto potencial del ácido hialurónico y del acetato de triamcinolona solos o combinados sobre la diferenciación condrogénica de células-tronco mesenquimales / Efeito potencial do ácido hialurônico e triancinolona acetonida, isolados e combinados, na diferenciação condrogênica de células-tronco mensenquimais

Abstract Background: Osteoarthritis is a complex degenerative disease with several factors contributing to joint damage. Objective: To compare the potential effect of hyaluronic acid (HA) and triamcinolone acetonide (TA), alone or combined, on the in vitro chondrogenic differentiation process of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Methods: MSCs were divided into four groups: Control, HA, TA, and HA/TA combined. Each treatment group was cultured for 14 days in chondrogenic differentiation medium. The chondrogenic differentiation potential was assessed by histology and immunohistochemistry. Results: The HA and HA/TA-treated MSCs presented histological characteristics similar to native chondrocytes. The extracellular matrix (ECM) of TA-treated MSCs was compact and organized. Glycosaminoglycan staining was intense in Control, moderate in TA, slight in HA/TA, and undetectable in HA. Type II collagen immunoreactivity was high in the TA-treated ECM and MSCs. Conclusions: Histological analysis shows that HA influences morphological development similar to chondrocytes of the MSCs, but with low expression of specific cartilage molecules. The TA promotes formation of a compact and organized ECM.

Resumen Antecedentes: La osteoartritis es una enfermedad degenerativa compleja en la cual varios factores contribuyen al daño articular. Objetivo: Comparar el efecto del ácido hialurónico (HA) y acetónido de triamcinolona (TA), solos o en combinación, en el proceso de diferenciación condrogénica in vitro de células madre mesenquimales (MSCs). Métodos: Las MSCs fueron divididas en cuatro grupos: Control, HA, TA y HA/TA, y cultivadas por 14 días en medio de diferenciación condrogénica para cada tratamiento. El potencial de diferenciación condrogénica fue analizado por medio de histología e inmunohistoquímica. Resultados: Las MSCs tratadas con HA y HA/TA, presentaron características histológicas similares a los condrocitos nativos, y la matriz extracelular (ECM) de MSCs tratadas con TA fue más compacta y organizada. La tinción de glicosaminoglicanos fue intensa en el Control, moderada en TA, ligera en HA/TA, y sin tinción en HA. La inmunoreactividad para colágeno tipo II fue más alta en las MSCs y ECM tratadas con TA. Conclusión: El análisis histológico muestra que el HA influencia un desarrollo morfológico similar a los condrocitos de las MSCs, pero con baja expresión de moléculas específicas de cartílago. La TA promueve la formación de una ECM compacta y organizada.

Resumo Antecedentes: A osteoartrite é uma doença degenerativa complexa, na qual vários fatores contribuem ao dano articular. Objetivo: Comparar o efeito do ácido hialurônico (HA) e Triancinolona acetonida (TA), só ou combinado no processo de diferenciação condrogênica in vitro de células tronco mesenquimais (MSCs). Métodos: MSCs foram divididas em 4 grupos: Controle, HA, TA y HA/TA e cultivadas por 14 dias com meio de diferenciação condrogênica e seus respectivos tratamentos. O potencial de diferenciação condrogênica foi acessado por meio de histologia e imunohistoquímica. Resultados: Histologicamente, MSCs tratadas com HA e HA/TA apresentaram características semelhantes de condrócitos nativos, e a matriz extracelular de MSCs tratadas com TA foi mais compacta e organizada. A coloração para glicosaminoglicanos foi intensa no Controle, moderada no TA, leve no HA/TA e sem coloração com HA. Para os grupos tratamento, a imunoreatividade para colágeno tipo II foi maior nas células e matriz extracelular tratadas com TA. Conclusão: Mediante análise histológica, o HA influenciou o desenvolvimento morfológico semelhante a condrócitos das MSCs, mas com baixa expressão de moléculas específicas de cartilagem. A TA promoveu a formação de uma matriz extracelular compacta e organizada.

The role of viscosupplementation in patellar chondropathy.

Patellar chondropathy has a high incidence in the general population, being more common in patients younger than 50 years, female and recreational athletes, and overweight and obese patients. The most common complaints are pain, limited mobility, crepitus, difficulty climbing and descending stairs, and joint instability, usually showing unsatisfactory results with anti-inflammatory, physiotherapy, rehabilitation, and many other conservative treatment methods. The presumed hyaluronic acid (HA) disease-modifying activity may include effects on cartilage degradation, endogenous HA synthesis, synoviocyte and chondrocyte function, and other cellular inflammatory processes. Currently, HA is widely used as a safe and effective conservative treatment for osteoarthritis in the knee and other joints. HA improves the physiological environment in an osteoarthritic joint and the shock absorption and lubrication properties of the osteoarthritic synovial fluid, thus restoring the protective viscoelasticity of the synovial HA, reducing the pain, and improving the mobility. The complete mechanism of HA in the joint is not fully understood, but a wide range of actions in the joint is recognized. Its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and chondroprotective action is related to the modulation of the intra- and extracellular inflammation cascade. HA has been shown to be safe and effective in the treatment of pain related to patellar chondropathy.

Effectiveness of hyaluronic acid in the treatment of degenerative diseases of the temporomandibular joint: literature review / Efectividad del ácido hialurónico en el tratamiento de enfermedades degenerativas de la articulación temporomandibular: revisión de literatura

Objetive: The degenerative diseases of the tempo-romandibular joint (TMJ) are characterized by a progressive destruction of the articular tissues of the condyle and the glenoid fossa. The main aim of this review is to describe the effectiveness of the hyaluronic acid (HA) in the treatment of degenerative diseases of the TMJ in accordance with the available scientific evidence. Material and Methods: A literature search was made in the following databases EBSCO, Pubmed, Cochraneand Trip Database, using the keywords hyaluronic, hyaluronan, NaH, hyaluronate, TMJ, TMD, CMD, craniomandibular, orofacial pain and temporomandibular. There were no date or language restrictions applied. Results: After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 14 studies were included in this review (11 randomized controlled clinical trials and 3 non-randomized clinical trials). Conclusion: The studies reported a decrease in pain and improvement in functional parameters after treatment of TMJ osteoarthritis with HA . The use of arthrocentesis associated with the administration of HA provides effects synergistic, reaching a superiority the protocols with multiple injections with respect to those of a single session. The adverse effects related to the injection of HA with or without associated arthrocentesis were minor and transitory.

Resumen: Objetivo: Las enfermedades degenerativas de la articulación temporomandibular (ATM) se caracterizan por una destrucción progresiva de tejidos articulares en el cóndilo y la fosa glenoidea. El objetivo principal de esta revisión es describir la efectividad del uso de ácido hialurónico en el tratamiento de enfermedades degenerativas de la articulación temporomandibular de acuerdo con la evidencia científica disponible. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura en las bases de datos electrónicas EBSCO, PubMed, Cochrane y Trip Database, utilizando las palabras claves hyaluronic, hyaluronan, NaH, hyaluronate, tmj, tmd, cmd, craniomandibular, orofacial pain y temporomandibular, sin límite de fecha ni de idioma hasta Mayo del año 2020, complementada con una búsqueda retrógrada. Resultados: Con base en los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, 14 estudios fueron incluidos en esta revisión (11 ensayos clínicos controlados aleatorizados y 3 ensayos clínicos controlados no aleatorizados). Conclusión: Los estudios reportaron una disminución del dolor y mejora en los parámetros funcionales luego del tratamiento de osteoartritis de la ATM con AH. El uso de artrocentesis asociada a la administración del AH provee efectos sinérgicos, alcanzando una superioridad los protocolos con múltiples inyecciones con respecto a aquellos de una sola sesión. Los efectos adversos relacionados con la inyección de AH con o sin artrocentesis asociada fueron menores y transitorios.

Effects of low and high molecular weight hyaluronic acid on the osteoarthritic temporomandibular joint in rabbit.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect between intra-articular infiltration of low molecular weight (LMW-HA) and high molecular weight hyaluronic acid (HMW-HA) on the histopathological characteristics of the cartilage and disc of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) osteoarthritis (OA) induced in rabbits. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An experimental study was conducted on 38 rabbit TMJs. The effect of different hyaluronic acids was compared at 30 and 135 days. Histopathological analysis was performed. Cartilage damage was assessed with the OARSI scale. RESULTS: The severity of the induced OA according to OARSI was 3.4 degrees in the mandibular condyle (MC) and 3.2 in the mandibular fossa (MF); the articular disc (AD) presented disorganization of the collagen fibers, with randomly arranged hypertrophic chondrocytes. At 30 days, untreated TMJs worsened. TMJ treated with LMW-HA reduced its severity to 1.5 degrees in MC and 1.6 in MF, the AD presented histological aspects within normal limits. TMJ treated with HMW-HA presented 2.4 degrees in MC and 2.2 in MF, the AD maintained characteristics similar to the group with OA. At 135 days, all groups worsened. CONCLUSION: Exogenous HA is effective in the management of TMJ-OA induced in rabbits, showing cartilage and articular disc repair at 30 days. The LMW-HA group had better effects on joint tissue than HMW-HA 30 days after treatment. However, at 135 days, both groups presented regression of joint tissue repair. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: HA is effective in the anti-arthritic treatment of TMJ-OA induced in rabbits; LMW-HA shows better results in cartilage and articular disc repair than HMW-HA.

Double-needle arthrocentesis with viscosupplementation in patients with temporomandibular joint disc displacement without reduction

OBJECTIVES: Arthrocentesis is the simplest surgical intervention for the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). It can be performed on an outpatient basis at a low cost and with low morbidity. The objective is to release the articular disc by disrupting the adhesion formed between its surfaces and the mandibular fossa through hydraulic pressure generated by irrigation of the upper compartment of the TMJ. Viscosupplementation with hyaluronic acid during or after arthrocentesis improves clinical outcomes, increases mouth opening, and reduces pain levels. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of arthrocentesis plus hyaluronic acid viscosupplementation through clinical examination and preoperative magnetic resonance imaging in patients with unilateral disc displacement without reduction (DDwoR). METHODS: This analytical retrospective cross-sectional study clinically and radiologically evaluated 72 patients of both sexes with unilateral DDwoR. The following data were collected: sex, pain, age, duration of pain, maximum mouth opening, and patient pain perception on a visual analog scale. TMJ arthrocentesis was performed only once for each of the indicated joints. Data were collected before arthrocentesis (baseline) and at 7, 14, 30, 60, 90, and 180 days after the procedure (final evaluation). RESULTS: Between the baseline and final evaluation, there was a significant reduction in pain (p=0.001) and restoration of articular function. In addition, there was a significant increase in maximum mouth opening (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: Patients with DDwoR undergoing arthrocentesis combined with hyaluronic acid injection showed significant improvement in the perceived pain and maximum mouth opening in the mid-term follow-up periods.

IMPROVEMENTS IN HIP OSTEOARTHRITIS WITH LAVAGE, TRIAMCINOLONE AND HYLAN G-F20.

OBJECTIVE: To verify whether the use of Hylan G-F20 improves saline lavage and triamcinolone injection results in the treatment of hip osteoarthritis (HOA). METHODS: 82 patients with HOA categorized as grades II and III severity, according to Kellgren and Lawrence criteria, were randomized into the groups: lavage and triamcinolone (G0); lavage, triamcinolone, and 2 mL of hylan G-F20 (G1); lavage, triamcinolone, and 4mL of hylan G-F20 (G2); lavage, triamcinolone, and 6mL of hylan G-F20 (G3). The VAS, range of motion (ROM), WOMAC, and Lequesne questionnaires were administered at baseline, one, three, six, and twelve months post-injection. RESULTS: All groups showed clinically relevant improvements (> 20%) between baseline and first month post-injection, maintaining subjective results throughout the study period (p < 0.001). We found no differences between groups in any subjective evaluations (p > 0.05, for all). G2 and G3 obtained improved flexion results up to a year (p = 0.028). Hylan groups presented an improved external rotation since the first postoperative month and maintained the results up to a year (G1, p = 0.041; G2, p = 0.007), whereas G0 showed no improvement (p = 0.336). CONCLUSION: Hip lavage and triamcinolone injection, with or without the use of hylan, improves pain, function, and quality of life up to a year in HOA. Hylan may improve ROM up to one year. Level of Evidence IB, Randomized clinical trial.

OBJETIVO: Verificar se o Hylan G-F20 melhora os resultados da lavagem e injeção de triancinolona na osteoartrite do quadril (OAQ). MÉTODOS: 82 pacientes com HOA Kellgren e Lawrence graus II e III foram randomizados: lavagem e triamcinolona (G0); lavagem, triancinolona e 2 mL de Hylan G-F20 (G1); lavagem, triamcinolona e 4 mL de Hylan G-F20 (G2); lavagem, triancinolona e 6 mL de Hylan G-F20 (G3). A escala visual analógica (EVA), amplitude de movimento (ADM), questionários Womac e Lequesne foram obtidos no início, um, três, seis e doze meses após a injeção. RESULTADOS: Todos os grupos apresentaram melhora clinicamente relevante (> 20%) entre o início e o primeiro mês, mantendo resultados subjetivos durante o estudo (p <0,001). Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os grupos nas avaliações subjetivas (p > 0,05). A flexão aumentou no G2 e G3 até um ano (p = 0,028). A rotação externa melhorou nos grupos Hylan no primeiro mês, mantendo os resultados até um ano (G1, p = 0,041; G2, p = 0,007), enquanto G0 nunca melhorou (p = 0,336). CONCLUSÃO: Lavagem do quadril e injeção de triancinolona, com ou sem Hylan, melhoram a dor, função e qualidade de vida até um ano na OAQ. Hylan pode melhorar a ADM até um ano. Nível de evidência IB, Ensaio clínico randomizado.

Improvements in hip osteoarthritis with lavage, triamcinolone and hylan g-f20 / Melhora na osteoartrite de quadril por lavagem, triancinolona e hilano

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify whether the use of Hylan G-F20 improves saline lavage and triamcinolone injection results in the treatment of hip osteoarthritis (HOA). Methods: 82 patients with HOA categorized as grades II and III severity, according to Kellgren and Lawrence criteria, were randomized into the groups: lavage and triamcinolone (G0); lavage, triamcinolone, and 2 mL of hylan G-F20 (G1); lavage, triamcinolone, and 4mL of hylan G-F20 (G2); lavage, triamcinolone, and 6mL of hylan G-F20 (G3). The VAS, range of motion (ROM), WOMAC, and Lequesne questionnaires were administered at baseline, one, three, six, and twelve months post-injection. Results: All groups showed clinically relevant improvements (> 20%) between baseline and first month post-injection, maintaining subjective results throughout the study period (p < 0.001). We found no differences between groups in any subjective evaluations (p > 0.05, for all). G2 and G3 obtained improved flexion results up to a year (p = 0.028). Hylan groups presented an improved external rotation since the first postoperative month and maintained the results up to a year (G1, p = 0.041; G2, p = 0.007), whereas G0 showed no improvement (p = 0.336). Conclusion: Hip lavage and triamcinolone injection, with or without the use of hylan, improves pain, function, and quality of life up to a year in HOA. Hylan may improve ROM up to one year. Level of Evidence IB, Randomized clinical trial.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar se o Hylan G-F20 melhora os resultados da lavagem e injeção de triancinolona na osteoartrite do quadril (OAQ). Métodos: 82 pacientes com HOA Kellgren e Lawrence graus II e III foram randomizados: lavagem e triamcinolona (G0); lavagem, triancinolona e 2 mL de Hylan G-F20 (G1); lavagem, triamcinolona e 4 mL de Hylan G-F20 (G2); lavagem, triancinolona e 6 mL de Hylan G-F20 (G3). A escala visual analógica (EVA), amplitude de movimento (ADM), questionários Womac e Lequesne foram obtidos no início, um, três, seis e doze meses após a injeção. Resultados: Todos os grupos apresentaram melhora clinicamente relevante (> 20%) entre o início e o primeiro mês, mantendo resultados subjetivos durante o estudo (p <0,001). Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os grupos nas avaliações subjetivas (p > 0,05). A flexão aumentou no G2 e G3 até um ano (p = 0,028). A rotação externa melhorou nos grupos Hylan no primeiro mês, mantendo os resultados até um ano (G1, p = 0,041; G2, p = 0,007), enquanto G0 nunca melhorou (p = 0,336). Conclusão: Lavagem do quadril e injeção de triancinolona, com ou sem Hylan, melhoram a dor, função e qualidade de vida até um ano na OAQ. Hylan pode melhorar a ADM até um ano. Nível de evidência IB, Ensaio clínico randomizado.