Go Wish card game-exploring end-of-life wishes of patients in oncology palliative care: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Among the methods that promote quality of life and care, discussing and remembering end-of-life (EOL) wishes for future care may contribute to decision-making about care and the promotion of a good death. Our aim was to investigate the most significant EOL desires among Brazilian cancer patients receiving palliative care (PC). METHODS: This was an exploratory, descriptive, and qualitative study conducted in a Palliative Care Oncology Unit. Fifteen patients played the Go Wish card game (GWCG), choosing and categorizing cards into themes as very important, more or less important, and not important at all. The ten most important cards were discussed, and categories were defined for each card. Cards with the highest frequencies of choice were described. Patients were also asked, "What did playing the cards mean to you?". All data were analyzed using Bardin's content analysis and generated a word cloud to interpret the participants' narratives. RESULTS: Out of the 36 cards, card 19, "I want my family and friends close to me", was the most frequently chosen. Out of the 15 patients studied, only one reported that they initially did not enjoy playing the cards. In this study, the GWCG was effective in fulfilling 90% of the patients' wishes, and this was only possible with the support of the researchers, members of the multi-professional team, and patients' families. CONCLUSIONS: The use of the GWCG in the oncology PC setting made an important contribution to open discussions about patients' values and preferences, as well as being an easy-to-use, understandable, and flexible tool. Prioritizing the fulfillment of patients' wishes was one of the main strengths of this study. Our study suggests working with these wishes as a framework for person-centered care.

Validation of the Mexican version of the Schedule of Attitudes Toward Hastened Death in patients undergoing palliative care in Mexico.

OBJECTIVES: The Schedule of Attitudes Toward Hastened Death (SAHD) has emerged as a valid and reliable tool to assess the wish to hasten death (WTHD) among patients diagnosed with advanced cancer; however, the instrument has never been culturally adapted and validated for patients in Mexico. This study sought to validate and abbreviate the SAHD tool for use among patients attending the Palliative Care Service of the Instituto Nacional de Cancerología in Mexico. METHODS: The SAHD was culturally adapted from a previously published validation in patients from Spain. Eligible patients included Spanish literate subjects treated as outpatients in the Palliative Care Service, with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0-3. Patients were asked to answer the Mexican version of SAHD (SAHD-Mx) instrument and the Brief Edinburgh Depression Scale (BEDS). RESULTS: A total of 225 patients were included in the study. Median positive response in the SAHD-Mx was 2 (range 0-18). Positive correlation was identified between the SAHD-Mx scale and ECOG performance status (r = 0.188, p = 0.005), as well as BEDS (r = 0.567, p < 0.001). SAHD-Mx displayed strong internal consistency (alpha = 0.85) and adequate reliability from test-retest phone interviews (r = 0.567, p < 0.001). Using the confirmatory factor analysis model, a factor was identified and the number of items was reduced to 6, including items 4, 5, 9, 10, 13, and 18. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS: The SAHD-Mx emerges as an adequate tool, with appropriate psychometric characteristics, for assessing WTHD among patients diagnosed with cancer undergoing palliative care in Mexico. .

Neurose obsessiva: a construção de uma psiconeurose / Obsessive neurosis: the construction of psychoneurosis / Névrose obsessive: la construction de la psychonévrose

A neurose obsessiva é uma das duas psiconeuroses de defesa descritas por Freud e sobre as quais se baseou fundamentalmente a construção e desenvolvimento de seu modelo de aparelho psíquico. No presente artigo, nos propomos promover um estudo sobre a neurose obsessiva, sua dinâmica e mecanismos de defesa. Para tal, desenvolveremos uma revisão de literatura sobre o tema tomando como ponto de partida a consideração angular de Castel (2011), segundo a qual teria sido a neurose obsessiva e não a histeria a responsável pelo surgimento das bases da psicanálise e da construção da ideia de um aparelho psíquico. A fim de circunscrever a ideia proposta por Castel, nos dedicaremos prioritariamente a um percurso sobre a construção da neurose obsessiva pautados nas proposições freudianas. Seguiremos a linha temporal buscando lançar luz sobre o desenvolvimento de uma forma de organização própria a essa neurose e sua dinâmica do desejo em pauta. Por fim, apresentaremos as considerações de Abraham a partir das quais desenvolveremos a ideia de um movimento de regressão libidinal posta em questão nesses casos, e não uma lógica de fixação a um estágio específico do desenvolvimento libidinal.

Obsessive neurosis is one of the two defense psychoneuroses described by Freud and on which the construction and development of his model of psychic apparatus was fundamentally based. In this article, we propose to promote a study on obsessional neurosis, its dynamics and defense mechanisms. To this end, we will develop a literature review on the subject taking Castel's (2011) angular consideration as a starting point, according to which it was obsessive neurosis and not hysteria that was responsible for the emergence of the bases of psychoanalysis and the construction of the idea of a psychic apparatus. In order to circumscribe the idea proposed by Castel, we will dedicate ourselves primarily to a journey on the construction of obsessional neurosis based on Freudian propositions. We will follow the timeline seeking to shed light on the development of a form of organization specific to this neurosis and its dynamics of desire on the agenda. Finally, we will present Abraham's considerations from which we will develop the idea of a libidinal regression movement in question in these cases and not a logic of fixation to a specific stage of libidinal development.

La névrose obsessionnelle est l'une des deux psychonévroses de défense décrites par Freud et sur lesquelles reposait fondamentalement la construction et le développement de son modèle d'appareil psychique. Dans cet article, nous proposons de promouvoir une étude sur la névrose obsessionnelle, sa dynamique et ses mécanismes de défense. Pour cela, nous développerons une revue de la littérature sur le sujet en prenant comme point de départ la considération angulaire de Castel (2011), selon laquelle c'est la névrose obsessionnelle et non l'hystérie qui a été responsable de l'émergence des bases de la psychanalyse et de la construction de l'idée d'un appareil psychique. Afin de circonscrire l'idée proposée par Castel, nous nous consacrerons principalement à un voyage sur la construction de la névrose obsessionnelle à partir de propositions freudiennes. Nous suivrons la chronologie cherchant à éclairer le développement d'une forme d'organisation propre à cette névrose et sa dynamique du désir à l'ordre du jour. Enfin, nous présenterons les considérations d'Abraham à partir desquelles nous développerons l'idée d'un mouvement de régression libidinale en question dans ces cas et non une logique de fixation à un stade spécifique du développement libidinal.

La función de soporte del objeto del deseo / The support function of the object of desire

En el presente trabajo exploramos la función de soporte del sujeto que Lacan le adjudica al objeto del deseo. Tomaremos para ello dos referencias del autor a la filósofa francesa del cristianismo Simone Weil, a los fines de ilustrar el carácter metonímico del objeto del deseo que opera como sostén. A continuación, ilustraremos este lazo particular con el objeto concebido por Lacan, que se distingue del valor de uso y/o de intercambio. Para ello nos serviremos de dos figuras: el codicioso y el coleccionista. Para la primera estampa, abordada con frecuencia por la comedia, tomaremos la obra de Molière, El avaro y a fines de ilustrar la dependencia del objeto en el caso del coleccionista, tomaremos al personaje principal de la novela de Susan Sontag, El amante del volcán

This article explores the support function of subject that Lacan attributes to the object of desire. For this, we will take two references from the author to the French philosopher of Christianity Simone Weil, in order to illustrate the metonymic character of the object of desire that operates as a support. Then, we will illustrate this particular link with the object conceived by Lacan, which is distinguished from the use and / or exchange value. We will use two figures as example: the greedy and the collector. For the first case, frequently approached by comedy, we will take Molière´s work, The Miser and in order to illustrate the dependence of the object in the case of the collector, we will take the main character of Susan Sontag´s novel, The Volcano Lover

Suicidal behavior in individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) leads to a drastic reduction in quality of life, generating intense psychological distress and predisposing those affected to mental illness and, in more severe cases, suicidal behavior. OBJECTIVE: This is a systematic review aiming to estimate the frequency of wish to die, suicide ideation and suicide in individuals with ALS using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P). METHODS: The following databases were used: Pubmed/MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, SciELO, Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde (BVS), and Cochrane Library. The choice of appropriate descriptors, or their equivalents, to define the search terms was based on the technical and scientific vocabulary of each database. RESULTS: 13 articles were included in the present systematic review, of which three were cross-sectional studies, nine were cohort-type and there was one case-control study. The studies show that individuals with ALS have a higher risk of suicide in relation to the general population, and there is evidence that this risk is even higher in the early stages of the disease. Major Depressive Disorder was the most prevalent mental disorder in the studies included. This mental health concern is often undertreated, leading to the increased susceptibility of this population to suicide. LIMITATIONS: In general, the study samples represent a highly heterogeneous population while many instruments used in the data collection were not uniform. CONCLUSIONS: The high degree of psychological vulnerability of this population, associated with a greater predisposition to suicidal behavior, should be minimized through public health measures.

Desejo e saber: desejo de saber nas trilhas de Freud e Freire / Desire and Knowledge: Desire to Know on the Freud and Freire trails

Este estudo tem como foco a reflexão sobre as interfaces entre as áreas da Educação e da Psicanálise. Para tanto, explorou-se o conceito de desejo em psicanálise, mais precisamente, o desejo de saber no campo da educação. Abordou-se primeiramente o campo da Psicanálise. Nesse sentido, seguiram-se as pegadas de Freud no desvendando do psiquismo humano e na construção de conceitos fundamentais para essa interlocução com a educação. Buscou-se também analisar se o desejo de saber é condição para que o aluno se torne protagonista de sua aprendizagem e se a posição em que o professor se coloca favorece esse protagonismo, a partir da análise do efeito do processo de transferência bem como da influência de transição de diferentes tipos de currículos (Tradicional versus a Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas ­ ABP) nesse desenvolvimento. Utilizaram-se como instrumento, para a coleta de dados, as rodas de conversas, para as quais foram convidados dois grupos de docentes e dois de discentes do primeiro ano dos cursos de Medicina da Unifenas, câmpus de Alfenas e de Belo Horizonte. As conversas abordaram temas como: o que é e como é melhor aprender; o que é ensinar e como se acha que os alunos aprendem melhor e como se poderia estabelecer uma relação mútua entre ensinar e aprender. O desejo de saber de fato mostrou-se importante influência no protagonismo do aluno, bem como o processo transferencial entre aluno e professor. Os cursos, apesar de apresentarem diferentes metodologias de ensino, não apresentaram diferenças significativas na percepção de alunos e de professores em relação à forma como desejo se associa ao protagonismo

The study focuses on the reflection about the multiple interfaces between Education and Psychoanalysis. Thus, the study explored the concept of desire in psychoanalysis, more precisely the desire for knowledge in the field of education. It first approached the field of Psychoanalysis. In this sense, the footsteps of Freud were followed in unraveling the human psyche and in the construction of fundamental concepts for the dialogue with education. We also sought to analyze if the wish for knowledge is a condition for students to become protagonists of their own learning and also if the teacher's orientation favors this protagonism, through the analysis of the effect of the transfer process, as well as the influence of transition of different types of curriculum (Traditional versus Problem-Based Learning - PBL) in this development. As instrument for data collection, roundtables were used with two groups of teachers and two groups of students from the first year of the medicine courses at both Unifenas campuses of Alfenas and Belo Horizonte. The roundtables addressed topics such as: what it is, what is the best way to learn. What teaching is like, how it is thought that students learn best, and how we could establish a mutual teaching and learning relationship. The desire for knowledge actually proved to have important influence on the student centered learning as well as the process of transfer between teachers and students. Despite using different teaching methodologies, the courses have not presented significant differences between the students' and teachers' perceptions of how the desire is associated to student centered learning

Identification and characterization of human interferon alpha inhibitors through a WISH cell line-based reporter gene assay.

Interferons (IFNs) are important glycoproteins which can stimulate or inhibit up to three hundred different genes encoding proteins involved in antiviral defense mechanisms, inflammation, adaptive immunity, angiogenesis and among other processes. Nevertheless, different genetic alterations may lead to interferon alpha (IFN-α) overproduction in human autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus. As a consequence, IFN-α is a central molecule whose activity must be regulated to block their harmful effect on those disorders where the endogenous cytokine production constitutes the etiology of the illnesses. In this work, we evaluate the biological activity of eighty-eight compounds, from our own chemo-library, to find potential IFN-α inhibitors by using a reporter gene assay (RGA) WISH-Mx2/EGFP. We identified some compounds able to modulate negatively the IFN-α activity. The most active IFN-α inhibitors were further studied achieving promising results. In addition, some combinations of the most active compounds were analyzed accomplishing a stronger effect to decrease the IFN-α activity than each compound alone. Furthermore, the complete inhibition of the cytokine activity was reached with some combinations of compounds.

O sentimento de culpa em Freud: entre a angústia e o desejo / The feeling of guilt in Freud: between anguish and desire / El sentimiento de culpa en Freud: entre la angustia y el deseo

O sentimento de culpa foi tratado com grande propriedade por Freud. Destacado como o grande problema do desenvolvimento da civilização e como atributo do inconsciente que se articula com a angústia, a culpa parece estar verdadeiramente presente na estrutura do desejo humano. Ela se manifesta de múltiplas formas, que vão do remorso (o próprio Freud menciona o remorso que sentiu pela morte do irmão) à neurose, tornandose um problema de difícil solução. Este artigo pretende pensar a culpa em Freud a partir do complexo de Édipo, visto aqui como fonte desse sentimento e posteriormente na formação do supereu, momento em que se aproximam culpa e angústia. Sem a pretensão de esgotar o assunto, espera contribuir para o entendimento desse importante sentimento que frequentemente aflora na clínica psicanalítica.

The sense of guilt feeling was greatly treated by Freud. Highlighted as the major problem of the development of civilization and as an attribute of the unconscious that is linked to anguish, guilt seems to be truly present in the structure of human wish. It is revealed in many ways, ranging from remorse (Freud mentions the remorse that he felt about his brother’s death) to neurosis, becoming a difficult problem to be solved. This article aims to understand the guilt in Freud’s work from the Oedipus complex, overseen here as a source of this feeling and later on present in the development of superego, a moment in which guilt and anguish come closer to each other. Nevertheless, without claiming to deplete the subject, it hopes to contribute to the understanding of this important feeling that often emerges at the psychoanalytic clinic.

La culpa fue tratada con gran propiedad por Freud. Destacada como el principal problema del desarrollo de la civilización y como atributo del inconsciente que se vincula a la ansiedad, la culpa parece estar realmente presente en la estructura del deseo humano. Se manifiesta de muchas maneras, que van desde el remordimiento (el mismo Freud menciona el remordimiento que sentía por la muerte de su hermano) a la neurosis, volviéndose un problema de difícil solución. Este artículo pretende pensar la culpa en Freud a partir del complejo de Edipo, visto como una fuente de este sentimiento y más tarde en la formación del superyó, momento en que la culpa y la angustia se acercan. Sin pretender agotar el tema, se espera contribuir a la comprensión de este importante sentimiento que a menudo surge en la clínica psicoanalítica.

Ambivalências frente ao projeto parental: vicissitudes da conjugalidade contemporânea / Ambivalence towards the parental project: vicissitudes of contemporary conjugality / Ambivalencias frente al proyecto parental: vicisitudes de la conyugalidad contemporánea

O presente estudo é parte de investigação mais ampla sobre o adiamento do projeto parental e tem como objetivo investigar o desejo de ter filhos e o processo de negociação sobre o projeto parental entre os membros do casal. Para tanto, realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa, na qual foram entrevistados cinco homens e cinco mulheres do segmento socioeconômico médio, membros de casais distintos, com idades entre 33 e 37 anos, sem filhos. Os resultados foram analisados de acordo com o método de análise de conteúdo na sua vertente categorial. Da análise do material, emergiram seis categorias de análise. Para atingir os objetivos formulados no presente trabalho, serão discutidas as categorias: ambivalência quanto ao desejo de filho e negociação entre os membros do casal sobre o projeto de filhos.Os resultados apontaram que a negociação da parentalidade entre os cônjuges ocorre de modo implícito e não verbalizado, sendo favorecida quando pré-estabelecida antes do casamento.

The present study is part of a wider investigation into the postponement of the parental project and the aim is to investigate the desire to have children and the negotiation of the parental project process between the members of the couple. For that, a qualitative research was carried out, in which five men and five women from the middle socioeconomic segment, members of distinct couples, between 33 and 37 years old, without children, were interviewed. The results were analyzed according to the content analysis method. From the analysis of the material six categories emerged. To achieve the objectives of this paper, the following categories will be discussed: the ambivalence about the desire to have a child and negotiation between the members of the couple on the project of having children. The results showed that the negotiation of parenthood between the spouses occurs implicitly and non-verbally, with is favored when pre-established prior to marriage.

El presente estudio es parte de una investigación más amplia sobre el aplazamiento del proyecto parental y tiene como objetivo investigar el deseo de tener hijos y el proceso de negociación sobre el proyecto parental entre los miembros de la pareja. Para eso, se realizó una investigación cualitativa, en la cual fueron entrevistados cinco hombres y cinco mujeres del segmento socioeconómico medio, miembros de parejas distintas, con edades entre 33 y 37 años, sin hijos. Los resultados fueron analizados de acuerdo con el método de análisis de contenido en su vertiente categorial. Del análisis del material, surgieron seis categorías de análisis. Para alcanzar los objetivos formulados en el presente trabajo, se discutirán las categorías: ambivalencia en cuanto al deseo de hijo y negociación entre los miembros de la pareja sobre el proyecto de hijos. Los resultados apuntaron que la negociación de la parentalidad entre los cónyuges, ocurre de modo implícito y no verbalizado, siendo favorecida cuando pre-establecida antes del matrimonio.

La diferencia entre necesidad, demanda, deseo y pulsión / The difference between need, demand, desire and drive

Este artículo pretende dar cuenta de una clara distinción que es necesario realizar para dar claridad en la teoría psicoanalítica de los conceptos de necesidad, demanda, deseo y pulsión. Dichos conceptos suelen dar cabida a confusiones que pueden terminar afectando, no solo a la comprensión teórica, sino a la práctica clínica de los terapeutas y psicoanalistas.

This review article aims to account for a clear distinction that needs to be made to clarify the psychoanalytic theory of the concepts of need, demand, desire and drive. These concepts tend to give rise to confusions that may end up affecting, not only the theoretical understanding, but the clinical practice of therapists and psychoanalysts.

A depressão como posição subjetiva: contribuições lacanianas / Depression as a subjective position: lacanian contributions / La depresión como posición subjetiva: contribuciones lacanianas / La dépression comme position subjective: contributions lacaniennes

A depressão é atualmente um dos assuntos mais difundidos na sociedade. Trata-se de um quadro clínico que acomete milhões de pessoas no mundo inteiro todos os anos e seu diagnóstico é cada vez mais frequente. Nessa perspectiva, ela é tratada como um problema do campo médico e sua etiologia estaria associada à uma desordem neuroquímica. A psicanálise propõe outra alternativa que vai além da perspectiva biomédica. Nesse sentido, nos amparamos no ensino de Lacan e realizamos uma articulação precisa entre a tristeza e o desejo. Dessa maneira os estados depressivos seriam na verdade uma consequência da desorientação do sujeito em relação ao seu desejo. Essa direção se mostra precisa, pois nos fornece elementos para pensarmos o diagnóstico diferencial de melancolia e os estados depressivos que se apresentam sob esse quadro. Trata-se de uma situação em que ocorre o apagamento do desejo do sujeito em função da sua identificação com o objeto perdido. Essa perspectiva também nos permite pensar a depressão neurótica e situá-la como um recuo do sujeito diante do seu desejo que é suscitado pelo Outro. Por fim, a psicanálise nos mostra que a depressão enquanto entidade clínica não existe. Nessas coordenadas, os estados depressivos traduzem sempre uma posição do sujeito diante do objeto, que deve sempre ser analisada a partir da lógica pulsional.

Depression is currently one of the most widespread issues in society. It is a clinical picture that affects millions of people worldwide every year and its diagnosis is increasingly frequent. In this perspective, it is treated as a medical field problem and its etiology would be associated with a neuro-chemical disorder. Psychoanalysis proposes another alternative that goes beyond the biomedical perspective. In this sense, we rely on the teaching of Lacan and make a precise articulation between sadness and desire. In this way depressive states would in fact be a consequence of the subject disorientation in relation to his desire. This direction is precise, as it provides us with elements to think about the differential diagnosis of melancholia and the depressive states that appear under this condition. It is a situation in which the desire of the subject is erased due to its identification with the lost object. This perspective also allows us to think of neurotic depression and situate it as a retreat from the subject before his desire that is raised by the Other. Finally, psychoanalysis shows us that depression as a clinical entity does not exist. In these coordinates, depressive states always translate a position of the subject before the object, which must always be analyzed from the drive logic.

La depresión actualmente es uno de los temas más difundidos en la sociedad. Es un cuadro clínico que millones de personas sufren en todo el mundo todos los años y su diagnóstico es cada día más frecuente. Bajo esa perspectiva, ella es tratada como un problema del campo médico, y su etiología estaría relacionada a un desorden neuroquímico. El psicoanálisis propone otra opción que va más allá de la perspectiva biomédica. En este sentido, tomamos por base la enseñanza de Lacan y realizamos una articulación precisa entre la tristeza y el deseo. De esa manera los estados depresivos serían, en verdad, una consecuencia de la desorientación del sujeto en relación a su deseo. Ese rumbo se presenta enfocado, dándonos elementos para pensar el diagnóstico deferencial de melancolía y los estados depresivos que se presentan bajo ese cuadro. Es una situación en la que ocurre la supresión del deseo del sujeto en función de su identificación con el objeto perdido. Esa perspectiva también nos permite pensar la depresión neurótica y ubicarla como un retroceso del sujeto ante su deseo que es provocado por el Otro. Por fin, el psicoanálisis nos muestra que la depresión mientras entidad clínica no existe. En estas coordenadas, los estados depresivos siempre traducen una posición del sujeto ante el objeto, que debe ser siempre analizada a partir de la lógica pulsional.

La dépression est actuellement l'un des problèmes les plus diffusés dans la société. C'est un tableau clinique qui touche des millions de personnes dans le monde entier et dont le diagnostic est de plus en plus fréquent à chaque année. Dans cette perspective, elle est traitée comme un problème médical et sa cause pourrait être associée à un trouble neurochimique. La psychanalyse propose une autre alternative qui dépasse la perspective biomédicale. En ce sens, on s'appuie sur l'enseignement de Lacan et on a fait une articulation précise entre la tristesse et le désir. De cette manière, les états dépressifs seraient en réalité une conséquence de la désorientation du sujet par rapport à son désir. Cette direction se montre précise car elle fournit des éléments de réflexion sur le diagnostic différentiel de la mélancolie et des états dépressifs qui apparaissent sous ce tableau clinique. Il s'agit d'une situation dans laquelle il y a l'effacement du désir du sujet à cause de son identification avec l'objet perdu. Cette perspective permet aussi de penser à la dépression névrotique, bien comme de la situer comme un retrait du sujet avant son désir, qui est suscité par l'Autre. Finalement, la psychanalyse montre que la dépression en tant qu'entité clinique n'existe pas. Dans ces coordonnées, les états dépressifs traduisent toujours une position du sujet devant l'objet, qui doit toujours être analysée à partir de la logique instinctif.

Stage and tissue expression patterns of Schistosoma mansoni venom allergen-like proteins SmVAL 4, 13, 16 and 24.

BACKGROUND: Schistosoma mansoni venom allergen-like protein (SmVAL) is a gene family composed of 29 members divided into group 1 encoding proteins potentially secreted, and group 2 encoding intracellular components. Some members were found to be upregulated in the transition of germ ball - cercariae - day 3 schistosomula, suggesting that group 1 SmVAL proteins are associated with the invasion of the human host, although their functions are not completely established. Recently, we have described the localization of SmVAL7 (group 1) and SmVAL6 (group 2) transcripts in the oesophageal gland and in the oral and ventral suckers of adult parasites, respectively. The expression patterns of the two genes suggest that SmVAL7 protein plays a role in the blood-feeding process while SmVAL6 is associated with the parasite attachment and movement in the vasculature. In this way, searching for additional secreted SmVAL proteins that could be involved in key processes from skin penetration to the beginning of blood-feeding, we investigated the tissue localization of SmVAL4, 13, 16 and 24 by whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH). RESULTS: We report here the localization of group 1 SmVAL4 and 24 transcripts in the pre-acetabular glands of developing germ balls. Time course experiments of in vitro cultured schistosomula after cercariae transformation demonstrated that SmVAL4 protein is secreted during the first 3 h of in vitro culture, correlating with the emptying of acetabular glands as documented by confocal microscopy. In addition, the localization of SmVAL13 transcripts in adult male anterior oesophageal gland suggests that the respective protein may be involved in the first steps of the blood-feeding process. SmVAL16 was localized close to the neural ganglia and requires further investigation. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that SmVAL proteins have localizations that place them in strategic positions to be considered as potential vaccine candidates as some members are exposed to interaction with the immune system and may participate in key processes of mammalian invasion and parasitism establishment.

Paternidade: a construção do desejo paterno / Paternity: the construction of paternal desire

Esta pesquisa objetivou compreender como se dá a constituição do desejo paterno, verificando como se constituiu a relação de filho com quem exerceu a função de pai, identificando a atual percepção do que é ser pai e conhecendo os aspectos que influenciam diretamente o exercício de ser pai. Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa, na qual participaram três homens casados, de 32, 36 e 49 anos, que vivem em união estavél e heterossexual, escolhidos pelo critério de conveniência, sendo que um ainda não é pai, outro será pai, e o terceiro já tem uma filha. A coleta de dados deu-se por meio da entrevista semiestruturada, individualmente com cada homem. Os dados foram analisados e interpretados a partir da análise de conteúdo. Compreendeu-se que a relação entre pai e filho tem grandes influências no ser pai hoje, que a percepção destes homens sobre a paternidade é que ela envolve, principalmente, o cuidado, que diz respeito ao acompanhamento e a participação direta no desenvolvimento dos filhos. Além disso, outro fator é a convivência com crianças que faz com que esses homens (re)pensem a questão do seu desejo de ser pai. Percebe-se, portanto, que todos esses processos são importantes na construção do desejo paterno.(AU)

This research aimed to understand the development of the paternal wish, to verify how the relation between son and the one who is in the father role was constituted and it also aimed to identify the current perception men have about being a dad along with getting to know the aspects that directly influence the fatherhood exercise. A qualitative research was developed, in which three married man in heterosexual stable union, with 32, 36 and 49 years old, participated. The participants were chosen by a convenience criterion, being one of them not a father yet, the other men will be, considering that he’s wife is pregnant, and the third one already have a daughter. Along with that, the data collection was carried through a semi structure interview, developed individually with each men, in their own residence. The data were analyzed and interpreted considering the content analysis. From all this, it was understood that the relation between father and son has great influences in being a dad nowadays and that the perception that this men have about fatherhood is that it involves, mainly, the care, which is related to accompanying and directly participating in their child development. Therefore, it is realized that the realation wtih their child make this men rethink their father wish quote. That said, it is realized that all this process are important for the development of the paternal wish.(AU)

Paternidade: a construção do desejo paterno / Paternity: the construction of paternal desire

Esta pesquisa objetivou compreender como se dá a constituição do desejo paterno, verificando como se constituiu a relação de filho com quem exerceu a função de pai, identificando a atual percepção do que é ser pai e conhecendo os aspectos que influenciam diretamente o exercício de ser pai. Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa, na qual participaram três homens casados, de 32, 36 e 49 anos, que vivem em união estavél e heterossexual, escolhidos pelo critério de conveniência, sendo que um ainda não é pai, outro será pai, e o terceiro já tem uma filha. A coleta de dados deu-se por meio da entrevista semiestruturada, individualmente com cada homem. Os dados foram analisados e interpretados a partir da análise de conteúdo. Compreendeu-se que a relação entre pai e filho tem grandes influências no ser pai hoje, que a percepção destes homens sobre a paternidade é que ela envolve, principalmente, o cuidado, que diz respeito ao acompanhamento e a participação direta no desenvolvimento dos filhos. Além disso, outro fator é a convivência com crianças que faz com que esses homens (re)pensem a questão do seu desejo de ser pai. Percebe-se, portanto, que todos esses processos são importantes na construção do desejo paterno.

This research aimed to understand the development of the paternal wish, to verify how the relation between son and the one who is in the father role was constituted and it also aimed to identify the current perception men have about being a dad along with getting to know the aspects that directly influence the fatherhood exercise. A qualitative research was developed, in which three married man in heterosexual stable union, with 32, 36 and 49 years old, participated. The participants were chosen by a convenience criterion, being one of them not a father yet, the other men will be, considering that he’s wife is pregnant, and the third one already have a daughter. Along with that, the data collection was carried through a semi structure interview, developed individually with each men, in their own residence. The data were analyzed and interpreted considering the content analysis. From all this, it was understood that the relation between father and son has great influences in being a dad nowadays and that the perception that this men have about fatherhood is that it involves, mainly, the care, which is related to accompanying and directly participating in their child development. Therefore, it is realized that the realation wtih their child make this men rethink their father wish quote. That said, it is realized that all this process are important for the development of the paternal wish.

Constituição especular do desejo e sua atualização no adulto / Wish specular constitution and its up date in adult

Nesse artigo, examina-se a constituição especular do desejo da criança a partir do desejo de seus objetos primários. Assim, as representações, afetos e vazios representacionais da criança se articulam as representações, afetos e vazios representacionais de seus pais. Esse processo favorece o bloqueio na atualização do desejo do adulto. Vários fatores contribuem para isso: os vazios representacionais no desejo dos objetos primários e do sujeito, sua identificação e contra-identificação com eles, a formação do objeto idealizado e do objeto imaterial-simbólico, as alterações no sistema das representações no trauma do absoluto. Portanto, uma série de hipóteses de trabalho são propostas pela autora, para tentar entender esse fenômeno. O método clínico psicanalítico permite, afinal, que o sujeito, quando adulto, possa atualizar seu desejo no mundo. O pensamento de alguns psicanalistas favorece a reflexão da autora sobre essas questões

In this article, the specular constitution of a child's wish is related to his/her primary material wishes. In this case, the child's representations, affects and representational voids are linked to his/her parents' representations, affects and representational voids. This process favors the block in the adult's wishes' update. Several factors contribute to this: representational voids in primary objects wishes and in the subject, his/her identification and counter-identification with them, the idealized object and symbolic-immaterial object, alterations in the representational system regarding absolute trauma. Therefore, a series of work hypotheses are proposed by the author in order to understand this phenomenon. The psychoanalytical clinical method allows the patient, when adult, to update his wishes in the world. Some psychoanalysts' thoughts favor the author's reflection regarding these questions

Psicoanálisis y educación. La apertura de un nuevo conocimiento / Psychoanalysis and education. The opening of a new knowledge

n el presente trabajo se busca realizar un rastreo teórico sobre la manera cómo el psicoanálisis ha intervenido el contexto educativo a lo largo de la historia y así generar una crítica a los modelos educativos tradicionales que, aunque tradicionales y no actuales, aún siguen rigiendo los contextos educativos. Se debaten los aspectos actuales en que se mueven los modelos educativos tales como la relación docente­estudiante, la relación que se tiene en cuanto a los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje, el autoritarismo con el que se maneja la información y de la formación de los estudiantes, entre otros; aspectos éstos que pertenecen a un modelo de sociedad permeado en su totalidad por regímenes capitalistas. Estos modelos no permiten la verdadera libertad del sujeto de la educación, generando un sujeto pasivo en su totalidad y alienado en la sociedad. Se cuestiona la forma como en la actualidad se imparte educación, para poder pensar así una nueva propuesta de modelo educativo basado en aspectos psicoanalíticos que permitan entender realmente al sujeto de la educación, el estudiante, así como su relación con el objeto, es decir, la adquisición de conocimiento y una nueva interacción entre la enseñanza y el aprendizaje.

In the present work we seek to make a theoretical overview of how psychoanalysis has intervened in the educational context throughout history and thus generate a critique of traditional educational models that, although traditional and not current, still govern the contexts educational The current aspects in which the educational models are moved, such as the teacher-student relationship, the relation that has in terms of the teaching and learning processes, the authoritarianism with which the information is handled and the training of the students, are discussed. students, among others; aspects that belong to a model of society permeated in its entirety by capitalist regimes. These models do not allow the true freedom of the subject of education, generating a passive subject in its totality and alienated in society. The way in which education is currently being taught is questioned, in order to be able to think of a new proposal for an educational model based on psychoanalytic aspects that allow the subject of education, the student, to be really understood, as well as its relationship with the object, that is, the acquisition of knowledge and a new interaction between teaching and learning.

Síntesis y actualización de los instrumentos del algoritmo David Liberman y ejemplificación de aplicaciones combinadas / Synthesis and actualization of David Liberman Algorithm (DLA) as method of clinical investigation

El autor describe los instrumentos del algoritmo David Liberman (ADL) para los estudios clínicos y psicosociales. Los conceptos centrales son deseo y defensa (y su estado), y los niveles de análisis abarcan el terreno de lo verbal (relatos, actos de habla, palabras) y de lo no verbal (lo motriz, lo visual, lo fonológico). Se describen sintéticamente los instrumentos y algunos de los procedimientos, y se agregan tres ejemplos de investigaciones en que se aplicaron varios de estos instrumentos.

The author describes the instruments related to David Liberman`s algorithm (DLA) for clinical and psychosocial studies. The main concepts are wish and defense (and their state), and the levels of analysis include both verbal (stories, speech acts and words) and non-verbal expression (motor, visual, phonological). The instruments, some of the procedures, and three research studies (in which various DLA tools were applied), are summarized.

Investigación empírica con el algoritmo David Liberman de la contratransferencia no declarada: método y aplicaciones / Empirical research on the unreported counter transference, with the David Liberman algorithm: method and applications

Objetivo: exponer un método y su ejemplificación para estudiar la perturbación contratransferencial duradera y no declarada. Operacionalización del concepto: falla clínica combinada con deseos y defensas perturbadores en el terapeuta. Instrumentos: algoritmo David Liberman. Procedimientos: 1) para la detección de las fallas clínicas en las intervenciones del terapeuta y 2) para la detección de sus deseos y defensas. Ejemplificación:10 casos. Discusión: 1) Se dan diferentes tipos de enactment contratransferenciales, en que el terapeuta se ubica en el lugar del paciente o en el de un personaje de su vida psíquica, o se defiende de ubicarse en dicha posición. 2) En estos enactments es posible investigar los deseos y las defensas del terapeuta, a lo cual se suman identificaciones con el paciente o un personaje de su mundo psíquico e inclusive introyecciones de sus estados somáticos. 3) Las fallas clínicas derivan a veces de las perturbaciones contratransferenciales del terapeuta, pero también pueden ser consecuencia de una limitación en la formación, que se combina con las perturbaciones antedichas. 4) El aporte metodológico consistió sobre todo en el desarrollo y la aplicación de los procedimientos de empleo del ADL. Los mismos procedimientos pueden aplicarse en el estudio de la contratransferencia entendida en sentido amplio.

Objective: to present a method with exemplification to study the lasting and unreported countertransferential perturbation. Operationalization of the concept: clinical inaccuracy combined with wishes and pathological defenses in the therapist. Instruments: David Liberman algorithm. Procedures: 1) for the detection of clinical inaccuracies in the therapist's interventions and 2) for the detection of his wishes and defenses. Exemplification: 10 cases. Discussion: 1) Different types of countertransferential encatments in which the therapist positions himself in the place of the patient or of a character in his psychic world, or defends himself from being in that position. 2) In these enactments it's posible to investigate the therapist's wishes and defenses to which are added identifications with the patient or with a character existing in his psychic world, and even introjections of the patient's somatic states. 3) Clinical inaccuracies are sometimes derived from the therapist's countertransferential perturbations, but may also be caused by training limitations combined with the mentioned perturbations. 4) The methodological contribution consisted mostly in the development and application of procedures for the use of the DLA. The same procedures can be applied to the study of countertransference in the broad sense of the term.

Método de estudio de los deseos y las defensas en el componente plástico del signo visual (ADL-SV) / Method for the study of wishes and defenses in the plastic components of the visual sign (DLA -VS)

El autor expone los instrumentos para el estudio de los deseos y las defensas en el componente plástico del signo visual. Propone diferentes instrumentos para el estudio de los deseos en cuanto a forma (considerando la distribución y orientación de la imagen, los tamaños relativos de las imágenes, las distancias, la configuración del mundo sensible, los rasgos de las líneas y el trazo de las líneas), color (considerando el componente cromático y la luminosidad de una imagen) y texturas. Luego el autor propone una serie de pasos para el estudio de la defensa y su estado y expone tres instrumentos, que consideran la localización, la orientación y la luminosidad de la imagen. Respecto de los procedimientos, se refiere a la preparación de la muestra, al establecimiento de las unidades de análisis y a la interpretación de los deseos y las defensas en el componente icónico y el plástico.(AU)

The author presents the instruments for the study of wishes and defenses in the plastic component of the visual sign. He proposes different instruments for the study of wishes in terms of shape (considering the distribution and orientation of the image, the relative sizes of the images, distances, the configuration of the sensorial world, the traits of lines and the trace of lines), color (considering the chromatic component and the brightness of an image) and textures. Then the author proposes a series of steps for the study of defenses and their state and presents three instruments, which consider the localization, the orientation, and the brightness of the image. As regards the procedures, the author refers to the sample preparation, to the units of analysis demarcation and to the interpretation of wishes and defenses in the iconic and plastic component.(AU)

Método de estudio de los deseos y las defensas en el componente plástico del signo visual (ADL-SV) / Method for the study of wishes and defenses in the plastic components of the visual sign (DLA -VS)

El autor expone los instrumentos para el estudio de los deseos y las defensas en el componente plástico del signo visual. Propone diferentes instrumentos para el estudio de los deseos en cuanto a forma (considerando la distribución y orientación de la imagen, los tamaños relativos de las imágenes, las distancias, la configuración del mundo sensible, los rasgos de las líneas y el trazo de las líneas), color (considerando el componente cromático y la luminosidad de una imagen) y texturas. Luego el autor propone una serie de pasos para el estudio de la defensa y su estado y expone tres instrumentos, que consideran la localización, la orientación y la luminosidad de la imagen. Respecto de los procedimientos, se refiere a la preparación de la muestra, al establecimiento de las unidades de análisis y a la interpretación de los deseos y las defensas en el componente icónico y el plástico.

The author presents the instruments for the study of wishes and defenses in the plastic component of the visual sign. He proposes different instruments for the study of wishes in terms of shape (considering the distribution and orientation of the image, the relative sizes of the images, distances, the configuration of the sensorial world, the traits of lines and the trace of lines), color (considering the chromatic component and the brightness of an image) and textures. Then the author proposes a series of steps for the study of defenses and their state and presents three instruments, which consider the localization, the orientation, and the brightness of the image. As regards the procedures, the author refers to the sample preparation, to the units of analysis demarcation and to the interpretation of wishes and defenses in the iconic and plastic component.