Manatees in Zoological Parks throughout the World: History, State, and Welfare.

The order Sirenia comprises several species of manatees and one species of dugong. These popular marine mammals are relatively recent acquisitions to zoological parks throughout the world. As far as we know, there are less than 200 manatees, mostly American, a few African, and ever less Amazonian, currently in zoological parks. American manatees are predominantly found in zoos in Europe, North America, and in some Asian countries, while African ones are present exclusively in Asian zoos. The living conditions of captive manatees differ considerably from zoo to zoo (i.e., numbers, sex ratio, outdoor vs. indoor habitats, complex vs. simple habitats). Most research on manatee behaviour has been relatively recent, and studies on cognition, sociality, and ecology have a significant impact on our perception of manatee needs and management, with wider implications for their welfare. In the wild, manatees demonstrated various cognitive capacities; spatial memory and learning abilities play an important role in their daily life in a complex and dynamic environment. Furthermore, there is evidence that these mammals are more social animals than expected. Individuals show various personality traits on the boldness-shyness continuum and their sociality varies. All those parameters are important in terms of animal welfare. Several behavioural studies showed that standardized enrichment programs benefit and ensure the welfare of captive zoo animals. However, obtaining accurate information on the presence of manatees in zoos, living conditions, management, and consequently welfare remains challenging. This study examines the current knowledge on manatee behaviour and cognition and then discusses different approaches to improving the welfare of this charismatic marine mammal in zoological parks.

Conservation, animal behaviour, and human-animal relationship in zoos. Why is animal welfare so important?

Although zoos are committed to wildlife conservation and have a long-term positive impact on visitors' attitudes towards wildlife, the question of whether maintaining wild animals in human care is justified remains as animal welfare concerns grow and human understanding of animal intelligence and capacities broadens. Zoos have always been the subject of debate, with conflicts between those who argue they save endangered species and educate visitors, and animal rights activists who believe that conditions of wild animals are inadequate and that zoos should not exist. In this review, we do not discuss the moral side of the issue, but the scientific one. This manuscript aims to show the scope of literature available on the strengths and weaknesses of modern zoos regarding wild animal welfare. We provide information useful to argue why zoos are important in modern society and factors that influence welfare are examined. Some potentially stressful stimuli may diminish animal welfare in zoo animals, while some of the benefits zoos offer to conservation and science include the opportunity to study and learn about different aspects necessary to improve management practices; the possibility of breeding wild animals in zoos has been a key factor in the recovery of species that have improved their conservation status. Animal welfare is an essential part of wildlife conservation, so efforts should be directed to ensure the best possible quality of life and optimum conditions of all zoo animals in our care.

Conservation, animal behaviour, and human-animal relationship in zoos. Why is animal welfare so important?

Although zoos are committed to wildlife conservation and have a long-term positive impact on visitors' attitudes towards wildlife, the question of whether maintaining wild animals in human care is justified remains as animal welfare concerns grow and human understanding of animal intelligence and capacities broadens. Zoos have always been the subject of debate, with conflicts between those who argue they save endangered species and educate visitors, and animal rights activists who believe that conditions of wild animals are inadequate and that zoos should not exist. In this review, we do not discuss the moral side of the issue, but the scientific one. This manuscript aims to show the scope of literature available on the strengths and weaknesses of modern zoos regarding wild animal welfare. We provide information useful to argue why zoos are important in modern society and factors that influence welfare are examined. Some potentially stressful stimuli may diminish animal welfare in zoo animals, while some of the benefits zoos offer to conservation and science include the opportunity to study and learn about different aspects necessary to improve management practices; the possibility of breeding wild animals in zoos has been a key factor in the recovery of species that have improved their conservation status. Animal welfare is an essential part of wildlife conservation, so efforts should be directed to ensure the best possible quality of life and optimum conditions of all zoo animals in our care.(AU)

Conservation, animal behaviour, and human-animal relationship in zoos. Why is animal welfare so important?

Although zoos are committed to wildlife conservation and have a long-term positive impact on visitors' attitudes towards wildlife, the question of whether maintaining wild animals in human care is justified remains as animal welfare concerns grow and human understanding of animal intelligence and capacities broadens. Zoos have always been the subject of debate, with conflicts between those who argue they save endangered species and educate visitors, and animal rights activists who believe that conditions of wild animals are inadequate and that zoos should not exist. In this review, we do not discuss the moral side of the issue, but the scientific one. This manuscript aims to show the scope of literature available on the strengths and weaknesses of modern zoos regarding wild animal welfare. We provide information useful to argue why zoos are important in modern society and factors that influence welfare are examined. Some potentially stressful stimuli may diminish animal welfare in zoo animals, while some of the benefits zoos offer to conservation and science include the opportunity to study and learn about different aspects necessary to improve management practices; the possibility of breeding wild animals in zoos has been a key factor in the recovery of species that have improved their conservation status. Animal welfare is an essential part of wildlife conservation, so efforts should be directed to ensure the best possible quality of life and optimum conditions of all zoo animals in our care.(AU)

Limited contributions of released animals from zoos to North American conservation translocations.

With the loss of biodiversity accelerating, conservation translocations such as reintroductions are becoming an increasingly common conservation tool. Conservation translocations must source individuals for release from either wild or captive-bred populations. We asked what proportion of North American conservation translocations rely on captive breeding and to what extent zoos and aquaria (hereafter zoos) fulfill captive breeding needs. We searched for mention of captive breeding and zoo involvement in all 1863 articles included in the North American Conservation Translocations database, which comprises journal articles and grey literature published before 2014 on conservation translocations in Canada, the United States, Mexico, the Caribbean, and Central America before 2014 as identified by a comprehensive literature review. Conservation translocations involved captive breeding for 162 (58%) of the 279 animal species translocated. Fifty-four zoos contributed animals for release. The 40 species of animals bred for release by zoos represented only 14% of all animal species for which conservation translocations were published and only 25% of all animal species that were bred for releases occurring in North America. Zoo contributions varied by taxon, ranging from zoo-bred animals released in 42% of amphibian conservation translocations to zero contributions for marine invertebrates. Proportional involvement of zoos in captive-breeding programs for release has increased from 1974 to 2014 (r = 0.325, p = 0.0313) as has the proportion of translocation-focused scientific papers coauthored by zoo professionals (from 0% in 1974 to 42% in 2013). Although zoos also contribute to conservation translocations through education, funding, and professional expertise, increasing the contribution of animals for release in responsible conservation translocation programs presents a future conservation need and opportunity. We especially encourage increased dialogue and planning between the zoo community, academic institutions, and governments to optimize the direct contribution zoos can make to wildlife conservation through conservation translocations.

Serosurvey of bluetongue, caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) and Maedi-Visna in Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) of a southern Brazilian zoo / Estudo sorológico dos vírus da língua azul, da artrite-encefalite caprina e Maedi-Visna em aoudads (Ammotragus lervia) em um zoológico do Sul do Brasil

Bluetongue (BT) is an infectious and non-contagious disease of compulsory notification which may affect domestic and wild ruminants, transmitted by Culicoides spp. midges. Despite the high morbidity and mortality in sheep, role of wild animals in the BT cycle remains unclear. Caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) and Maedi-Visna virus (MVV) have been reportedly found in goats and sheep, but not described in wildlife species. Accordingly, serum samples from 17 captive Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) from Curitiba zoo, southern Brazil, were tested for bluetongue, caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) and Maedi-Visna viruses by agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Antibodies for bluetongue were observed in 6/17 (35.3%) Barbary sheep by AGID test and in 7/17 (41.2%) by ELISA. All samples were negative for the presence of antibodies against caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) and Maedi-Visna viruses. These findings indicate that Barbary sheep may be infected by bluetongue virus and act as wildlife reservoir in both captive and free-range environments.(AU)

A língua azul é uma doença infecciosa e não contagiosa, de notificação obrigatória, que pode afetar ruminantes domésticos e silvestres, transmitida por mosquitos do gênero Culicoides spp. Apesar da alta morbidade e mortalidade em ovelhas, o papel de animais silvestres no ciclo do vírus da língua azul é desconhecido. A artrite encefalite caprina (CAE) e Maedi-visna vírus (MVV) tem sido encontrados em cabras e ovelhas, porém não há descrição em espécies selvagens. Amostras de soro de 17 aoudads (Ammotragus lervia), mantidos em cativeiro no Zoológico de Curitiba, Sul do Brasil, foram testadas para os vírus da língua azul, da artrite encefalite caprina (CAE) e Maedi-visna, utilizando imunodifusão em gel de ágar e o teste de ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay). Foram observados anticorpos para o vírus da língua azul em 35,3% (6/17) aoudads utilizando a imunodifusão em gel de ágar e 41,2% (7/17) no ELISA. Todas as amostras foram negativas para a presença de anticorpos contra os vírus da artrite encefalite caprina e Maedi-visna. Esses resultados indicam que os aoudads podem ser infectados pelo vírus da língua azul e atuar como um reservatório silvestre tanto em cativeiro quanto em vida livre.(AU)

Serosurvey of bluetongue, caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) and Maedi-Visna in Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) of a southern Brazilian zoo / Estudo sorológico dos vírus da língua azul, da artrite-encefalite caprina e Maedi-Visna em aoudads (Ammotragus lervia) em um zoológico do Sul do Brasil

Bluetongue (BT) is an infectious and non-contagious disease of compulsory notification which may affect domestic and wild ruminants, transmitted by Culicoides spp. midges. Despite the high morbidity and mortality in sheep, role of wild animals in the BT cycle remains unclear. Caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) and Maedi-Visna virus (MVV) have been reportedly found in goats and sheep, but not described in wildlife species. Accordingly, serum samples from 17 captive Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) from Curitiba zoo, southern Brazil, were tested for bluetongue, caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) and Maedi-Visna viruses by agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Antibodies for bluetongue were observed in 6/17 (35.3%) Barbary sheep by AGID test and in 7/17 (41.2%) by ELISA. All samples were negative for the presence of antibodies against caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) and Maedi-Visna viruses. These findings indicate that Barbary sheep may be infected by bluetongue virus and act as wildlife reservoir in both captive and free-range environments.(AU)

A língua azul é uma doença infecciosa e não contagiosa, de notificação obrigatória, que pode afetar ruminantes domésticos e silvestres, transmitida por mosquitos do gênero Culicoides spp. Apesar da alta morbidade e mortalidade em ovelhas, o papel de animais silvestres no ciclo do vírus da língua azul é desconhecido. A artrite encefalite caprina (CAE) e Maedi-visna vírus (MVV) tem sido encontrados em cabras e ovelhas, porém não há descrição em espécies selvagens. Amostras de soro de 17 aoudads (Ammotragus lervia), mantidos em cativeiro no Zoológico de Curitiba, Sul do Brasil, foram testadas para os vírus da língua azul, da artrite encefalite caprina (CAE) e Maedi-visna, utilizando imunodifusão em gel de ágar e o teste de ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay). Foram observados anticorpos para o vírus da língua azul em 35,3% (6/17) aoudads utilizando a imunodifusão em gel de ágar e 41,2% (7/17) no ELISA. Todas as amostras foram negativas para a presença de anticorpos contra os vírus da artrite encefalite caprina e Maedi-visna. Esses resultados indicam que os aoudads podem ser infectados pelo vírus da língua azul e atuar como um reservatório silvestre tanto em cativeiro quanto em vida livre.(AU)

Serosurvey of bluetongue, caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) and Maedi-Visna in Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) of a southern Brazilian zoo

ABSTRACT: Bluetongue (BT) is an infectious and non-contagious disease of compulsory notification which may affect domestic and wild ruminants, transmitted by Culicoides spp. midges. Despite the high morbidity and mortality in sheep, role of wild animals in the BT cycle remains unclear. Caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) and Maedi-Visna virus (MVV) have been reportedly found in goats and sheep, but not described in wildlife species. Accordingly, serum samples from 17 captive Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) from Curitiba zoo, southern Brazil, were tested for bluetongue, caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) and Maedi-Visna viruses by agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Antibodies for bluetongue were observed in 6/17 (35.3%) Barbary sheep by AGID test and in 7/17 (41.2%) by ELISA. All samples were negative for the presence of antibodies against caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) and Maedi-Visna viruses. These findings indicate that Barbary sheep may be infected by bluetongue virus and act as wildlife reservoir in both captive and free-range environments.

RESUMO: A língua azul é uma doença infecciosa e não contagiosa, de notificação obrigatória, que pode afetar ruminantes domésticos e silvestres, transmitida por mosquitos do gênero Culicoides spp. Apesar da alta morbidade e mortalidade em ovelhas, o papel de animais silvestres no ciclo do vírus da língua azul é desconhecido. A artrite encefalite caprina (CAE) e Maedi-visna vírus (MVV) tem sido encontrados em cabras e ovelhas, porém não há descrição em espécies selvagens. Amostras de soro de 17 aoudads (Ammotragus lervia), mantidos em cativeiro no Zoológico de Curitiba, Sul do Brasil, foram testadas para os vírus da língua azul, da artrite encefalite caprina (CAE) e Maedi-visna, utilizando imunodifusão em gel de ágar e o teste de ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay). Foram observados anticorpos para o vírus da língua azul em 35,3% (6/17) aoudads utilizando a imunodifusão em gel de ágar e 41,2% (7/17) no ELISA. Todas as amostras foram negativas para a presença de anticorpos contra os vírus da artrite encefalite caprina e Maedi-visna. Esses resultados indicam que os aoudads podem ser infectados pelo vírus da língua azul e atuar como um reservatório silvestre tanto em cativeiro quanto em vida livre.

La salud pública en los zoológicos de Colombia: un desafío para la medicina veterinaria / Public health in Colombian Zoos: a challenge for veterinary medicine

RESUMEN Se presenta una reflexión sobre la situación actual del manejo de la salud pública en los zoológicos. A su vez busca identificar la importancia de esta problemática en la formación y en el ejercicio profesional de los médicos veterinarios. El manejo actual de la salud pública en los zoológicos de Colombia presenta debilidades que son potencialmente corregibles tanto desde la academia como de la práctica diaria de los profesionales directa o indirectamente relacionados; lo cual se convierte es un desafío tanto para las instituciones educativas de profesiones afines, los zoológicos y los Médicos Veterinarios. A pesar de que se han adelantado aproximaciones en el tema, todavía existe muy poca información respecto a este.(AU)

ABSTRACT This reflection aims to analyze the current status of public health management in zoos. In turn, it seeks to establish the importance of addressing this problem during the training and professional practice of veterinarians. The current situation of public health in Colombian zoos has weaknesses that are potentially correctable from both the academia and the daily practice of professionals directly or indirectly related. This becomes a challenge for educational institutions of related professions, zoos and veterinarians. Although some approximations have been made in this regard, information on this issue is still scarce.(AU)

Ixodídeos coletados parasitando animais selvagens no Zoológico de Sorocaba, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil / Hard ticks collected parasitizing wild animals at Sorocaba Zoo, State of São Paulo, Brazil

Carrapatos são aracnídeos hematófagos que parasitam animais domésticos e uma diversidade de animais silvestres nos ambientes terrestres do planeta. Este trabalho registra novas ocorrências de carrapatos duros em espécies de animais selvagens oriundos do interior do Estado de São Paulo, e encaminhados ao zoológico do município de Sorocaba. Durante os anos de 2014, 2015 e 2016, utilizando-se chaves taxonômicas, foram identificados ixodídeos em animais silvestres atendidos no parque zoológico. No total, foram coletados 675 espécimes de 14 espécies diferentes de carrapatos, de um réptil, de quatro aves e de 31 mamíferos, totalizando 17 espécies distintas de animais selvagens analisados. Este trabalho registra, pela primeira vez, adultos de Amblyomma sculptum parasitando cágado-de- barbicha (Phrynops geoffroanus) e ema (Rhea americana), assim como ninfas dessa mesma espécie de carrapato em águia-cinzenta (Urubitinga coronata), além de ninfa de Amblyomma parkeri em gavião-pega-macaco (Spizaetus tyrannus) e ninfa de Amblyomma brasiliense em veado-catingueiro (Mazama gouazoubira) no Brasil. Neste trabalho, ainda foram encontrados vetores de riquetsioses do grupo da febre maculosa, tais como Amblyomma aureolatum, Amblyomma ovale e A. sculptum, demostrando, dessa forma, que os jardins zoológicos são eficientes centros de investigação, triagem e pesquisa para diversidade de carrapatos.

Ticks are bloodsucking arachnids that parasitize domestic animals and a diversity of wild animals in terrestrial environments of the planet. This study reports the occurrence of hard ticks on wild animals from the countryside of São Paulo state, Brazil, which were forwarded to the Sorocaba zoo. During the years of 2014, 2015 and 2016, using taxonomic keys, ticks were collected from naturally infested wild animals that were sent to the zoo, and were taxonomically identified in the laboratory. In total, 675 tick specimens were identified into 14 different tick species, collected from one reptile specimen, four birds and 31 mammal specimens, totaling 17 different species of wild animals. This work reports for the first time Amblyomma sculptum adults parasitizing Phrynops geoffroanus and Rhea americana and nymphs of the same species on Urubitinga coronata, in addition to Amblyomma parkeri nymph on Spizaetus tyrannus, and Amblyomma brasiliense nymph on Mazama gouazoubira in Brazil. In this study, three main tick vectors of spotted fever ricketsioses in Brazil were found, namely Amblyomma aureolatum, Amblyomma ovale e A. sculptum, showing that zoos are efficient research centers for screening and investigation of tick diversity.

Ixodídeos coletados parasitando animais selvagens no Zoológico de Sorocaba, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil / Hard ticks collected parasitizing wild animals at Sorocaba Zoo, State of São Paulo, Brazil

Carrapatos são aracnídeos hematófagos que parasitam animais domésticos e uma diversidade de animais silvestres nos ambientes terrestres do planeta. Este trabalho registra novas ocorrências de carrapatos duros em espécies de animais selvagens oriundos do interior do Estado de São Paulo, e encaminhados ao zoológico do município de Sorocaba. Durante os anos de 2014, 2015 e 2016, utilizando-se chaves taxonômicas, foram identificados ixodídeos em animais silvestres atendidos no parque zoológico. No total, foram coletados 675 espécimes de 14 espécies diferentes de carrapatos, de um réptil, de quatro aves e de 31 mamíferos, totalizando 17 espécies distintas de animais selvagens analisados. Este trabalho registra, pela primeira vez, adultos de Amblyomma sculptum parasitando cágado-de- barbicha (Phrynops geoffroanus) e ema (Rhea americana), assim como ninfas dessa mesma espécie de carrapato em águia-cinzenta (Urubitinga coronata), além de ninfa de Amblyomma parkeri em gavião-pega-macaco (Spizaetus tyrannus) e ninfa de Amblyomma brasiliense em veado-catingueiro (Mazama gouazoubira) no Brasil. Neste trabalho, ainda foram encontrados vetores de riquetsioses do grupo da febre maculosa, tais como Amblyomma aureolatum, Amblyomma ovale e A. sculptum, demostrando, dessa forma, que os jardins zoológicos são eficientes centros de investigação, triagem e pesquisa para diversidade de carrapatos.(AU)

Ticks are bloodsucking arachnids that parasitize domestic animals and a diversity of wild animals in terrestrial environments of the planet. This study reports the occurrence of hard ticks on wild animals from the countryside of São Paulo state, Brazil, which were forwarded to the Sorocaba zoo. During the years of 2014, 2015 and 2016, using taxonomic keys, ticks were collected from naturally infested wild animals that were sent to the zoo, and were taxonomically identified in the laboratory. In total, 675 tick specimens were identified into 14 different tick species, collected from one reptile specimen, four birds and 31 mammal specimens, totaling 17 different species of wild animals. This work reports for the first time Amblyomma sculptum adults parasitizing Phrynops geoffroanus and Rhea americana and nymphs of the same species on Urubitinga coronata, in addition to Amblyomma parkeri nymph on Spizaetus tyrannus, and Amblyomma brasiliense nymph on Mazama gouazoubira in Brazil. In this study, three main tick vectors of spotted fever ricketsioses in Brazil were found, namely Amblyomma aureolatum, Amblyomma ovale e A. sculptum, showing that zoos are efficient research centers for screening and investigation of tick diversity.(AU)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex infection in Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) at the Curitiba Zoo, southern Brazil: case report / Infecção pelo complexo Mycobacterium tuberculosis em carneiro da Barbária (Ammotragus lervia) no Zoológico de Curitiba, sul do Brasil: relato de caso

Tuberculosis is one of the most important mandatory notification diseases in the world caused by bacteria of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, infecting both humans and animals. A sudden death of a Barbary sheep in Curitiba Zoo, and presence of multifocal nodules in lungs at necropsy raised suspicion of tuberculosis. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) from organs and fluid was performed and detected M. tuberculosis complex in a lung sample. This research reports the M. tuberculosis complex infection in Barbary sheep, a zoonosis of great relevance to public health and emphasizes the need to implement prevention measures. Furthermore, the research may provide a better understanding for species conservation, occurrence and transmission of diseases in captivity, reservoir potential and public health impact to zoo personnel and visitors.(AU)

A tuberculose é uma das doenças mundiais de notificação obrigatória mais importantes causada pelo complexo Mycobacterium tuberculosis que pode infectar pessoas e animais. A morte repentina de um carneiro da Barbária no Zoológico de Curitiba, que apresentou nódulos multifocais no pulmão à necropsia, levantou a suspeita de tuberculose. Foi realizada a Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Quantitativa (qPCR) de fragmentos de órgãos e fluido. A qPCR detectou a presença do complexo M. tuberculosis nas amostras de pulmão. Este estudo relata a infecção pelo complexo M. tuberculosis no carneiro da Barbária, uma zoonose de grande relevância para a saúde pública, ressaltando-se a necessidade da implementação de medidas de prevenção. Além disso, pode prover um melhor entendimento sobre conservação de espécies, ocorrência e transmissão de doenças em cativeiro, potencial reservatório e impacto na saúde pública para visitantes e funcionários dos zoológicos.(AU)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex infection in Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) at the Curitiba Zoo, southern Brazil: case report / Infecção pelo complexo Mycobacterium tuberculosis em carneiro da Barbária(Ammotragus lervia) no Zoológico de Curitiba, sul do Brasil: relato de caso

Tuberculosis is one of the most important mandatory notification diseases in the world caused by bacteria of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, infecting both humans and animals. A sudden death of a Barbary sheep in Curitiba Zoo, and presence of multifocal nodules in lungs at necropsy raised suspicion of tuberculosis. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) from organs and fluid was performed and detected M. tuberculosis complex in a lung sample. This research reports the M. tuberculosis complex infection in Barbary sheep, a zoonosis of great relevance to public health and emphasizes the need to implement prevention measures. Furthermore, the research may provide a better understanding for species conservation, occurrence and transmission of diseases in captivity, reservoir potential and public health impact to zoo personnel and visitors.(AU)

A tuberculose é uma das doenças mundiais de notificação obrigatória mais importantes causada pelo complexo Mycobacterium tuberculosis que pode infectar pessoas e animais. A morte repentina de um carneiro da Barbária no Zoológico de Curitiba, que apresentou nódulos multifocais no pulmão à necropsia, levantou a suspeita de tuberculose. Foi realizada a Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Quantitativa (qPCR) de fragmentos de órgãos e fluido. A qPCR detectou a presença do complexo M. tuberculosis nas amostras de pulmão. Este estudo relata a infecção pelo complexo M. tuberculosis no carneiro da Barbária, uma zoonose de grande relevância para a saúde pública, ressaltando-se a necessidade da implementação de medidas de prevenção. Além disso, pode prover um melhor entendimento sobre conservação de espécies, ocorrência e transmissão de doenças em cativeiro, potencial reservatório e impacto na saúde pública para visitantes e funcionários dos zoológicos.(AU)

Enriquecimento ambiental para Guaxinim, Procyon cancrivorus (Cuvier, 1798) / Environmental enrichment to crab-eating Raccoon, Procyon cancrivorus (Cuvier, 1798)

O cativeiro pode ter implicações significativas no padrão comportamental de um animal. As técnicas de enriquecimento ambiental podem melhorar a qualidade de vida dos animais cativos pelo fornecimento de itens que estimulam a exibição de comportamentos naturais e redução dos anormais. Técnicas de enriquecimento ambiental foram aplicadas em um exemplar de Guaxinim (Procyon cancrivorus), mantido no Zoológico Municipal Parque Jacarandá de Uberaba-MG, com o intuito promover o bem-estar do animal. Para a observação comportamental, foi adotado o método Animal Focal com intervalo, antes e durante o enriquecimento. As técnicas escolhidas de enriquecimento ambiental foram: ambiental, alimentar e sensorial. Os resultados mostraram mudanças no repertório comportamental quando comparadas as duas etapas do trabalho. As técnicas de enriquecimento ambiental mostraram-se adequadas na exibição de comportamentos típicos da espécie, sinalizando a redução de estresse e aumento de qualidade de vida deste exemplar mantido em cativeiro. A utilização do enriquecimento ambiental também contribuiu no aumento de interesse dos visitantes em relação à espécie.

The captivity may have significant implications on the behavior of an animal. The environmental enrichment techniques can improve the quality of life of captive animals by providing items that stimulate the display of natural behaviors and reducing abnormal ones. Environmental enrichment techniques were applied to a captive individual of crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus), kept in the Zoológico Municipal Parque Jacarandá Uberaba-MG, in order to promote the animal welfare. We adopted the focal sampling method with interval, before and during the application of enrichment techniques. The environmental enrichment techniques used were: environmental, food and sensory. The results showed changes on the behavioral repertoire if compared the two stages of work. The environmental enrichment techniques have proved to be adequate on the promotion of species typical behaviors, indicating the reduction of stress and the increase of quality of life of this specimen kept in captivity. The use of environmental enrichment also contributed to the increasing interest of visitors in relation to species.

Enriquecimento ambiental e bem-estar de animais de zoológicos / Environmental enrichment and zoo animal welfare

Mankind keep animals in captivity since antiquity, this practice is sustained for various reasons, which have changed over time, following the evolution of human society. Urban growth and the expansion of agricultural activities limit the areas of natural occurrence of many species that often get rescued and end up destined for captivity, which is also a tool for species conservation programs that develop research and reproduction. However, the deprivation of a natural environment life causes a lot of negative impacts, especially on the behavior of animals, which begin to express abnormal patterns such as disorders and stereotypes, indicating decrease in welfare levels and stress. Modern institutions, in order to minimize the harmful effects of captivity, employ a set of techniques called environmental enrichment, which aims to stimulate the animals to perform natural behaviors, increasing the complexity of environments and improving the handling conditions. The effects of environmental enrichment can be evaluated based on behavioral or physiological parameters, through the analysis of stress-related hormones. This review presents a brief history of the activities developed in captivity with the purpose of raising the welfare levels, addressing the main techniques used and relevant studies on the subject, which demonstrate the importance of this set of techniques to improve the quality of life of captive animals in zoos.(AU)

O homem mantém animais em cativeiro desde a antiguidade, prática sustentada pelas mais diversas razões, que se modificaram com o decorrer do tempo, acompanhando a evolução da sociedade humana. O crescimento urbano e a expansão das atividades agropecuárias limitam as áreas de ocorrência natural de muitas espécies, que acabam resgatadas e muitas vezes destinadas ao cativeiro, que é também uma ferramenta para programas de conservação dessas espécies, desenvolvendo pesquisa e reprodução. A privação da vida em ambiente natural, no entanto, provoca uma série de impactos negativos, especialmente sobre o comportamento dos animais, que passam a expressar padrões anormais, como transtornos e estereotipias, indicando queda nos níveis de bemestar animal e presença de estresse. As instituições modernas, com objetivo de minimizar os efeitos nocivos do cativeiro, empregam um conjunto de técnicas, chamado enriquecimento ambiental, que visa estimular os animais a desempenharem comportamentos naturais, aumentando a complexidade dos ambientes e melhorando as condições de manejo. Os efeitos do enriquecimento ambiental podem ser avaliados com base em parâmetros comportamentais ou fisiológicos, por meio da análise de hormônios relacionados ao estresse. A presente revisão apresenta um breve histórico das atividades desenvolvidas em cativeiro com intuito de elevar os níveis de bem-estar, abordando as principais técnicas utilizadas e estudos relevantes sobre o assunto, que permitem concluir a importância desse conjunto de técnicas na elevação da qualidade de vida dos animais cativos em zoológicos.(AU)

Enriquecimento ambiental e bem-estar de animais de zoológicos / Environmental enrichment and zoo animal welfare

Mankind keep animals in captivity since antiquity, this practice is sustained for various reasons, which have changed over time, following the evolution of human society. Urban growth and the expansion of agricultural activities limit the areas of natural occurrence of many species that often get rescued and end up destined for captivity, which is also a tool for species conservation programs that develop research and reproduction. However, the deprivation of a natural environment life causes a lot of negative impacts, especially on the behavior of animals, which begin to express abnormal patterns such as disorders and stereotypes, indicating decrease in welfare levels and stress. Modern institutions, in order to minimize the harmful effects of captivity, employ a set of techniques called environmental enrichment, which aims to stimulate the animals to perform natural behaviors, increasing the complexity of environments and improving the handling conditions. The effects of environmental enrichment can be evaluated based on behavioral or physiological parameters, through the analysis of stress-related hormones. This review presents a brief history of the activities developed in captivity with the purpose of raising the welfare levels, addressing the main techniques used and relevant studies on the subject, which demonstrate the importance of this set of techniques to improve the quality of life of captive animals in zoos.

O homem mantém animais em cativeiro desde a antiguidade, prática sustentada pelas mais diversas razões, que se modificaram com o decorrer do tempo, acompanhando a evolução da sociedade humana. O crescimento urbano e a expansão das atividades agropecuárias limitam as áreas de ocorrência natural de muitas espécies, que acabam resgatadas e muitas vezes destinadas ao cativeiro, que é também uma ferramenta para programas de conservação dessas espécies, desenvolvendo pesquisa e reprodução. A privação da vida em ambiente natural, no entanto, provoca uma série de impactos negativos, especialmente sobre o comportamento dos animais, que passam a expressar padrões anormais, como transtornos e estereotipias, indicando queda nos níveis de bemestar animal e presença de estresse. As instituições modernas, com objetivo de minimizar os efeitos nocivos do cativeiro, empregam um conjunto de técnicas, chamado enriquecimento ambiental, que visa estimular os animais a desempenharem comportamentos naturais, aumentando a complexidade dos ambientes e melhorando as condições de manejo. Os efeitos do enriquecimento ambiental podem ser avaliados com base em parâmetros comportamentais ou fisiológicos, por meio da análise de hormônios relacionados ao estresse. A presente revisão apresenta um breve histórico das atividades desenvolvidas em cativeiro com intuito de elevar os níveis de bem-estar, abordando as principais técnicas utilizadas e estudos relevantes sobre o assunto, que permitem concluir a importância desse conjunto de técnicas na elevação da qualidade de vida dos animais cativos em zoológicos.

Occurrences of anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in Barbary sheep at Curitiba zoo, southern Brazil / Ocorrências de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii e anti-Neospora caninum em aoudads no zoológico de Curitiba, sul do Brasil

Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) have the potential to act as hosts of important infectious diseases, particularly zoonoses. Blood samples from 17 Barbary sheep at the Curitiba zoo were collected to evaluate occurrences of anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Neospora caninum antibodies, tested using the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT). Anti-T. gondii and anti-N. caninum antibodies were detected in 4/17 (23.5%) and 4/17 (23.5%) samples, respectively. The present study has shown that Barbary sheep at Curitiba zoo were exposed to T. gondii and N. caninum and therefore may act as intermediate hosts, spreading toxoplasmosis and neosporosis within and between species in shared areas.

Aoudads (Ammotragus lervia) têm o potencial para atuar como hospedeiros de importantes doenças infecciosas, em particular as zoonoses. Amostras de sangue de 17 aoudads do zoológico de Curitiba foram coletadas para avaliar ocorrências de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii e anti-Neospora caninum, testados pela reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI). Anticorpos anti-T. gondii e anti-N. caninum foram detectados em 4/17 (23,5%) e 4/17 (23,5%) das amostras dos aoudads, respectivamente. O presente estudo revelou que os aoudads no zoológico de Curitiba estão expostos a T. gondii e N. caninum e, portanto, podem atuar como hospedeiros intermediários e fatores de difusão da toxoplasmose e da neosporose intra e interespécies em áreas compartilhadas.

Occurrences of anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in Barbary sheep at Curitiba zoo, southern Brazil / Ocorrências de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii e anti-Neospora caninum em aoudads no zoológico de Curitiba, sul do Brasil

Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) have the potential to act as hosts of important infectious diseases, particularly zoonoses. Blood samples from 17 Barbary sheep at the Curitiba zoo were collected to evaluate occurrences of anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Neospora caninum antibodies, tested using the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT). Anti-T. gondii and anti-N. caninum antibodies were detected in 4/17 (23.5%) and 4/17 (23.5%) samples, respectively. The present study has shown that Barbary sheep at Curitiba zoo were exposed to T. gondii and N. caninum and therefore may act as intermediate hosts, spreading toxoplasmosis and neosporosis within and between species in shared areas.

Aoudads (Ammotragus lervia) têm o potencial para atuar como hospedeiros de importantes doenças infecciosas, em particular as zoonoses. Amostras de sangue de 17 aoudads do zoológico de Curitiba foram coletadas para avaliar ocorrências de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii e anti-Neospora caninum, testados pela reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI). Anticorpos anti-T. gondii e anti-N. caninum foram detectados em 4/17 (23,5%) e 4/17 (23,5%) das amostras dos aoudads, respectivamente. O presente estudo revelou que os aoudads no zoológico de Curitiba estão expostos a T. gondii e N. caninum e, portanto, podem atuar como hospedeiros intermediários e fatores de difusão da toxoplasmose e da neosporose intra e interespécies em áreas compartilhadas.