Helminth and ectoparasitic faunas of the Harris's hawk, Parabuteo unicinctus (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae), in Chile: new data on host-parasite associations for Neotropical raptors / Helmintos e ectoparasitas do gavião-asa-de-telha (Accipitriformes: Parabuteo unicinctus) no Chile: novas associações parasita-hospedeiro para os rapinantes neotropicais

Abstract Birds of prey harbor a wide spectrum of various parasites, mostly with a heteroxenous life cycle. However, most reports on their parasites come from Europe. Although the Harris's hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus) is a widespread species in America, parasitological surveys on this hawk are mostly focused on coprological findings and ectoparasites, with poor attention paid to helminths. The aim of this study was to gather new and additional data on host-parasite associations for the Harris's hawk. Twenty-nine birds from central and southern Chile were necropsied. Further, nine birds from a rehabilitation center and 22 museum specimens were inspected for ectoparasites. Sixty-eight percent of birds hosted at least one parasite species. Four lice species, one mite species and eight helminth species (five nematodes, two platyhelminthes and one acanthocephalan) were recorded. Parasitic lice Colpocephalum nanum and Nosopon chanabense, and a nematode Cyathostoma (Hovorkonema) americana were recorded for the first time in raptors from the Neotropics. A feather mite, Pseudalloptinus sp., nematodes, Physaloptera alata and Microtetrameres sp., and a trematode Neodiplostomim travassosi, were recorded for the first time in Chile. The presence of diverse heteroxenous helminths reported here in the Harris's hawk could be explained by the generalist diet of this raptor.

Resumo As aves de rapina representam uma fonte importante de parasitas heteroxenos. Porém, a maioria dos relatos são da Europa. O gavião-asa-de-telha (Parabuteo unicinctus) é uma espécie amplamente distribuída no continente Americano, porém estudos parasitológicos nessas aves têm documentado achados coprológicos e ectoparasitas, com poucos relatos sobre endoparasitas como helmintos. Por essa razão, o objetivo deste estudo foi descrever novas associações parasita-hospedeiro para o gavião-asa-de-telha e rapinantes neotropicais. Vinte nove aves provenientes do centro e sul do Chile foram submetidas à necropsia. Por outro lado, nove aves de um centro de reabilitação e 22 espécimes de museu foram inspecionados em busca de ectoparasitas. Do total de aves, 68,3% foram identificadas como portadoras de pelo menos uma espécie de parasita. Quatro espécies de piolhos, um ácaro e oito helmintos (cinco nematoides, dois platelmintos e um acantocéfalo) foram registrados. Os piolhos Colpocephalum nanum, Nosopon chanabense e o nematóide Cyathostoma (Hovorkonema) americana são reportados pela primeira vez em rapinantes neotropicais. Colpocephalum nanum, N. chanabense, Pseudalloptinus sp., Physaloptera alata, Microtetrameres sp., C. (H.) americana e Neodiplostomim travassosi, são reportados pela primeira vez no Chile. A diversidade de helmintos heteróxenos, identificados neste trabalho, poderia ser explicada devido à dieta geralista do gavião-asa-de-telha.

Distribution and identification of the White-collared Kite Leptodon forbesi and the juvenile plumages of the Gray-headed Kite Leptodon cayanensis

The genus Leptodon encompasses two Neotropical raptor species. The more widely-distributed Gray-headed Kite (Leptodon cayanensis) occurs in a vast area of Neotropical region, while the White-collared Kite (Leptodon forbesi) is endemic of the Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil, but there are some questions about the extent of its geographic distribution and about its sympatry with its congener. Here we present a review of the geographic distribution and the diagnoses of L. forbesi, correcting recent records based on misidentifications. We also clarify the main features of juvenile and subadult plumage of Leptodon raptors and describe new phases of juvenile plumage.(AU)

Distribution and identification of the White-collared Kite Leptodon forbesi and the juvenile plumages of the Gray-headed Kite Leptodon cayanensis

The genus Leptodon encompasses two Neotropical raptor species. The more widely-distributed Gray-headed Kite (Leptodon cayanensis) occurs in a vast area of Neotropical region, while the White-collared Kite (Leptodon forbesi) is endemic of the Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil, but there are some questions about the extent of its geographic distribution and about its sympatry with its congener. Here we present a review of the geographic distribution and the diagnoses of L. forbesi, correcting recent records based on misidentifications. We also clarify the main features of juvenile and subadult plumage of Leptodon raptors and describe new phases of juvenile plumage.

Distribution and identification of the White-collared Kite Leptodon forbesi and the juvenile plumages of the Gray-headed Kite Leptodon cayanensis

Abstract The genus Leptodon encompasses two Neotropical raptor species. The more widely-distributed Gray-headed Kite (Leptodon cayanensis) occurs in a vast area of Neotropical region, while the White-collared Kite (Leptodon forbesi) is endemic of the Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil, but there are some questions about the extent of its geographic distribution and about its sympatry with its congener. Here we present a review of the geographic distribution and the diagnoses of L. forbesi, correcting recent records based on misidentifications. We also clarify the main features of juvenile and subadult plumage of Leptodon raptors and describe new phases of juvenile plumage.

Parasites of Psittaciformes and Accipitriformes in Paraíba state, northeastern Brazil / Parasitas de Psittaciformes e Accipitriformes no estado da Paraiba, Brasil

In this study, we investigated the presence of gastrointestinal helminths in 97 captive birds (Psittaciformes and Accipitriformes) necropsied between June and December 2011 in the state of Paraiba, Brazil. Forty-three birds were infected. Psittaciformes were infected by nematode Ascaridia hermaphrodita (97.6%) and cestode Raillietina sp. (2.4%). A. hermaphrodita was found in all species of parrots and Raillietina sp. was found only in Amazona aestiva. A. hermaphrodita was the cause of death, by intestinal obstruction, in 14 of the 40 birds investigated. Accipitriformes were infected by nematode Synhimantus (Synhimantus) rectus (100%) and acantocephalan Centrorhynchus tumidulus (50%). In Brazil, Diopsittaca nobilis and A. aestiva are reported for the first time as hosts of A. hermaphrodita and Raillietina sp., respectively. We concluded that Psittaciformes and Accipitriformes in captivity are affected by nematodes, cestodes and acanthocephalans and that implementation of control measures is essential.

Este estudo objetivou-se investigar a presença de parasitos gastrointestinais em aves de cativeiro da Ordem Psittaciformes e Accipitriformes no estado da Paraíba-Brasil. Foram necropsiadas 97 aves durante o período de junho a dezembro de 2011. Em 43 (44.3%) aves, foi detectada a presença de nematóides, cestóides e/ou acantocéfalos. A prevalência de parasitos gastrointestinais em Psittaciformes foi de 45.6% (41/88) e os helmintos identificados foram Ascaridia hermaphrodita (Ascaridoidea, Ascarididae) (40/41, 97.6%) e Raillietina sp. (Cyclophyllidea, Davaineidae) (1/41, 2.4%). A. hermaphrodita foi encontrada em todas as espécies de papagaios e Raillietina sp. foi encontrada apenas na Amazona aestiva. Em aves Accipitriformes, a prevalência foi de 22.2% (2/9) e os helmintos identificados foram Synhimantus (Synhimantus) rectus (Spirurida, Acuariidae) (2/2, 100%) e Centrorhynchus tumidulus (Acanthocephala, Centrorhynchidae) (1/2, 50 %). Todos os parasitos encontrados neste estudo são relatados pela primeira vez em aves Psittaciformes e Accipitriformes no estado da Paraíba. No Brasil, Diopsittaca nobilis e A. aestiva são apresentados pela primeira vez como hospedeiros da A. hermaphrodita e Raillietina sp., respectivamente. Concluiu-se que aves Psittaciformes e Accipitriformes de cativeiro são afetadas por nematóides, cestóides e acantocéfalos, e que a implementação de medidas de controle é imprescindível.

Parasites of Psittaciformes and Accipitriformes in Paraíba state, northeastern Brazil

In this study, we investigated the presence of gastrointestinal helminths in 97 captive birds (Psittaciformes and Accipitriformes) necropsied between June and December 2011 in the state of Paraiba, Brazil. Forty-three birds were infected. Psittaciformes were infected by nematode Ascaridia hermaphrodita (97.6%) and cestodeRaillietina sp. (2.4%). A. hermaphrodita was found in all species of parrots andRaillietina sp. was found only in Amazona aestiva. A. hermaphrodita was the cause of death, by intestinal obstruction, in 14 of the 40 birds investigated. Accipitriformes were infected by nematode Synhimantus(Synhimantus) rectus (100%) and acantocephalan Centrorhynchus tumidulus (50%). In Brazil, Diopsittaca nobilis and A. aestiva are reported for the first time as hosts of A. hermaphrodita andRaillietina sp., respectively. We concluded that Psittaciformes and Accipitriformes in captivity are affected by nematodes, cestodes and acanthocephalans and that implementation of control measures is essential.

Este estudo objetivou-se investigar a presença de parasitos gastrointestinais em aves de cativeiro da Ordem Psittaciformes e Accipitriformes no estado da Paraíba-Brasil. Foram necropsiadas 97 aves durante o período de junho a dezembro de 2011. Em 43 (44.3%) aves, foi detectada a presença de nematóides, cestóides e/ou acantocéfalos. A prevalência de parasitos gastrointestinais em Psittaciformes foi de 45.6% (41/88) e os helmintos identificados foram Ascaridia hermaphrodita (Ascaridoidea, Ascarididae) (40/41, 97.6%) e Raillietina sp. (Cyclophyllidea, Davaineidae) (1/41, 2.4%). A. hermaphrodita foi encontrada em todas as espécies de papagaios eRaillietina sp. foi encontrada apenas na Amazona aestiva. Em aves Accipitriformes, a prevalência foi de 22.2% (2/9) e os helmintos identificados foramSynhimantus (Synhimantus)rectus (Spirurida, Acuariidae) (2/2, 100%) eCentrorhynchus tumidulus (Acanthocephala, Centrorhynchidae) (1/2, 50 %). Todos os parasitos encontrados neste estudo são relatados pela primeira vez em aves Psittaciformes e Accipitriformes no estado da Paraíba. No Brasil, Diopsittaca nobilis e A. aestivasão apresentados pela primeira vez como hospedeiros da A. hermaphrodita e Raillietina sp., respectivamente. Concluiu-se que aves Psittaciformes e Accipitriformes de cativeiro são afetadas por nematóides, cestóides e acantocéfalos, e que a implementação de medidas de controle é imprescindível.