Particle size and storage length affect fermentation and ruminal degradation of rehydrated corn grain silage.

Particle size and storage time are factors that can affect the fermentation quality and digestibility of rehydrated corn grain silage (RCS). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of particle size and storage time on chemical and microbiological characteristics, aerobic stability, and ruminal degradability of RCS. Corn grains were ground to pass through either a 3 mm (fine) or 9 mm (coarse) screen, rehydrated to 44.3% moisture and ensiled in 200 L polyethylene buckets. Samples were taken before and after ensiling at 10, 30, 90 and 200 days of storage to assess microbial counts, fermentation end products, and DM ruminal degradability. DM degradation was evaluated with incubation times of 0 (bag wash), 3, 6 and 48 h in 3 rumen-cannulated cows. The effective ruminal degradation (ERD) was calculated based on soluble fraction (A), degradable fraction (B) and passage rate (kp) defined as 7.0%/h: A + B [kd/(kd + kp)]. Aerobic stability was evaluated in silages after 200 days of storage, and pH and temperature were analysed up to 240 h of aerobic exposure. At 90 and 200 d of storage, fine RCS resulted in lower crude protein and greater NH3-N concentrations than coarse RCS. Coarsely ground RCS had a lower temperature at the beginning of storage than finely ground corn. Finely ground RCS had greater yeast counts and ethanol concentrations than coarsely ground RCS during storage time. Fine RCS was more susceptible to aerobic deterioration, reaching maximum temperature and pH values faster than coarse RCS. DM ruminal degradability increased over the storage time. The particle size of the rehydrated corn grain silage did not affect the kd values after 90 d of storage, while for the ERD, a long fermentation time was necessary (200 d). Considering the fermentation characteristics and the kinetics of ruminal DM degradation, fine grinding is recommended for short storage periods and coarse grinding may be a strategy to increase the rate of grinding when the storage period is greater than 200 d.

'Alecrim Pimenta' nanoformulated essential oil (Lippia sidoides) as additive in consortium silages / Óleo essencial nanoformulado de alecrim pimenta (Lippia sidoides) como aditivo em silagens consorciadas

The presence of spoilage microorganisms in forage interferes with the fermentation process of silage, due to competition with lactic acid bacteria for substrate, generating losses and influencing the nutritional value of the ensiled material. Thus, the objective is to evaluate the effect of "Alecrim Pimenta" essential oil (Lippia sidoides) and nanoformulated thymol on microbiological, fermentative and aerobic stability profile of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor cv. BRS Ponta Negra) silage intercropped with Paiaguás grass (Urochloa brizantha cv. BRS Paiaguás). A 4 x 3 factorial design was adopted, with four additives applied to the silages (control treatment; nanoformulated "Alecrim Pimenta" essential oil (OEN); 62% nanoformulated thymol; and 100% pure nanoformulated thymol), associated with three silo period times (15, 30 and 45 days), with five replications per treatment, totaling 60 mini silos. The Clostridium population was higher in the control treatment and in the OEN. The Lactobacillus population decreased with the increase in silo opening time. Higher aerobic stabilities were recorded in silages with 100% nanoformulated thymol with opening at 15 days; and silages with 62% nanoformulated Thymol (opening period at 30 and 45 days). Silages with 100% thymol provided higher losses of dry matter, gases and effluents, while the use of OEN provided lower losses of dry matter and gases. Silos opened at 45 days showed higher losses of dry matter, gases and effluents. Sorghum and Paiaguás grass silages that received nanoformulated thymol were more efficient in controlling Clostridium and Lactobacillus populations, and this additive improved the aerobic stability of the silage.

A presença de microrganismos deterioradores na forragem interfere no processo fermentativo da silagem, devido a competição com as bactérias ácido láticas por substrato, gerando perdas e influenciando o valor nutritivo do material ensilado. Assim, objetiva-se avaliar o efeito do óleo essencial de Alecrim pimenta (Lippia sidoides) e do timol nanoformulado sobre perfil microbiológico, fermentativo e estabilidade aeróbia de silagem do consórcio de Sorgo (Sorghum bicolor var. Ponta Negra) com capim Paiaguás (Urochloa brizantha cv. Paiaguás). Foi adotado esquema fatorial 4 x 3, quatro aditivos aplicados nas silagens (tratamento controle; óleo essencial de Alecrim pimenta nanoformulado (OEN); timol nanoformulado 62%; e timol nanoformulado 100% de pureza), associados a três tempos de abertura do silo (15, 30 e 45 dias), com cinco repetições por tratamento, totalizando 60 mini silos. A população de Clostridium foi maior no tratamento controle e no OEN. A população de Lactobacillus reduziu com o aumento no tempo de abertura do silo. Maiores estabilidades aeróbica foram registradas em silagens com timol nanoformulado 100% com abertura aos 15 dias; e silagens com Timol nanoformulado 62% (tempos de abertura aos 30 e 45 dias). Silagens com timol 100% proporcionaram maiores perdas de matéria seca, gases e efluentes, enquanto que o uso de OEN proporcionou menores perdas de matéria seca e gases. Silos com abertura aos 45 dias apresentaram maiores perdas de matéria seca, gases e efluentes. Silagens de Sorgo e capim Paiaguás que recebram timol nanoformulado foram mais eficientes em controlar as populações de Clostridium e Lactobacillus, bem como este aditivo melhorou a estabilidade aeróbica da silagem.

Untreated or ammoniated cotton gin trash in the ensiling of elephant grass reduces silage quality

This study examined the inclusion of untreated or urea-ammoniated CGT on the chemical composition, pH, gas, and effluent losses, dry matter recovery (DMR), and aerobic stability of elephantgrass silage. The experiment was laid out in a randomized design with a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement represented by three levels of inclusion of CGT during ensiling (0, 5, or 10%) and three levels of ammoniation of CGT with urea before ensiling (0, 4 or 8% for 28 days), using four replications. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and Tukey's test, considering a 5% significance level. The pH and DM, NDIN, ADIN, NDF and ADF contents of the silages increased (p<0.05) with the inclusion of CGT, regardless of ammoniation. The lowest (p<0.05) effluent loss was achieved using 10% of CGT ammoniated with 8% urea. In contrast, the elephantgrass silage exhibited the lowest (p<0.05) gas loss and the greatest (p<0.05) DMR. The inclusion of CGT compromised the aerobic stability of the silage. Therefore, the inclusion of CGT ­either untreated or ammoniated ­in the ensiling of elephantgrass is not recommended.(AU)

Fermentation profile and nutritional value of millet grain silages rehydrated with whey and/or molasses / Perfil fermentativo e valor nutricional de silagens de grãos de milheto reidratadas com soro de leite e/ou melaço

This study aimed to evaluate the fermentation profile and nutritional value of millet grain silages rehydrated with whey and/or molasses. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four treatments and six replications, with a control treatment (water rehydration), whey rehydration, water rehydration plus molasses (2.5%), and whey plus molasses (2.5%). Lower values of dry matter content (DM = 66.37; 1.55%) were found for the control silage, but within the recommended range. The contents of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, lignin and hemicellulose were not influenced by the use of additives. There was no difference (p>0.05) for aerobic stability and ammonia-N (6.04%) between treatments. For pH, lower values were observed for silages with molasses. There was a higher concentration (p <0.05) of lactic acid in silages with whey, and a higher concentration of butyric acid in silages added exclusively with molasses. The use of whey improved dry matter recovery compared to control silages.

Objetivou-se avaliar o perfil fermentativo e o valor nutricional de silagens de grãos de milheto reidratados com soro de leite e/ou melaço. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições, sendo tratamento controle (reidratação com água), reidratação com soro de leite, reidratação com água mais melaço (2.5%), e soro de leite mais melaço (2.5%). Observou-se menor teor de matéria seca (MS = 66.37; 1.55%) na silagem controle em relação aos demais tratamentos, contudo este se encontra dentro do limite desejável. Os teores de proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, lignina e hemicelulose não foram influenciados pelo uso dos aditivos. Não houve diferença (p >0.05) para estabilidade aeróbica e N-amoniacal (6.04% NT) entre os tratamentos. Para valores de pH observou-se menores valores para as silagens com melaço em relação as demais. Houve maior concentração (p <0.05) de ácido lático nas silagens com soro de leite e maior concentração de ácido butírico nas silagens aditivadas exclusivamente com melaço. A utilização do soro de leite melhorou a recuperação da matéria seca em relação às silagens controle. Observou-se maior degradabilidade da matéria seca com 8% de taxa de passagem nas silagens aditivadas com melaço e/ou soro em relação ao controle.

Effects of different moist orange pulp inclusions in the corn grain rehydration for silage production on chemical composition, fermentation, aerobic stability, microbiological profile, and losses.

This study evaluated the effects of different moist orange pulp (MOP) inclusions in corn grain rehydration for silage production as a strategy to store and use MOP and whether these inclusions result in adequate fermentation and aerobic stability (AE) and acceptable losses. Ground corn grain and MOP were weighed separately and mixed to obtain MOP inclusions of 21%, 34%, or 42%. The control treatment was obtained with corn rehydrated with distilled water and MOP inclusion of 0%, with five laboratory silos (15-L buckets) per treatment. Acid detergent fiber, acid detergent insoluble protein, acid detergent lignin, lactic acid, acetic acid, and ethanol contents increased linearly with increasing MOP inclusion, whereas starch, in vitro dry matter (DM) digestibility and butyric acid contents and pH decreased linearly. NH3 -N/TN content reduced quadratically and was minimal with 8.34 g/kg DM at 14% MOP inclusion. Total DM losses increased quadratically with maximal losses of 4.26% DM at 25% MOP inclusion. AE reduced by 2.8 h for each 1% increase in MOP inclusion. Rehydration of corn grain with MOP results in an adequate fermentation process. The inclusion of 34% MOP was the best because DM losses were lower and AE was not drastically reduced.

Fermentation profile, aerobic stability, chemical and mineral composition of silages of mango combined with cocoa pod husk meal / Perfil fermentativo, estabilidade aeróbia, composição química e mineral de silagens de manga combinados com farelo de casca de cacau

The objective was to evaluate the fermentation profile, aerobic stability, chemical composition, and mineral content of silages of mango combined with cocoa pod husk meal. A completely randomized design was adopted, including four levels (65, 70, 75, and 80%) and five repetitions, totaling 20 experimental silos that were opened after 90 days of sealing. Increasing mango levels in the silages increased the dry matter recovery, total carbohydrates, and fraction B2 of carbohydrates, and reduced gas losses, dry matter, and mineral matter. The quadratic effect was found for pH, buffering capacity, potassium, boron, iron, and nitrogen fractions A and B1 + B2. Using unconventional products such as mango combined with cocoa pod husk meal for silage making can reduce the cost of food supplementation for ruminants, and the environmental contamination.(AU)

Foi avaliado o perfil fermentativo, estabilidade aeróbia, composição química e conteúdo mineral de silagens de manga combinadas com farelo de casca de cacau. O delineamento adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, incluindo quatro níveis (65, 70, 75 e 80%) e cinco repetições, totalizando 20 silos experimentais abertos aos 90 dias da vedação. O incremento dos níveis de manga nas silagens aumentou a recuperação de matéria seca, carboidratos totais e fração B2 de carboidratos, e reduziu as perdas de gases, matéria seca e matéria mineral. Foi encontrado um efeito quadrático para pH, capacidade tampão, potássio, boro, ferro e para as frações de nitrogênio A e B1 + B2. A utilização de produtos não convencionais como a manga combinada com a farinha da casca da vagem de cacau para a produção de silagem pode reduzir o custo da suplementação alimentar para ruminantes e a contaminação ambiental.(AU)

Effects of Obligate Heterofermentative Lactic Acid Bacteria Alone or in Combination on the Conservation of Sugarcane Silage.

Our objective was to determine the effects of two strains of obligate heterofermentative bacteria, alone or in combination, on the fermentation profile, gas production kinetics, chemical composition, and aerobic stability of sugarcane silage. A plot of sugarcane was manually harvested, mechanically chopped and treated with: distilled water (5 mL kg-1; Control), Lentilactobacillus hilgardii CNCM I-4785 [3 × 105 colony-forming units (cfu) g-1; LH], Lentilactobacillus buchneri NCIMB 40788 (3 × 105 cfu g-1; LB), and LH+LB (1.5 × 105 cfu g-1 of each strain). Treated forages were packed into 1.96-L gas-tight silos (0.40 porosity) and stored at 25 ± 1.5°C for 70 days (4 replicates per treatment). All heterolactic inoculants were effective to increase acetic acid concentration and inhibit yeast metabolism, as treated silages had lower formation of ethanol, ethyl esters and gas during fermentation. Lower fungal development spared soluble carbohydrates, consequently resulting in silages with higher in vitro digestibility. Nevertheless, L. buchneri was the most effective strain to extend the aerobic stability of sugarcane silage (based on both temperature and pH rise). The use of L. buchneri alone or in combination with L. hilgardii, applied at 3 × 105 cfu g-1, is a feasible strategy to inhibit yeast metabolism and increase the nutritional quality of sugarcane silage.

Effects of Bacillus subtilis and its metabolites on corn silage quality.

Cellulolytic micro-organisms are potent silage inoculants that decrease the fibrous content in silage and increase the fibre digestibility and nutritional value of silage. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Bacillus subtilis CCMA 0087 and its enzyme ß-glucosidase on the nutritional value and aerobic stability of corn silage after 30 and 60 days of storage. We compared the results among silage without inoculant (SC) and silages inoculated with B. subtilis 8 log10 CFU per kg forage (SB8), 9 log10 CFU per kg forage (SB9) and 9·84 log10 CFU per kg forage + ß-glucosidase enzyme (SBE). No differences were observed in the levels of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fibre due to the different treatments or storage times of the silos. Notably, the population of spore-forming bacteria increased in the SB9-treated silage. At 60 days of ensiling, the largest populations of lactic acid bacteria were found in silages treated with SB8 and SBE. Yeast populations were low for all silages, irrespective of the different treatments, and the presence of filamentous fungi was observed only in the SBE-treated silage. Among all silage treatments, SB9 treatment resulted in the highest aerobic stability.

Effects of microbial inoculant and fibrolytic enzymes on fermentation quality and nutritional value of BRS capiaçu grass silage / Efeitos do inoculante microbiano e das enzimas fibrolíticas na qualidade fermentativa e no valor nutricional de silagem de capim-BRS capiaçu

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of bacterial-enzymatic inoculants with different concentrations of fibrolytic enzymes on the fermentation quality and nutritional value of the silage of BRS capiaçu grass. Two bacterial-enzymatic inoculants with different levels of enzyme complex were evaluated (Silotrato® (5%) and Biotrato® (8%)) and control silage (without additive) according to a completely randomized design with eight replicates. To evaluate the silage aerobic stability, a completely randomized split plot design was used with three treatments (plots) and seven times after opening (subplots). There was no interaction between treatments and times after opening on values of pH (P=0.79). Regarding bacterial-enzymatic inoculants, the silage pH was 21.66% and 16.16% higher in silage without additive (mean of 6.00) compared to silage with 5% and 8% enzyme complex (P < 0.01). There was no difference between treatments on pH (P = 0.08), lactic acid (p = 0.08) and acetic acid (p = 0.64), means of 3.11, 47.31 g dry matter (DM)-¹ and 11.19 g DM-¹, respectively. There was no difference between treatments for any of the chemical composition variables (P = 0.86). Mean values for DM, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and total digestible nutrients were 22.31%, 6.65%, 71.15% and 42.07%, respectively. There was a higher concentration of butyric acid in the control silage compared to Silotrato® silage. The control silage and silage treated with Biotrato® presented effluent losses (P = 0.05) 13.99% higher than silage with Silotrato®. For ensiling BRS capiaçu grass, it is recommended to use lactic acid bacteria containing 5% fibrolytic enzymes.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de inoculantes bacteriano-enzimáticos com diferentes concentrações de enzimas fibrolíticas sobre a qualidade fermentativa e valor nutricional da silagem de capim-BRS capiaçu. Foram avaliados dois inoculantes bacteriano-enzimáticos com diferentes níveis de complexo enzimático (Silotrato® (5%) e Biotrato® (8%)) e silagem controle (sem aditivo) seguindo o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com oito repetições. Para avaliação da estabilidade aeróbia da silagem foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema de parcelas subdivididas com três tratamentos (parcelas) e sete tempos após abertura (subparcelas). Não houve interação entre tratamentos e tempos após a abertura da silagem sobre os valores de pH (P = 0,79). Em relação aos inoculantes bacteriano-enzimáticos, o pH da silagem foi 21,66% e 16,16% maior na silagem sem aditivo (média de 6,00) em relação à silagem com 5% e 8% de complexo enzimático (P < 0,01). Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos quanto ao pH (P = 0,08), ácido lático (P = 0,08) e ácido acético (p = 0,64), médias de 3,11; 47,31 g matéria seca (MS)-¹ e 11,19 g MS-¹, respectivamente. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos para nenhuma das variáveis de composição química (P = 0,86). As médias para MS, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro e nutrientes digestíveis totais foram 22,31%, 6,65%, 71,15% e 42,07%, respectivamente. Houve maior concentração de ácido butírico na silagem controle em relação à silagem com Silotrato®. A silagem controle e a silagem tratada com Biotrato® apresentaram perdas por efluentes (P = 0,05) 13,99% maiores que a silagem com Silotrato®. Durante a ensilagem do capim BRS capiaçu, recomenda-se o uso de bactérias lácticas contendo 5% de enzimas fibrolíticas.(AU)

Efeito de diferentes filmes plásticos dupla face sobre características quimíco-fermentativas da silagem de milho / Effect of different double-sided plastic films on chemical and fermentation characteristics of corn silage

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de diferentes filmes plásticos dupla face sobre as características quimiofermentativas, digestibilidade da matéria seca, estabilidade aeróbica, perdas físicas e de matéria seca de silagens de milho armazenadas em silos trincheira. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, compostos por três tratamentos: DF110µm - polietileno dupla face com espessura de 110 µm; DF200µm - polietileno dupla face com espessura de 200 µm; e DFBO - película impermeável ao oxigênio composta de polietileno dupla face com espessura de 80 µm sobreposta a uma película de poliamida translúcida a vácuo com espessura de 20 µm. O uso do filme DF200µm aumentou em 4,58% a digestibilidade ruminal da matéria seca e reduziu em 3,1 °C a temperatura da silagem, assim como as perdas físicas da silagem de milho foram reduzidas em 118,9 g kg-¹ da MS pela utilização do DFBO e 95 g kg-1 da MS com o DF200µm, o DFBO apresentou a maior estabilidade aeróbica (127 horas) da silagem de milho. O uso de filme DF200µm e DFBO é recomendado para conservação de silagem de milho em silos do tipo trincheira.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of different double-sided plastic films on chemical and fermentation characteristics, dry matter digestibility, aerobic stability, physical and dry matter losses in corn silages stored in bunker silos. This was a completely randomized experimental design consisting of three treatments: DF110µm - double-sided polyethylene with 110 µm thickness; DF200µm - double-sided polyethylene with 200 µm thickness; and DFBO - oxygen-impermeable film consisted of double-sided polyethylene with 80 µm thickness overlaid with a translucent vacuum polyamide film with 20 µm thickness. The use of DF200µm film increased the ruminal dry matter digestibility by 4.58% and reduced the silage temperature by 3.1 °C, as well as the physical losses of the corn silage were reduced by 118.9 g kg-1 DM using DFBO and 95 g kg-¹ DM with DF200µm; DFBO resulted in the highest aerobic stability (127 hours) of corn silage. The use of DF200µm and DFBO is recommended for preserving corn silage in bunker silos.

Effects of microbial inoculant and fibrolytic enzymes on fermentation quality and nutritional value of BRS capiaçu grass silage / Efeitos do inoculante microbiano e das enzimas fibrolíticas na qualidade fermentativa e no valor nutricional de silagem de capim-BRS capiaçu

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of bacterial-enzymatic inoculants with different concentrations of fibrolytic enzymes on the fermentation quality and nutritional value of the silage of BRS capiaçu grass. Two bacterial-enzymatic inoculants with different levels of enzyme complex were evaluated (Silotrato® (5%) and Biotrato® (8%)) and control silage (without additive) according to a completely randomized design with eight replicates. To evaluate the silage aerobic stability, a completely randomized split plot design was used with three treatments (plots) and seven times after opening (subplots). There was no interaction between treatments and times after opening on values of pH (P=0.79). Regarding bacterial-enzymatic inoculants, the silage pH was 21.66% and 16.16% higher in silage without additive (mean of 6.00) compared to silage with 5% and 8% enzyme complex (P < 0.01). There was no difference between treatments on pH (P = 0.08), lactic acid (p = 0.08) and acetic acid (p = 0.64), means of 3.11, 47.31 g dry matter (DM)-¹ and 11.19 g DM-¹, respectively. There was no difference between treatments for any of the chemical composition variables (P = 0.86). Mean values for DM, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and total digestible nutrients were 22.31%, 6.65%, 71.15% and 42.07%, respectively. There was a higher concentration of butyric acid in the control silage compared to Silotrato® silage. The control silage and silage treated with Biotrato® presented effluent losses (P = 0.05) 13.99% higher than silage with Silotrato®. For ensiling BRS capiaçu grass, it is recommended to use lactic acid bacteria containing 5% fibrolytic enzymes.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de inoculantes bacteriano-enzimáticos com diferentes concentrações de enzimas fibrolíticas sobre a qualidade fermentativa e valor nutricional da silagem de capim-BRS capiaçu. Foram avaliados dois inoculantes bacteriano-enzimáticos com diferentes níveis de complexo enzimático (Silotrato® (5%) e Biotrato® (8%)) e silagem controle (sem aditivo) seguindo o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com oito repetições. Para avaliação da estabilidade aeróbia da silagem foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema de parcelas subdivididas com três tratamentos (parcelas) e sete tempos após abertura (subparcelas). Não houve interação entre tratamentos e tempos após a abertura da silagem sobre os valores de pH (P = 0,79). Em relação aos inoculantes bacteriano-enzimáticos, o pH da silagem foi 21,66% e 16,16% maior na silagem sem aditivo (média de 6,00) em relação à silagem com 5% e 8% de complexo enzimático (P < 0,01). Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos quanto ao pH (P = 0,08), ácido lático (P = 0,08) e ácido acético (p = 0,64), médias de 3,11; 47,31 g matéria seca (MS)-¹ e 11,19 g MS-¹, respectivamente. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos para nenhuma das variáveis de composição química (P = 0,86). As médias para MS, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro e nutrientes digestíveis totais foram 22,31%, 6,65%, 71,15% e 42,07%, respectivamente. Houve maior concentração de ácido butírico na silagem controle em relação à silagem com Silotrato®. A silagem controle e a silagem tratada com Biotrato® apresentaram perdas por efluentes (P = 0,05) 13,99% maiores que a silagem com Silotrato®. Durante a ensilagem do capim BRS capiaçu, recomenda-se o uso de bactérias lácticas contendo 5% de enzimas fibrolíticas.

Assessment of corn silage in dairy farms in the municipality of Patos de Minas, Brazil / Avaliação da silagem de milho em fazendas leiteiras de Patos de Minas, MG

This study aimed to assess the corn silage used in 31 dairy farms in themunicipality of Patos de Minas, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Aquestionnaire was applied with questions related to the property, the silageprocess, and the use of roughage. A cluster analysis was then performed togroup the properties using the centroid method. Data were submitted toanalysis of variance in a completely randomized design. The continuousvariables and the discrete variables had their means compared using theTukey test and the chi-square test, respectively, with 5% probability of typeI error. Properties with low milk production were those with no technicalassistance; they tended to have nonuniform silo faces and manual removalof silage, resulting in higher silage loss.(AU)

O objetivo com este estudo foi avaliar as silagens de milho utilizadas em propriedades leiteiras do município de Patos de Minas, MG. Foram visitadas 31 propriedades do município, onde foi aplicado um questionário com questões relacionadas à propriedade, ao processo de ensilagem e à utilização do volumoso. Foi realizada análise de cluster para fazer o agrupamento das propriedades avaliadas, utilizando o método do centróide. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância em delineamento inteiramente casualizado e as médias das variáveis contínuas foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, enquanto que as médias das variáveis discretas, pelo teste de qui-quadrado, com probabilidade de 5% para ocorrência do erro tipo I. As propriedades com baixa produção de leite são caracterizadas por ausência de consultoria técnica e tendem a apresentar painéis de silos desuniformes, com retirada manual, resultando em maior descarte (perda) de silagem.(AU)

Assessment of corn silage in dairy farms in the municipality of Patos de Minas, Brazil / Avaliação da silagem de milho em fazendas leiteiras de Patos de Minas, MG

This study aimed to assess the corn silage used in 31 dairy farms in themunicipality of Patos de Minas, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Aquestionnaire was applied with questions related to the property, the silageprocess, and the use of roughage. A cluster analysis was then performed togroup the properties using the centroid method. Data were submitted toanalysis of variance in a completely randomized design. The continuousvariables and the discrete variables had their means compared using theTukey test and the chi-square test, respectively, with 5% probability of typeI error. Properties with low milk production were those with no technicalassistance; they tended to have nonuniform silo faces and manual removalof silage, resulting in higher silage loss.

O objetivo com este estudo foi avaliar as silagens de milho utilizadas em propriedades leiteiras do município de Patos de Minas, MG. Foram visitadas 31 propriedades do município, onde foi aplicado um questionário com questões relacionadas à propriedade, ao processo de ensilagem e à utilização do volumoso. Foi realizada análise de cluster para fazer o agrupamento das propriedades avaliadas, utilizando o método do centróide. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância em delineamento inteiramente casualizado e as médias das variáveis contínuas foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, enquanto que as médias das variáveis discretas, pelo teste de qui-quadrado, com probabilidade de 5% para ocorrência do erro tipo I. As propriedades com baixa produção de leite são caracterizadas por ausência de consultoria técnica e tendem a apresentar painéis de silos desuniformes, com retirada manual, resultando em maior descarte (perda) de silagem.

Macauba palm cake as additive in elephant grass silage

The aim of this study was to evaluate the addition of macauba palm cake (Acrocomia aculeata) on the chemical composition, fermentation and aerobic stability of elephant grass silages (Pennisetum purpureum). The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with four replicates. The treatments were composed of six levels of macauba palm cake (0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30%) as additive to elephant grass silage. Dry matter and ethereal extract content of the silage increased linearly with the inclusion of the additive. Addition levels of 15.54% would provide 35% of dry mass, and the limit of 7.00% of ethereal extract in the silage could be obtained with 10.47%. The neutral detergent fiber content reduced linearly from 68.97 to 52.59%, but lignin increased linearly from 6.56 to 7.70%. There was a reduction of 0.17% in the ammoniacal nitrogen content for each 1% of cake. The minimum value of dry matter losses (1.33%) was estimated to the inclusion level of 23.70%. The aerobic stability increased with inclusions between 18 and 24% of cake. The use of levels between 10 and 15% of macauba palm cake are sufficient to optimize dry matter and ethereal extract contents of the silages and to provide a high aerobic stability with minimum losses.

Macauba palm cake as additive in elephant grass silage

The aim of this study was to evaluate the addition of macauba palm cake (Acrocomia aculeata) on the chemical composition, fermentation and aerobic stability of elephant grass silages (Pennisetum purpureum). The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with four replicates. The treatments were composed of six levels of macauba palm cake (0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30%) as additive to elephant grass silage. Dry matter and ethereal extract content of the silage increased linearly with the inclusion of the additive. Addition levels of 15.54% would provide 35% of dry mass, and the limit of 7.00% of ethereal extract in the silage could be obtained with 10.47%. The neutral detergent fiber content reduced linearly from 68.97 to 52.59%, but lignin increased linearly from 6.56 to 7.70%. There was a reduction of 0.17% in the ammoniacal nitrogen content for each 1% of cake. The minimum value of dry matter losses (1.33%) was estimated to the inclusion level of 23.70%. The aerobic stability increased with inclusions between 18 and 24% of cake. The use of levels between 10 and 15% of macauba palm cake are sufficient to optimize dry matter and ethereal extract contents of the silages and to provide a high aerobic stability with minimum losses.(AU)

Use of by-products in a total mixed ration silage / Uso de subprodutos na silagem de ração total misturada

The objective of this study was to evaluated fermentation losses and silage quality with the addition of different by-products in TMR. A completely randomized design was used with four treatments: Control (CTL, with hay, corn silage, cracked corn, soybean meal, wheat bran and minerals); CTL plus the addition of fresh orange pulp (FOP); CTL plus soybean hulls (SBH) or CTL plus wet brewery wastes (WBW), with six replicates. The ingredients were mixed and ensiled in 24 PVC experimental silos. After 56 days of ensiling, fermentation losses (effluents, dry matter and gases), and the TMR silage pH and chemical composition were analyzed; aerobic stability was evaluated over seven days after the silos were opened. Lower dry matter (P ≤ 0.0001) was observed in TMR ensiled with wet (WBW and FOP) compared to dry (SBH) by-products. Greater ADF (P = 0.031) was observed in SBH when compared to others by-products. WBW and FOP increased dry matter (P ≤ 0.0001) and effluent losses (P ≤ 0.0001) when compared to CTL and SBH. SBH treatment remained stable after 176-hour, which differ (P=0.0015) compared with the other treatments (range from 94.5 to 99 hours of exposure to air). The density (kg DM/m3) changed (P ≤ 0.0001) among treatments. The inclusion of SBH in TMR silages had the greatest density, followed by CTL, WBW and FOP. The density was negatively correlated with DM losses ( r= - 0,81; P ≤ 0.0001). The pH differ (P = 0.003) among treatments. Highest pH of TMR silage was observed for SBH (3,67) and the lowest (3,56) for FOP. Soybean hulls successful improved aerobic stability and density, whereas aerobic stability and density were decreased and fermentation losses increased when fresh orange pulp and wet brewery were used. Little effects on chemical composition were observed, thereby agro-industrial by-products can be used in TMR silages as long as there is adequate product availability and pricing.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar as perdas fermentativas e qualidade química da ração total misturada (TMR) ensilada com a adição de diferentes subprodutos da indústria. Um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos foi utilizado: CTL (Feno, silagem de milho, milho quirera, farelo de soja, farelo de trigo e mistura mineral), FOP (CTL com adição de bagaço de laranja in-natura), ou SBH (CTL com adição de casca de soja) e WBW (CTL com adição de resíduo úmido de cervejaria), utilizando-se seis repetições por tratamento. Os ingredientes foram misturados e armazenados em 24 silos experimentais de PVC. Após 56 dias de armazenamento, as perdas fermentativas (efluentes, perda de matéria seca e produção de gases), e o pH, composição bromatológica e estabilidade aeróbica durante 7 dias das silagens de TMR foram mensuradas. Menor teor de MS (P ≤ 0,0001) foi observado para TMR ensiladas com resíduos úmidos (WBW e FOP) comparado com SBH. O uso de SBH apresentou maior teor de FDA (P = 0,031) comparado aos demais tratamentos. Adição de WBW e FOP aumentou as perdas de matéria seca (P ≤ 0,0001) e efluentes (P ≤ 0,0001) em relação a CTL e SBH. O tratamento SBH não apresentou quebra de estabilidade (176 horas), diferindo (P = 0,0015) em relação aos outros tratamentos (variação de 94,5 a 99 horas de exposição ao ar). A densidade (kg MS/m³) foi diferente (P ≤ 0.0001) entre os tratamentos. A inclusão de SBH na silagem de TMR apresentou as maiores densidades, seguido pelo tratamento CTL, WBW e FOP. A densidade teve correlação negative com as perdas de MS ( r= -0,81; P ≤ 0.0001). O pH diferiu entre tratamento (P = 0,003), sendo maior para CSC (3,67) e menor para BLI (3,56). O tratamento casca de soja apresentou a melhor estabilidade aeróbia e densidade, enquanto a estabilidade e densidade diminuíram e as perdas fermentativas aumentaram quando bagaço de laranja in-natura e resíduo úmido de cervejaria foram utilizados. Apesar das diferenças na composição das [...].(AU)

Use of by-products in a total mixed ration silage / Uso de subprodutos na silagem de ração total misturada

The objective of this study was to evaluated fermentation losses and silage quality with the addition of different by-products in TMR. A completely randomized design was used with four treatments: Control (CTL, with hay, corn silage, cracked corn, soybean meal, wheat bran and minerals); CTL plus the addition of fresh orange pulp (FOP); CTL plus soybean hulls (SBH) or CTL plus wet brewery wastes (WBW), with six replicates. The ingredients were mixed and ensiled in 24 PVC experimental silos. After 56 days of ensiling, fermentation losses (effluents, dry matter and gases), and the TMR silage pH and chemical composition were analyzed; aerobic stability was evaluated over seven days after the silos were opened. Lower dry matter (P ≤ 0.0001) was observed in TMR ensiled with wet (WBW and FOP) compared to dry (SBH) by-products. Greater ADF (P = 0.031) was observed in SBH when compared to others by-products. WBW and FOP increased dry matter (P ≤ 0.0001) and effluent losses (P ≤ 0.0001) when compared to CTL and SBH. SBH treatment remained stable after 176-hour, which differ (P=0.0015) compared with the other treatments (range from 94.5 to 99 hours of exposure to air). The density (kg DM/m3) changed (P ≤ 0.0001) among treatments. The inclusion of SBH in TMR silages had the greatest density, followed by CTL, WBW and FOP. The density was negatively correlated with DM losses ( r= - 0,81; P ≤ 0.0001). The pH differ (P = 0.003) among treatments. Highest pH of TMR silage was observed for SBH (3,67) and the lowest (3,56) for FOP. Soybean hulls successful improved aerobic stability and density, whereas aerobic stability and density were decreased and fermentation losses increased when fresh orange pulp and wet brewery were used. Little effects on chemical composition were observed, thereby agro-industrial by-products can be used in TMR silages as long as there is adequate product availability and pricing.

Objetivou-se avaliar as perdas fermentativas e qualidade química da ração total misturada (TMR) ensilada com a adição de diferentes subprodutos da indústria. Um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos foi utilizado: CTL (Feno, silagem de milho, milho quirera, farelo de soja, farelo de trigo e mistura mineral), FOP (CTL com adição de bagaço de laranja in-natura), ou SBH (CTL com adição de casca de soja) e WBW (CTL com adição de resíduo úmido de cervejaria), utilizando-se seis repetições por tratamento. Os ingredientes foram misturados e armazenados em 24 silos experimentais de PVC. Após 56 dias de armazenamento, as perdas fermentativas (efluentes, perda de matéria seca e produção de gases), e o pH, composição bromatológica e estabilidade aeróbica durante 7 dias das silagens de TMR foram mensuradas. Menor teor de MS (P ≤ 0,0001) foi observado para TMR ensiladas com resíduos úmidos (WBW e FOP) comparado com SBH. O uso de SBH apresentou maior teor de FDA (P = 0,031) comparado aos demais tratamentos. Adição de WBW e FOP aumentou as perdas de matéria seca (P ≤ 0,0001) e efluentes (P ≤ 0,0001) em relação a CTL e SBH. O tratamento SBH não apresentou quebra de estabilidade (176 horas), diferindo (P = 0,0015) em relação aos outros tratamentos (variação de 94,5 a 99 horas de exposição ao ar). A densidade (kg MS/m³) foi diferente (P ≤ 0.0001) entre os tratamentos. A inclusão de SBH na silagem de TMR apresentou as maiores densidades, seguido pelo tratamento CTL, WBW e FOP. A densidade teve correlação negative com as perdas de MS ( r= -0,81; P ≤ 0.0001). O pH diferiu entre tratamento (P = 0,003), sendo maior para CSC (3,67) e menor para BLI (3,56). O tratamento casca de soja apresentou a melhor estabilidade aeróbia e densidade, enquanto a estabilidade e densidade diminuíram e as perdas fermentativas aumentaram quando bagaço de laranja in-natura e resíduo úmido de cervejaria foram utilizados. Apesar das diferenças na composição das [...].

Productivity, profitability and nutritional quality of forage and silage of winter cereals / Produtividade, rentabilidade e qualidade nutricional da forragem e da silagem de cereais de inverno

This study aimed to evaluate the production, the physical and nutritional composition of forage and silage, as well as the profitability and aerobic stability of different winter cereals harvested at the stage of floury grain. The experimental design was a 2x7 factorial randomized block design, with two forms of foods (fresh forage and silage) and seven genotypes, with four replications. The genotypes used were the white oat (Avena sativa) cv. URS Taura; barley (Hordeum vulgare) cv. BRS Brau and cv. BRS Cauê; wheat (Tricticum aestivum) cv. CD 1440; rye (Secale cereal) cv. BR 01; and triticale (X Triticosecale) cv. IPR 111 and cv. BRS Saturno. The materials were harvested during the stage of floury grain. In forage evaluation, rye showed the highest (P < 0,05) dry biomass production (7,100 kg ha-1), but with a higher percentage of stem (46.7%) in dry matter, implying higher ADF (44.69%) in relation to other cereals. The forage of the white oats cv. URS Taura and triticale cv. IPR 111 provided the best nutritional quality compared to the other evaluated cereals, but in the resulting silage, only triticale remained with forage-like characteristics. It was clear the superiority of barley cv. BRS Cauê, wheat cv. CD 1440 and rye cv. BR 01 regarding the maintenance of aerobic stability (160 hours), while the other silages lost their stability within 32 hours. Rye cv. BR 01 and triticale IPR 111 presented the highest production of recovered dry biomass (5,402 and 5,352 kg ha-1 respectively), barley cv. BRS Cauê and oat URS Taura provided higher cost of production per kg-1 dry biomass, both with R$ 0.29 and higher cost per kg of recovered dry biomass R$ 0.45 and 0.37 respectively. There are several factors to consider when choosing the winter species for silage production, and future studies can fully elucidate these factors.(AU)

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a produção, a composição física e nutricional da forragem e da silagem, bem como a rentabilidade e a estabilidade aeróbia, de diferentes cereais de inverno colhidos em estádio de grão farináceo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2x7, sendo dois alimentos (forragem e silagem) e sete genótipos, com quatro repetições. Os genótipos utilizados foram a aveia branca (Avena sativa) cv. URS Taura; cevada (Hordeum vulgare)cv. BRS Brau e cv. BRS Cauê; trigo (Triticum aestivum) cv. CD 1440; centeio (Secale cereale) cv. BR 01; e triticale (X Triticosecale) cv. IPR 111 e cv. BRS Saturno. A colheita de todos os materiais ocorreu em estádio de grão-farináceo. Na avaliação das forragens, o centeio apresentou a maior (P < 0,05) produção de biomassa seca (7.100 kg ha-1), porém com maior participação de colmo (46,7%) na matéria seca, implicando em maior teor de FDA (44,69%) em relação aos demais cereais. A forragem da aveia branca cv. URS Taura e do triticale cv. IPR 111 proporcionaram a melhor qualidade nutricional frente aos demais cereais avaliados, porém, na silagem resultante, apenas o triticale manteve-se com características semelhantes à forragem. Ficou evidenciado a superioridade da cevada cv. BRS Cauê, do Trigo cv. CD 1440 e do centeio cv. BR 01 quanto a manutenção da estabilidade aeróbia (160 horas), ao passo que as demais silagens perderam sua estabilidade em 32 horas. O centeio cv. BR 01 e o triticale IPR 111 apresentaram a maior produção de biomassa seca recuperada (5.402 e 5.352 kg ha-1 respectivamente), a cevada cv. BRS Cauê e Aveia URS Taura proporcionaram maior custo de produçãopor kg-1 de biomassa seca ambas com R$ 0,29 e maior custo por kg de biomassa seca recuperada R$0,45 e 0,37 respectivamente...(AU)

Productivity, profitability and nutritional quality of forage and silage of winter cereals / Produtividade, rentabilidade e qualidade nutricional da forragem e da silagem de cereais de inverno

This study aimed to evaluate the production, the physical and nutritional composition of forage and silage, as well as the profitability and aerobic stability of different winter cereals harvested at the stage of floury grain. The experimental design was a 2x7 factorial randomized block design, with two forms of foods (fresh forage and silage) and seven genotypes, with four replications. The genotypes used were the white oat (Avena sativa) cv. URS Taura; barley (Hordeum vulgare) cv. BRS Brau and cv. BRS Cauê; wheat (Tricticum aestivum) cv. CD 1440; rye (Secale cereal) cv. BR 01; and triticale (X Triticosecale) cv. IPR 111 and cv. BRS Saturno. The materials were harvested during the stage of floury grain. In forage evaluation, rye showed the highest (P < 0,05) dry biomass production (7,100 kg ha-1), but with a higher percentage of stem (46.7%) in dry matter, implying higher ADF (44.69%) in relation to other cereals. The forage of the white oats cv. URS Taura and triticale cv. IPR 111 provided the best nutritional quality compared to the other evaluated cereals, but in the resulting silage, only triticale remained with forage-like characteristics. It was clear the superiority of barley cv. BRS Cauê, wheat cv. CD 1440 and rye cv. BR 01 regarding the maintenance of aerobic stability (160 hours), while the other silages lost their stability within 32 hours. Rye cv. BR 01 and triticale IPR 111 presented the highest production of recovered dry biomass (5,402 and 5,352 kg ha-1 respectively), barley cv. BRS Cauê and oat URS Taura provided higher cost of production per kg-1 dry biomass, both with R$ 0.29 and higher cost per kg of recovered dry biomass R$ 0.45 and 0.37 respectively. There are several factors to consider when choosing the winter species for silage production, and future studies can fully elucidate these factors.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a produção, a composição física e nutricional da forragem e da silagem, bem como a rentabilidade e a estabilidade aeróbia, de diferentes cereais de inverno colhidos em estádio de grão farináceo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2x7, sendo dois alimentos (forragem e silagem) e sete genótipos, com quatro repetições. Os genótipos utilizados foram a aveia branca (Avena sativa) cv. URS Taura; cevada (Hordeum vulgare)cv. BRS Brau e cv. BRS Cauê; trigo (Triticum aestivum) cv. CD 1440; centeio (Secale cereale) cv. BR 01; e triticale (X Triticosecale) cv. IPR 111 e cv. BRS Saturno. A colheita de todos os materiais ocorreu em estádio de grão-farináceo. Na avaliação das forragens, o centeio apresentou a maior (P < 0,05) produção de biomassa seca (7.100 kg ha-1), porém com maior participação de colmo (46,7%) na matéria seca, implicando em maior teor de FDA (44,69%) em relação aos demais cereais. A forragem da aveia branca cv. URS Taura e do triticale cv. IPR 111 proporcionaram a melhor qualidade nutricional frente aos demais cereais avaliados, porém, na silagem resultante, apenas o triticale manteve-se com características semelhantes à forragem. Ficou evidenciado a superioridade da cevada cv. BRS Cauê, do Trigo cv. CD 1440 e do centeio cv. BR 01 quanto a manutenção da estabilidade aeróbia (160 horas), ao passo que as demais silagens perderam sua estabilidade em 32 horas. O centeio cv. BR 01 e o triticale IPR 111 apresentaram a maior produção de biomassa seca recuperada (5.402 e 5.352 kg ha-1 respectivamente), a cevada cv. BRS Cauê e Aveia URS Taura proporcionaram maior custo de produçãopor kg-1 de biomassa seca ambas com R$ 0,29 e maior custo por kg de biomassa seca recuperada R$0,45 e 0,37 respectivamente...