Resultados quirúrgicos de la herniorrafia inguinal en los pacientes mayores de 80 años: Revisión sistemática y metaanálisis / Surgical outcomes of inguinal herniorrhaphy in patients over 80 yearsof age: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Introducción. Los pacientes octogenarios y nonagenarios conforman un grupo etario en progresivo crecimiento. La hernia inguinal es una patología que aumenta progresivamente con la edad. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo conocer los resultados quirúrgicos de los pacientes mayores de 80 años a quienes se les realizó herniorrafía inguinal. Métodos. De acuerdo con las guías PRISMA, se realizó una revisión sistemática de PubMed, Embase y Google Scholar. Se incluyeron estudios que reportaron la incidencia de complicaciones y mortalidad después de una herniorrafía inguinal en los pacientes octogenarios y nonagenarios. Se calculó la proporción de pacientes con complicaciones después de una herniorrafía inguinal según los datos presentados, con su respectivo intervalo de confianza del 95 %. Resultados. Catorce estudios reportaron un total de 19.290 pacientes, entre quienes se encontró una incidencia acumulada de infección del sitio operatorio de 0,5 % (IC95% 0,460 - 0,678), seroma de 8,7 % (IC95% 6,212 - 11,842), hematoma de 2,6 % (IC95% 2,397 - 2,893), dolor crónico de 2,1 % (IC95% 0,778 - 4,090) y recidiva de 1,2 % (IC95%0,425 - 2,284), para una morbilidad de 14,7 % (IC95% 9,525 - 20,833). Conclusión. Las complicaciones de la herida quirúrgica, el dolor crónico y la recidiva en los pacientes mayores de 80 años a quienes se les realiza herniorrafia inguinal son comparables con las de la población general.

Introduction. Octogenarian and nonagenarian patients constitute a progressively growing age group. Inguinal hernia is a pathology that increases with age. This study aims to understand the surgical outcomes of inguinal herniorrhaphy in patients over 80 years of age. Methods. A systematic review of PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Studies reporting the incidence of complications and mortality after inguinal herniorrhaphy in octogenarian and nonagenarian patients were included. The proportion of patients with complications after inguinal herniorrhaphy was calculated based on the data presented, with its respective 95% confidence interval. Results. Fourteen studies reported a total of 19,290 patients, among whom a cumulative incidence of surgical site infection of 0.5 (95% CI 0.460 ­ 0.678), seroma of 8.7% (95% CI 6.212 ­ 11.842), hematoma of 2.6% (95% CI 2.397 ­ 2.893), chronic pain 2.1% (95% CI 0.778 ­ 4.090), recurrence 1.2% (95% CI 0.425 ­ 2.284), and morbidity 14.7% (95% CI 9.525 ­ 20.833) were found. Conclusion. Surgical wound complications, chronic pain, and recurrence in patients over 80 years of age undergoing inguinal herniorrhaphy are comparable to those in the general population.

Estimativa de Produtividade Perdida Atribuída a Doenças Cardiovasculares na América do Sul / Estimated Loss of Productivity Attributed to Cardiovascular Diseases in South America

Resumo Fundamento: As doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) têm ônus sanitário e econômico significativos. Na América do Sul (AS), a perda de produtividade relacionada a estas enfermidades ainda não foi bem explorada. Objetivo: Estimar os anos de vida produtiva perdidos (AVPP) e a perda de produtividade relacionados a mortalidade prematura associada as DCV na AS, em 2019. Métodos: Empregou-se dados de mortalidade disponíveis no Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 na estimativa da carga de doença atribuível a DCV. Para os cálculos monetários da perda da produtividade usou-se uma proxy da abordagem de capital humano. Estratificou-se por sexo, nas faixas etárias de trabalho. Resultados: O número total de mortes por DCV na AS no ano de 2019 foi de 754.324 e os AVPP foram 2.040.973. A perda permanente de produtividade total foi de aproximadamente US$ 3,7 bilhões e US$ 7,8 bilhões em paridade do poder de compra, equivalente a 0,11% do produto interno bruto. O custo por morte foi de US$ 22.904, e a razão desse custo por óbito, entre homens e mulheres foi 1,45. A variação dos cenários aponta robustez nas estimativas, mesmo com diferenças importantes entre os países. Conclusões: As DCV impõem um ônus econômico significativo a este bloco de países. A caracterização deste fardo pode amparar os governos na alocação de recursos destinados ao planejamento e execução de políticas e intervenções sanitárias, sejam de promoção, prevenção ou recuperação.

Abstract Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have significant health and economic burdens. In South America, the loss of productivity related to these diseases has not yet been well explored. Objective: Estimate the potentially productive years of life lost (PPYLL) and loss of productivity related to premature mortality associated with CVD in South America, in 2019. Methods: Mortality data available from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study were used to estimate the burden of disease attributable to CVD. For monetary calculations of productivity loss, a proxy of the human capital approach was used. Data were stratified by sex, in working age groups. Results: The total number of deaths due to CVD in South America in 2019 was 754,324, and the total number of PPYLL was 2,040,973. The total permanent loss of productivity was approximately US$ 3.7 billion and US$ 7.8 billion in purchasing power parity, equivalent to 0.11% of the gross domestic product. The cost per death was US$ 22,904, and the ratio between men and women for the cost per death was 1.45. The variation in scenarios indicates that the estimates are robust, even with important differences between countries. Conclusions: CVD impose a significant economic burden on countries in South America. The characterization of this burden can support governments in the allocation of resources for the planning and execution of health policies and interventions in promotion, prevention, and recovery.

Boletín epidemiológico semana 6: Cáncer en menores de 18 años / Epidemiological bulletin week 6: Cancer in children under 18 years of age

De acuerdo con la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), datos 2021, se calcula que cada año cerca de 400 000 niños, niñas y adolescentes padecen cáncer. En América Latina y el Caribe la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) en 2020, estimó que anualmente al menos 29 000 menores de 19 años desarrollarán cáncer y más de 10 000 morirán por esta causa. Los tipos de cáncer más comunes en la población menor de 19 años son las leucemias, los cánceres cerebrales y los linfomas. En Colombia, en 2023, con corte semana epidemiológica 52 (datos preliminares), se notificaron al Sivigila 1 842 casos de cáncer en menores de 18 años, de los cuales el (37%) corresponden a leucemias y (63 %) a otros tipos de cáncer diferentes a leucemia. El (87%) de los casos se encuentran confirmados. De acuerdo con la clasificación de ingreso, se reportan 1 689 casos (91%), nuevos, 122 casos (7%), con recaídas y 31 casos (2%), segundas neoplasias.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 2021 data, It is estimated that every year around 400,000 children and adolescents suffer from cancer. In Latin America and the Caribbean, the Pan American Organization of Health (PAHO) in 2020, estimated that annually at least 29,000 minors 19 years old will develop cancer and more than 10,000 will die from it. The most common types of cancer in the population under 19 years of age are leukemias, brain cancers and lymphomas. In Colombia, in 2023, with epidemiological week cutoff 52 (preliminary data), 1,842 cases of cancer in children under 18 years of age were reported to Sivigila, of which (37%) correspond to leukemias and (63%) to other types of cancer different from leukemia. (87%) of the cases are confirmed. Of According to the admission classification, 1,689 cases (91%) are reported, new, 122 cases (7%), with relapses and 31 cases (2%), second neoplasms.

Protocolo de vigilancia en salud pública: desnutrición aguda moderada y severa en menores de cinco años / Public health surveillance protocol: moderate and severe acute malnutrition in children under five years of age

La desnutrición aguda severa en Colombia (0,3 %), comparada con la de los países de Latinoamérica y El Caribe, fue superior a la de Guatemala y Perú, similar a la encontrada en Honduras (0,3 %), México y Paraguay (0,4 %) e inferior a las prevalencias de Haití (1,3 %), República Dominicana (0,8 %) y Ecuador (0,7 %). La prevalencia de desnutrición aguda es mayor en los niños menores de seis meses (2 %), en los niños cuyo orden de nacimiento es el sexto o más, en niños con intervalo intergenésico menor de 24 meses y en aquellos cuyas madres están entre 30 y 34 años. A nivel de regiones, la desnutrición aguda en Bogotá es la mitad del nivel observado en el resto de las regiones el cual es de alrededor del 1 %. Las subregiones menos afectadas son Valle sin Cali ni Litoral, Medellín y Bogotá.

Severe acute malnutrition in Colombia (0.3%), compared to that of Latin American countries and the Caribbean, was higher than that of Guatemala and Peru, similar to that found in Honduras (0.3%), Mexico and Paraguay (0.4%) and lower than the prevalences of Haiti (1.3%), Dominican Republic (0.8%) and Ecuador (0.7 %). The prevalence of acute malnutrition is higher in children under six months (2%), in children whose birth order is the sixth or more, in children with birth interval less than 24 months and in those whose mothers are between 30 and 34 years old. TO regional level, acute malnutrition in Bogotá is half the level observed in the rest of the regions which is around 1%. The subregions least affected are Valle sin Cali and Litoral, Medellín and Bogotá.

Protocolo de vigilancia en salud pública: Vigilancia integrada de muertes en menores de cinco años por infección respiratoria aguda, enfermedad diarreica aguda o desnutrición aguda / Public health surveillance protocol: integrated surveillance of deaths in children under five years of age

En Colombia, la muerte infantil ha seguido una tendencia al descenso a través de los años: en el periodo 2008 a 2016 se presentaron 89473 muertes en menores de cinco años por todas las causas, 10834 fueron por infección respiratoria aguda (IRA), enfermedad diarreica aguda (EDA) y desnutrición (DNT) con un promedio de 1203 muertes por año, de estas muertes el 56% fueron por IRA, el 28% fueron por DNT y el 16% fueron por EDA; el 69% ocurrieron en menores de un año.

In Colombia, infant death has followed a downward trend over the years: in the period 2008 to 2016 there were 89,473 deaths in children under five years of age for all causes, 10,834 were due to acute respiratory infection (ARI), acute diarrheal disease (ADD) and malnutrition (DNT) with an average of 1203 deaths per year, from 56% of these deaths were due to ARF, 28% were by DNT and 16% were by EDA; 69% occurred in children under one year.

Protocolo de vigilancia en salud pública: cáncer en menores de 18 años / Public health surveillance protocol: cancer in children under 18 years of age

El cáncer infantil (cáncer en menores de 15 años) es poco frecuente, pues representa entre un 0,5% y un 4,6% de la carga total de morbilidad por esta causa. Las tasas mundiales de incidencia oscilan entre 50 y 200 casos por cada millón de niños (2,3), tiene grandes repercusiones sociales, económicas y emocionales en los pacientes y sus familias (2,4,5,6). La carga creciente del cáncer en el perfil de salud de los colombianos amerita intervenciones oportunas, certeras y coordinadas para lograr el impacto esperado a nivel poblacional e individual sobre su incidencia, discapacidad, calidad de vida y mortalidad. Actualmente, el avance en el conocimiento científico, el ritmo en el desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías y el cambio en los sistemas de salud, imponen retos específicos para el control de la enfermedad (7).

Childhood cancer (cancer in children under 15 years of age) is infrequent, since it represents between 0.5% and 4.6% of the total burden of disease due to this cause. Global incidence rates range from 50 to 200 cases per million children (2,3), has great social, economic and emotional problems in patients and their families (2,4,5,6). The increasing burden of cancer in the health profile of Colombians deserve timely interventions, accurate and coordinated to achieve impact expected at the population and individual level about their incidence, disability, quality of life and mortality. Currently, progress in the scientific knowledge, the pace in the development of new technologies and the change in health, pose specific challenges for the control of disease (7).

Mortalidade e carga do câncer de laringe atribuíveis aos riscos ocupacionais no Brasil: estudo da Carga Global de Doença, 2019 / Laryngeal cancer mortality and burden attributable to occupational risks in Brazil: 2019 Global Burden of Disease

Resumo Objetivo: descrever a mortalidade e os anos de vida ajustados pela incapacidade disability-adjusted life years - DALYs) para câncer de laringe no Brasil atribuíveis a fatores de risco ocupacionais e comportamentais. Métodos: estudo ecológico com dados do estudo Global Burden of Disease 2019. Foram obtidas taxas de mortalidade e de DALYs para o câncer de laringe atribuíveis aos riscos ocupacionais (ácido sulfúrico e amianto) e comportamentais (tabaco e álcool), de 1990 e 2019. Resultados: no Brasil, em 2019, a taxa de mortalidade por câncer de laringe atribuível aos riscos ocupacionais (ácido sulfúrico e amianto) foi 0,28 (II95%: 0,17;0,43) no sexo masculino e 0,03 (II95%: 0,02;0,04) no feminino, e a de DALYs foi 7,33 (II95%: 4,28;11,44) e 0,64 (II95%: 0,35;0,03), respectivamente. O ácido sulfúrico foi o principal risco ocupacional para a doença. Houve redução das taxas atribuíveis ao tabaco (mortalidade:-45,83%; DALYs:-47,36%) e aos riscos ocupacionais (mortalidade:-23,20%; DALYs:-26,31%), no Brasil, com aumento em alguns estados das regiões Norte e Nordeste. Conclusão: houve redução na mortalidade e na carga do câncer de laringe atribuível aos fatores ocupacionais no período, porém menor em comparação ao tabagismo, reforçando a importância de ações para reduzir o impacto dos riscos ocupacionais, como as medidas regulatórias aplicadas ao tabaco.

Abstract Objective: to describe mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to laryngeal cancer attributable to occupational and behavioral risk factors in Brazil. Methods: this is an ecological study with data from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease. Mortality and DALY rates for laryngeal cancer attributable to occupational (sulfuric acid and asbestos) and behavioral (tobacco and alcohol) risks were obtained from 1990 and 2019. Results: in 2019, the mortality rate from laryngeal cancer attributable to occupational hazards (sulfuric acid and asbestos) totaled 0.28 (95%UI: 0.17; 0.43) and 0.03 (95%UI: 0.02; 0.04), whereas and DALY rates, 7.33 (95%UI: 4.28; 11.44) and 0.64 (95%UI: 0.35; 0.03) in men and women in Brazil, respectively. Sulfuric acid configured the main occupational risk for the disease. The rates attributable to tobacco (mortality: −45.83%; DALYs: −47.36%) and occupational hazards (mortality: −23.20%; DALYs: −26.31%) decreased in Brazil but increased in some Northern and Northeastern states. Conclusion: laryngeal cancer mortality and burden attributable to occupational factors decreased in the period (although less than that for smoking), reinforcing the importance of actions to reduce the impact of occupational risks, such as the regulatory measures applied to tobacco.

Anos Potenciais de Vida Perdidos devido à COVID-19, segundo a raça/cor e gênero, no Brasil, entre 2020 e 2021 / Years of Potential Life Lost due to COVID-19 according to race/color and gender in Brazil between 2020 and 2021

Resumo A mortalidade provocada pela pandemia da COVID-19 tem produzido impactos aos indicadores de Anos Potenciais de Vida Perdidos (APVP) em nível mundial. Objetiva-se estimar os APVP devido à mortalidade por COVID-19, segundo sexo, faixa etária e raça/cor, no período de março de 2020 a dezembro de 2021, no Brasil. Foram caracterizadas as mortes por COVID-19, estimadas e comparadas as taxas e razão de taxas padronizadas de APVP, a média de anos potenciais de vida não vividos (APVNV) e a idade média do óbito (IMO). No geral, foram perdidos 13.776.969,50 anos potenciais de vida, o que determinou uma perda média de 22,5 anos potenciais não vividos. Houve maior perda de anos potenciais de vida nos homens (58,12%) e nas faixas etárias de 0 a 59 anos nas populações negra (58,92%) e indígena (63,35%), enquanto nas faixas etárias de 60 anos e mais foi observada maior perda de APVP nas populações branca (45,89%) e amarela (53,22%). As mulheres registraram as maiores IMO, com exceção das mulheres indígenas. Homens brancos (1,63), pardos (1,59) e pretos (1,61) tiveram as maiores taxas em comparação às mulheres brancas. Apesar da COVID-19 ter tido maior impacto em idosos, foram as populações negra e indígena na faixa de menos de 60 anos quem teve maior perda de anos potenciais de vida.

Abstract Mortality caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted indicators of Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL) worldwide. This study aimed to estimate the YPLL due to mortality caused by COVID-19, according to sex, age group, and race/color in Brazil, from March 2020 to December 2021. Deaths caused by COVID-19 were characterized, in which the rates and ratios of standardized YPLL rates, the average number of years of potential life lost (ANYPLL), and the average age at death (AAD) were estimated and compared. Overall, 13,776,969.50 potential years of life were lost, which resulted in an average loss of 22.5 potential years not lived. A greater loss of potential years of life was identified in men (58.12%) and in the age groups from 0 to 59 years in the black (58.92%) and indigenous (63.35%) populations, while in the age groups of 60 years and over, a greater loss of YPLL was observed in the white (45.89%) and yellow (53.22%) populations. Women recorded the highest ADD, with the exception of indigenous women. White men (1.63), brown men (1.59), and black men (1.61) had the highest rates when compared to white women. Although COVID-19 has a greater impact on the elderly, it was the black and indigenous populations under the age of 60 who had the greatest loss of potential years of life.

Programa de exercícios multicomponentes domiciliar (VIVIFRAIL®) para longevos durante a pandemia da covid-19 / Acceptability of a home-based multicomponent exercise program (Vivifrail®) for the oldest-old via videoconferencing during the Covid-19 pandemic

Resumo Objetivo Investigar a aceitação e adequação de um programa de exercícios multicomponentes por videoconferência para longevos em Porto Alegre (RS), Brasil. Método Estudo Quase experimental. Os participantes realizaram o protocolo de exercícios multicomponentes ViviFrail® durante 12 semanas, com a aceitação e adequação avaliadas semanalmente por videoconferência. O questionário de aceitação e adequação foi baseado em uma escala Likert (de 0 a 4) de seis barreiras que os participantes enfrentam ao fazer exercício físico, com pontuação máxima de 24 pontos (aceitação máxima). Resultados A aceitação foi de 70%, com 14 participantes concluindo o protocolo (89,07±6,30 anos). A consistência interna, (alfa de Cronbach) para o questionário, foi de 70%, considerada moderada. Os participantes mostraram um aumento geral na aceitação dos 17,8±3,51 pontos iniciais, para 22,0±2,94 pontos no final. Quatro (28.6%) necessitaram de adequação no protocolo de exercício. Conclusão O programa de exercícios multicomponente ViviFrail®, com acompanhamento através de videoconferência, foi bem aceito e adequado, podendo ser uma importante ferramenta para a promoção da qualidade de vida, principalmente em longevos com dificuldade de sair de casa, tanto por problemas de mobilidade, quanto por ambientes sociais desfavoráveis (violência urbana e situações sanitárias). O questionário de aceitação e adequação, que necessitou ser criado, foi capaz de detectar barreiras do

Abstract Objective To investigate the acceptability and adequacy of a multicomponent exercise program via videoconferencing for the oldest-old in Porto Alegre, a city in southern Brazil. Method This is a quasi-experimental study. Fourteen participants were enrolled in the multicomponent exercise program Vivifrail® for 12 weeks, 5 days a week, with weekly video calls for assessment of acceptability and adequacy. The acceptability and adequacy questionnaire was based on 6 barriers that older adults face when engaging in physical exercise. Responses were measured using a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0 to 4 points, with a maximum score of 24 points (maximum acceptability). Results Fourteen participants (89.07±6.30 years) concluded the protocol, with an acceptability rate of 70%. Internal consistency was moderate, with a Cronbach's coefficient alpha of 0.7. Participants showed an overall increase in acceptability and adequacy (from 17.8±3.51 points in the first week to 22.0±2.94 in the 12th week). Four participants (28.6%) required some modification to the exercise protocol. Conclusion The Vivifrail® protocol, together with weekly follow-up via videoconferencing, was well accepted and adequate. It could be an important tool for promoting quality of life, especially in the oldest-old with difficulty leaving home. The acceptability questionnaire was able to detect exercise barriers and suggest possible modifications to the training program and could be presented as a suggestion for the evaluation of intervention protocols in the oldest-old population. Therefore, the Vivifrail® protocol, with weekly follow-up via videoconferencing, could be a new field of intervention for health professionals.

Barreras asociadas con la falta de interés en el resultado del Papanicolaou / Barriers associated with lack of interest in the Papanicolaou result

Resumen OBJETIVO: Determinar las barreras personales, culturales e institucionales asociadas con la falta de interés de las pacientes en conocer (recoger) el reporte de la prueba de Papanicolaou. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, analítico, de casos y controles efectuado en el Centro de Salud Moyopampa, distrito de Lurigancho-Chosica, en Lima, Perú, durante diciembre del 2022. La muestra fue de casos (pacientes que no recogieron el reporte de la última prueba de Papanicolaou practicada en los dos últimos años) y controles (pacientes que sí acudieron a recibir su reporte). Parámetros de estudio: barreras personales, culturales e institucionales registradas en un cuestionario previamente validado. La asociación entre variables se estimó con χ² de Pearson y prueba exacta de Fisher, razón de momios con intervalo de confianza del 95% y p < 0.05. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 138 casos y 138 controles. En relación con las barreras personales, la edad de 25 a 35 años se asoció, significativamente, con el desinterés para recoger los reportes (RM = 0.021; IC95%: 0.35-0.92; p = 0.021). El carecer de estudios o solo haber cursado el nivel primario se asociaron con el desinterés para recoger los reportes de la prueba de Papanicolaou (RM = 2.83; IC95%: 1.30-6.15; p = 0.007); no haber oído hablar del virus del papiloma humano (VPH) (RM = 2.56; IC95%: 1.17-5.60; p = 0.016) y tener dificultad por el horario de trabajo (RM = 2.01; IC95%: 1.23-3.27; p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONES: Las barreras personales, como un escaso grado de instrucción, la falta de conocimiento del virus del papiloma humano y las dificultades relacionadas con el horario de trabajo, aumentaron la probabilidad de no acudir a recibir el informe de la prueba.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To identify the personal, cultural and institutional barriers associated with patients' lack of interest in knowing (obtaining) the report of the Papanicolaou test. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational, analytical, case-control study carried out in the Moyopampa Health Center, district of Lurigancho-Chosica, in Lima-Peru, during December 2022. The sample consisted of cases (patients who did not obtain the report of the last Papanicolaou test performed in the last two years) and controls (patients who came to obtain their report). Study parameters: personal, cultural and institutional barriers recorded in a previously validated questionnaire. The association between variables was estimated with Pearson's χ² and Fisher's exact test, odds ratio with 95% confidence interval and p < 0.05. RESULTS: 138 cases and 138 controls were examined. Regarding personal barriers, age 25-35 years was significantly associated with disinterest in reporting (MR = 0.021; 95%CI: 0.35-0.92; p = 0.021). Lack of education or having attended only primary school was associated with disinterest in collecting Pap smear reports (MR = 2.83; 95%CI: 1.30-6.15; p = 0.007); not having heard of the Pap smear was associated with disinterest in collecting Pap smear reports (MR = 2.83; 95%CI: 1.30-6.15; p = 0.007); not having heard of the Pap smear was associated with disinterest in collecting Pap smear reports (MR = 2.83; 95%CI: 1.30-6.15; p = 0.007). 007); not having heard of human papillomavirus (HPV) (MR = 2.56; 95%CI: 1.17-5.60; p = 0.016); and having difficulty because of work schedule (MR = 2.01; 95%CI: 1.23-3.27; p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Personal barriers, such as low educational level, lack of knowledge about human papillomavirus, and difficulties related to work schedule, increased the likelihood of not attending to receive the test report.

Cuantificación de la carga de la enfermedad renal crónica en América Latina: una epidemia invisibilizada / Quantification of the burden of chronic kidney disease in Latin America: an invisible epidemic / Quantificação da carga da doença renal crônica na América Latina: uma epidemia invisível

RESUMEN Objetivo. 1) Describir la carga de la enfermedad renal crónica en países de América Latina entre 1990 y 2019 y, 2) estimar la correlación entre los años de vida saludables perdidos (AVISA) con el índice sociodemográfico y el índice de acceso y calidad de salud. Métodos. Análisis secundario y ecológico, basado en el Estudio de la Carga Global de Enfermedades, Lesiones y Factores de Riesgo 2019. Se reportaron las tasas estandarizadas de mortalidad, años perdidos por muertes prematuras (APMP), años de vida ajustados por discapacidad (AVAD) y AVISA por enfermedad renal crónica para 1990, 2005 y 2019. La información se desagregó por países, sexo, grupos etarios y subcausas. Resultados. Entre 1990 y 2019, la carga de la enfermedad renal crónica aumentó considerablemente en los países de América Latina, convirtiéndose en una de las principales causas de mortalidad y de AVISA. La tasa estandarizada de AVISA por enfermedad renal crónica se debió, en gran medida, al peso de las muertes prematuras más que a la discapacidad. En 2019, Nicaragua, El Salvador, México y Guatemala se destacaron por tener las tasas estandarizadas de mortalidad por enfermedad renal crónica y de AVISA más elevadas, mientras que Uruguay presentó las más bajas. Conclusiones. La enfermedad renal crónica es una epidemia invisibilizada que representa una carga excesiva, en mortalidad y AVISA, para los países de América Latina. Es indispensable aunar esfuerzos regionales para enfrentar la enfermedad, además de impulsar acciones locales que atiendan las particularidades de cada país.

ABSTRACT Objective. 1) Describe the burden of chronic kidney disease in Latin American countries between 1990 and 2019; and 2) Estimate the correlation between disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and the Sociodemographic Index and the Healthcare Access and Quality Index. Methods. Secondary and ecological analysis, based on the 2019 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study. Standardized mortality rates, years of life lost to due to premature death (YLLs),years of healthy life lost due to disability (YLDs) and DALYs due to chronic kidney disease were reported for 1990, 2005, and 2019. Information was disaggregated by country, sex, age group, and sub-cause. Results. Between 1990 and 2019, the burden of chronic kidney disease increased considerably in Latin American countries, becoming one of the main causes of mortality and DALYs. The standardized rate of DALYs for chronic kidney disease was largely due to the weight of premature deaths rather than disability. In 2019, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Mexico, and Guatemala had the highest standardized mortality rates for chronic kidney disease and DALYs, while Uruguay had the lowest. Conclusions. Chronic kidney disease is an invisible epidemic that places an excessive burden in terms of mortality and DALYs on Latin American countries. It is essential to join forces to tackle the disease in the region, and promote local actions that address the particularities of each country.

RESUMO Objetivo. 1) Descrever a carga da doença renal crônica nos países da América Latina entre 1990 e 2019 e 2) estimar a correlação entre os anos de vida saudável perdidos (AVISA), o índice sociodemográfico e o índice de acesso e qualidade da saúde. Métodos. Análise secundária e ecológica, baseada no estudo Carga Global de Doenças, Lesões e Fatores de Risco 2019 (GBD). Foram informadas taxas de mortalidade padronizadas, anos de vida perdidos por morte prematura (AVP) por morte prematura, anos de vida ajustados por incapacidade (AVAI) e AVISA devido a doença renal crônica de 1990, 2005 e 2019. Os dados foram desagregados por país, sexo, faixas etárias e causas subjacentes. Resultados. Entre 1990 e 2019, a carga de doença renal crônica aumentou consideravelmente nos países da América Latina, tornando-se uma das principais causas de mortalidade e de AVISA. A taxa padronizada de AVISA devido à doença renal crônica foi influenciada em grande parte pelo peso das mortes prematuras, e não da incapacidade. Em 2019, Nicarágua, El Salvador, México e Guatemala se destacaram por terem as maiores taxas padronizadas de mortalidade por doença renal crônica e AVISA, ao passo que Uruguai teve as menores taxas. Conclusões. A doença renal crônica é uma epidemia invisível, que representa uma carga excessiva em termos de mortalidade e de AVISA para os países da América Latina. É essencial unir esforços na região para combater a doença, além de promover ações locais que atendam às particularidades de cada país.

Análisis de la carga de enfermedad atribuible a los factores de riesgo ambientales en México en el período 1990-2021. Identificación de avances, rezagos y emergencias / Analysis of the burden of disease attributable to environmental risk factors in Mexico in the 1990-2021 period. Identification of advances, lags and emergencies

Resumen Antecedentes: Se estima que los factores de riesgo ambientales (FRA) fueron responsables en 2019 de nueve millones de muertes en el mundo. Objetivo: A partir de datos del estudio Global Burden of Disease, se analizaron indicadores de pérdida de salud asociada a la exposición a FRA en México. Material y métodos: Se analizaron números absolutos y porcentajes poblacionales de muertes y años de vida saludable (AVISA) perdidos según sexo atribuidos a FRA seleccionados en los ámbitos nacional y estatal, así como las tendencias estandarizadas por edad de 1990 a 2021. Resultados: En 2021, la contaminación por material particulado en ambiente exterior mostró la mayor mortalidad y AVISA perdidos por los FRA seleccionados (42.2 y 38.1 %, respectivamente), seguida de la exposición a plomo (20.6 y 13.4 %) y temperatura baja (19.8 y 12.3 %). Ambos indicadores han disminuido en todos los FRA seleccionados, en magnitudes diferentes entre 1991 y 2021, excepto la temperatura alta. Conclusiones: A pesar de las disminuciones en los últimos 32 años, el material particulado en ambiente exterior mostró la mayor mortalidad y AVISA perdidos, seguido de la exposición a plomo. Es fundamental fortalecer las políticas de calidad del aire y exposición a plomo en México.

Abstract Background: It is estimated that environmental risk factors (ERF) were responsible for nine million deaths worldwide in 2019. Objective: Using data from the Global Burden of Disease study, indicators of health loss associated with exposure to ERF in Mexico were analyzed. Material and methods: Absolute numbers and population percentages of deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) lost attributed to selected ERFs were analyzed at the national and state level and by sex, as well as age-standardized trends from 1990 to 2021. Results: In 2021, ambient particulate matter pollution showed the highest mortality and DALYs lost attributed to selected ERFs (42.2 and 38.1% respectively), followed by lead exposure (20.6 and 13.4%) and low temperature (19.8 and 12.3%). Both indicators have decreased for all selected ERAs by different magnitudes between 1991 and 2021, except for high temperature. Conclusions: Despite decreases in the last 32 years, outdoor environment particulate matter showed the highest mortality and DALYs lost, followed by lead exposure. It is essential to strengthen air quality and lead exposure policies in Mexico.

Enfermedades respiratorias en México. Análisis del estudio Global Burden of Disease 2021 / Respiratory diseases in Mexico. Analysis from the Global Burden of Disease study 2021

Resumen Antecedentes: Las enfermedades respiratorias (ER) se analizan individualmente, posiblemente con subestimación de su carga total. Objetivo: Analizar la carga de las ER en México para población de 20 años o más de 1990 a 2021. Material y métodos: Se presenta la carga de ER en México a partir de estimaciones del estudio Global Burden of Disease en cuanto a mortalidad y años de vida saludable (AVISA) perdidos que comprenden recuentos, tasas por 100 000 y tasas estandarizadas por edad. Las ER se categorizaron en enfermedades respiratorias crónicas (ERC), infecciones respiratorias y cánceres respiratorios. Resultados: En 2021, las ER causaron la muerte de 336 728 adultos mayores de 20 años, lo que representó 30.5 % del total de defunciones, incremento cercano al triple respecto a 2019, principalmente debido a COVID-19. Las ERC contribuyeron con 3.4 % del total de muertes, las infecciones respiratorias con 25.9 % y los cánceres respiratorios con 1.2 %. La mortalidad y AVISA perdidos por ERC se incrementaron persistentemente, con variaciones entre los estados. Las tasas de mortalidad ajustadas por edad de las ERC disminuyeron desde 1990, excepto las enfermedades pulmonares intersticiales, que se incrementaron constantemente. Conclusión: Los significativos niveles de mortalidad y discapacidad debidos a enfermedades respiratorias en México exigen mejorar la prevención, investigación y abordar factores de riesgo como tabaquismo y contaminación, además de fomentar la capacitación médica continua.

Abstract Background: Respiratory diseases (RD) are often analyzed separately rather, possibly leading to an underestimation of their total burden. Objective: To analyze the burden of RD in Mexico for population aged 20 or older from 1990 to 2021. Material y methods: We present the burden of RD in Mexico based on estimates of the Global Burden of Disease study for mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), comprising counts, rates per 100,000, as well as age-standardized rates. RDs were categorized into three key groups: chronic respiratory diseases (CRD), respiratory infections (RI), and respiratory cancers. Results: In 2021, among those aged 20+, RDs were responsible for 336,728 deaths, which accounts for 30.5% of total deaths— a nearly threefold increase since 2019, primarily due to the COVID-19 pandemic. CRDs contributed with 3.4% of total deaths; RIs, with 25.9%; and respiratory cancers, with 1.2%. CRDs showed a continuous rise in deaths, crude mortality, and DALY rates across genders, with no signs of leveling. RD burden varied widely across states. Age-standardized CRD mortality rates have generally declined since 1990, except for interstitial lung diseases, which have consistently increased. Conclusion: The significant burden of mortality and disability due to RDs in Mexico underscores the necessity for enhanced prevention, research, and for addressing risk factors such as smoking and pollution. Ongoing healthcare training can help reduce RD burden.

Desafíos en el empleo de los medicamentos huérfanos

Las enfermedades raras son aquellas que tienen baja prevalencia y que, por lo tanto, el desarrollo de medicamentos para tratarlas no es rentable para las empresas farmacéuticas debido a la baja demanda. A pesar de que ya se cuenta con diferentes políticas públicas alrededor del mundo para incentivar a las industrias farmacéuticas a investigar estos medicamentos, conocidos como medicamentos huérfanos, su desarrollo conlleva muchas dificultades en las evaluaciones clínicas y el precio final para el público es muy elevado. Si bien en años recientes se ha planteado el uso de tecnología de impresión en 3D para producir estos medicamentos o incluso recurrir a otros medicamentos previamente aprobados para tratar enfermedades raras, existe un historial de mal uso de las legislaciones por parte de las empresas con el fin de generar beneficios comerciales, por lo que estas políticas deben reforzarse para que cumplan su propósito; ayudar a una población muy vulnerable. El objetivo del presente texto es exponer los resultados de una revisión documental sobre el panorama científico y sociopolítico en el que se encuentra el problema de las enfermedades raras y los medicamentos huérfanos, así como las posibles soluciones que se están desplegando para abordarlo. Deriva de un estudio que se desarrolla en el momento actual en la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, de Ciudad de México.

The strange illnesses are those that have low prevalence and that, therefore, the development of medications to treat them is not profitable for the pharmaceutical companies due to the drop demands. Although it is already counted with different political public around the world to motivate to the pharmaceutical industries to investigate these medications, well-known as orphan medications, their development bears many difficulties in the clinical evaluations and the final price for the public it is very high. Although in recent years he/she has thought about the use of impression technology in 3D to produce these medications or even to appeal to other medications previously approved to treat strange illnesses, a record of wrong use of the legislations exists on the part of the companies with the purpose of generating commercial benefits, for what these politicians should be reinforced so that they complete its purpose; to help a very vulnerable population. The objective of the present text is to expose the results of a documental revision on the scientific and sociopolitical panorama in which is the problem of the strange illnesses and the orphan medications, as well as the possible solutions that they are spreading to approach it. It derives of a study that is developed in the current moment in the Metropolitan Autonomous University, of Mexico City.

Prevention of osteoporosis in population older than 50 from Colombia: An intervention model from a nutrieconomics perspective

Introduction: Osteoporosis is a chronic disease characterized by a decrease in the density of bone mass, making bone more porous, less resistant and of lower quality than normal bone. This leads to the deterioration of its microstructure, making the bone more fragile and therefore increasing the risk of fracture. It has been found that high concentrations of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium promote the absorption of minerals such as calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus and thus increase mineral density. Due to the great social and economic impacts of osteoporosis, it is necessary to develop interventions that can be easily adopted at the population level, improving the quality of life of individuals without significantly affecting the health system. Objective: Assessing the impact of increased dairy consumption on the Colombian population diagnosed with osteoporosis between 2015 and 2020 through the simulation of the potential impact fraction (PIF). Methods: Using data from the Integrated Social Protection Information System (SISPRO) and National Nutritional Situation Survey (ENSIN), the incidence, the frequency of milk consumption, the potential impact fraction (PIF), and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were estimated. Results: A total of 63,640 cases of osteoporosis were identified. The highest incidence was observed in 2019. Seventeen food groups were identified in the ENSIN, and the most frequent products consumed by respondents over 50 years of age were milk, cheese, and yogurt. The PIF was then analysed, with a calcium intake of 600 mg/ day, and a significant difference in the decrease in the number of cases was observed. In 2019, a higher estimated DALY loss of 9.9 was observed. In women, years of life lost due to fractures were the highest in the 65-69 age group. In men, they were highest in the 75-79 age group. Discussion: We observed that the departments with the highest consumption of dairy products were the capital of the country and regions where dairy products factories are located. It was not possible to establish an association between socioeconomic strata and low dairy intake. Nevertheless, some authors have proposed that westernization of diets and low income reduce access to fresh fruits and milk derivates. Conclusion: Years lost due to disability increased in the population over 60 years of age. In the PIF analysis, a decrease in cases was observed when the population increased consumption of dairy products.

Introducción: La osteoporosis es una enfermedad crónica caracterizada por una disminución de la densidad de la masa ósea que hace que el hueso sea más poroso, menos resistente y de menor calidad que el hueso normal. Esto conduce al deterioro de su microestructura, por lo que el hueso se hace más frágil y, por lo tanto, aumenta el riesgo de fractura. Se ha encontrado que las altas concentraciones de Lactobacillus y Bifidobacterium promueven la absorción de minerales como calcio, magnesio y fósforo y, por lo tanto, aumentan la densidad mineral. Debido a los grandes impactos sociales y económicos de la osteoporosis, es necesario desarrollar intervenciones que puedan ser fácilmente adoptadas a nivel poblacional con el fin de mejorar la calidad de vida de los individuos sin afectar significativamente el sistema de salud. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto del aumento del consumo de lácteos en la población colombiana con diagnóstico de osteoporosis entre 2015 y 2020 mediante la simulación de la fracción de impacto potencial (PIF). Materiales y métodos: Estudio ecológico realizado en adultos mayores de 50 años con diagnóstico de osteoporosis. A partir de los registros del Sistema Integrado de Información de Protección Social (SISPRO) y la Encuesta Nacional de Situación Nutricional (ENSIN), se estimó la incidencia, la frecuencia de consumo de leche, el PIF y los años de vida ajustados por discapacidad (AVAD). Resultados: Se identificaron un total de 63 640 casos de osteoporosis en SISPRO, la mayor incidencia se observó en 2019. Se establecieron 17 grupos de alimentos en la ENSIN, los productos más frecuentes consumidos en población mayor de 50 años fueron leche, queso y yogur. En el cálculo del PIF se encuentra que con una ingesta de calcio de 600 mg/día se reduciría significativamente el número de casos. En 2019 se observó una mayor pérdida estimada de AVAD de 9,9. En las mujeres, los años de vida perdidos debido a fracturas fueron más altos en el grupo de edad de 65 a 69 años. En los hombres, fue más alta en el grupo de edad de 75-79 años. Discusión: Observamos que los departamentos con mayor consumo de productos lácteos fueron la capital y las regiones donde se encuentran las fábricas de productos lácteos. No fue posible establecer una asociación entre los estratos socioeconómicos y la baja ingesta de lácteos. Sin embargo, algunos autores han propuesto que la occidentalización de las dietas y los bajos ingresos reducen el acceso a frutas frescas y derivados de la leche. Conclusión: Los años perdidos por discapacidad aumentaron en la población mayor de 60 años. En el análisis PIF, se observó una disminución en los casos (reducción de 2329 casos/ año) cuando la población aumentó el consumo de productos lácteos.

Años de vida perdidos y distribución espacial de la mortalidad por incidente vial en Medellín, 2010-2020

Objetivo: Estimar los años potenciales de vida perdidos y la distribución espacial de la mortalidad por incidente vial según modo de transporte en Medellín 2010-2020, como línea base para la implementación de la estrategia Visión Cero, de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, en la movilidad de la ciudad. Metodología: Estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo de corte transversal, con fuente secundaria. El cálculo de los años potenciales de vida perdidos se hizo tomando como edad límite la esperanza de vida al nacer de Colombia, según año y género. El análisis espacial se realizó a partir de la dirección del incidente; la representación de la densidad de Kernel fue por el método de clasificación estándar-cuantil, y las zonas de influencia se crearon por el método búfer de anillos múltiples, con distancias de 500 y 1000 metros. Resultados: Medellín, entre 2010 y 2020, registró 2988 muertes por incidente vial. Quienes más murieron fueron los peatones, con 1423 (47,6 %) muertes, seguidos por los motociclistas, con 1295 (43,3 %). Los años potenciales de vida perdidos fueron 98 787. Las comunas de mayor concentración en muerte de peatones fueron: Candelaria, Buenos Aires y Manrique; en motociclistas, la mayor concentración se evidenció en el sistema vial del río. Por zonas de influencia, los peatones fallecidos en un radio de 1000 metros del sistema vial del río fueron 688 (49,8 %), y los motociclistas, 636 (52,2 %). Conclusión: Los motociclistas fueron quienes murieron más jóvenes y más años dejaron de vivir. Politraumatismos son diagnósticos constantes de muerte, pero lesiones en cabeza, cráneo y tórax son más letales en peatones y motociclistas.

Objective: To estimate the potential years of life lost and the spatial distribution of mortality from road incidents by mode of transport in Medellín 2010-2020, as a baseline for the implementation of the Vision Zero strategy of the World Health Organization in the city's mobility. Methodology: This is a retrospective and descriptive cross-sectional study, with a secondary source. The calculation of the potential years of life lost was made using the life expectancy at birth in Colombia as the age limit, according to year and gender. The spatial analysis was carried out from the direction of the incident; Kernel density was represented by the standard-quantile classification method, and the zones of influence were created by the multiple ring buffer method, with distances of 500 and 1000 meters. Results: Between 2010 and 2020, Medellín registered 2,988 deaths due to road incidents. Those who died the most were pedestrians, with 1,423 (47.6%) deaths, followed by motorcyclists, with 1,295 (43.3%). Potential years of life lost were 98,787. The zones (comunas) with the highest concentration of pedestrian deaths were: Candelaria, Buenos Aires and Manrique; in motorcyclists, the highest concentration was evidenced in the river road system. By areas of influence, pedestrians killed within a radius of 1,000 meters from the river road system were 688 (49.8%), and motorcyclists, 636 (52.2%). Conclusion: Motorcyclists were the ones who died the youngest and the most years they stopped living. Polytrauma is a constant diagnosis of death, but injuries to the head, skull and thorax are more lethal in pedestrians and motorcyclists.

Objetivo: Estimar os anos potenciais de vida perdidos e a distribuição espacial da mortalidade por incidente de trânsito segundo o modo de transporte em Medellín 2010-2020, como linha base para a implementação da estratégia Visão Zero, da Organização Mundial da Saúde, na mobilidade da cidade. Metodologia: Estudo retrospectivo e descritivo de corte transversal, com fonte secundária. O cálculo dos anos potenciais de vida perdidos foi feito considerando como idade limite a esperança de vida ao nascer da Colômbia, segundo ano e gênero. A análise espacial realizou-se a partir do local do incidente; a representação da densidade de Kernel foi pelo método de classificação padrão-quantil, e as zonas de influência criaram-se pelo método buffer de anéis múltiplos, com distâncias de 500 e 1000 metros. Resultados: Medellín, entre 2010 e 2020, registrou 2988 mortes por incidente de trânsito. O maior número de mortes foi de pedestres, sendo 1423 (47,6%), seguido pelo de motoqueiros, sendo 1295 (43,3%). Os anos potenciais de vida perdidos foram 98.787. As localidades com maior concentração de mortes de pedestres foram: Candelaria, Buenos Aires e Manrique; no caso dos motoqueiros, a maior concentração evidenciou-se no sistema viário do rio. Por zonas de influência, os pedestres falecidos em um raio de 1000 metros do sistema viário do rio foram 688 (49,8%), e os motoqueiros 636 (52,2%). Conclusão: Os motoqueiros foram quem morreram mais novos e mais anos deixaram de viver. Politraumatismos são diagnósticos constantes de morte, mas lesões na cabeça, no crâneo e no tórax são mais letais em pedestres e motoqueiros.

Diferencias de sexo asociadas al suicidio y años potenciales de vida perdidos: un estudio retrospectivo

Objetivo: Identificar las diferencias de sexo asociadas a los años potenciales de vida perdidos por suicidio en el departamento de Nariño, periodo 2005-2019. Metodología: Estudio de tipo descriptivo observacional y retrospectivo, en el que se analizaron 1686 certificados de defunción por suicidio de hombres y mujeres en el departamento de Nariño, identificados en el Departamento Nacional Administrativo de Estadística. Resultados: En el periodo 2005-2019, se observaron 1212 suicidios en hombres y 474 en mujeres. Estas se suicidaron a edades más bajas que aquellos. El 50,5 % de los hombres habían cursado básica primaria, y el 46,0 % de las mujeres, básica secundaria. El mayor número de casos de suicidios en hombres y mujeres se presentaron en el área urbana (51,2 % y 45,1 % respectivamente). El envenenamiento fue el mecanismo de suicidio más utilizado por las mujeres (66,7 %), y para los hombres, el mayor porcentaje (41,7) correspondió al ahorcamiento. La tendencia anual de muertes por suicidio fue mayor en hombres que en mujeres. En aquellos, la tasa de suicidio se situó por encima de 4,5 suicidios por 100 000 habitantes, mientras que, en ellas, se mantuvo por debajo de 3,0. Conclusiones: Hubo un aumento en la tendencia de muertes en el periodo de tiempo analizado y el riesgo de morir por suicidio en el hombre fue 3,9 veces el riesgo de morir en una mujer. El estudio contempla importantes aspectos para ser abordados en la prevención del suicidio.

Objective: To identify the sex differences associated with the potential years of life lost due to suicide in the department of Nariño, from 2005 to 2019. Methodology: Descriptive, observational and retrospective study, in which 1686 death certificates by suicide of men and women in the department of Nariño, identified in the National Administrative Department of Statistics, were analyzed. Results: From 2005 to 2019, 1,212 suicide cases of men were observed and 474 of women. Women committed suicide at younger ages than men. 50.5% of the men had completed primary school, and 46.0% of the women, secondary school. The highest number of suicide cases of men and women occurred in the urban area (51.2% and 45.1% respectively). Poisoning was the suicide mechanism most used by women (66.7%), and for men, the highest percentage (41.7) corresponded to hanging. The annual trend of deaths by suicide was higher in men than in women. For men, the suicide rate was above 4.5 suicides per 100,000 inhabitants, while for women, it remained below 3.0. Conclusions: There was an increase in the trend of deaths in the period analyzed and the risk of dying by suicide in men was 3.9 times the risk of dying by suicide in women. The study contemplates important aspects to be addressed in suicide prevention.

Objetivo: Identificar as diferenças de sexo associadas aos anos potenciais de vida perdidos por suicídio no departamento de Nariño, no período 2005-2019. Metodologia: Estudo de tipo descritivo observacional e retrospectivo, em que foram analisados 1686 certificados de óbito por suicídio de homens e mulheres no departamento de Nariño, identificados no Departamento Nacional Administrativo de Estatística. Resultados: No período de 2005-2019, observaram-se 1212 suicídios em homens e 474 em mulheres. Elas suicidaram-se em idades menores do que eles. O 50,5% dos homens cursaram o ensino fundamental, e o 46% das mulheres o ensino médio. O maior número de casos de suicídios em homens e mulheres apresentou-se na área urbana (51,2% y 45,1%, respectivamente). O envenenamento foi o mecanismo de suicídio mais utilizado pelas mulheres (66,7%), e para os homens, a maior percentagem (41,7%) correspondeu ao enforcamento. A tendência anual de mortes por suicídio foi maior em homens do que em mulheres. Neles, a taxa de suicídio esteve por cima de 4,5 suicídios por 100.000 habitantes, enquanto nelas se manteve abaixo de 3,0. Conclusões: Houve um aumento na tendência de mortes no período de tempo analisado e o risco de morrer por suicídio no caso dos homens foi 3,9 vezes o risco de morrer de uma mulher. O estudo contempla aspectos importantes a serem abordados na prevenção do suicídio.

Caracterización de la mortalidad por accidentes en Cuba en el decenio 2010-2019

Fundamento: los accidentes constituyen cadenas de eventos y circunstancias que llevan a la ocurrencia de lesiones no intencionales. Son responsables de numerosas muertes cada año en el mundo. En el año 2019, los accidentes del tránsito y las caídas estuvieron entre las primeras 20 causas de muerte. En Cuba se erigieron como la quinta causa de mortalidad por todas las causas y edades en el decenio 2010-2019. Objetivo: caracterizar la mortalidad por accidentes en Cuba en el decenio 2010- 2019. Métodos: se realizó un estudio ecológico, longitudinal, descriptivo, de la mortalidad anual por accidentes en Cuba, a lo largo del decenio que comprende los años 2010 al 2019. Los anuarios estadísticos, publicados desde el año 2012 al 2022, por la Dirección de Registros Médicos y Estadísticas de Salud, del Ministerio de Salud Pública de Cuba, constituyeron la principal fuente de información. Para su procesamiento estadístico, los datos obtenidos fueron incluidos en una hoja de cálculo en Microsoft Excel y los resultados se expresaron en figuras y tablas. Resultados: las tasas brutas de mortalidad por accidentes en Cuba en el decenio 2010- 2019 se incrementaron de 43 a 49,9 por 100 000 habitantes, las más elevadas fueron por caídas: 23,7 en el año 2018 y 23,4 por 100 000 habitantes en el 2019. Los años de vida potencialmente perdidos por accidentes disminuyeron de 5,4 a 4,7 por 1 000 habitantes de 1 a 74 años. Conclusiones: en Cuba, en el decenio 2010- 2019, se observó un aumento en la mortalidad por accidentes a expensas de las caídas accidentales, estas con mayor frecuencia en el sexo femenino.

Background: accidents constitute chains of events and circumstances that lead to the occurrence of unintentional injuries. They are responsible for numerous deaths every year in the world. In 2019, traffic accidents and falls were among the top 20 causes of death. In Cuba, they stood as the fifth cause of mortality from all causes and ages in the decade 2010-2019. Objective: to characterize mortality from accidents in Cuba in the 2010-2019 decade. Methods: an ecological, longitudinal, descriptive study of annual mortality due to accidents in Cuba was carried out, throughout the decade from 2010 to 2019. The statistical yearbooks, published from 2012 to 2022, by the Directorate of Medical Records and Health Statistics, from the Ministry of Public Health of Cuba, constituted the main source of information. For its statistical processing, the data obtained were included in a spreadsheet in Microsoft Excel and the results were expressed in figures and tables. Results: the gross mortality rates due to accidents in Cuba in the 2010-2019 decade increased from 43 to 49.9 per 100,000 inhabitants, the highest being due to falls: 23.7 in 2018 and 23.4 per 100 000 inhabitants in 2019. The years of potential life lost due to accidents decreased from 5.4 to 4.7 per 1,000 inhabitants between 1 and 74 years of age. Conclusions: in Cuba, in the 2010-2019 decade, an increase in mortality from accidents was observed at the expense of accidental falls, these more frequently in the female sex.

Anos de vida perdidos ajustados pela incapacidade decorrentes de distúrbios musculoesqueléticos em profissionais de enfermagem oncológica / Disability adjusted life years due to musculoskeletal disorders in oncology nursing professionals / Años de vida perdidos ajustados por discapacidad por trastornos musculoesqueléticos en profesionales de enfermería oncologica

Objetivos: Estimar Anos de Vida Perdidos Ajustados pela Incapacidade - DALY decorrentes de distúrbios musculoesqueléticos em profissionais de enfermagem nas unidades hospitalares de uma instituição oncológica. Métodos: Estudo ecológico, utilizando banco de dados institucionais. Valores absolutos de DALY foram transformados em taxas por 100 mil habitantes, e calculadas por categoria profissional, sexo e faixa etária. Resultados: Estimou-se 3,78 DALY (2.136/100 mil) entre todos os profissionais de enfermagem; entre Técnicos de enfermagem 2,62 DALY (2186//100 mil); e entre Enfermeiros 1,15 DALY (2024/100mil). Maior DALY ocorreu entre técnicos de enfermagem, sexo feminino, faixa etária de 50 a 59 anos, cujo valor é 0,98 (3.161/100mil). As Dorsopatias geraram mais DALY (1,97 DALY), destacando-se as lombalgias e cervicalgias. Dos diagnósticos encontrados, 54% referiam-se a Doenças Osteomusculares Relacionadas ao Trabalho, e apresentaram 2,62 DALY (69% do total de DALY). Conclusão: Houve uma grande quantidade de DALY decorrente de doenças musculoesqueléticas entre os profissionais de enfermagem da instituição.

Objectives: To estimate Disability-Adjusted Life Years Lost - DALY due to musculoskeletal disorders in nursing professionals in the hospital units of an oncology institution. Methods: Ecological study, using institutional database. Absolute DALY values were transformed into rates per 100,000 inhabitants and calculated by professional category, sex and age group. Results: It was estimated 3.78 DALY (2,136/100 thousand) among all nursing professionals, among Nursing Technicians 2.62 DALY (2186//100 thousand) and among Nurses 1.15 DALY (2024/100 thousand). Higher DALYs occurred among female nursing technicians, aged 50 to 59 years with 0.98 DALY (3,161/100,000). Dorsopathies generated more DALY (1.97 DALY), especially low back pain and neck pain. Of the diagnoses found, 54% referred to Work-Related Musculoskeletal Diseases, and presented 2.62 DALYs (69% of the total DALY). Conclusion: There was a large amount of DALY due tomusculoskeletal disorders among nursing professionals at the institution.

Objetivos: Estimar los Años de Vida Ajustados en función de la Discapacidad (AVAD) derivada de los trastornos musculoesqueléticos entre los profesionales de enfermería en centros de una institución de oncología. Métodos: Estudio ecológico, basado en datos institucionales.Los valores absolutos de AVAD encontrados se transformaron en tasas por 100.000 habitantes, y se calcularon según categoría profesional, sexo y grupo de edad. Resultados:Se estimaron 3,78 AVAD (2.136/100.000) entre los profesionales de enfermería; 2,62 AVAD (2186/100.000) entre los técnicos de enfermería; y 1,15 AVAD (2.024/100.000) entre los enfermeros. El mayor AVAD ocurrió entre los técnicos de enfermería, del sexo femenino, de entre 50 y 59 años de edad, con el valor de 0,98 (3.161/100.000). Las dorsopatías generaron más AVAD (1,97 AVAD), especialmente lumbalgia y cervicalgia. El 54% de losdiagnósticos se refieren a Enfermedades Musculoesqueléticas Relacionadas con el Trabajo, con 2,62 AVAD (69% del total de AVAD). Conclusión: Existe una alta carga de enfermedad musculoesquelética entre los profesionales de enfermería de la institución en estudio.

Economic burden of liver disease in Colombia

Introduction: Liver diseases have a significant impact on global morbidity and mortality rates, primarily attributed to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the true extent of their impact on patients, healthcare systems, and countries is often underestimated. Materials and methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study aimed to determine the economic burden associated with premature deaths caused by cirrhosis and primary liver cancer. The economic assessment was conducted by analyzing potentially productive years of life lost (PPYLL) due to liver diseases in Colombia between 2009 and 2016. Results and conclusions: The total burden of liver disease accounted for 687,861 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Men experienced a higher number of years of life lost from mortality (YLL), while women had a greater number of years lived with a disability (YLD). The economic burden of deaths caused by cirrhosis and primary liver cancer exceeded USD 8.6 million, highlighting the urgency to enhance intervention strategies ranging from promotion and prevention to timely diagnosis and treatment.

Introducción: la enfermedad hepática representa una de las principales causas de morbimortalidad a nivel mundial, principalmente por cirrosis y hepatocarcinoma; sin embargo, se subestima su impacto para el paciente, sistema de salud y el país. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo de corte transversal que determinó la carga económica asociada a las muertes prematuras por cirrosis y tumores primarios del hígado, mediante la valoración económica de los años productivos de vida potencialmente perdidos (APVPP) en Colombia y de enfermedad hepática en Colombia entre 2009 y 2016. Resultados y conclusiones: la carga total de enfermedad hepática representó 687,861 años de vida saludable perdidos ajustados por discapacidad (AVAD), los hombres con mayores años de vida perdidos por muerte prematura (APMP) y las mujeres con mayores años vividos con discapacidad (AVD). Las muertes por cirrosis y tumores primarios del hígado representan una carga económica que supera los 8,6 millones de dólares, lo cual refleja la necesidad de fortalecer las estrategias de intervención desde la promoción y prevención hasta el diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno.