A maternal dorsoventral prepattern revealed by an asymmetric distribution of ventralizing molecules before fertilization in Xenopus laevis.

The establishment of the embryonic dorsoventral axis in Xenopus occurs when the radial symmetry around the egg's animal-vegetal axis is broken to give rise to the typical symmetry of Bilaterians. We have previously shown that the Notch1 protein is ventrally enriched during early embryogenesis in Xenopus laevis and zebrafish and exerts ventralizing activity through ß-Catenin destabilization and the positive regulation of ventral center genes in X. laevis. These findings led us to further investigate when these asymmetries arise. In this work, we show that the asymmetrical distribution of Notch1 protein and mRNA precedes cortical rotation and even fertilization in X. laevis. Moreover, we found that in unfertilized eggs transcripts encoded by the ventralizing gene bmp4 are also asymmetrically distributed in the animal hemisphere and notch1 transcripts accumulate consistently on the same side of the eccentric maturation point. Strikingly, a Notch1 asymmetry orthogonal to the animal-vegetal axis appears during X. laevis oogenesis. Thus, we show for the first time a maternal bias in the distribution of molecules that are later involved in ventral patterning during embryonic axialization, strongly supporting the hypothesis of a dorsoventral prepattern or intrinsic bilaterality of Xenopus eggs before fertilization.

Evidence-based legislation, strong institutions and consensus needed to mitigate the negative impacts of free-ranging dogs.

Dogs bring many benefits to our society but, if not properly managed, they can be detrimental for humans, livestock and wildlife. We highlight the increasing problems associated with free-ranging dogs using examples from two regions of the world where this issue is pervasive, India and South America. In these regions, free-ranging dogs spread diseases, injure people, harm biodiversity, and negatively impact human livelihoods. We discuss why mitigating these deleterious effects can be extremely complicated because there are diverse challenges such as: (a) a lack of or inappropriate legislations concerning free-ranging dog management and human-dog interactions, (b) unregulated intentional and unintentional feeding of free-ranging dogs, (c) limitations of animal shelters, (d) non-responsible ownership, and (e) uncontrolled dog populations. As the management of animal species is usually shaped by differing interests, existing policies and regulations, views and social influence of stakeholders, power asymmetries between interested parties is yet another challenge in this regard. We need evidence-based legislations and strong institutions (e.g., public health and conservation institutions) that are capable of implementing governance principles and managing the complexities of this socio-ecological system by taking science-based decisions, and balancing power asymmetries to promote consensus.

NORHA: A NORmal Hippocampal Asymmetry Deviation Index Based on One-Class Novelty Detection and 3D Shape Features.

Radiologists routinely analyze hippocampal asymmetries in magnetic resonance (MR) images as a biomarker for neurodegenerative conditions like epilepsy and Alzheimer's Disease. However, current clinical tools rely on either subjective evaluations, basic volume measurements, or disease-specific models that fail to capture more complex differences in normal shape. In this paper, we overcome these limitations by introducing NORHA, a novel NORmal Hippocampal Asymmetry deviation index that uses machine learning novelty detection to objectively quantify it from MR scans. NORHA is based on a One-Class Support Vector Machine model learned from a set of morphological features extracted from automatically segmented hippocampi of healthy subjects. Hence, in test time, the model automatically measures how far a new unseen sample falls with respect to the feature space of normal individuals. This avoids biases produced by standard classification models, which require being trained using diseased cases and therefore learning to characterize changes produced only by the ones. We evaluated our new index in multiple clinical use cases using public and private MRI datasets comprising control individuals and subjects with different levels of dementia or epilepsy. The index reported high values for subjects with unilateral atrophies and remained low for controls or individuals with mild or severe symmetric bilateral changes. It also showed high AUC values for discriminating individuals with hippocampal sclerosis, further emphasizing its ability to characterize unilateral abnormalities. Finally, a positive correlation between NORHA and the functional cognitive test CDR-SB was observed, highlighting its promising application as a biomarker for dementia.

Relationship between Asymmetries and Functional Autonomy in Older Chilean Adults.

The objectives of this study were: (a) to determine asymmetries, both lower limb (LL) and upper limb (UL), in Chilean older adults, and (b) to relate asymmetries to FA in both LL and UL. Forty-one older adults voluntarily participated in this study (mean ± standard deviation [SD]: age 72.0 ± 8.0 years, LL asymmetries 13.78 ± 14.87%, UL asymmetries 10.70 ± 8.85%, FA 40.35 ± 16.26 points). The variables were: (1) asymmetries of LL and UL, assessed through a force platform and handgrip, respectively; (2) FA, assessed through the Latin American Group for Maturity (GDLAM) and the GDLAM index of autonomy (GI) protocol. The relationship between the variables was performed through Spearman's correlation. The analysis showed that 39% of the participants presented asymmetries above 15% in the LL. Likewise, this 39% of older adults presented a lower FA than their peers with asymmetries below 15% in the LL (≤15%: 35.64 ± 12.26 points vs. >15%: 47.69 ± 19.23 points, p = 0.003). The analysis showed a small correlation between LL and GI asymmetries (r = 0.27, p = 0.07) and a small but negative correlation between UL and GI (r = -0.21). The mean values of asymmetries of both LL and UL are within 'normal' parameters. However, several older adults were identified as being at risk. In parallel, older adults who presented a higher level of asymmetries in LL showed a lower level of FA.

Between-leg asymmetry in automatic postural responses to stance perturbations in people with Parkinson's disease.

BACKGROUND: People with Parkinson's disease (PwPD) showed impairments of balance control which can be aggravated by the presence of higher interlateral postural asymmetry caused by a distinct dopaminergic loss in the substantia nigra between cerebral hemispheres. RESEARCH QUESTION: We evaluate asymmetries between the more and the less affected leg in PwPD in responses to unanticipated stance perturbations. METHODS: Sixteen 16 PwPD participated in the experiment that consisted of recovering a stable upright stance, keeping the feet in place, in response to a perturbation caused by a sudden release of a load equivalent to 7 % of the participant's body mass. Anterior displacement and velocity of the center of pressure (CoP), the latency of gastrocnemius medialis muscle (GM) activation onset, rate of GM activation, and normalized magnitude of muscular activation were analyzed. RESULTS: Analysis revealed significantly rate (p = 0.04) and magnitude (p = 0.02) higher activation of GM in the less affected limb. No significant effects of the leg were found for GM activation latency or CoP-related variables. SIGNIFICANCE: There is a higher contribution of the less affected leg in automatic postural responses in PwPD.

Perspectives on Mechanisms Supporting Neuronal Polarity From Small Animals to Humans.

Axon-dendrite formation is a crucial milestone in the life history of neurons. During this process, historically referred as "the establishment of polarity," newborn neurons undergo biochemical, morphological and functional transformations to generate the axonal and dendritic domains, which are the basis of neuronal wiring and connectivity. Since the implementation of primary cultures of rat hippocampal neurons by Gary Banker and Max Cowan in 1977, the community of neurobiologists has made significant achievements in decoding signals that trigger axo-dendritic specification. External and internal cues able to switch on/off signaling pathways controlling gene expression, protein stability, the assembly of the polarity complex (i.e., PAR3-PAR6-aPKC), cytoskeleton remodeling and vesicle trafficking contribute to shape the morphology of neurons. Currently, the culture of hippocampal neurons coexists with alternative model systems to study neuronal polarization in several species, from single-cell to whole-organisms. For instance, in vivo approaches using C. elegans and D. melanogaster, as well as in situ imaging in rodents, have refined our knowledge by incorporating new variables in the polarity equation, such as the influence of the tissue, glia-neuron interactions and three-dimensional development. Nowadays, we have the unique opportunity of studying neurons differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), and test hypotheses previously originated in small animals and propose new ones perhaps specific for humans. Thus, this article will attempt to review critical mechanisms controlling polarization compiled over decades, highlighting points to be considered in new experimental systems, such as hiPSC neurons and human brain organoids.

Isokinetic strength, bilateral and unilateral strength differences: variation by age and laterality in elite youth football players / Fuerza isocinética, diferencias de fuerza bilaterales y unilaterales: variación por edad y lateralidad en futbolistas juveniles de élite

SUMMARY: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of age on peak torque (PT) relative strength measures of knee extensors (KE) and knee flexors (KF), bilateral strength ratio (Q:Q, H:H), and ipsilateral strength ratio (H:Q) in youth elite male football players.Elite male players (n = 70) from four age categories (U16: n = 20, U17: n = 20, U19: n = 15, U21: n = 15) performed isokinetic strength tests using a Cybex dynamometer. Results show a significant effect of age on PTKE (F3,142 = 4.54, p = 0.005, = 0.09) and PTKF (age: F3,142 = 3.07, p = 0.030, = 0.06). No significant effect of age on unilateral (F3,142 = 1.05, p = 0.375, = 0.02) or ipsilateral strength ratio (F3,142 = 2.63, p = 0.053, = 0.06) was found. Results revealed significant differences in PTKE for nondominant limbs between U16 and U21. Higher bilateral differences were detected for flexors (H:H = 7.94-11.47 %, Q:Q = 7.97-9.29 %) compared to extensors. Our study showed that 17-year-old players have levels of strength similar to U19 players. A higher bilateral difference of knee flexors than extensors was found, suggesting that more attention should be paid to knee flexors. No effect of laterality was found for strength and strength asymmetries. Future research should also focus on ipsilateral strength ratio in late stage of maturation.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el efecto de la edad en las medidas de fuerza relativa de torque máximo (TM) de los extensores de rodilla (ER) y flexores de rodilla (FR), la relación de fuerza bilateral (Q: Q, H: H) y la relación de fuerza ipsilateral (H: Q) en jugadores de fútbol masculino de élite en 70 sujetos de cuatro categorías de edad (U16: n = 20, U17: n = 20, U19: n = 15, U21: n = 15). Se realizaron pruebas de fuerza isocinética utilizando un dinamómetro Cybex. Los resultados mos- traron un efecto significativo de la edad en TMER (F3,142 = 4,54, p = 0,005, = 0,09) y TMFR (edad: age: F3,142 = 3,07, p = 0,030, = 0,06). No se observó efecto significativo alguno de la edad sobre la fuerza unilateral (F3,142 = 1,05, p = 0,375, = 0,02) o relación de fuerza ipsilateral (F3,142 = 2,63, p = 0,053, = 0,06). Los resultados indicaron diferencias significativas en TMER para miembros no dominantes entre U16 y U21. Se detectaron mayo- res diferencias bilaterales para los flexores (H:H = 7,94-11,47%, Q:Q = 7,97-9,29 %) en comparación con los extensores. Nues- tro estudio mostró que los jugadores de 17 años tienen niveles de fuerza similares a la de los jugadores sub-19. Se observó una mayor diferencia bilateral de flexores de rodilla que de extensores, lo que sugiere que se debe prestar más atención a los flexores de rodilla. No se encontró un efecto de lateralidad para fuerza y asimetrías de fuerza. Los estudios futuros también deben centrarse en la relación de fuerza ipsilateral en la etapa tardía de maduración.

Behavioural Laterality in two species of flamingos: greater flamingos and Chilean flamingos.

Many studies have highlighted evidence of lateralized behaviours in vertebrates and invertebrates, indicating that cerebral lateralization might not be uniquely human. Flamingos, as highly social species, might represent an interesting model in the study of lateralization, as this trait appears to be useful in gregarious animals. This study aims to investigate the presence of lateralized behaviours in zoo flamingos. The subjects of this study were 41 greater flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus) and 29 Chilean flamingos (Phoenicopterus chilensis). Ten 20-minute observation sessions per subject were carried out, using focal animal sampling method. Bouts of side preferences were recorded for foraging, neck resting and preening. Moreover, bouts and duration of leg use for postural support during unipedal standing (leg stance) were also collected. Results highlighted a group-level right-side preference for foraging in the whole sample as well as within each species. Within greater flamingos, group-level right-side preferences were also reported for neck resting and leg stance. Differences between the two flocks were found, with greater flamingos displaying right preferences to a greater extent than Chilean flamingos. Males showed a more pronounced right preference than females for some categories. This study adds to previous literature highlighting the presence of group-level behavioural lateralization in flamingos.

A pós-graduação brasileira: sua construção assimétrica e algumas tentativas de superação / Brazilian post-graduation: its asymmetric construction and some attempts to overcome / El Postgrado brasileño: su construcción asimétrica y algunos intentos de superación

O texto a seguir trata da origem e desenvolvimento do sistema de pós-graduação no Brasil, desde sua implementação na década de 1960 até os dias de hoje. Para isso, realiza-se uma análise especialmente dos seis Planos Nacionais de Pós-Graduação. Percebe-se que a despeito de um incremento regular no número de programas e na produção científica, ao longo do referido período analisado, reproduz-se igualmente as assimetrias e desigualdades regionais e espaciais. Tais assimetrias geram impactos interessantes para se pensar no futuro da produção científica no país, sobretudo aqueles ligados à lógica que privilegia programas de pós-graduação localizados nas regiões sul, sudeste e o Distrito Federal.

The following text deals with the origin and development of the postgraduate system in Brazil, from its implementation in the 1960s to the present day. For this, an analysis is made especially of the National Postgraduate Plans. In spite of a regular increase in the number of programs and scientific production, over the period analyzed, regional and spatial asymmetries and inequalities are also reproduced asymmetries and inequalities is also intensified. Such asymmetries generate interesting impacts to think about the future of scientific production in the country, especially those linked to the logic that favors graduate programs located in the south, southeast regions and the Federal District.

El texto siguiente trata del origen y desarrollo del sistema de postgrado en Brasil, desde su implementación en la década de 1960 hasta la actualidad. Para ello se realiza un análisis especialmente de los Planes Nacionales de Postgrado. Se percibe que, a pesar de un incremento regular en el número de programas y en la producción científica, durante el período analizado, son reproducidas las asimetrías y desigualdades regionales y espaciales. Tales asimetrías generan impactos interesantes para pensar en el futuro de la producción científica en el país, especialmente aquellos vinculados a la lógica que favorece los programas de posgrado ubicados en las regiones sur, sureste y el Distrito Federal.

Body composition and morphological limbs asymmetry in competitors in six martial arts / Composición corporal y asimetría morfológica de miembros en competidores en seis artes marciales

The aim of this study was to compare body composition (BC) and morphological symmetry differences among elite athletes (n = 132) in six martial arts (judo, karate, fencing, wrestling, taekwondo, kickboxing). Multivariate analysis of variances (MANOVA) was used to compare the following variables: absolute (FFM) and relative (FFMrel) value of fat free mass, percentage of fat mass (FMp), bone mass, protein mass, basal metabolic rate, absolute (TBW) and percentual (TBWp) value of total body water, segmental proportion of muscle mass, phase angle, and percent-age differences between the upper and lower limbs. MANOVA revealed significant differences in BC among the groups (λ = 0.01, F104, 256 = 10.01, p< 0.01, ηp2 = 0.67). No significant differences were observed for FMp, FFMrel, and TBWp (p>0.05). In all other BC variables, significant differences were detected (p<0.05). The comparison of paired differences between limbs revealed significantly greater fluid volume in the preferred arm compared to the non-preferred arm in karate and fencing athletes. Significant differences (p<0.05) in favour of the preferred leg in all combat athletes were detected. This study revealed morphological differences among practitioners of different martial arts and between paired limbs.

El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la composición corporal (CC) y las diferencias de simetría morfológica entre atletas de élite (n = 132) en seis artes marciales (judo, karate, esgrima, lucha, taekwondo, kickboxing). Se utilizó el análisis multivariado de varianzas (MANOVA) para comparar las siguientes variables: valor absoluto (FFM) y relativo (FFMrel) de la masa libre de grasa, porcentaje de masa grasa (FMp), masa ósea, masa proteica, tasa metabólica basal, absoluto (TBW) y el valor porcentual (TBWp) de líquido corporal total, la proporción segmentaria de la masa muscular, el ángulo de fase y las diferencias porcentuales entre los miembros superiores e inferiores. MANOVA reveló diferencias significativas en BC entre los grupos (λ = 0,01, F104, 256 = 10,01, p <0,01, ηp2 = 0,67). No se observaron diferencias significativas para FMp, FFMrel y TBWp (p>0,05). En todas las demás variables de BC, se detectaron diferencias significativas (p<0,05). La comparación de las diferencias pareadas entre los miembros reveló un volumen de líquido significativamente mayor en el brazo dominante en comparación con el brazo no dominante en karate y atletas de esgrima. Se detectaron diferencias significativas (p<0,05) a favor de la pierna dominante en todos los atletas de combate. Este estudio reveló diferencias morfológicas entre los practicantes de diferentes artes marciales y entre las miembros emparejadas.

The Neural Signals of the Superior Ovarian Nerve Modulate in an Asymmetric Way the Ovarian Steroidogenic Response to the Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide.

The superior ovarian nerve (SON) provides neuropeptide-Y, norepinephrine and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) to the ovaries. Ovarian steroidogenesis is modulated by the SON. In the cyclic rat, the acute steroidogenic response to ovarian microinjection of VIP is asymmetric and varies during the estrous cycle. In the present study, we analyze whether the differential effects of VIP in each ovary are modulated by the neural signals arriving through the SON. Cyclic female rats were submitted on diestrus-1, diestrus-2, proestrus, or estrus to a unilateral section of the SON, and immediately afterward, the denervated ovary was either microinjected or not with VIP. Animals were sacrificed 1 h after treatment. The injection of VIP into the left denervated ovary performed on diestrus-1 decreased progesterone levels in comparison with the left SON sectioning group; similar effects were observed on proestrus when VIP was injected into either of the denervated ovaries. Compared to the left SON sectioning group, VIP treatment into the left denervated ovary on diestrus-2 or proestrus decreased testosterone levels, whereas on diestrus-1, proestrus or estrus, the same treatment resulted in higher estradiol levels. Compared to the right SON sectioning group, VIP injected into the right denervated ovary yielded higher testosterone levels on diestrus-1 and estrus and lower testosterone levels on proestrus. VIP injection into the right denervated ovary increased estradiol levels on diestrus-2 or estrus while decreasing them on proestrus. Our results indicate that in the adult cyclic rat, the set neural signals arriving to the ovaries through the SON asymmetrically modulate the role of VIP on steroid hormone secretion, depending on the endocrine status of the animal. The results also support the hypothesis that the left and right ovary respond differently to the VIPergic stimulus.

Estrategias de apropiación y desviación de recursos en el Sistema Municipal de Planeación de Santiago de Cali / Estratégias de apropriação e desvio de recursos no Sistema Municipal de Planejamento de Santiago de Cali / Resource appropriation and deviation strategies in Santiago de Cali's Municipal Planning System

Resumen A partir de algunos elementos que caracterizan un mecanismo de captura de élite mencionado en la literatura, este artículo compara cinco estrategias de apropiación de recursos realizadas por ciertos actores del Sistema Municipal de Planeación (SMP) participativa, de la tercera ciudad más poblada de Colombia, entre 1998 y 2008. Desde un enfoque de evaluación centrada en el uso, se abordaron los actores del SMP y sus alianzas que, aprovechando asimetrías informacionales, restringieron la participación y sesgaron el uso de los recursos. La investigación identificó, como causal básica de la captura, la desarticulación del SMP en tres subsistemas: la comunidad, las instancias de participación local y el Departamento de Planeación. El artículo describe igualmente la serie de ajustes institucionales desarrollados entre 2012 y 2015 (monitoreo, e-voting) buscando minimizar las posibilidades de captura.

Resumo A partir de alguns elementos que caracterizam o mecanismo de captura de elite mencionado na literatura, este artigo compara cinco estratégias de apropriação de recursos feitas por certos atores do Sistema Municipal de Planejamento (SMP) participativo, numa cidade colombiana entre 1998 e 2008. A partir de uma abordagem de avaliação com foco no uso foram abordados os atores do SPM, e as parcerias, aproveitando assimetrias de informação, restringiram a participação e enviesaram o uso de recursos territoriais. A pesquisa identificou, como a causa básica da captura, o desmantelamento do SMP em três subsistemas: a comunidade, as instâncias de participação local e o Departamento Municipal de Planejamento. O artigo também descreve os ajustes institucionais desenvolvidos entre 2012 e 2015 (monitoração, voto eletrônico), buscando reduzir as possibilidades de captura.

Abstract From some elements that characterize an elite capture mechanism mentioned in literature, this article compares five resource appropriation strategies carried out by certain players from the participative Municipal Planning System (MPS) from Colombia's third largest municipality between 1998 and 2008. By using mixed methods and a utilization-focused evaluation design, the MPS players and their partnerships were approached by which their availing of informational asymmetries restricted participation and biased the use of resources. The research identified as the basic cause of the capture the disarticulation of the MPS into three subsystems: the community, instances of local participation, and the Planning Department. The article also describes the series of institutional adjustments carried out between 2012 and 2015 (monitoring, e-voting) seeking to minimize capture possibilities.

Trópicos, ciência e leishmanioses: uma análise sobre circulação de saberes e assimetrias / The tropics, science, and leishmaniasis: an analysis of the circulation of knowledge and asymmetries

Resumo: O artigo investiga o processo de circulação de saberes ocorrido, nas primeiras décadas do século XX, entre os pesquisadores sul-americanos Edmundo Escomel (Peru) e Alfredo Da Matta (Brasil) e os europeus Alphonse Laveran (França) e Patrick Manson (Inglaterra) no que diz respeito à definição e validação da espundia como uma enfermidade particularizada da América do Sul, ao mesmo tempo que se postulava a necessidade do seu enquadramento no recém-criado grupo de moléstias denominado "leishmanioses". Compartilhando a recente preocupação em pensar a pesquisa histórica para além dos limites impostos pelo Estado nacional como categoria organizadora da narrativa, dialoga com alguns apologistas da história global/transnacional situando o caso específico nessa perspectiva analítica.

Abstract: The article investigates the process of circulation of knowledge which occurred during the first decades of the twentieth century between the South American researchers Edmundo Escomel (Peru) and Alfredo Da Matta (Brazil) and the Europeans Alphonse Laveran (France) and Patrick Manson (England) with regard to the definition and validation of espundia as a disease specific to South America, while simultaneously the need to insert this illness into the newly created group of diseases called the "leishmaniasis" was proposed. Sharing recent concerns in considering historical research beyond the limits imposed by the Nation-state as a category that organizes narratives, it dialogs with some apologists of global and transnational history, situating this specific case within this analytical perspective.

Volumetric Mammogram Assessment: A Helpful Tool in the Treatment of Breast Asymmetries.

The surgical approach to breast asymmetry depends on several factors, including the surgeon's experience, the anatomy of the patient, and several methods that may help to choose a technique and define the size of the implant or the amount of breast tissue to be excised. The aim of this study is to assist in evaluation of breast volumes with the Quantra™ software application, intended for use with Hologic™ digital mammography systems. Twenty-eight women were studied with full-field digital mammography (FFDM) with the Quantra™ software application, for use with Hologic™ digital mammography systems preoperatively. The case diagnoses were as follows: breast hypertrophy, ptosis, hypoplasia, and reconstruction, and the surgeries included breast reduction, mastopexy, mastopexy and breast reduction, mastoplasty and breast augmentation, breast augmentation, and immediate or delayed breast reconstruction. Patients were evaluated from 6 to 18 months after surgery. Volumetric mammogram studies help to decide the amount of tissue to be excised, the size of the implants, and the combination of both. The results of this study were evaluated by surgeons and patients and found to be highly satisfactory. The use of full-field digital mammography with adequate software should be considered as another tool to assist in making decisions regarding the correction of breast asymmetries. Level of Evidence IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Prevalencia de asimetrías mandibulares en radiografías panorámicas de población de Bogotá-Colombia / Mandibular asymmetries prevalence in panoramic radiographies in a Bogotá­ Colombia population

La simetría mandibular es esencial para determinar los patrones no solo de belleza facial sino de función masticatoria; las alteraciones de crecimiento y desarrollo, patologías genéticas, traumáticas o neoplásicas o por características propias de cada población, que afectan a la mandíbula, generan consecuencias que llevan a tratamientos inclusive quirúrgicos para su corrección. El análisis de Thilander en radiografías panorámicas, permite la valoración de la magnitud de las asimetrías mandibulares, como parte de los exámenes complementarios en el proceso diagnóstico. Determinar la frecuencia de asimetrías condilares, de cuerpo y rama mandibular en radiografías panorámicas digitales. Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en 500 radiografías panorámicas digitales, de adecuado contraste y densidad, obtenidas de pacientes mayores de 18 años de edad, con dentición completa; se registró sexo, edad y mediante el programa CliniView 9.1 se tomaron las medidas mandibulares propuestas por Thilander calculando las diferencias con la fórmula de Bezzur. La prevalencia de asimetrías condilares patológicas en la población mayor de 18 años es del 6 %. Se encontró una diferencia significativa en las medidas verticales entre los dos lados sin que en ellas tenga influencia el género o la edad. Las diferencias en la altura de la rama mandibular se encuentran en la mayoría de los casos a expensas del cóndilo y las discrepancias entre los lados derecho e izquierdo, deben considerarse como elemento diagnóstico en posibles patologías articulares.

The mandibular symmetry is essential to determine the patterns, not only of facial beauty, but also in the masticatory function. The growth and development alterations, genetic pathologies, traumatic, neoplasic or the characteristics of each population, that affect the jaw, generate consequences that may lead to even surgical treatments for correction. Thilander analysis on panoramic x-rays, allows the assessment of the magnitude of mandibular asymmetries, as part of the complementary exams in the diagnostic process. The objective of the study was to determine the frequency of condylar asymmetries in mandibular body and ramus in digital panoramics x-rays. A cross-sectional study was carried out in 500 digital panoramic x-rays with adequate contrast and density, obtained from patients over 18 years of age, with full dentition. Sex and age were registered by 9.1 CliniView program. Proposed mandibular measurements were recorded by Thilander, calculating the differences with the Bazzur's formula. The prevalence of pathological condylar asymmetries in the population over 18 years is 6 %. A significant difference was found in the vertical measurements between the two sides, though there was no influence by either sex or age. The differences in the height of the mandibular ramus are, in most cases, at the expense of the condyle. The discrepancies between the left and right sides must be considered as diagnostic element in possible articular pathologies.

Unilateral and ipsilateral strength asymmetries in elite youth soccer players with respect to muscle group and limb dominance / Asimetría de fuerzas unilateral e ipsilateral en jugadores de fútbol de elite juveniles con respecto al grupo muscular y a la dominancia de miembros

The purpose of study was to identify the presence of strength asymmetries (SA) in young elite soccer players in relation to muscle group (knee extensors (KE) and flexors (KF)) and limb preference (dominant vs. non-dominant limb). Forty-one U16 national team soccer players (mean age 15.7±0.3 years, body height 177.9±6.6 cm, body weight 68.2±7.9 kg) participated in this study. Assessments were performed on a Cybex Humac Norm isokinetic dynamometer in concentric contraction. We noted the degree of SAs in the bilateral ratio of quadriceps and hamstrings and in the ipsilateral ratio of the dominant (DL) and non-dominant (NL) legs. Bilateral deficits of KFs were higher (9.02­12.61 %) than those of KFs (6.32­7.15 %). The percentage of SA (>10 %) in knee extensors was 19.5­31.7 %. The percentage of SA (>10 %) in knee flexors was 36.6­51.2 %. At the lowest velocity, there was asignificantly higher prevalence of SAs in KFs than in KEs (c2= 4.11, p<.05). The ipsilateral ratio was lowest at the lowest velocity regardless of limb dominance (DL: 58.95­63.27 %, NL: 56.58­60.11 %). At each velocity, the percentage of SA was higher for the non-dominant limb (12.2­24.4 %) than for the dominant one (4.9­14.6 %). Despite these differences, we did not find any significantly higher prevalence of SA in the non-dominant limb than in the dominant one (c2= .35­2.04, p>.05). The results of the study suggest that more than 73.2 % of players have at least one SA. More attention should be paid to knee flexors, where a higher percentage of strength asymmetries were observed; furthermore, a higher percentage of strength asymmetry was seen in the non-dominant lower limb.

El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar la presencia de asimetría de fuerzas (AF) en jóvenes jugadores de fútbol de élite en relación con el grupo de músculos extensores de la rodilla (ER) y flexores (FR) y la preferencia de los miembros (miembro dominante frente al miembro no dominante). Participaron en este estudio 41 jugadores sub-16 del equipo nacional de fútbol (edad media de 15,7±0,3 años; altura 177,9 ± 6,6 cm; peso corporal 68,2±7,9 kg). Las evaluaciones se llevaron a cabo en un dinamómetro isocinético Cybex Humac Norm en contracción concéntrica. Se registró el grado de AF en la relación bilateral de los músculos cuádriceps y los tendones y en la relación ipsilateral del miembro dominante (MD) y el miembro no dominante (MND). Los déficits bilaterales fueron más altos en FR (9,02 a 12,61 %) que en ER (6,32-7,15 %). El porcentaje de AF (> 10 %) en los músculos extensores de la rodilla fue de 19,5 a 31,7 %. El porcentaje de AF (> 10 %) en los músculos flexores de la rodilla fue de 36,6 a 51,2 %. A la velocidad más baja, había una mayor prevalencia de AF en FR que en ER (c2 = 4.11, p <0,05). La relación ipsilateral fue la más baja a la velocidad más baja, independientemente de la dominancia de los miembros (MD: 58,95 a 63,27 %, MND: 56, 58-60, 11 %). En cada velocidad, el porcentaje de AF fue mayor para el miembro no dominante (12,2 a 24,4 %) que para el miembro dominante (4,9 a 14,6 %). A pesar de estas diferencias, no hemos encontrado ningún prevalencia significativamente mayor de AF en el miembro no dominante en comparación al miembro dominante (c2 = 0,35 a 2,04, p> 0,05). Los resultados del estudio sugieren que más de 73,2 % de los jugadores tienen al menos una AF. Más se debe prestar atención a los músculos flexores de la rodilla, donde se observó un mayor porcentaje de asimetría de fuerzas. Por otra parte, un mayor porcentaje de asimetría de fuerzas se observó en el miembro inferior no dominante.

Frontal lobe alterations in schizophrenia: a review / Alterações no lobo frontal na esquizofrenia: uma revisão

Abstract Objective: To highlight the changes in the frontal lobe of the human brain in people with schizophrenia. Methods: This was a qualitative review of the literature. Results: Many schizophrenic patients exhibit functional, structural, and metabolic abnormalities in the frontal lobe. Some patients have few or no alterations, while some have more functional and structural changes than others. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows structural and functional changes in volume, gray matter, white matter, and functional activity in the frontal lobe, but the mechanisms underlying these changes are not yet fully understood. Conclusion: When schizophrenia is studied as an essential topic in the field of neuropsychiatry, neuroscientists find that the frontal lobe is the most commonly involved area of the human brain. A clear picture of how this lobe is affected in schizophrenia is still lacking. We therefore recommend that further research be conducted to improve understanding of the pathophysiology of this psychiatric dilemma.

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever as alterações no lobo frontal do cérebro humano em indivíduos com esquizofrenia. Métodos: Esta foi uma revisão qualitativa da literatura. Resultados: Muitos pacientes esquizofrênicos exibem anormalidades funcionais, estruturais e metabólicas no lobo frontal. Alguns pacientes apresentam poucas ou nenhuma alteração, ao passo que outros apresentam mais alterações funcionais e estruturais quando comparados com seus pares. A ressonância magnética é capaz de demonstrar alterações estruturais e funcionais em volume, substância cinzenta, substância branca e atividade funcional do lobo frontal, porém os mecanismos subjacentes a essas alterações ainda não são completamente compreendidos. Conclusão: Quando a esquizofrenia é estudada como um tópico central na área da neuropsiquiatria, os neurocientistas observam que o lobo frontal é a área do cérebro humano mais comumente envolvida. Uma imagem clara de como esse lobo é afetado na esquizofrenia permanece inexistente. Portanto, recomendamos que mais pesquisas sejam conduzidas para melhorar nosso entendimento sobre a fisiopatologia desse dilema psiquiátrico.

Individual participation in intergroup contests is mediated by numerical assessment strategies in black howler and tufted capuchin monkeys.

Asymmetries in resource-holding potential between opposing groups frequently determine outcomes of intergroup contests. Since both numerical superiority and high intergroup dominance rank may confer competitive advantages, group members should benefit from assessing the relative strength of rivals prior to engaging in defensive displays. However, differences in individual assessment may emerge when cost-benefit trade-offs differ among group members. We examine the influence of numerical superiority and intergroup dominance relationships on individual participation in intergroup encounters in black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) and tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus nigritus). Black howlers responded with longer vocal displays during encounters with neighbours with an equal number of resident males, while tufted capuchins increased their participation with increasing relative male group size. Within each species, males and females responded similarly to varying numerical odds, suggesting that despite pay-off asymmetries between males and females, both sexes were similarly influenced by numerical asymmetries in deciding to participate in collective group defence. Whereas the outcome of contests among tufted capuchins was determined by relative male group size, reflected in a pronounced intergroup dominance hierarchy, the absence of dominance relationships among black howler groups may have provoked prolonged vocal displays in order to assess rival groups with matching competitive abilities.

Effects of regular exercise and dual tasking on spatial and temporal parameters of obstacle negotiation in elderly women.

This study investigated the effects of regular exercise and dual tasking on bilateral spatial and temporal parameters of obstacle negotiation in elderly women. Sedentary (n=12) and physically active (n=12) elderly women volunteered to participate in this study. Gait kinematics were recorded during obstacle crossing when performing a dual task and when not performing a dual task. Physically active participants crossed obstacles more safely, in terms of clearance or distance to or over the obstacle, both with and without dual tasking, and usually for both lead and trail legs. Performing the dual task increased toe distance, and decreased heel distance and gait speed in the active participants, and increased toe clearance and heel distance, and decreased gait speed in the sedentary participants. Differences between preferred and non-preferred leg were accentuated for toe clearance in the lead limb. These results suggest that specialized exercises may not be needed for improvement in obstacle avoidance skills in the elderly, and participation in multi-activities, including aerobic exercises, may be sufficient.

Frequency of mandibular asymmetries evaluated by cone beam computed tomography at a radiology diagnostic center in Medellin, Colombia: 2011-2013 / Frecuencia de asimetrias mandibulares evaluadas por tomografia computarizada cone beam de un centro de diagnóstico radiológico de Medellín,Colombia: 2011-2013

Longitudinal differences on the left and right sides of the jaw with respect to the midline in three spatial planes are called mandibular asymmetries. Objective: To determine the frequency of mandibular asymmetries in three spatial planes by means of Cone Beam computed tomography (CBCT) and classify them according to the degree of difference between both sides. Methods: A total of 40 Cone Beam volumetric tomography (New Tom 3G Cone Beam Volumetric tomographic scanner) records were analyzed using simple random sampling of patients between the ages of 18 and 70 from 2011 until 2013. Axial slices were obtained from the lingula in cranio-caudal direction every 5 mm until the gonial angle. Results: From the records, 2.5 percent showed moderate degree of difference in the length of the mandibular body with predominance on the right side. For breadth of the ramus, predominance was found on the left side. In the length of the mandibular ramus, 10 percent presented moderate degree of predominance on the right side. Conclusions: 1) asymmetries are more frequent at the level of the mandibular ramus thickness; (2) moderate and severe degrees of differences are most frequently found in the mandibular ramus thickness. 3) It is not possible to proportionally determine mandibular ramus thickness only with a 2D image...

Se denominan asimetrías mandibulares a las diferencias longitudinales de los lados derecho e izquierdo de la mandíbula con respecto a la línea media en los tres planos espaciales. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de asimetrías mandibulares en los tres planos del espacio por medio de tomografía computarizada Cone Beam (TCCB) y clasificarlas según el grado de diferencia entre ambos lados. Métodos: Se analizaron 40 registros de tomografía volumétrica Cone Beam, (New Tom 3G Cone Beam Volumetric Tomographic Scanner) mediante muestreo aleatorio simple de pacientes entre los 18 y 70 años de edad, entre los años 2011 y 2013. Se obtuvieron cortes axiales a partir de la língula en sentido cráneo-caudal cada 5 mm hasta llegar al ángulo goníaco. Resultados: El 2,5 por ciento de los registros presentaron diferencias moderadas en la longitud del cuerpo mandibular con predominio del lado derecho. En la amplitud de la rama se encontró predominio del lado izquierdo. En la longitud de la rama mandibular el 10 por ciento presentó predominio moderado del lado derecho. Conclusiones: 1) las asimetrías más frecuentes se encuentran a nivel del grosor de las ramas mandibulares. 2) Los grados de diferencias moderados y altos se presentan con mayor frecuencia en el grosor de las ramas mandibulares. 3) No es posible determinar proporcionalmente el grosor de las ramas mandibulares obteniendo solo una imagen 2D...