Perspectiva holística en salud: la contribución de la Homeopatía / Holistic Perspective in Health: The Contribution of Homeopathy

En el panorama de la salud, el cuerpo humano, en su estado natural, se revela como una intrincada unidad que opera en armonía para mantener el equilibrio dinámico. Sin embargo, esta homeostasis puede verse afectada, dando lugar a la dualidad y a trastornos que comprometen la estabilidad vital. Este artículo propone una reflexión sobre la perspectiva homeopática, destacando su enfoque único en comparación con la medicina convencional. Diferenciándose al tratar al individuo como un todo integrado, la Homeopatía reconoce la transitoriedad de la dualidad representada por las enfermedades y enfatiza la importancia de la armonía entre el cuerpo y la mente en la búsqueda de la homeostasis. Inspirada en las ideas de Hahnemann, la Homeopatía se destaca por su visión holística, rechazando el dualismo estricto y proponiendo intervenciones que van más allá de la supresión de los síntomas. Anclada en la ley de los similares, busca sustancias que reproduzcan los síntomas del paciente en un estado saludable, buscando una cura profunda y la restauración de la unidad dinámica del organismo. A pesar de los desafíos, como la resistencia y la falta de métodos de investigación universalmente aceptados, la Homeopatía persiste a nivel mundial, sugiriendo un valor único. Este artículo promueve una reflexión sobre el enfoque homeopático, enfatizando su contribución a la comprensión de la salud y su papel en el panorama terapéutico.

n the landscape of health, the human body, in its natural state, reveals itself as an intricate unity, operating harmoniously to maintain dynamic balance. However, this homeostasis can be disrupted, leading to duality and disturbances that compromise vital stability. This article reflects on the homeopathic perspective, highlighting its unique approach compared to conventional medicine. Distinguishing itself by treating the individual as an integrated whole, homeopathy recognizes the transience of duality represented by diseases and emphasizes the importance of harmony between body and mind in the pursuit of homeostasis.Inspired by Hahnemann's ideas, homeopathy stands out for its holistic view, rejecting strict dualism and proposing interventions that go beyond symptom suppression. Anchored in the Law of Similars, it seeks substances that would reproduce the patient's symptoms in a healthy state, aiming for a profound cure and the restoration of the dynamic unity of the organism. Despite challenges, such as resistance and a lack of universally accepted research methods, homeopathy persists globally, suggesting unique value. This article encourages reflection on the homeopathic approach, emphasizing

Differences in Body Balance According to Body Mass Classification among Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Athletes.

Background: Body weight is an important aspect in the development of components of physical fitness that can affect athletic performance. The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in body balance of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) athletes according to body mass classification: underweight/normal weight (UW/NW); overweight/obese (OW/OB). Material and Methods: The study was conducted among 69 BJJ athletes (age 23.26 ± 3.53) and 93 non-practicing adults (age 21.73 ± 2.32). This study was based on a quantitative assessment of body balance on the Zebris PDM platform during two tests, i.e., with eyes open and closed. Results: The total path of the center of pressure (COP TTL) was significantly higher in participants with UW/NW compared to those with OW/OB, both in participants from the study group and control group (p < 0.001). COP TTL was significantly lower in UW/NW BJJ athletes than in participants in the control group with the same BMI category (987.4 mm vs. 1238.5 mm and 1080.59 mm vs. 1280.70 mm, respectively) (p < 0.001). Conclusions. BJJ training is associated with a better balance in terms of COP TTL in the case of people with normal or underweight. The presence of excess body weight has a positive effect on lower COP TTL values in both practicing and non-practicing people.

Exploring Mediation Effects of Gait Speed, Body Balance, and Falls in the Relationship between Physical Activity and Health-Related Quality of Life in Vulnerable Older Adults.

The present study aimed to examine whether gait speed (GS), body balance (BB), and falls mediated the relationship between physical activity (PA) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in community-dwelling older adults. This is a cross-sectional study that included 305 men and 314 women (69.5 ± 5.6 years), residing in the Autonomous Region of Madeira, Portugal. HRQoL and PA were assessed using the SF-36 and Baecke Questionnaires, respectively. While BB was obtained by the Fullerton Advance Balance (FAB) scale, GS by the 50-foot (15 m) walk test, and the frequency of falls was obtained by self-report. According to the analyses, when GS and BB were placed concomitantly as mediators, the direct effect revealed by the model revealed a non-significant relationship between PA and falls. Thus, in the context of falls, GS and BB partially mediated the association between PA and HRQoL in approximately 29.7%, 56%, and 49.2%, respectively. The total HRQoL model explained a variance of 36.4%. The results can help to understand the role that GS, BB, and falls play in the relationship between PA and HRQoL of the vulnerable older adult population.

Muscle Strength and Balance as Mediators in the Association between Physical Activity and Health-Related Quality of Life in Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

Lower extremity muscle strength (LEMS) and body balance (BB) are essential for older adults to maintain an upright posture and autonomously perform their basic activities of daily living. This study aimed to examine whether LEMS and BB mediate the relationship between physical activity (PA) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in a large sample of community-dwelling older adults. This is a cross-sectional study carried out with 802 individuals, 401 males and 401 females (69.8 ± 5.6 years), residents of the Autonomous Region of Madeira, Portugal. PA and HRQoL were assessed by the Baecke Questionnaire and e SF-36, respectively. LEMS was assessed by the Senior Fitness Test and BB by the Fullerton Advance Balance (FAB). The serial mediation pathway model pointed out that LEMS and BB partially mediated the association between PA and HRQoL in approximately 39.6% and 47%, respectively. The total variance in HRQoL explained by the entire model was 98%. Our findings may indicate the role that LEMS and BB play in the relationship between PA and HRQoL in the older population.

FGF23 levels as a marker of physical performance and falls in community-dwelling very old individuals

ABSTRACT Objective: The fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) has been related to biological aging, but data in elderly individuals are scant. We determined the profile of serum FGF23 levels in a population of very-old individuals and studied their correlations with parameters of bone metabolism and health markers, as functional performance. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 182 community dwellers aged ≥ 80 years. Serum levels of FGF23, PTH, calcium, albumin, phosphorus, creatinine, bone markers, and bone mineral density data were analyzed. Physical performance was evaluated with the stationary march (Step), Flamingo, and functional reach tests, along with questionnaires to assess falls and fractures in the previous year, energy expenditure (MET), and the Charlson index (CI). Physical activity was evaluated with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Results: Most participants (75%) had FGF23 levels between 30-120 RU/mL (range: 6.0-3,170.0 RU/mL). FGF23 levels correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; r = -0.335; p = 0.001) and PTH (r = 0.318; p < 0.0001). Individuals with FGF23 in the highest tertile had more falls in the previous year (p = 0.032), worse performance in the Flamingo (p = 0.009) and Step (p < 0.001) tests, worse CI (p = 0.009) and a trend toward sedentary lifestyle (p = 0.056). On multiple regression, FGF23 tertiles remained significant, independently of eGFR, for falls in the previous year, performance in the Flamingo and stationary march tests, lean mass index, and IPAQ classification. Conclusion: In a population of very elderly individuals, FGF23 levels were inversely associated with neuromuscular and functional performances. Higher concentrations were related to more falls, lower muscle strength and aerobic capacity, and poorer balance, regardless of renal function, suggesting a potentially deleterious role of high FGF23 concentrations in musculoskeletal health.

FGF23 levels as a marker of physical performance and falls in community-dwelling very old individuals.

Objective: The fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) has been related to biological aging, but data in elderly individuals are scant. We determined the profile of serum FGF23 levels in a population of very-old individuals and studied their correlations with parameters of bone metabolism and health markers, as functional performance. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 182 community dwellers aged ≥ 80 years. Serum levels of FGF23, PTH, calcium, albumin, phosphorus, creatinine, bone markers, and bone mineral density data were analyzed. Physical performance was evaluated with the stationary march (Step), Flamingo, and functional reach tests, along with questionnaires to assess falls and fractures in the previous year, energy expenditure (MET), and the Charlson index (CI). Physical activity was evaluated with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Results: Most participants (75%) had FGF23 levels between 30-120 RU/mL (range: 6.0-3,170.0 RU/mL). FGF23 levels correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; r = -0.335; p = 0.001) and PTH (r = 0.318; p < 0.0001). Individuals with FGF23 in the highest tertile had more falls in the previous year (p = 0.032), worse performance in the Flamingo (p = 0.009) and Step (p < 0.001) tests, worse CI (p = 0.009) and a trend toward sedentary lifestyle (p = 0.056). On multiple regression, FGF23 tertiles remained significant, independently of eGFR, for falls in the previous year, performance in the Flamingo and stationary march tests, lean mass index, and IPAQ classification. Conclusion: In a population of very elderly individuals, FGF23 levels were inversely associated with neuromuscular and functional performances. Higher concentrations were related to more falls, lower muscle strength and aerobic capacity, and poorer balance, regardless of renal function, suggesting a potentially deleterious role of high FGF23 concentrations in musculoskeletal health.

Effect of Flexibility Training Associated with Multicomponent Training on Posture and Quality of Movement in Physically Inactive Older Women: A Randomized Study.

BACKGROUND: Multicomponent training has considerable adherence among older populations, but there is a lack of literature on the benefits of this training on older people's posture. Literature also lacks stretching protocols that work the body in an integrated/unified way and respect the principle of individuality in exercise training. We evaluated the effect of a multicomponent training protocol combined or not with flexibility training in improving the posture and quality of movement in physically inactive older women, according to a score lower than 9.11 in the Modified Baecke Questionnaire for the Elderly (MBQE). METHODS: 142 participants were evaluated and randomized in three training groups: multicomponent training (MT = 52), multicomponent and flexibility training (MFT = 43), and a control group (CG = 47). We evaluated joint amplitude using goniometry, flexibility with sit and reach and hands behind the back tests, quality of movement with the functional movement screen, and posture using biophotogammetry. RESULTS: The MFT group had 15 parameters-flexibility and posture-with a very large effect size (ES > 1.30) and nine with average ES (0.50-0.79). MT presented two variables with large ES (0.80-1.25) and seven with average ES. CG presented three variables with high ES and five with average ES. Both interventions improved the quality of movement. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that 14 weeks of multicomponent and flexibility training in a group intervention can improve flexibility and posture levels in physically inactive older women.

Efeitos de oito semanas de canoagem no equilíbrio corporal dinâmico de crianças e adolescentes com Síndrome de Down / Effects of eight weeks of canoeing on the dynamic body balance of children and adolescents with Down Syndrome

O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi analisar os efeitos de oito semanas de treinamento de canoagem no equilíbrio corporal dinâmico de crianças e adolescentes com síndrome de Down. Sete sujeitos, sendo 4 meninos e 3 meninas (10,8±2 anos) participaram da pesquisa durante oito semanas de canoagem, com duas sessões semanais. Para mensurar o equilíbrio corporal dinâmico adotou-se o Four Square Step Test (FSST) que compreende em completar um percurso com obstáculos o mais rápido possível. O teste de Wilcoxon foi utilizado para comparar os valores de equilíbrio corporal dinâmico obtidos no pré e pós. Para comparar os valores entre meninos e meninas, foi utilizado o teste de Mann-Whitney, sendo o tamanho do efeito da intervenção calculada pela escala de Cohen. Pode se afirmar que oito semanas de aulas de canoagem são suficientes para produzir efeitos positivos no equilíbrio corporal dinâmico de crianças e adolescentes com síndrome de Down.

The objective herein was to analyse the effects of eight weeks of canoe training on the dynamic body balance of children and adolescents with Down syndrome. Seven subjects, four boys and three girls (10.8 ± 2 years), participated in this study, attending eight weeks of canoe training (two weekly sessions). The Four Square Step Test was used to measure dynamic body balance; this test involves completing a course with obstacles as quickly as possible. The Wilcoxon test was used to compare the values of dynamic body balance obtained in the pre- and post-tests. To compare the values between the boys and girls, the Mann­Whitney test was used, and the size of the effect of the intervention was calculated using the Cohen scale. It was concluded that eight weeks of canoeing was sufficient to produce positive effects on the dynamic body balance of children and adolescents with Down syndrome.

Compensatory control between the legs in automatic postural responses to stance perturbations under single-leg fatigue.

In response to sudden perturbations of stance stability, muscles of both legs are activated for balance recovery. In conditions that one of the legs has a reduced capacity to respond, the opposite leg is predicted to compensate by responding more powerfully to restore stable upright stance. In this investigation, we aimed to evaluate between-leg compensatory control in automatic postural responses to sudden perturbations in a situation in which plantar flexor muscles of a single leg were fatigued. Young participants were evaluated in response to a series of perturbations inducing forward body sway, with a focus on activation of plantar flexor muscles: lateral and medial gastrocnemii and soleus. Muscular responses were analyzed through activation magnitude and latency of muscular activation onset. For evaluation of balance and postural stability, we also analyzed the center of pressure and upper trunk displacement and weight-bearing asymmetry between the legs. Responses were assessed in three conditions: pre-fatigue, under single-leg fatigue, and following the recovery of muscular function. Results showed (a) compensation of the non-fatigued leg through the increased magnitude of muscular activation in the first perturbation under fatigue; (b) adaptation in the non-fatigued leg over repetitive perturbations, with a progressive decrement of muscular activation over trials; and (c) maintenance of increased muscular activation of the non-fatigued leg following fatigue dissipation. These findings suggest that the central nervous system is able to modulate the descending motor drive individually for each leg's muscles apparently based on their potential contribution for the achievement of the behavioral aim of recovering stable body balance following stance perturbations.

Sensory assessment of balance regulation of physically active women, 60-79 years old / Avaliação sensorial da regulação do equilíbrio de mulheres fisicamente ativas, 60-79 anos

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of sensory regulation of static and dynamic balance in older women, and to verify the sensitivity and specificity levels of the Body Balance Test (Teste de Equilíbrio Corporal, TEC) in relation to its reference standard, determining the best cutoff point for identifying risk of falling. METHODS: 74 women (age 67.59 ± 5.26 years) participated in the study, divided into fallers (n = 18) and non-fallers (n = 56). RESULTS: Comparatively, non-fallers had higher performance scores on static balance exteroceptive regulation (SBER), dynamic balance exteroceptive regulation (DBER), and dynamic balance interoceptive regulation (DBIR). Statistically significant differences were found in DBER (p = ≤0.001) and DBIR (p = 0.031). The area under the ROC curve was 0.73 (95%CI 0.58 ­ 0.88; p = 0.003), with a sensitivity level of 42.30% and specificity of 84.80%. CONCLUSIONS: The greatest chance of falling was found for dynamic balance in situations of exteroceptive and interoceptive regulation for older women with and without a history of falls. Deficits in sensory regulation of body balance are common in older women, both fallers and non-fallers

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o desempenho da regulação sensorial do equilíbrio estático e dinâmico de mulheres idosas e verificar os níveis de sensibilidade e especificidade do Teste de Equilíbrio Corporal (TEC) em relação ao seu padrão de referência, determinando o melhor ponto de corte para a identificação do risco de queda. METODOLOGIA: participaram do estudo 74 mulheres (67,59 ± 5,26 anos), divididas em caidoras (n = 18) e não-caidoras (n = 56). RESULTADOS: Comparativamente, não-caidoras indicaram escores de desempenho mais elevados para equilíbrio estático regulação exteroceptiva (EERE), equilíbrio dinâmico regulação exteroceptiva (EDRE) e equilíbrio dinâmico regulação interoceptiva (EDRI). Diferenças estatisticamente significativas foram encontradas na regulação EDRE (p = ≤0,001) e EDRI (p = 0,031). A área verificada sob a curva ROC foi de 0,73 (IC95% 0,58 ­ 0,88; p = 0,003) e nível de sensibilidade de 42,30% e especificidade de 84,80%. CONCLUSÕES: A maior chance de queda foi encontrada para o equilíbrio dinâmico em situação de regulação exteroceptivo e interoceptivo para mulheres idosas com e sem histórico de queda. Déficits na regulação sensorial do equilíbrio corporal são comuns em mulheres idosas caidoras e não-caidoras

Static and dynamic postural control: Comparison between community old adults and people with Parkinson's disease.

AIMS: To compare the static and dynamic postural control of people with Parkinson's disease and community old adults. METHODS: Thirty-five people were in the Parkinson's disease group (PDG; 12 women, 62.4 ± 11.0 years, 77.9 ± 15.6 kg, 166.5 ± 11.0 cm, 27.9 ± 3.8 kg/m2 , 1.9 ± 0.5 Hoehn & Yahr) and 32 were in the old adults group (OAG; 13 women, 69.5 ± 6.0 years, 74.2 ± 12.3 kg, 165.0 ± 8.3 cm, 27.2 ± 4.0 kg/m2 ). The static balance was measured on a force platform, three 30-s trials in four conditions: feet side-by-side (FSBS) and semi-tandem stance (ST) positioning, eyes open (EO) and eyes closed (EC). The total sway path length (SPL), sway area (SA), anterior-posterior (APSR) and medial-lateral (MLSR) sway range of the centre of pressure were obtained. Dynamic balance was assessed using the timed-up-and-go test (TUG). For comparison between groups and repeated-measures, a mixed-design ANOVA was carried out and the Mann-Whitney U test to compare TUG between groups. The significance level was set at p ≤ .05. RESULTS: Between groups, PDG presented higher mean values for SPL, APSR and SA in feet side-by-side eyes open compared to the OAG, for SPL in feet side-by-side eyes closed, for SPL and SA in STEO. For repeated-measures, both groups had higher mean values in the EC condition compared to EO and MLSR compared to APSR. No significant difference was found between groups for TUG. CONCLUSION: Balance disorders are found early in people with Parkinson's disease compared to healthy older adults. Thus, Parkinson's disease seems to advance the process of alterations in the postural control system.

Postural Control of People in treatment for substance use disorder

Abstract Aims: One of the common sequelae of chronic abuse of alcohol and/or illicit drugs is the impairment of body balance control, caused by long-term neurological damage. This study aimed to investigate the postural control of individuals hospitalized for the treatment of substance use disorder (initial phase) and to compare the results obtained by a control group. Method: For this, One-hundred fourteen individuals hospitalized for the treatment of substance use disorder and eighty-eight healthy controls, all males, were analyzed. Body mass, height, and waist circumference were measured. Were performed a balance test in a static upright position with feet side by side using a plantar pressure platform. Results: Individuals with substance use disorder have shown significantly lower results on body balance compared with controls. Individuals with chemical dependence showed balance results open-eyes, similar/lower than control subjects with close-eyes. Still, those who used only alcohol or alcohol combined with other illicit drugs presented worse results. Finally, impairments in body balance variables showed a significant correlation with age and substance time of use. Conclusion: Even in the early stage of treatment, substance use disorder considerably impairs the balance of the investigated men. The worst results were found in alcohol-dependents (alcohol alone or alcohol combined with other drugs).

Avaliação da regulação exteroceptiva e interoceptiva do equilíbrio corporal de idosas ativas / Evaluation of exteroceptive and interoceptive regulation of body balance of active seniors

O processo do envelhecimento humano traz consigo um conjunto de alterações para o organismo, dentre elas há a diminuição da eficácia das estratégias motoras do equilíbrio corporal e o aumento do tempo de reação muscular, o que torna o indivíduo mais suscetível à queda. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho do equilíbrio de um grupo de idosas fisicamente ativas, com ênfase na regulação do sistema visual, vestibular e somatossensorial do equilíbrio estático e dinâmico, bem como sua performance em testes de marcha e flexibilidade. Trata-se de um estudo transversal analítico, realizado com 32 mulheres (67,48±4,88 anos), praticantes regulares de Pilates e hidroginástica. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Escala do Equilíbrio de Berg (EEB), Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), Teste de Alcance Funcional (TAF) e o Teste de Equilíbrio Corporal (TEC). As idosas foram estratificadas em grupos: G1 (60-64 anos), G2 (65-69 anos), G3 (70-74 anos) e G4 (75-79 anos). A EEB atestou para um equilíbrio conservado [F(3,29)=1,766, p≥0,50], o TUG para independência funcional preservada [F(3,29)=0,418; p≥0,50] e o TAF sem risco para quedas [F(3,20)=2,228; p≥0,50]. O TEC identificou déficit da regulação interoceptiva do equilíbrio para todas as idades e comprometimento regulação interoceptiva do equilíbrio dinâmico para septuagenárias [F(3,29)= 0,301; p≥0,50]. Observou-se correlação moderada entre EEB-TEC (r=0,416; p=0,018), TEC-TUG (r=-345; p=0,013) e negativa entre EEB-TUG (r=-0,427; p=0,013). Sendo que, o TAF não se mostrou equivalente aos demais instrumentos. Conclui-se que mulheres sexagenárias e septuagenárias, praticantes regulares de exercícios físicos, apesar de indicarem bom desempenho nos testes de equilíbrio, marcha e flexibilidade, apresentaram comprometimento dos sistemas de regulação sensorial do equilíbrio estático e dinâmico...(AU)

The process of human aging brings with it a number of alterations to the organism, among them there is a decrease in the effectiveness of the motor strategies of the body balance and the increase of the time of muscular reaction, which makes the individual more susceptible to fall. The aim of this study was to evaluate the balance performance of a group of physically active elderly women, with emphasis on the regulation of the visual, vestibular and somatosensory systems of the static and dynamic balance, as well as their performance in gait tests and flexibility. This is a cross-sectional, analytical study of 32 women (67.48 ± 4.88 years), regular Pilates practitioners, and water aerobics. The instruments used were: Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), Functional Reach Test (TAF) and Body Balance Test (TEC). The elderly were stratified into groups: G1 (60-64 years), G2 (65-69 years), G3 (70- 74 years) and G4 (75-79 years). BBS attained a conserved equilibrium [F(3.29)=1.766, p≥0.50], the TUG for preserved functional independence [F(3.29)=0.418; p≥0.50] and TAF without risk of falls [F(3,20)=2,228; p≥0.50]. The TEC identified deficit of interoceptive regulation of balance for all ages and compromise interoceptive regulation of dynamic balance for septuagenarians [F(3,29)=0.301; p≥0.50]. It was observed a moderate correlation between BBS-TEC (r=0.416, p=0.018), TEC-TUG (r=-345, p=0.013) and negative between BBS-TUG (r=-0.427, p=0.013). The TAF did not prove to be equivalent to the other instruments. It was concluded that sexagenarian and septuagenarian women, regular physical exercise practitioners, despite indicating good performance in tests of balance, gait and flexibility, presented impairment of the systems of sensorial regulation of the static and dynamic balance...(AU)

Functional reach and lateral reach tests adapted for aquatic physical therapy / Testes de alcance funcional e alcance lateral adaptados para fisioterapia aquática

Abstract Introduction: Functional reach (FR) and lateral reach (LR) tests are widely used in scientific research and clinical practice. Assessment tools are useful in assessing subjects with greater accuracy and are usually adapted according to the limitations of each condition. Objective: To adapt FR and LR tests for use in an aquatic environment and assess the performance of healthy young adults. Methods: We collected anthropometric data and information on whether the participant exercised regularly or not. The FR and LR tests were adapted for use in an aquatic environment and administered to 47 healthy subjects aged 20-30 years. Each test was repeated three times. Results: Forty-one females and six males were assessed. The mean FR test score for men was 24.06 cm, whereas the mean value for right lateral reach (RLR) was 10.94 cm and for left lateral reach (LLR) was 9.78 cm. For females, the mean FR score was 17.57 cm, while the mean values for RLR was 8.84cm and for LLR was 7.76 cm. Men performed better in the FR (p < 0.001) and RLR tests than women (p = 0.037). Individuals who exercised regularly showed no differences in performance level when compared with their counterparts. Conclusion: The FR and LR tests were adapted for use in an aquatic environment. Males performed better on the FR and RLR tests, when compared to females. There was no correlation between the FR and LR tests and weight, height, Body Mass Index (BMI), foot length or length of the dominant upper limb.

Resumo Introdução: Os testes de alcance funcional (AF) e Alcance Lateral (AL) são comumente utilizados em pesquisas científicas e na prática clínica. Os instrumentos de avaliação promovem maior segurança para avaliar cada indivíduo com maior acurasse nos resultados e são adaptados de acordo com as limitações de cada doença. Objetivo: Adaptar os testes de AF e AL para o ambiente aquático e verificar o desempenho de jovens saudáveis. Métodos: Foram coletados os dados antropométricos, e os jovens foram questionados se realizavam atividade física. Os testes de AF e AL foram adaptados para o ambiente aquático e aplicados em 47 sujeitos saudáveis com idade entre 20 e 30 anos. Repetiu-se três vezes cada teste. Resultados: 41 mulheres e seis homens foram avaliados. A média do teste de AF para os homens foi de 24,06cm, alcance lateral direito (ALD) foi 10,94cm, alcance lateral esquerdo (ALE) foi 9,78cm para os homens. No grupo das mulheres, o AF foi de 17,57cm, para ALD 8,84cm e ALE 7,76cm. Homens apresentaram melhor desempenho no AF (p < 0.001) e no ALD do que as mulheres (p = 0.037). Os indivíduos que praticavam atividade física não apresentaram diferenças de desempenho nos testes. Conclusão: Os testes de AF e AL foram adaptados para o meio aquático. Homens apresentaram um melhor desempenho no teste de AF e ALD comparado com as mulheres. Os testes de AF e AL não apresentaram correlação com peso, altura, Índice de Massa Corpórea (IMC) e comprimento do pé e do MS dominante.

Idosos caidores e não caidores: programa de exercício multicomponente e prevalência de quedas / Elderly fallers and non-fallers: physical fitness and falls prevalence

Introdução: O episódio de queda esta presente em 40% da população idosa. A atividade física regular apresenta-se como uma estratégia de melhoria das capacidades da aptidão física e prevenção de quedas para idosos. Objetivo: analisar a aptidão física de idosos caidores e não caidores antes e após a participação em programa de exercício multicomponente, verificar se ocorre a redução de quedas. Métodos: Estudo de coorte, 156 idosos participantes de um programa de extensão universitária; classificados em dois grupos: caidores (n=25) e não caidores (n=131). Aplicou-se a bateria de avaliação de Rikli e Jones. Utilizou-se o método de Equações de Estimativas Generalizadas, adotando-se como fatores tempo e grupo, com post hoc de Bonferroni. Resultados: A análise indicou diferença estatística significante em algumas das relações dos fatores tempo e grupo. Conclusão: Aptidão física indicou melhores resultados, destacando-se a capacidade força. Houve diminuição da prevalência de quedas no grupo caidores. (AU)

Introduction: The incident of fall is present in 40% of the elderly population. Regular physical activity is a strategy for improving physical fitness capacity and to prevent falls in elderly. Objective: To analyze the physical fitness of elderly fallers and non-fallers before and after participation in a multicomponent exercise program, to verify if fall reduction occurs. Methods: A cohort study, 156 elderly participants of a university extension program; divided in two groups: fallers (n = 25) and non-fallers (n = 131). Applied to assessment battery of physical fitness Rikli and Jones. We used the Generalized Estimation Equation method (GHG), adopting as factors time and group and the Bonferroni test. Results: The analysis indicated a statistically significant difference in some of the relations of time and group factors. Conclusion: Physical fitness indicated better results, highlight strength capacity. Decrease in the prevalence of falls in the fallers group. (AU)

Balance in seniors who exercise, considering different levels of fear of falling / Equilíbrio em idosos praticantes de atividade física com diferentes níveis de medo de cair

The aging process brings changes to one's body balance and may trigger a fear of falling. The aim of this study was to compare and verify correlation between different methods that assess body balance among elderly individuals who exercise, according to different levels of fear of falling. The sample was composed of 186 individuals (68.28±6.years) who exercise. Balance assessment used Timed Up and Go, Unipedal Stance, Sitting-Rising and Functional Reach tests. A question about fear of falling was applied in the form of an interview. Statistical analysis used Spearman and Kruskall Wallis correlation. In results, Timed Up and Go (7.13±1.6s), Unipedal Stance (20.52±9.9s), Sitting-Rising (12.43s±3.2s) and Functional Reach (29.51±6.5) showed significant correlation with fear of falling. Individuals less afraid of falling showed better balance performance when compared to those not afraid of falling. In conclusion, better balance performance can contribute to decreasing fear of falling.

Com o envelhecimento há alterações no equilíbrio, podendo desencadear o medo de cair. O objetivo desse estudo foi comparar e verificar a relação de distintos métodos de avaliação do equilíbrio corporal em idosos praticantes de atividade física, segundo os diferentes níveis de medo de cair. A amostra foi composta por 186 indivíduos (68,28±6,7anos) praticantes de atividade física. Para avaliar o equilíbrio, utilizou-se o Timed Up and Go, Apoio Unipodal, Sentar e Levantar e Alcance Funcional. Foi aplicado, em forma de entrevista, questão sobre o medo de cair. Na análise estatística utilizou-se correlação de Spearman e Kruskall Wallis. Nos resultados, o Timed Up and Go (7,13±1,6s), Apoio Unipodal (20,52±9,9s), Sentar e Levantar (12,43s±3,2s) e Alcance Funcional (29,51±6,5) apresentaram relação significativa com o medo de cair. Os indivíduos com menos medo de cair apresentaram melhor desempenho de equilíbrio quando comparados com indivíduos sem medo de cair. Dessa forma, o melhor desempenho no equilíbrio pode contribuir para uma diminuição do medo de cair.

AGREEMENT BETWEEN INSTRUMENTS FOR ASSESSMENT OF BODY BALANCE IN ACTIVE ELDERLY INDIVIDUALS / Concordância entre instrumentos para avaliação do equilíbrio corporal em idosos ativos

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to analyze the correlation between the instruments used to assess body balance and prediction of the risk of falls of active seniors. Cross-sectional, observational study involving 41 women (69.24 ± 5.24 years) practitioners of physical exercises, in Petrolina-PE. The instruments used were the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), the Dynamic Gait Index (DGI), the "Timed Up and Go" simple (TUG), the "Timed Up and Go" motor (TUGm), the "Timed up and Go "cognitive (TUGc) and Body Balance Test (CET). Significant correlation was observed between TEC-DGI (r = 0.469; p = 0.032), BSE-DGI (r = 0.513; p = 0.021), a significant negative correlation between DGI-TUG (r = -0.454; ˂0,017), DGI -TUGm (r = -0.516; p˂0,006), DGI-TUGc (r = -0.547; ˂0,003), MMSE-TUG (r = -, 470; p = 0.055), MMSE-TUGm (r = - 470; p = 0.057) and a significant and moderate correlation between TUG-TUGm (r = 0.701; p = 0.000), TUG-TUGc (r = 0.713; p = 0.000) and TUGm-TUGc (r = 0.761; p = 0.000). It is concluded that the instruments are complementary. It is recommended their joint application to the evaluation of the body balance and to predict the risk of falls in elderly active.

RESUMO O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a correlação entre instrumentos utilizados à avaliação do equilíbrio corporal e a predição do risco de quedas de idosos ativos. Estudo transversal, observacional, realizado com 41 mulheres (69,24±5,24 anos) praticantes de exercícios físicos, em Petrolina-PE. Os instrumentos utilizados foram a Escala de Equilíbrio de Berg (EEB), o Índice de Marcha Dinâmica (DGI), o “Timed Up and Go” simples (TUG), o “Timed Up and Go” motor (TUGm), o “Timed Up and Go” cognitivo (TUGc) e o Teste de Equilíbrio Corporal (TEC). Foi observada correlação significativa entre TEC-DGI (r=0,469; p=0,032), EEB-DGI (r= 0,513; p=0,021), correlação significativa negativa entre DGI-TUG (r= -0,454; p˂0,017), DGI-TUGm (r= -0,516; p˂0,006), DGI-TUGc (r= -0,547; p˂0,003), MEEM-TUG (r= -,470; p=0,055), MEEM-TUGm (r= -,470; p=0,057) e correlação significativa e moderada entre TUG-TUGm (r=0,701; p=0,000), TUG-TUGc (r=0,713; <0,000) e TUGm-TUGc (r=0,761; <0,000). Conclui-se que os instrumentos são complementares. Recomenda-se sua aplicação conjunta à avaliação do equilíbrio corporal e à predição do risco de quedas em idosos ativos.

Effect of a single session of ear acupuncture on pain intensity and postural control in individuals with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial

ABSTRACT Background Ear Acupuncture (EA) is a form of acupuncture in which needles are applied to the external ear and has been used in multiple painful conditions. Low back pain (LBP) is highly prevalent in active individuals and causes high economic burden to health systems worldwide. LBP affects the person’s ability to keep balance, especially in challenging conditions. Objective The aim of the study was to examine the effects of a single session of EA on pain intensity and body sway during postural tasks. Method Eighty adults with LBP and pain intensity equal to or greater than 4 (0-10 scale) were randomly allocated (1:1) to EA group (EAG) or placebo group (PG). Initially, the level of pain intensity was assessed. Next, participants stood still on a force plate either with feet in parallel or in semi-tandem and with eyes open or closed. Then, the EAG was treated with EA for 20 min and the PG was treated with detuned ultrasound. After the treatment, pain intensity was assessed again and the postural test was repeated. Pain intensity was the primary outcome and center of pressure sway area and speed were the secondary outcomes measured. Results Results revealed that pain intensity decreased in both groups after treatment, but decreased more in the EAG. For postural control, no effect of treatment and no interaction between treatment and postural condition on body sway were found. Conclusion Those findings indicate that EA is better than placebo to reduce pain, but neither treatment has any effect on postural control.

Análise do equilíbrio corporal em idosos classificados em diferentes faixas etárias através da posturografia dinâmica computadorizada (PDC) / Body balance analysis in elderly classified into different age groups using computerized dynamic posturography (CDP) / Análisis del equilibrio corporal en personas de edad avanzada clasificadas en diferentes grupos de edad utilizando la posturografía dinámica computarizada (PDC)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o equilíbrio corporal entre idosos categorizados em três faixas etárias, idosos jovens (60-69 anos), idosos (70-79 anos), e idosos mais velhos (acima de 80 anos). A avaliação constou de variáveis antropométricas e posturografia dinâmica computadorizada (PDC) com uma amostra total de 105 sujeitos. Para a análise das variáveis quantitativas utilizou-se a estatística descritiva de média e desvio-padrão e o teste de Kruskal Wallis com intervalo de confiança de 95%. Os resultados demonstraram que idosos acima de 80 anos obtiveram melhor resultado no tempo de latência (99,111mseg) quando comparados aos mais jovens (133,403mseg para idosos entre 60-69 anos e 135,282msg entre 70-79 anos). No entanto, os idosos mais jovens conseguiram preservar melhor o equilíbrio corporal geral no teste de organização sensorial (percentual de 71,368 para idosos entre 60-69 anos; 67,950 entre 70-79 anos e 68,555 para idosos com mais de 80).(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the body balance among the elderly categorized in three age groups: young elderly (60-69 years), elderly (70-79 years) and the older elderly (80 years and older). The evaluation consisted of anthropometric variables and computerized dynamic posturography (CDP) with a total sample of 105 subjects. For the analysis of the quantitative variables, we used the descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation and the Kruskal Wallis test with 95% confidence interval. The results showed that older elderly had a better latency time (99.111 msec) when compared to younger ones (133,403 msec for the elderly between 60-69 years and 135,282 msec between 70-79 years). However, younger elderly were able to better preserve the general body balance in the sensory organization test (71.368 percent for the elderly between 60-69 years, 67.950 between 70-79 years and 68.555 for the elderly with more than 80).(AU)

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el equilibrio entre el cuerpo de los ancianos categorizados en tres grupos de edad: jóvenes de edad (60-69 años de edad), los de edad avanzada (70-79 años) y las personas mayores de edad avanzada (mayores de 80 años). La evaluación consistió en variables antropométricas y se calculó posturografía dinámica (PDC) con una muestra total de 105 sujetos. Para el análisis de las variables cuantitativas se utilizó la estadística descriptiva de la media y la desviación estándar y la prueba de Kruskal Wallis, con un intervalo de confianza del 95%. Los resultados mostraron que los ancianos mayores de 80 tenían mejores resultados en el tiempo de latencia (99,111mseg) en comparación con los más jóvenes (60-69 133,403mseg para las personas mayores y 135,282msg em edades comprendidas entre los 70-79 años). Sin embargo, las personas mayores más jóvenes fueron capaces de conservar mejor el equilibrio general del cuerpo en la prueba de organización sensorial (porcentaje de 71,368 para el de 60-69 años, 70-79 años entre 67.950 y 68.555 para las personas mayores de 80).(AU)

Análise do equilíbrio corporal em idosos classificados em diferentes faixas etárias através da posturografia dinâmica computadorizada (PDC) / Body balance analysis in elderly classified into different age groups using computerized dynamic posturography (CDP) / Análisis del equilibrio corporal en personas de edad avanzada clasificadas en diferentes grupos de edad utilizando la posturografía dinámica computarizada (PDC)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o equilíbrio corporal entre idosos categorizados em três faixas etárias, idosos jovens (60-69 anos), idosos (70-79 anos), e idosos mais velhos (acima de 80 anos). A avaliação constou de variáveis antropométricas e posturografia dinâmica computadorizada (PDC) com uma amostra total de 105 sujeitos. Para a análise das variáveis quantitativas utilizou-se a estatística descritiva de média e desvio-padrão e o teste de Kruskal Wallis com intervalo de confiança de 95%. Os resultados demonstraram que idosos acima de 80 anos obtiveram melhor resultado no tempo de latência (99,111mseg) quando comparados aos mais jovens (133,403mseg para idosos entre 60-69 anos e 135,282msg entre 70-79 anos). No entanto, os idosos mais jovens conseguiram preservar melhor o equilíbrio corporal geral no teste de organização sensorial (percentual de 71,368 para idosos entre 60-69 anos; 67,950 entre 70-79 anos e 68,555 para idosos com mais de 80).

The objective of this study was to evaluate the body balance among the elderly categorized in three age groups: young elderly (60-69 years), elderly (70-79 years) and the older elderly (80 years and older). The evaluation consisted of anthropometric variables and computerized dynamic posturography (CDP) with a total sample of 105 subjects. For the analysis of the quantitative variables, we used the descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation and the Kruskal Wallis test with 95% confidence interval. The results showed that older elderly had a better latency time (99.111 msec) when compared to younger ones (133,403 msec for the elderly between 60-69 years and 135,282 msec between 70-79 years). However, younger elderly were able to better preserve the general body balance in the sensory organization test (71.368 percent for the elderly between 60-69 years, 67.950 between 70-79 years and 68.555 for the elderly with more than 80).

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el equilibrio entre el cuerpo de los ancianos categorizados en tres grupos de edad: jóvenes de edad (60-69 años de edad), los de edad avanzada (70-79 años) y las personas mayores de edad avanzada (mayores de 80 años). La evaluación consistió en variables antropométricas y se calculó posturografía dinámica (PDC) con una muestra total de 105 sujetos. Para el análisis de las variables cuantitativas se utilizó la estadística descriptiva de la media y la desviación estándar y la prueba de Kruskal Wallis, con un intervalo de confianza del 95%. Los resultados mostraron que los ancianos mayores de 80 tenían mejores resultados en el tiempo de latencia (99,111mseg) en comparación con los más jóvenes (60-69 133,403mseg para las personas mayores y 135,282msg em edades comprendidas entre los 70-79 años). Sin embargo, las personas mayores más jóvenes fueron capaces de conservar mejor el equilibrio general del cuerpo en la prueba de organización sensorial (porcentaje de 71,368 para el de 60-69 años, 70-79 años entre 67.950 y 68.555 para las personas mayores de 80).