Prevalence of dental, oral, and maxillofacial traumatic injuries among domestic violence victims: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Domestic violence (DV) encompasses a series of abusive behaviors, perpetrated in a family environment, against individuals of all ages and genders. Injuries to the head, neck, and face are frequent findings among victims of abuse, negatively impacting their quality of life. Although oral and maxillofacial injuries (OMFI) and traumatic dental injuries (TDI) are commonly diagnosed among DV victims, their prevalence is still unknown. This systematic review was aimed to assess the prevalence of OMFI and TDI among victims of DV. METHODS: The protocol of the review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023424235). Literature searches were performed in eight electronic databases, up to August 7th, 2023. Observational studies published in the Latin-roman alphabet and reporting the prevalence of OMFI and/or TDI were included. The Joanna Briggs Institute's critical appraisal tool, checklist for prevalence studies, was used for quality assessment. Results were presented as qualitative and quantitative syntheses. RESULTS: Seventeen studies, totaling 12,375 victims of domestic violence, were included. Meta-analyses showed an overall prevalence of 29% (95% CI: 15%-48%, I2 = 99%) and 4% (95% CI: 1%-10%, I2 = 98%) for OMFI and TDI, respectively. Higher pooled prevalence for OMFI (41%, 95% CI: 13%-46%, I2 = 99%) was demonstrated in samples with only women. OMFI was less prevalent (20%) among DV victims under 18, while TDI was lower among adults (1%). Hospital samples presented higher pooled prevalence of OMFI (32%), and forensic data from fatal victims presented higher prevalence of TDI (8%). CONCLUSION: The overall prevalence of OMFI and TDI in DV victims was 29% and 4%, respectively. Women victims of DV presented higher rates of OFMI (41%) and TDI (6%).

Effects of transport on water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis): factors associated with the frequency of skin injuries and meat quality

It is well known that transporting livestock is stressful for the animals and a primary cause of skin lesions. The effects of transport on the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) have not been studied extensively despite reports of high incidences of trauma during and after these mobilizations. The present review article analyzes the frequency of skin injuries suffered by water buffaloes during transport and several key contributing factors. It also discusses the consequences of injuries on the quality of carcasses. Important aspects identified include inappropriate vehicle design that does not comply with the dimensions recommended by international institutions (e.g., height, type of flooring, characteristics of the ramp), handling methods, and the ability of stock people to manage water buffaloes, all of which impact the incidence of injuries. Our analysis of these elements will contribute to identifying critical control points and areas of opportunity while also suggesting strategies to ensure the welfare of these animals during transport and the quality of water buffalo products and by-products.

Occurrence of injuries related to handling in carcasses of beef cattle slaughtered in a slaughterhouse located in the northwest region of the state of São Paulo / Ocorrência de lesões relacionadas ao manejo em carcaças de bovinos de corte abatidos em abatedouro frigorífico localizado na região noroeste do estado de São Paulo

This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of injuries in bovine carcasses slaughtered the northwest of São Paulo, through the quantification of the number of these injuries and their location in the main Brazilian commercial courts. Five ranchers were randomly selected, differentiated by the acronyms PEC A (rancher A), PEC B (rancher B), PEC C (rancher C), PEC D (rancher D) and PEC E (rancher E), which totaled 333 evaluated carcasses. The results showed that the majority of the slaughtered animals were of the Nellore breed and females of different age groups. There was a variation in the fasting period and water diet established for the animals, with the PEC C being the shortest period and in the others the variation was 10 to 16 hours. As for the injuries, it was possible to observe that the greater the distance covered, the greater the percentage of injuries in the half carcasses, with the rear quarter being more affected, especially the thigh, followed by the rump. Factors such as age and duration of transport positively influenced the percentage of injuries and even with the intense discussions and quality programs aimed at the application of animal welfare, the bovine half carcasses analyzed in the present study showed a high incidence of injuries.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a ocorrência de lesões em carcaças bovinas abatidas no Noroeste paulista, por meio da determinação do número destas lesões e sua localização nos principais cortes comerciais brasileiros. Foram selecionados aleatoriamente cinco pecuaristas, diferenciados pelas siglas PEC A (pecuarista A), PEC B (pecuarista B), PEC C (pecuarista C), PEC D (pecuarista D) e PEC E (pecuarista E), que totalizaram 333 carcaças avaliadas. Os resultados mostraram que a maioria dos animais abatidos eram da raça Nelore e fêmeas de diferentes faixas etárias. Houve uma variação no período de jejum e dieta hídrica estabelecidos aos animais, sendo que o PEC C, foi o menor período (3 horas) e nos demais a variação foi de 10 a 16 horas. Quanto as lesões, foi possível observar que quanto maior a distância percorrida, maior a porcentagem de lesões nas meias carcaças, sendo o quarto traseiro mais acometido, principalmente o coxão, seguido da alcatra. Fatores como idade e duração do transporte influenciaram de forma positiva porcentagem de lesões e mesmo com as intensas discussões e programas de qualidade que visam a aplicação do bem-estar animal, as meias carcaças bovinas analisadas no presente estudo apresentaram alta incidência de lesões.

Horse welfare at slaughter: A novel approach to analyse bruised carcasses based on severity, damage patterns and their association with pre-slaughter risk factors.

The study presents a novel veterinary forensic approach to analyse the bruising of horse carcasses, based on the nature of the bruises and how they are grouped in certain anatomical areas. Data on pre-slaughter logistics was obtained for 113 journeys with horses that travelled from Mexico and the USA to a Mexican abattoir. We found that carcass bruising was a highly prevalent problem (79% of carcasses had bruising) and was especially problematic in journeys lasting longer than 12 h, independently of the animal's country of origin, sex, age, lairage time or vehicle type. Multivariable logistic regression showed that the most severe bruises were not dispersed randomly on the carcass and that their distribution was associated with the presence of medium-sized bruises on the abdominal wall, front and rear limb. Cluster analysis suggested four damage patterns based on bruise location: severe and concentrated bruising, as well as non-severe bruises on the rear limb, thoracic-wall or more dispersed throughout the carcass.

From unloading to trimming: studying bruising in individual slaughter cattle.

Livestock bruising is both an animal welfare concern and a detriment to the economic value of carcasses. Understanding the causes of bruising is challenging due to the numerous factors that have been shown to be related to bruise prevalence. While most cattle bruising studies collect and analyze data on truckload lots of cattle, this study followed a large number (n = 585) of individual animals from unloading through postmortem processing at five different slaughter plants. Both visual bruise presence and location was recorded postmortem prior to carcass trimming. By linking postmortem data to animal sex, breed, trailer compartment, and traumatic events at unloading, a rich analysis of a number of factors related to bruise prevalence was developed. Results showed varying levels of agreement with other published bruising studies, underscoring the complexity of assessing the factors that affect bruising. Bruising prevalence varied across different sex class types (P < 0.001); 36.5% of steers [95% confidence interval (CI): 31.7, 41.6; n = 378], 52.8% of cows (45.6, 60.0; 193), and 64.3% of bulls (no CI calculated due to sample size; 14) were bruised. There was a difference in bruise prevalence by trailer compartment (P = 0.035) in potbelly trailers, indicating that cattle transported in the top deck were less likely to be bruised (95% CI: 26.6, 40.4; n = 63) compared to cattle that were transported in the bottom deck (95% CI: 39.6, 54.2; n = 89). Results indicated that visual assessment of bruising underestimated carcass bruise trimming. While 42.6% of the carcasses were visibly bruised, 57.9% of carcasses were trimmed due to bruising, suggesting that visual assessment is not able to capture all of the carcass loss associated with bruising. Furthermore, bruises that appeared small visually were often indicators of larger, subsurface bruising, creating an "iceberg effect" of trim loss due to bruising.

Risk factors associated with pig pre-slaughtering losses.

The incidence of non-ambulatory non-injured (NANI), non-ambulatory injured (NAI) and dead pigs on-arrival at three Brazilian slaughterhouses were evaluated in 37,962 pigs to identify risk factors linked to them, besides carcass bruises and limb fractures. Total pre-slaughtering losses were 1.18%, in which NAI (0.39%) and NANI (0.37%) incidences contributed the most. A positive relation between on farm steeper ramp slope >20° and the incidence of NAI, NANI and dead pigs at unloading was found. Farm size, pigs/pen, enthalpy at loading, transportation time, truck loading order, muscle thickness and carcass weight, were identified as risk factors for pre-slaughtering losses. Loading procedures influenced the occurrence of limb fractures and bruises (which are a welfare issue and should be reduced). Therefore, personal training on pre-slaughter handling is essential to reduce the risk factors to improve animal welfare and avoid losses during the pre-slaughter process.

(Re)discutindo a técnica de administração de medicamentos pela via intramuscular: revisão sistemática / (Re)discussing the drug administration technique by the intramuscular route: a systematic review / (Re)discutir la técnica de administración de fármacos por vía intramuscular: revisión sistemática

Objetivo: Identificar la producción del conocimiento en enfermería junto la técnica de administración de medicamentos por vía intramuscular, describa las diferencias, congruencias, y la ocurrencia de las complicaciones de la técnica y analizar las recomendaciones formuladas en la literatura con las mejores prácticas y las actualizaciones clínicas en enfermería. Método: Revisión sistemática sin meta-análisis. Búsqueda realizada en las bases de datos LILACS, PUBMED, MEDLINE, DEDALUS, Portal de Evidencia en Salud y Bibliotecas SciELO y Cochrane, en el período de 1993-2012, por un total de 16 estudios. Resultados: Estúdios mostraron diferencias en las variaciones en la demarcación de la región ventral glútea, la realización de la antisepsia y la aplicación de presión antes de la administración intramuscular. Consonancia en la aspiración del contenido de la jeringa después de la inserción de la aguja en el músculo, de ricino secuencias del sitio de aplicación para inyección IM, entre otras. Conclusión: La incorporación de la mejor evidencia permite la ejecución segura de la técnica intramuscular, proporcionando comodidad y la excelencia en la atención al paciente

Objective: The study's purpose has been to identify the production of nursing knowledge related to the medication administration technique by the intramuscular route. It was also aimed to describe the differences, similarities, and occurrence of complications of the technique and to analyze the recommendations described in literature with best practice and clinical updates in the nursing research field. Methods: This is a systematic review without meta-analysis. The research was performed through the following electronic databases, LILACS, PUBMED, MEDLINE, DEDALUS, Health Evidence Portal and Libraries SciELO and Cochrane, during the period from 1993 to 2012, then totaling 16 studies. Results: The findings have shown the different variations in the limit of the ventrogluteal region, conducting antisepsis, and applying pressure before intramuscular administration. They also showed consonances in the aspiration of the contents of the syringe after insertion of needle into the muscle, caster application site during sequences IM injections, among others. Conclusion: The incorporation of best evidence allows safe execution of intramuscular technique, providing comfort and excellence towards the patient care

Objetivo: Identificar a produção do conhecimento da enfermagem atrelado à técnica de administração de medicamentos pela via intramuscular; descrever as divergências, congruências e ocorrência de complicações acerca da técnica; e analisar as recomendações descritas na literatura com as melhores práticas e atualizações clínicas na enfermagem. Método: Revisão sistemática sem meta-análise. Realizada busca nas bases de dados LILACS, PUBMED, MEDLINE, DEDALUS, Portal de Evidência em Saúde e Bibliotecas SciELO e Cochrane, no período de 1993 a 2012, totalizando 16 estudos. Resultados: Os estudos evidenciaram divergências na variações de demarcação da região ventroglútea; realização de antissepsia; e aplicação de pressão antes da administração intramuscular. Consonâncias na aspiração do conteúdo da seringa após inserção da agulha na massa muscular, rodízio do local de aplicação durante sequências de injeções IM, dentre outros. Conclusão: A incorporação das melhores evidências permite a execução segura da técnica intramuscular, gerando conforto ao paciente e excelência na assistência

Relationship between Methods of Loading and Unloading, Carcass Bruising, and Animal Welfare in the Transportation of Extensively Reared Beef Cattle.

In Uruguay, extensive, welfare-friendly beef production is a substantial part of the economy and culture. Transport of beef cattle to slaughterhouse compromises animal welfare. The objective of this study was to assess transport conditions related to carcass bruising. A total of 242 trucks with 8132 animals were assessed on loading, transport, unloading conditions, and carcass bruising. Average loading time was 26 min and 21 s and the perception of the truck drivers was correlated with the time took for loading and the use of devices. In 39.3% of the loadings only a flag was used. The average unloading time was 5 min and 54 s with a significant difference in time for the use of devices; only flag 3 min 51 s, cattle prod 6 min 43 s and sticks 8 min 09 s. Of the carcasses observed, 772 (9.5%) had no bruises, 873 (10.7%) had one bruise, 1312 (16.1%) two, 1231 (15.1%) three and 3944 (48.5%) had four or more bruises. Prevalence of bruises were highest on the Tuber-coxea (hip) (29.3%) following forequarter (22.4%), Tuber-ischiadicum (rear) (17.3%), ribs/flank (14.1%), rump/round (10.1%) and loin (6.8%). Bruises were 68.7% grade 1 and 31.3 % grade 2; there were no grade 3, the deepest ones, observed. It appeared that animal welfare training of truck drivers worked out well and the use of flags increased compared to a previous study in 2008.

Avaliação Do Manejo Pré-Abate Na Ocorrência De Contusões Em Carcaças Bovinas / Evaluation Of Pre-Slaughter Management In The Occurrence Of Bruising In Bovine Carcasses / Evaluación Del Manejo Pre-Sacrificio En La Ocurrencia De Contusiones En Carcazas Bovinas

O período pré-abate tem início na propriedade no momento anterior ao embarque e segue até o momento da sangria do animal no frigorífico. Trata-se do período em que o animal é submetido a mais intensas condições de estresse físico, tais como: fome, sede, fadiga, alterações de temperatura e estresse psicológico devido sobretudo às novas condições e locais, as quais o animal não está adaptado. O manejo incorreto durante esse processo gera consequências diretas no produto final, como carne com características indesejadas, com aumento principalmente da incidência de hematomas nas carcaças. Durante a toalete da carcaça os hematomas provenientes tanto do manejo diário da fazenda, quanto os provenientes do manejo pré-abate são retirados, gerando assim um prejuízo financeiro para o proprietário. Esses hematomas são avaliados de diversas formas, mas principalmente através do tamanho, profundidade e cor, essas características podem indicar a causa e quando esse hematoma foi causado. A fim de melhorar o bem-estar dos animais e consequentemente melhorar a produção foram estipuladas as “Cinco liberdades”, que consistem em condições mínimas que os animais precisam ter acesso durante a sua criação. Em todas as etapas da criação preconiza-se o manejo adequado e calmo evitando maiores problemas na propriedade e principalmente mantendo um produto final de qualidade.

The pre-slaughter period starts in the property in the time prior to loadinguntilstunning at theslaughterhouse. It’s the moment which the animal is subjected to greater physical stress conditions as: hunger, thirst, fatigue, temperature changes, and psychological stressdue to the new conditions in which the animal is being placed. The bad handling present during this process generates direct consequences on the final product, like meat with unwanted features, and principally increase the incidence of bruising in carcasses. During the housing toilet bruising from both the daily management of the farm, as those from the pre-slaughter management are removed, thus generating a financial loss for the owner. These bruises are evaluated in several ways, but primarily by the size, depth and color, these characteristics may indicate the cause bruising and when this was caused. In order to improve animal welfare and consequently improve production were set the "Five Freedoms", which consist of minimum conditions that the animals need for their creation. Em todas as etapas da criação preconiza-se o manejo adequado e calmo evitando maiores problemas na propriedade e principalmente mantendo um produto final de qualidade.

El período pre-sacrificio tiene inicio en la propiedad en el momento anterior al embarque hasta el momento de la sangría del animal en el frigorífico. Es el período en que el animal es sometido a más intensas condiciones de estrés físico como: hambre, sed, fatiga, alteraciones de temperatura, y estrés psicológico debido a las nuevas condiciones y locales en los que el animal no está adaptado. El manejo incorrecto durante este proceso genera consecuencias directas en el producto final, como carne con características no deseadas, y principalmente aumentan la incidencia de hematomas en las carcasas. Durante el tocador de la carcasa los hematomas provenientes tanto del manejo diario de la hacienda, como los provenientes del manejo pre-sacrificio son retirados, generando así un perjuicio financiero para el propietario. Estos hematomas se evalúan de diversas formas, pero principalmente a través del tamaño, la profundidad y el color, estas características pueden indicar la causa y cuando se ha causado ese hematoma. Con el fin de mejorar el bienestar de los animales y, por consiguiente, mejorar la producción, se establecieron las "Cinco libertades", que consisten en condiciones mínimas que los animales necesitan durante su creación. En todas las etapas de la creación se preconiza el manejo adecuado y tranquilo evitando mayores problemas en la propiedad y principalmente manteniendo un producto final de calidad.

Avaliação Do Manejo Pré-Abate Na Ocorrência De Contusões Em Carcaças Bovinas / Evaluation Of Pre-Slaughter Management In The Occurrence Of Bruising In Bovine Carcasses / Evaluación Del Manejo Pre-Sacrificio En La Ocurrencia De Contusiones En Carcazas Bovinas

O período pré-abate tem início na propriedade no momento anterior ao embarque e segue até o momento da sangria do animal no frigorífico. Trata-se do período em que o animal é submetido a mais intensas condições de estresse físico, tais como: fome, sede, fadiga, alterações de temperatura e estresse psicológico devido sobretudo às novas condições e locais, as quais o animal não está adaptado. O manejo incorreto durante esse processo gera consequências diretas no produto final, como carne com características indesejadas, com aumento principalmente da incidência de hematomas nas carcaças. Durante a toalete da carcaça os hematomas provenientes tanto do manejo diário da fazenda, quanto os provenientes do manejo pré-abate são retirados, gerando assim um prejuízo financeiro para o proprietário. Esses hematomas são avaliados de diversas formas, mas principalmente através do tamanho, profundidade e cor, essas características podem indicar a causa e quando esse hematoma foi causado. A fim de melhorar o bem-estar dos animais e consequentemente melhorar a produção foram estipuladas as “Cinco liberdades”, que consistem em condições mínimas que os animais precisam ter acesso durante a sua criação. Em todas as etapas da criação preconiza-se o manejo adequado e calmo evitando maiores problemas na propriedade e principalmente mantendo um produto final de qualidade.(AU)

The pre-slaughter period starts in the property in the time prior to loadinguntilstunning at theslaughterhouse. Its the moment which the animal is subjected to greater physical stress conditions as: hunger, thirst, fatigue, temperature changes, and psychological stressdue to the new conditions in which the animal is being placed. The bad handling present during this process generates direct consequences on the final product, like meat with unwanted features, and principally increase the incidence of bruising in carcasses. During the housing toilet bruising from both the daily management of the farm, as those from the pre-slaughter management are removed, thus generating a financial loss for the owner. These bruises are evaluated in several ways, but primarily by the size, depth and color, these characteristics may indicate the cause bruising and when this was caused. In order to improve animal welfare and consequently improve production were set the "Five Freedoms", which consist of minimum conditions that the animals need for their creation. Em todas as etapas da criação preconiza-se o manejo adequado e calmo evitando maiores problemas na propriedade e principalmente mantendo um produto final de qualidade.(AU)

El período pre-sacrificio tiene inicio en la propiedad en el momento anterior al embarque hasta el momento de la sangría del animal en el frigorífico. Es el período en que el animal es sometido a más intensas condiciones de estrés físico como: hambre, sed, fatiga, alteraciones de temperatura, y estrés psicológico debido a las nuevas condiciones y locales en los que el animal no está adaptado. El manejo incorrecto durante este proceso genera consecuencias directas en el producto final, como carne con características no deseadas, y principalmente aumentan la incidencia de hematomas en las carcasas. Durante el tocador de la carcasa los hematomas provenientes tanto del manejo diario de la hacienda, como los provenientes del manejo pre-sacrificio son retirados, generando así un perjuicio financiero para el propietario. Estos hematomas se evalúan de diversas formas, pero principalmente a través del tamaño, la profundidad y el color, estas características pueden indicar la causa y cuando se ha causado ese hematoma. Con el fin de mejorar el bienestar de los animales y, por consiguiente, mejorar la producción, se establecieron las "Cinco libertades", que consisten en condiciones mínimas que los animales necesitan durante su creación. En todas las etapas de la creación se preconiza el manejo adecuado y tranquilo evitando mayores problemas en la propiedad y principalmente manteniendo un producto final de calidad.(AU)

Evaluación médico legal de las equimosis cutaneas / Medicolegal evaluation of skin ecchymosis

Las equimosis cutáneas representan la más frecuente de las lesiones encontradas en casos de agresión física.Se producen por de la ruptura de vasos sanguíneos (principalmente capilares), que conduce a extravasación de la sangre y acumulo en el tejido intradérmico, subcutáneo o en ambos. Posterior a esto se inicia un proceso inflamatorio local que conlleva a la degradación de la hemoglobina en subproductos cromóforos (hemosiderina, biliverdina, bilirrubina, metahemoglobina) que dan la coloración inicial y sus cambios. El método visual usado durante décadas es poco efectivo y lo más recomendable es la evaluación las lesiones con respecto a la aparición de la coloración amarillenta. Se están desarrollando nuevos métodos para mejorar la datación de las lesiones, que parecen bastante prometedores (espectrofotometría y resonancia magnética).

Skin bruising are the most frequent lesions found in cases of physical aggression. Product of blood vessels rupture (especially capillaries), leading to extravasation and accumulation of blood in the intradermic tissue, subcutaneous tissue or both. After that, begins a local inflammatory process leading to the degradation of hemoglobin chromophore subproducts (hemosiderin, biliverdin, bilirubin, methemoglobin) which give the initial coloring and changes over the time. The visual method used for decades is ineffective and the best approach is looking por the presence of the color yellow into the bruise. At present, new methods are developing to improve the dating of injuries that seem quite promising (spectrophotometry and magnetic resonance).

Evaluación de l mortalidad y de las lesiones taumáticas en pollo de engorde bbajo condiciones de sacrificio comercall / Evaluatio of morrtality and traumatic injres in broiler chickens under ccommercial slaughtering conditions

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue el de evaluar la mortalidad al arribo (DOA) y la presencia de lesiones traumáticas (hematomas y fracturas) en canales de aves de engorde. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo de las lesiones presentes en las canales de 622 lotes (n=248.800 aves) procesados en una planta de sacrificio comercial, durante los meses de junio, julio y agosto de 2011, de acuerdo con los criterios de la inspección sanitaria. La tasa de mortalidad de las aves fue 2.54 %. El 11.8 % (29.335/248.800) de las canales evaluadas presentó algún tipo de lesión. Los hematomas generalizados (32 %), la presencia de aves ahogadas (21.6 %) y los hematomas en las puntas de las alas (18.2 %), fueron las lesiones más frecuentes. Los resultados indican fallas en las prácticas de manejo relacionadas con el bienestar animal en el presacrificio, siendo necesario desarrollar investigaciones para conocer su impacto económico, así como el entrenamiento y la capacitación del personal vinculado en el proceso.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate mortality on arrival (DOA) and the presence of traumatic injures (bruises and fractures) in broilers channels. A prospective study of lesions present in channels of 622 sets (n=248,800 birds) processed in a commercial slaughterhouse was carried out during the months of June, July and August 2011 according to the sanitary inspection criteria. The mortality rate was 2.54 %. Lesions were found in 11.8 % (29.335/248.800) of channels inspected. Generalized bruises (32 %), drowned birds (21.6 %) and bruises on the tips of the wings were the most common injures. The results indicate failure in the handling practices related to animal welfare in pre-slaughter, being necessary to develop research to know their economic impact, as well as training of personnel involved in the process.