Shank Circumference Reduction by Sleep Compression Stockings in University Students and Convenience Store Cashiers.

Compression stockings (CSs) are a relatively simple and effective tool for alleviating varicose veins and are often used as a preventive measure among workers whose jobs require prolonged standing. Nevertheless, the efficacy of CSs that are advertised as sleepwear remains unverified. This study recruited 10 female university students and 10 cashiers as participants to test the effects of sleep CSs. During the experiment, the changes in shank circumference (SC) and the subjective discomfort rating upon getting up and going to bed were collected. Data were recorded immediately after getting up and SC measurement was repeated 10 min later. The results demonstrated that both CS condition and measurement time significantly affected SC reduction, whereas cashier or student status did not. The reported discomfort and tightness of the legs attributed to CSs were relatively high, and the benefit toward SC reduction was minimal. Cashiers exhibited slightly larger SC values and higher perceived discomfort levels, which may be attributed to their occupational characteristic of prolonged standing, and the cumulative effect of prolonged standing on muscle properties warrants further study. The study findings suggest that wearing CSs for sleep may not be effective for reducing OE.

Level of disability and associated factors with musculoskeletal disorders among supermarket cashiers.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the severity of symptoms and the level of disability or difficulty associated with MSDs in the neck, shoulders, upper limbs, lower back, and lower limbs as well as the factors associated with MSDs. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This investigation collected demographic, health (36-Item Short Form Survey [SF-36]), and occupational related-factors for supermarket cashiers through the administration of several questionnaires, including the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH), Neck Disability Index (NDI), Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS), and Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) for pain. RESULTS: One hundred ninety-three supermarket cashiers participated in this study. The mean scores for disability levels included NDI (M±SD 18.62±14.57), ODI (M±SD 20.74±13.89), DASH (M±SD 15.08±13.90), and LEFS (M±SD 63.06±14.24). Regression analyses demonstrated the existence of significant relationships between the experience of MSDs and several other factors, including the number of working days per week, the preferred working position, marital status and the need for awkward positions. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate MSDs that signified a mild disability level among young participants. The number of working days per week, the preferred working position, the need to assume awkward positions, and marital status were significantly associated with MSDs. The findings indicated the need for preventive to avoid or minimize the prevalence of MSDs among supermarket cashiers. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2022;35(4):407-23.

Self-Reported Musculoskeletal Disorders and Quality of Life in Supermarket Cashiers.

Supermarket cashiers face a significant amount of stress, including time constraints, mental pressure, and physical demands that require repetitive movements. The job description of a supermarket cashier involves work-related risk factors that may lead to musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) symptoms. This study aimed to investigate supermarket cashiers to determine the prevalence of MSD symptoms and their quality of life. Data were collected from a convenience sample of supermarket cashiers working in Saudi Arabia. Information included direct questions on pain in the previous 12 months, demographic data, and health- or occupation-related factors. Moreover, data was collected based on the 36-item short form survey (SF-36), and descriptive statistics were computed. A total of 193 supermarket cashiers participated in this study. The sample included 140 men (72.5%) and 53 women (27.5%), with a mean age of 27.2 ± 6.4 years. The majority of the participants (90%) had MSD symptoms in at least one body region, with the neck (66.84%) and lower back (65.80%) constituting the most prominent regions. The mean SF-36 scores were higher in participants without pain compared to participants with pain in all domains, except for the physical functioning domain. The high prevalence of MSD symptoms among young cashiers suggest the need for additional investigations to determine the risk factors of these disorders. Additionally, this study recommends preventive procedures to reduce the prevalence of MSD symptoms among cashiers.

Cardiovascular risk and quality of life in supermarket cashiers: The role of physical activity.

BACKGROUND: Occupations might influence the employees' psychophysical conditions and an important issue is the human activity mechanization, which favors a hypokinetic work status and leads to several chronic diseases. One of the most hypokinetic occupations is the supermarket cashier, in which the individual may spend many hours a day in the same body position. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to evaluate the association between cardiovascular risk, quality of life and physical activity level in supermarket cashiers. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study which included 200 supermarket cashiers aged 20 to 41 years from São Paulo, Brazil. The following cardiovascular risk factors were evaluated: overweight, obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and tobacco smoking. Physical activity level and quality of life were assessed with the short-form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAq) and World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL), respectively. Student t test and Chi-square were carried out to evaluate mean gender comparations and frequency, respectively. Logistic regression models were applied to determine the association between cardiovascular risk factors and physical activity level. RESULTS: The prevalence for all cardiovascular risk factors was significantly high in the cashiers with a low physical activity level. However, there was a significant reduction in several risk factors in the groups with moderate and high physical activity levels. The odds ratio values were significantly reduced for the association between the cardiovascular risk factors and the moderate and high physical activity levels. The cashiers with moderate and high physical activity levels showed significantly higher quality of life scores for the social and environmental domain. CONCLUSIONS: A high physical activity level is positively related to quality of life in supermarket cashiers.

Occupational exposure of cashiers to bisphenol S via thermal paper.

PURPOSE: In thermal paper, Bisphenol S (BPS) is one of the alternatives for bisphenol A (BPA). Due to its structural similarity to BPA, concern has been raised about the safety of BPS. Indeed, handling thermal paper receipts could be a source of occupational exposure to BPS among cashiers, as it was previously described for BPA. In this study, we investigated whether frequent contacts with thermal paper are associated with an increase in urinary BPS levels in cashiers. METHOD: Total (unconjugated and conjugated forms) and free (unconjugated) BPS were measured in urine samples from 17 cashiers and 15 controls, using LC-MS/MS. Spot urine samples, including pre-shift and post-sift samples and first morning void were collected from each volunteer. BPS concentration in thermal paper was determined and the number of receipts handled by cashiers was estimated as well. RESULTS: The median urinary total BPS concentration was 0.67 µg/L (0.52 µg/g creatinine) for controls and 2.53 µg/L (2.07 µg/g creatinine) for cashiers. Total BPS concentration was significantly higher in cashiers than in controls. Free BPS was detected in less than 20% of urine samples collected from controls and in less than 50% of urine samples collected from cashiers. CONCLUSION: The detectable levels of BPS in urine of controls suggest an exposure to BPS of the general population. In addition, frequent contact with thermal paper could be responsible for an increase in urinary concentration of total BPS in cashiers.

Distal pain and carpal tunnel syndrome diagnosis among cashiers: a longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate in a longitudinal study the yearly incidence of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) in a cohort of women working as cashiers. METHOD: A total of 198 cashiers, belonging to a cohort investigated in 2011-2012 for arm pain, were screened for re-assessment in 2015 (at least 40 months from the first examination), and 156 women had complete demographic, personal and working data allowing to be included in this study. On the basis of self- and clinician-administered questionnaires investigating the presence of CTS, all symptomatic patients underwent clinical and neurophysiological [nerve conduction studies (NCS) of median and ulnar nerves] assessments. RESULTS: NCS confirmed the presence of CTS in 17 out of 149 workers; however, seven of them already received the diagnosis of CTS at the previous assessment in 2011-2012, leading to an overall incidence of new cases equal to 7.0%. Cumulative working time at the cashier of the women with CTS in the period 2012-2015 was highly variable (1744-4479 h) without an evident association with the severity of CTS. No differences in general demographic data were found in the women with vs. without CTS. Comorbidities potentially associated with increased risk of CTS were present in 21 women in the entire cohort (14.0% of the population, 40.0% in the subgroup of women with newly assessed CTS). Overweight/obesity and hypothyroidism were the most frequent comorbidities. CONCLUSION: The results of this prospective study showed that the annualized incidence of CTS in our population of cashier was 2.0%; 40% of the new CTS cases had comorbidities.

Occupational exposure of cashiers to Bisphenol A via thermal paper: urinary biomonitoring study.

PURPOSE: As an essential component of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, Bisphenol A (BPA) is found in numerous industrial and consumer products. BPA may cause adverse health effects because of its endocrine activity. General population exposure to this compound mainly through diet is well documented. Thermal paper was also identified as a source of BPA through dermal intake. In this study, we investigated whether frequent contact with thermal paper is associated with an increase in urinary BPA excretion. METHODS: We evaluated the exposure to BPA in cashiers and in non-occupationally exposed workers from several workplaces. Urinary BPA was quantified in free (unconjugated) and total (unconjugated plus conjugated) forms in 24-h and spot urine samples using LC-MS/MS. BPA concentration in thermal paper was also measured from each workplace. In addition, participants provided information on job, food and drink, tobacco consumption and hands wash during the sampling period through a questionnaire. RESULTS: Urine samples were collected from 90 cashiers and 44 controls. Free and total BPA were detected in all samples. The median urinary total BPA concentration was 3.54 µg/L (2.89 µg/g creatinine) for controls and 8.92 µg/L (6.76 µg/g creatinine) for cashiers. For the free BPA, the median urinary concentration was 0.20 µg/L (0.21 µg/g creatinine) for controls and 0.28 µg/L (0.22 µg/g creatinine) for cashiers. Any correlation was found between the urinary concentration levels and the number of thermal receipts handled. Hand washes frequency, age, job length of service and tobacco consumption had also no effect on the BPA excretions. CONCLUSION: A significant increase in urinary total BPA concentration was observed for cashiers handling daily thermal paper receipts. However, no significant increase was observed in urinary free BPA concentration. These findings are particularly interesting for risk assessment since all available data on occupational exposure to BPA through thermal paper were obtained from models or from simulated experiments.

Ergonomía participativa en cajeras de una gran tienda / Participatory ergonomics among female cashiers from a department store

El objetivo de este trabajo fue controlar los riesgos disergonómicos en cajeras de una tienda de una gran empresa del sector del retail, usando ergonomía participativa, a través del conocimiento y entendimiento del sistema de la empresa, constitución del grupo de trabajo (grupo Ergo), capacitación del grupo en temas relacionados con la ergonomía, toma de decisiones e intervenciones. La muestra estuvo compuesta de 71 participantes –en su mayoría cajeras–, las cuales en el 100 por ciento tenían compromiso músculo-esquelético, y manifestaban dolor o molestia principalmente en cuello, región lumbar, muñeca derecha y hombros. Se encontró sobrecarga postural, trabajo repetitivo, manejo manual de cargas, carga mental, disconfort ambiental, variabilidad en los horarios, jornadas prolongadas, ausencia de pausas, entre otros trastornos. En la intervención los principales cambios implementados fueron el rediseño de la estación de caja, la renovación de sillas y teclados e implementación de un sistema de rotación, así como la realización de pausas con ejercicios compensatorios. Luego de la intervención se observó una notoria mejoría de las problemáticas encontradas, concluyéndose que la ergonomía participativa es una metodología atractiva, adecuada y eficaz en la solución y control de los riesgos y problemas ergonómicos.

The objective of this paper was to control ergonomic risks among female cashiers working in a department store belonging to the retail market. Participatory ergonomics was applied through knowing and understanding how the company works, establishing the work team (Ergo group), training the team in ergonomics-related topics, andmaking decisions and interventions. The sample was composed of 71 participants –mostly female cashiers–, and all of them have a musculoskeletal compromise, declaring pain or discomfort mainly in the neck, lower back, right wrist and shoulders. Among others, following problems were found: postural overload, repetitive work, manual load handling, mental fatigue, environmental discomfort, variable work schedules, extended working days, and absence of breaks. In the intervention, the main implemented changes were theredesign of workstation, complete change of chairs and keyboards, and the implementation of a rotation system, as well breaks for compensatory exercises. After that, an evident improvement of found problems was observed, therefore it can be concluded that participatoryergonomics is an attractive methodology, appropriate and efficientfor solving and controlling ergonomic risks and problems.

Correlación de Calidad de vida-satisfacción y niveles de burn out en cajeros de supermercados de Asunción / Correlation of quality of life-satisfaction and levels of burn-out in supermarket cashiers Asunción

La presente investigación de tipo no experimental-correlacional, busca conocer la relación existente entre Calidad de Vida - Satisfacción y niveles de Síndrome de Burn Out en cajeros de supermercados de la ciudad de Asunción. La muestra está compuesta por cajeros de supermercado de la ciudad de Asunción, seleccionados a través de una técnica no probabilística de muestreo intencional y de participación voluntaria. Los instrumentos aplicados son el Cuestionario de Calidad de vida y Satisfacción de Endicott y el Inventario Maslach de Burn Out. El análisis y procesamiento de los datos aplicó técnicas de estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Los objetivos propuestos se alcanzaron y se sugiere el estudio de otras muestras de trabajadores tanto de ámbitos públicos como privados, sus condiciones de trabajo o variables psicológicas relacionadas a los mismos y aportar resultados importantes para desarrollar políticas de salud laboral.

This non-experimental research and correlational study, seeks to understand the relationship between quality of life - satisfaction and levels of Burn Out Syndrome in supermarket cashiers in the city of Asuncion. The sample consists of supermarket cashiers in Asuncion, selected through a probability, not intentional sampling technique, and considering voluntary participation. The applied instruments were the Quality of Life Questionnaire and Satisfaction of Endicott and the Inventory Maslach Burn Out. The analysis and data processing techniques used descriptive and inferential statistics.

Emociones y salud en el trabajo: análisis del constructo "trabajo emocional" y propuesta de evaluación / Emotions and health in work settings: analyses of the emotional labour construct and development of a questionnaire

El Trabajo Emocional (TE) es un constructo multidimensional que alude a la carga emocional, la valencia de la misma, su variedad y a su relación con el puesto de trabajo o con la cultura organizacional, así como con la efectividad del desempeño y el bienestar del trabajador. El objetivo de la presente investigación es el estudio y análisis del constructo de TE, así como la propuesta de un instrumento para su evaluación, recogiendo no sólo las dimensiones clásicas del constructo (i.e. disonancia emocional), sino también aquellos aspectos directamente vinculados con normas organizacionales del TE. Con una población española de cajeras (N=458), los análisis de fiabilidad, validez factorial y criterial, mostraron resultados psicométricos adecuados. Asimismo, dentro de la validez de criterio se refrendaron los estudios que señalan la relación entre el TE y el desgaste profesional.

Emotional Labour (EL) is a multidimensional concept, related to display positive and negative emotions, its variety and frequency, emotional requirements of job role, and to control the interaction process. These elements influence worker performance and psychological well-being. The aim of this research was to study and analysis the EL construct and it multidimensional nature as well as to develop an instrument to assess not only the classical dimensions of it (i.e. emotional dissonance) but also organizational rules that regulate emotional requirements of job roles. Results on Spanish cashiers (N=458) shown excellent psychometric data on reliability, construct, and criteria validity. As regards criteria validity, results ratify previous data related to the relation between EL and burnout.