Genomic Features of Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Isolated from Dogs with Pyoderma in Argentina and the United States: A Comparative Study.

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is the most common opportunistic pathogen in dogs and methicillin resistance (MRSP) has been identified as an emerging problem in canine pyoderma. Here, we evaluated the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) features and phylogeny of S. pseudintermedius isolated from canine pyoderma cases in Argentina (n = 29) and the United States (n = 29). 62% of isolates showed multi-drug resistance. The AMR genes found: mecA, blaZ, ermB, dfrG, catA, tetM, aac(6')-aph(2″), in addition to tetK and lnuA (only found in U.S. isolates). Two point mutations were detected: grlA(S80I)-gyrA(S84L), and grlA(D84N)-gyrA(S84L) in one U.S. isolate. A mutation in rpoB (H481N) was found in two isolates from Argentina. SCCmec type III, SCCmec type V, ΨSCCmec57395 were identified in the Argentinian isolates; and SCCmec type III, SCCmec type IVg, SCCmec type V, and SCCmec type VII variant in the U.S. cohort. Sequence type (ST) ST71 belonging to a dominant clone was found in isolates from both countries, and ST45 only in Argentinian isolates. This is the first study to comparatively analyze the population structure of canine pyoderma-associated S. pseudintermedius isolates in Argentina and in the U.S. It is important to maintain surveillance on S. pseudintermedius populations to monitor AMR and gain further understanding of its evolution and dissemination.

Virulence, resistance and clonality of Proteus mirabilis isolated from patients with community-acquired urinary tract infection (CA-UTI) in Brazil.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common human infections, both in hospitals and in communities. Proteus mirabilis is known to cause community-acquired urinary tract infection (CA-UTI) and is an important causative agent of nosocomial UTIs. The pathogenesis of this species is related to its ability to manifest virulence factors, such as biofilms, adhesion molecules, urease, proteases, siderophores, and toxins. In this study, we investigated the virulence, sensitivity to antimicrobials, and clonal relationship of 183 strains isolated from the urine of CA-UTI patients in Londrina, Paraná State, Brazil. A total of 100% of the strains were positive for hpmA, ptA, zapA, mrpA, pmfA, ireA, and atfA virulence genes. The ucaA gene was positive in 81.4% of the cases. The strains showed high rates of sensitivity to the evaluated antimicrobials, and only one was ESBL-positive. All the tested bacteria showed the capacity to form biofilms: 73.2% had a very strong intensity, while 25.7% had a strong intensity, and 1.1% had a moderate intensity. Regarding clonality, 40 clonal clusters were found among the microorganisms tested. Our results showed that strains of P. mirabilis isolated from CA-UTI patients have several virulence factors. Although the urinary clinical isolates studied showed high sensitivity to antimicrobials, the strains showed a strong capacity to form biofilms, making antibiotic therapy difficult. In addition, it was observed that there were clones of P. mirabilis circulating in the city of Londrina.

Genetic Diversity and Virulence Determinants of Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Patients with Crohn's Disease in Spain and Chile.

Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) strains are genetically variable and virulence factors for AIEC are non-specific. FimH is the most studied pathogenicity-related protein, and there have been few studies on other proteins, such as Serine Protease Autotransporters of Enterobacteriacea (SPATEs). The goal of this study is to characterize E. coli strains isolated from patients with Crohn's disease (CD) in Chile and Spain, and identify genetic differences between strains associated with virulence markers and clonality. We characterized virulence factors and genetic variability by pulse field electrophoresis (PFGE) in 50 E. coli strains isolated from Chilean and Spanish patients with CD, and also determined which of these strains presented an AIEC phenotype. Twenty-six E. coli strains from control patients were also included. PFGE patterns were heterogeneous and we also observed a highly diverse profile of virulence genes among all E. coli strains obtained from patients with CD, including those strains defined as AIEC. Two iron transporter genes chuA, and irp2, were detected in various combinations in 68-84% of CD strains. We found that the most significant individual E. coli genetic marker associated with CD E. coli strains was chuA. In addition, patho-adaptative fimH mutations were absent in some of the highly adherent and invasive strains. The fimH adhesin, the iron transporter irp2, and Class-2 SPATEs did not show a significant association with CD strains. The V27A fimH mutation was detected in the most CD strains. This study highlights the genetic variability of E. coli CD strains from two distinct geographic origins, most of them affiliated with the B2 or D E. coli phylogroups and also reveals that nearly 40% of Chilean and Spanish CD patients are colonized with E.coli with a characteristic AIEC phenotype.

Spread of a Major Clone of Salmonella enterica Serotype Enteritidis in Poultry and in Salmonellosis Outbreaks in Southern Brazil.

Salmonella spp. are among the most important agents of foodborne diseases all over the world. Human Salmonella outbreaks are often associated with the consumption of poultry products (meat and eggs), and one of the most prevalent serotypes associated with these products is Salmonella Enteritidis. Brazil is one of the most important poultry exporters in the world. In southern Brazil, three closely related clones of Salmonella Enteritidis have been responsible for the majority of foodborne Salmonella outbreaks over the past decade. However, until now, there has been little information regarding the clonal relationship among the Brazilian Salmonella strains of avian origin and those involved in foodborne outbreaks. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to complete the molecular characterization of Salmonella Enteritidis strains isolated from poultry and food sources involved in Salmonella outbreaks. PCR ribotyping was performed to discriminate the strains into different ribotype profiles according to the banding pattern amplification. This technique was able to differentiate the Salmonella Enteritidis strains into two banding patterns: R2 and R4. R2 accounted for 98.7% of the strains. DNA sequencing of the 600-bp fragment, present in all ribotypes, was applied to confirm this result. The sequences generated showed high levels of similarity, ranging from 99.7 to 100%, and were grouped into a single cluster. These results suggest that there is a clonal relationship among the Salmonella Enteritidis strains responsible for several salmonellosis outbreaks and the strains collected from poultry sources.

Molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of Listeria monocytogenes isolates from a wide variety of ready-to-eat foods and their relationship to clinical strains from listeriosis outbreaks in Chile.

Listeria monocytogenes is a pathogen transmitted through food that can cause severe infections in high-risk groups such as pregnant women, elderly, young children and immunocompromised individuals. It is a ubiquitous bacterium that can survive in harsh conditions, such as dry environments, at low temperatures, in brine conditions and at low pH values. It also has the capacity to form biofilms, which makes it particularly successful even in colonizing surfaces within food processing plants. This study analyzed the presence of L. monocytogenes in ready-to-eat food (RTE) such as sausage, cheese, fresh salads, and other types of raw food. 850 samples of refrigerated and packaged food collected in 2008 and 2009 were analyzed. It was found that 25% of these samples were contaminated with L. monocytogenes strains. Serotyping and virulence genes detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identified that strains belonging to serotype 4b, and containing one or more genes encoded by pathogenicity island (LIPI-1), were significantly associated with specific food types. Furthermore, using pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), it was possible to associate isolates from cheese with strains from clinical cases of listeriosis outbreaks that occurred during the same time period within the same geographic regions. In addition, a strong correlation was observed between isolates from frozen seafood and from clinical strains obtained from sporadic cases of listeriosis. In agreement with reports described in other countries, our results shown that Chilean strains of L. monocytogenes from food products include the most virulent serotypes, encoding for the main virulence genes of the LIPI-1, and were clonally related to clinical isolates from sporadic cases and outbreaks of listeriosis. In conclusion, we show that Chilean isolates of L. monocytogenes from RTE and raw food products can cause disease in humans, representing a public health risk that justifies permanent surveillance.

Diversidad genética de cepas de Escherichia coli O145: NM/H27 aisladas en la provincia de Buenos Aires / Genetic diversity of Escherichia coli 0145: NM/H27 strains isolated in Buenos Aires province / Diversidade genética de cepas de Escherichia coli 0145: NM/H27 isoladas na provincia de Buenos Aires

Escherichia coli productora de toxina Shiga (STEC), fundamentalmente del serotipo O157:H7, está asociada a la ocurrencia de casos esporádicos y brotes de diarrea sanguinolenta (DS) y síndrome urémico hemolítico (SUH). Otros serotipos STEC como O26:H11, O103:H2, O111:NM, O113:H21 y O145:NM también pueden causar enfermedad severa. En Argentina O157:H7 es el serotipo prevalente siguiéndole en frecuencia O145:NM. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue establecer la diversidad genética y la relación clonal de cepas de E. coli O145:NM/H27 aisladas en diferentes localidades de la provincia de Buenos Aires en el período 2004-2009. A 17 cepas aisladas de casos de SUH (9), DS (5) y de contactos asintomáticos (3) se les realizó PCR para detectar genes stx1, stx2, rfbO157, eae y ehxA y electroforesis en gel en campos pulsados (Xbal-PFGE) para establecer diversidad genética y relación clonal. Todos los aislamientos fueron caracterizados genotípicamente como stx2/eae/ehxA. Por %baI-PFGE se obtuvieron 14 patrones diferentes, identificándose un único Cluster. Mediante la sub-tipificación molecular se conformó la base de datos de E. coli O145:NM/ H27 aislados en la región que permitirá monitorear los perfiles %baI-PFGE a fin de identificar tempranamente la probable ocurrencia de un brote en la población y notificar a las autoridades para aplicar acciones de control.

SHIGA TOXIN-PRODUCING Escherichia coli (STEC), especially the serotype 0157-.H7, is associated with the occurrence of sporadic cases and outbreaks of bloody diarrhea (DS) and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Other STEC serotypes such as 026:H11, 0103:H2, 0111:NM, 0113:H21, and 0145:NM can also cause severe human illness. In Argentina 0157:H7 is prevalent, followed in frequency by serotype 0145:NM. The aim of this study was to determine the genetic diversity and clonal relationship of E. coM 0145:NM/ H27 strains isolated in different locations of the Buenos Aires province, in the period 2004-2009. A total of 17 strains isolated from HUS (9), DS (5) and asymptomatic contacts (3) were characterizea by POR to detect stXj, stx2, rfbO157, eae and ehxA genes, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (Xbal-PFGE) to establish the genetic diversity and the clonal relationship. All isolates were characterized as stx2/eae/ehxA. By Xba/-PFGE, 14 different patterns were established, with a single cluster identified. A regional database of E. coii 0145:NM/H27 was created, which will monitor the /-PFGE profiles of the circulating strains in order to identify the probable occurrence of an outbreak in the community and report to the authorities to implement control measures.

Escherichia coii produtora de toxina Shiga (STEO), especialmente do sorotipo 0157:H7, é associado com a ocorrència de casos esporádicos e surtos de diarreia sanguinolenta (DS) e a síndrome urèmica hemolítica (HUS). 0utros sorotipos STEO como 026H11, 0103H2, 0111NM, 0113H21, e 0145NM também podem causar doengas severas. Na Argentina, é o sorotipo prevalente seguindo em frequència 0145-.NM. 0 objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a diversidade genética e a relagäo clonal de cepas de E. coii 0145:NM/H27 isoladas em diferentes locais da provincia de Buenos Aires, no período 2004-2009. Foi realizado POR em um total de 17 cepas isoladas de casos de HUS (9), DS (5) e de contatos assintomáticos (3) para detectar genes stx1, stx2, rfbO157, eae e ehxA e eletroforese em gel em campos pulsados (Xba/ -PFGE) para estabelecer diversidade genética e a relagäo clonal. Todos os isolamentos foram caracterizados genotipicamente como stx2/eae/ehxA. Por Xba/-PFGE foram obtidos 14 padröes diferentes, identificando um só cluster. Através da subtipificagäo molecular foi conformada a base de dados de E. coii 0145:NM/H27 isolados na regiäo, que irá permitir monitorar os perfis Xba/-PFGE visando identificar precocemente a provável ocorrència de um surto na populagäo e notificar às autoridades para implementar medidas de controle.

Diversidad genética de cepas de Escherichia coli O145:NM/H27 aisladas en la provincia de Buenos Aires / Genetic diversity of Escherichia coli 0145:NM/H27 strains isolated in Buenos Aires province / Diversidade genética de cepas de Escherichia coli 0145:NM/H27 isoladas na provincia de Buenos Aires

Escherichia coli productora de toxina Shiga (STEC), fundamentalmente del serotipo O157:H7, está asociada a la ocurrencia de casos esporádicos y brotes de diarrea sanguinolenta (DS) y síndrome urémico hemolítico (SUH). Otros serotipos STEC como O26:H11, O103:H2, O111:NM, O113:H21 y O145:NM también pueden causar enfermedad severa. En Argentina O157:H7 es el serotipo prevalente siguiéndole en frecuencia O145:NM. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue establecer la diversidad genética y la relación clonal de cepas de E. coli O145:NM/H27 aisladas en diferentes localidades de la provincia de Buenos Aires en el período 2004-2009. A 17 cepas aisladas de casos de SUH (9), DS (5) y de contactos asintomáticos (3) se les realizó PCR para detectar genes stx1, stx2, rfbO157, eae y ehxA y electroforesis en gel en campos pulsados (Xbal-PFGE) para establecer diversidad genética y relación clonal. Todos los aislamientos fueron caracterizados genotípicamente como stx2/eae/ehxA. Por %baI-PFGE se obtuvieron 14 patrones diferentes, identificándose un único Cluster. Mediante la sub-tipificación molecular se conformó la base de datos de E. coli O145:NM/ H27 aislados en la región que permitirá monitorear los perfiles %baI-PFGE a fin de identificar tempranamente la probable ocurrencia de un brote en la población y notificar a las autoridades para aplicar acciones de control.(AU)

SHIGA TOXIN-PRODUCING Escherichia coli (STEC), especially the serotype 0157-.H7, is associated with the occurrence of sporadic cases and outbreaks of bloody diarrhea (DS) and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Other STEC serotypes such as 026:H11, 0103:H2, 0111:NM, 0113:H21, and 0145:NM can also cause severe human illness. In Argentina 0157:H7 is prevalent, followed in frequency by serotype 0145:NM. The aim of this study was to determine the genetic diversity and clonal relationship of E. coM 0145:NM/ H27 strains isolated in different locations of the Buenos Aires province, in the period 2004-2009. A total of 17 strains isolated from HUS (9), DS (5) and asymptomatic contacts (3) were characterizea by POR to detect stXj, stx2, rfbO157, eae and ehxA genes, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (Xbal-PFGE) to establish the genetic diversity and the clonal relationship. All isolates were characterized as stx2/eae/ehxA. By Xba\-PFGE, 14 different patterns were established, with a single cluster identified. A regional database of E. coii 0145:NM/H27 was created, which will monitor the \-PFGE profiles of the circulating strains in order to identify the probable occurrence of an outbreak in the community and report to the authorities to implement control measures.(AU)

Escherichia coii produtora de toxina Shiga (STEO), especialmente do sorotipo 0157:H7, é associado com a ocorrÞncia de casos esporádicos e surtos de diarreia sanguinolenta (DS) e a síndrome urÞmica hemolítica (HUS). 0utros sorotipos STEO como 026H11, 0103H2, 0111NM, 0113H21, e 0145NM também podem causar doengas severas. Na Argentina, é o sorotipo prevalente seguindo em frequÞncia 0145-.NM. 0 objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a diversidade genética e a relagõo clonal de cepas de E. coii 0145:NM/H27 isoladas em diferentes locais da provincia de Buenos Aires, no período 2004-2009. Foi realizado POR em um total de 17 cepas isoladas de casos de HUS (9), DS (5) e de contatos assintomáticos (3) para detectar genes stx1, stx2, rfbO157, eae e ehxA e eletroforese em gel em campos pulsados (Xba\ -PFGE) para estabelecer diversidade genética e a relagõo clonal. Todos os isolamentos foram caracterizados genotipicamente como stx2/eae/ehxA. Por Xba\-PFGE foram obtidos 14 padr÷es diferentes, identificando um só cluster. Através da subtipificagõo molecular foi conformada a base de dados de E. coii 0145:NM/H27 isolados na regiõo, que irá permitir monitorar os perfis Xba\-PFGE visando identificar precocemente a provável ocorrÞncia de um surto na populagõo e notificar Os autoridades para implementar medidas de controle.(AU)