Acute effects of energy drink consumption on microvascular reactivity in young male volunteers at rest: a randomized trial

Energy drinks are nonalcoholic beverages whose main ingredients are sugar, taurine, and caffeine. The consumption of energy drinks is increasing worldwide, but only a few conflicting studies have investigated the vascular effects of energy drinks in young adults. The aim of this study was to evaluate microvascular reactivity before and after energy drinks consumption in young healthy male volunteers. This was a cross-sectional prospective study. Microvascular reactivity signals were evaluated in the skin of the forearm using laser speckle contrast imaging with acetylcholine (ACh) iontophoresis before and 90 and 180 min after the randomized consumption of one ED or the same volume of water (control), followed by a postocclusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) test. Thirty-two volunteers were evaluated (age: 25.4±4.3 years). Energy drink consumption prevented the rest-induced reduction in cutaneous vascular conductance over time that was observed in the control group. In the control group, there were significant reductions in microvascular vasodilation at 90 and 180 min compared to baseline (P=0.004), but this was not the case in the energy drink group (P=0.76). Our results demonstrated that the reduction in microvascular conductance associated with prolonged immobility can be prevented by the consumption of one energy drink, highlighting the vasodilator effects of this beverage in young individuals at rest. The between-study variability in terms of the brand of energy drinks and the ingested volume, as well as the method of vascular evaluation and the inclusion criteria, may explain the discrepancies among previous studies on the vascular effects of energy drinks.

Consumo de bebidas energizantes e insomnio en estudiantes de posgrados en salud no médico- quirúrgicos, Medellín, Colombia / Consumption of Energy Drinks and Insomnia Among NonMedical-Surgical Postgraduate Students in Health, Medellin - Colombia / Consumo de bebidas energéticas e insônia em estudantes de pósgraduação não médico-cirúrgicos, Medellín, Colômbia

Resumen: El sueño es un requerimiento para la salud física y mental. Y quienes no duermen, por tanto, desmejoran su calidad de vida cuando no logran conciliarlo. Las bebidas energizantes son capaces de elevar el nivel de energía y rendimiento mental debido a sus ingredientes como cafeína y otros componentes; sin embargo, podrían generar efectos indeseables como el insomnio. Los estudiantes de posgrado en salud tienen un alto riesgo de insomnio, debido a exigencias académicas, laborales y familiares, por lo que son más propensos al consumo de bebidas energizantes para mantenerse alerta y cumplir con sus obligaciones. Este artículo presenta un estudio analítico de corte transversal, con el fin de evaluar la asociación entre consumo de bebidas energizantes e insomnio, en el que se incluyeron 157 estudiantes de posgrado en salud no médico-quirúrgicos de una universidad de Medellín, Colombia, escogidos con un muestreo aleatorio estratificado según programa académico durante marzo y mayo de 2019. Se analizaron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas, académicas, laborales y hábitos de sueño, así como de consumo y tipo de bebidas energizantes. Se halló insomnio en el 43,9 % de los estudiantes, IC 95 % (36 %-52,1 %), con asociación estadística al consumo de bebida energizante RP 1,68 IC 95 % (1,01-2,83). El consumo de bebidas energizantes y la frecuencia de consumo se asocian a la presencia de insomnio en estudiantes de posgrado en salud no médico-quirúrgicos.

Abstract: Sleep is essential for both physical and mental health; therefore, insomnia impacts the quality of life for those affected. Energy drinks are capable of boosting the energy levels and mental performance due to their ingredients, such as caffeine and other components; however, they could lead to undesirable effects such as insomnia. Graduate students in the field of health are at high risk of insomnia due to academic, occupational, and family demands, making them more likely to consume energy drinks to stay alert and fulfill their obligations. This article presents a cross-sectional analytical study aimed at evaluating the association between the energy drinks consumption and insomnia. The study included 157 postgraduate students in non-medical-surgical health from a university in Medellín, Colombia, chosen through a stratified random sampling based on academic programs during the period from March to May 2019. Variables such as sociodemographic, clinical, academic, occupational factors, sleep habits, energy drinks consumption and types of energy drinks were analyzed. Insomnia was found in 43.9% of the students (95% CI [36% - 52.1%]), showing a statistical association to the energy drink consumption (PR 1.7, 95% CI [1.01 - 2.92]. This suggest that both the frequency and consumption of energy drinks are linked to the presence of insomnia in postgraduate students in non-medical-surgical health.

Resumo: O sono é uma necessidade para a saúde física e mental. Aqueles que nao dormem, portanto, prejudicam sua qualidade de vida quando nao conseguem conciliá-lo. As bebidas energéticas sao capazes de aumentar os níveis de energia e desempenho mental devido a ingredientes como cafeína e outros componentes; no entanto, podem gerar efeitos indesejáveis como a insonia. Os estudantes de pós-graduagao em saúde tém um alto risco de insonia devido a exigencias académicas, profissionais e familiares, tornando-os mais propensos ao consumo de bebidas energéticas para se manterem alertas e cumprirem suas obrigagoes. Este artigo apresenta um estudo analítico transversal com a intengao de avaliar a associagao entre o consumo de bebidas energéticas e insonia. O estudo incluiu 157 estudantes de pós-graduagao em saúde nao médico-cirúrgicos de uma universidade em Medellín, Colombia, selecionados por amostragem aleatória estratificada de acordo com o programa académico durante margo e maio de 2019. Analisaram-se variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas, académicas, profissionais e hábitos de sono, bem como o consumo e o tipo de bebidas energéticas. Foram encontrados casos de insonia em 43,9% dos estudantes, IC 95% (36%-52,1%), com associagao estatisticamente significativa ao consumo de bebida energética RP 1,68, IC 95% (1,01-2,83). O consumo de bebidas energéticas e a frequéncia de consumo estao associados à presenga de insonia em estudantes de pós-graduagao em saúde nao médico-cirúrgicos.

Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped graphene quantum dot-modified electrode for monitoring of multivitamins in energy drinks.

A glassy carbon electrode was modified with nitrogen and sulfur co-doped graphene quantum dots immobilized in chitosan for the monitoring of multivitamins. The graphene quantum dots were synthesized using a simple citric acid/l-cysteine pyrolysis procedure. The co-doping with nitrogen and sulfur in the graphene matrix was confirmed by spectroscopic techniques. Electron microscopy results showed that the synthesized quantum dots had a diameter of 3.4 ± 1.4 nm. Electrochemical techniques showed excellent current responses to vitamin oxidation provided by the modified electrode compared to the bare electrode. The parameters of square wave voltammetry were optimized in order to obtain the best current responses and to study the electrochemical oxidation of vitamins. The calibration plots for vitamins B2, B6 and B12 were constructed in 0.1 mol L-1 sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.0) with limits of detection of 0.30, 30.1 and 0.32 nmol L-1, respectively. Lastly, the modified electrode was effectively implemented in the quantification of vitamins in classic and fruit-based energy drink samples.

Efeitos Agudos da Bebida Energética sobre Parâmetros Autonômicos e Cardiovasculares em Indivíduos com Diferentes Capacidades Cardiorrespiratórias: Um Ensaio Controlado, Randomizado, Crossover e Duplo Cego / Acute Effects of Energy Drink on Autonomic and Cardiovascular Parameters Recovery in Individuals with Different Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Randomized, Crossover, Double-Blind and Placebo-Controlled Trial

Resumo Fundamento Tem-se sugerido que o consumo de bebidas energéticas (BEs) possa afetar a atividade cardiovascular. Objetivos Investigar os efeitos agudos da ingestão de BE sobre a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) recuperação cardiovascular após exercício aeróbico moderado em homens de diferentes capacidades cardiorrespiratórias. Métodos Este é um estudo randomizado, duplo cego, crossover, controlado por placebo. Vinte e oito jovens adultos foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o pico de consumo de oxigênio (pico de VO2): (1) pico de VO2 alto (AO) - pico de VO2 > 52,15 mL/Kg/min, e (2) pico de VO2 baixo (BO) - pico de VO2 <52,15 mL/Kg/min. Os indivíduos de ambos os grupos foram submetidos a dois protocolos de exercícios em ordem aleatória: exercício moderado aeróbico (60% de pico de VO2) após a ingestão de 250 mL de água (protocolo placebo) ou 250 mL de BE (protocolo BE). Durante os testes de exercício, foram registrados valores de parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios e de VFC. Resultados Foram observadas diferenças significativas para o índice de LF (unidades normalizadas) entre "repouso" e "Rec1" nos grupos de AO e BO durante o protocolo BE. Para a razão LF/HF, foram observadas diferenças significativas entre "repouso" e Rec1 nos grupos AO e BO nos protocolos BE. Conclusão A ingestão aguda de BE retardou a recuperação da frequência cardíaca após o exercício em indivíduos com capacidade cardiorrespiratória baixa e indivíduos com capacidade cardiorrespiratória alta.

Abstract Background It has been suggested that the consumption of energy drinks (ED) may affect cardiovascular activity. Objectives to investigate the acute effects of ED intake on heart rate variability (HRV) and cardiovascular recovery after moderate aerobic exercise in males with different cardiorespiratory capacities. Methods This is a randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled study. Twenty-eight young adults were split into two groups according to their peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) values: (1) High VO2 peak (HO) - VO2 peak > 52.15 mL/kg/min, and (2) low VO2 peak (LO) - peak VO2 <52.15 mL/kg/min. Subjects of both groups underwent two exercise protocols in randomized order: moderate aerobic exercise (60% of VO2peak) following the intake of 250 mL of water (placebo protocol) or 250 mL of ED (ED protocol). During the exercise tests, values of cardiorespiratory and HRV parameters were recorded. Results Significant differences were observed for the LF (normalized units) index between rest and Rec1 in HO energy and LO groups during the ED protocol. For the LF/HF ratio, significant differences were seen between rest and Rec1 in HO and LO during ED protocols. Conclusion Acute ED intake delayed heart rate recovery after exercise in subjects with low and high cardiorespiratory fitness.

Síntomas psicóticos y consumo de bebidas energizantes: reporte de caso / Psychotic symptoms and consumption of energy drinks: case report

RESUMEN: El consumo de bebidas energizantes y su rápida expansión ha creado preocupación desde el punto de vista científico y comunitario. Estas son bebidas que contienen cafeína como su principio activo más común. Se presenta el caso de un paciente sin antecedentes psiquiátricos con presentación clínica de síntomas psicóticos tras incremento del consumo de bebidas energizantes. Se realiza una revisión de literatura existente sobre otros casos de aparición de psicosis tras el consumo de estas bebidas en personas sin y con antecedentes psiquiátricos, así como casos en que predomina la presentación de otros síntomas psiquiátricos con la finalidad de discutir el impacto clínico. El consumo de bebidas energizantes podría representar un problema de salud pública mundial debido a los posibles efectos adversos graves y aún poco estudiados en la salud física y mental.

ABSTRACT The consumption of energy drinks and their rapid expansion has created concern from a scientific and community point of view. These are drinks that contain caffeine as their most common active ingredient. We present the case of a patient with no psychiatric history with clinical presentation of psychotic symptoms after increased consumption of energy drinks. A review of existing literature is carried out on other cases of the appearance of psychosis after the consumption of these beverages in people without and with a psychiatric history, as well as cases in which the presentation of other psychiatric symptoms predominates in order to discuss the clinical impact. The consumption of energy drinks could represent a global public health problem due to the possible serious and still little studied adverse effects on physical and mental health.

Risk or benefit? Side effects of caffeine supplementation in sport: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to systematically review evidence on the prevalence and magnitude of side effects associated with caffeine supplementation in athletes. METHODS: Systematic searches through the PubMed, VHL, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. Peer-reviewed articles written in English that reported the prevalence/percentage or magnitude/effect size of side effects after caffeine supplementation in athletes in a sports context were included. Studies were grouped by the dose of caffeine administered as follows: low = ≤ 3.0 mg/kg; moderate = from 3.1 to 6.0 mg/kg; high = ≥ 6.1 mg/kg. The magnitude of the side effects was calculated with effect sizes. RESULTS: The search retrieved 25 studies that met the inclusion/exclusion criteria with a pooled sample of 421 participants. The supplementation with caffeine produced a higher prevalence or magnitude of all side effects under investigation when compared to placebo/control situations. The prevalence (magnitude) was between 6 and 34% (ES between 0.13 and 1.11) for low doses of caffeine, between 0 and 34% (ES between -0.13 and 1.20) for moderate doses of caffeine, and between 8 and 83% (ES between 0.04 and 1.52) with high doses of caffeine. The presence of tachycardia/heart palpitations and the negative effects on sleep onset had the highest prevalence and magnitude, in athletes using supplementation with caffeine. CONCLUSION: In summary, caffeine supplementation in the doses habitually used to enhance physical performance produces several side effects, both after exercise and at least 24 h after the ingestion. However, the prevalence and magnitude of side effects with high doses of caffeine were habitually higher than with low doses of caffeine. From a practical perspective, using ~3.0 mg/kg of caffeine may be the dose of choice to obtain the ergogenic benefits of caffeine with the lowest prevalence and magnitude of side effects.

Energy drink consumption: a rising public health issue.

Energy drink (ED) consumption has become a growing public health issue over the past few decades. Despite claims of being safe and beneficial, EDs have been linked to particularly fatal outcomes associated with the cardiovascular system which include atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, myocardial infarctions, cardiomyopathies, and sudden cardiac death. Large quantities of caffeine, taurine, sugars, and B-vitamins may be contributing to these outcomes by increasing the heart rate, blood pressure (BP), and contractility of the heart in addition to prolonging the QTc. There is still a substantial amount of unknown information on EDs that warrants more research and a dire need for age regulations, transparency of ingredients, clear labeling of adverse effects, and most importantly, education of consumers.

Ethanol combined with energy drinks: Two decades of research in rodents.

Many studies raised concerns on alcoholic beverages consumption mixed with energy drinks (AmED), which can induce higher rates of binge drinking and earlier development of alcohol use disorders. After 20 years of research, few studies with laboratory animals have focused on the effects of this mixture and the neurobiological and pharmacological mechanisms underlying them. We found 16 articles on AmED administration to rodents evaluating its effects on voluntary consumption, locomotion, anxiety-like behavior, memory, influence on the onset time of seizures, biochemical and neurochemical measures. Some of these studies indicated energy drinks (ED) can alter the pattern of use and motivation to consume ethanol (EtOH); increase the expression of sensitization to EtOH stimulant effect and the proportion of sensitized mice; decrease the aversiveness of high concentrations of EtOH, among other effects. In addition AmED hastens the loss of righting reflex and its effects on memory are controversial. After acute administration no difference was found in blood ethanol concentration (BEC) of rodents which received EtOH with or without ED, but after 60 days of treatment, AmED group had lower BEC levels than EtOH group. Data on biochemical and neurochemical parameters after AmED are not consistent. Although the AmED group presented higher glucose levels than the EtOH group when drugs were administered by gavage, this was not observed in a self-administration protocol. AmED may induce higher kidney damage, higher levels of plasma urea, uric acid and creatinine when compared to EtOH. Chronic consumption of AmED causes an inflammatory response and oxidative stress, which may induce cell death in the cortex and hypothalamus of adult rats. These controversial results show that AmED diverse effects depend on sex, age and lineage of the animals, duration of the treatment and route of administration. Further research is necessary to evaluate the mechanisms underlying AmED biological effects.

Consumo de bebidas alcoólicas em binge na adolescência precoce: um estudo transversal / Binge drinking in early adoelscence: a cross-sectional stdudy

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a prevalência do consumo de bebidas alcoólicas em binge na adolescência precoce e sua associação com o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas misturadas com bebidas energéticas, religiosidade e o capital social. Trata- se de um estudo transversal realizado com adolescentes de 10 a 13 anos de idade matriculados em escolas públicas de Belo Horizonte, Brasil. A amostragem foi do tipo aleatória estratificada proporcional por distrito administrativo e por ano letivo. Para selecionar os alunos, foi feito o sorteio das escolas por regional e todos os alunos elegíveis foram convidados a participar. Um total de 650 adolescentes participou do estudo. Os adolescentes preencheram o Teste de Identificação de Transtornos por Uso de Álcool (AUDIT-C), perguntas sobre consumo de bebidas alcoólicas misturadas com bebidas energéticas, consumo de álcool em binge pelos pais e melhor amigo, perguntas sobre a religiosidade e o questionário capital social para adolescentes (QCS-AE). Um formulário referente às questões socioeconômicas foi respondido pelos pais. Foi realizada análise descritiva, regressão logística univariada e múltipla (p <0,05). Os resultados foram apresentados na forma de três artigos. O primeiro artigo abordou a associação entre consumo de bebidas alcoólicas misturadas com bebidas energéticas e o binge drinking, o segundo artigo, a associação entre a religiosidade e o binge drinking e o terceiro artigo a associação entre capital social e binge drinking. A prevalência do binge drinking foi de 13,7%. No modelo ajustado, o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas misturadas com bebidas energéticas (OR: 6,13; IC 95%: 3,81- 11,83; p< 0,001), binge drinking pela mãe (OR: 2,88; IC 95%: 1,59-5,24; p< 0,001), binge drinking pelo melhor amigo (OR: 4,28; IC 95%: 2,35-7,79; p< 0,001) e família não nuclear (OR: 1,89; IC 95%: 1,03- 3,48; p= 0,039) estiveram associadas ao desfecho. A religiosidade não esteve associada ao binge drinking. As covariáveis associadas foram à idade de 12-13 anos (OR: 1,94; IC 95%: 1,06-3,56; p= 0,030), binge drinking pela mãe (OR: 3,07; IC 95%: 1,73-5,46; p < 0,001); binge drinking pelo melhor amigo (OR: 6,01; IC 95%: 3,40-10,62; p< 0,001) e família não nuclear (OR: 1,80; IC 95%: 1,01-3,23; p= 0,045). A alta coesão social na escola (OR: 0,41; IC 95%: 0.20-0.0,83; p=0,024), a alta rede de amigos (OR:1,02; IC 95%: 0.20-0,83; p= 0.013); binge drinking pelo melhor amigo (OR: 6,21; IC 95%: 3,43-11,23; p<0,001); binge drinking pela mãe (OR: 3.26; IC: 1,80-5,89; p<0,001) e a menor escolaridade materna (OR: 2,69; IC 95%: 1,52-4,76; p=0,001) estiveram associadas ao desfecho. Concluiu-se que o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas misturadas com bebidas energéticas, a idade de 12-13 anos, o consumo em binge pela mãe e melhor amigo, a menor escolaridade materna, família não nuclear e a alta rede de amigos foram fatores associados ao binge drinking. A alta coesão na escola foi um possível fator de proteção e a religiosidade não esteve associada ao binge drinking na adolescência precoce.

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of binge drinking in early adolescence and its association with the consumption of alcohol mixed with energy drinks, religiosity and social capital. This is a cross-sectional study carried out with adolescents aged 10 to 13 years old enrolled in public schools in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The random stratified sampling was performed, proportionally by administrative district and by school year. To select students, schools were randomly selected by region and all eligible students were invited to participate. A total of 650 adolescents participated in the study. Adolescents completed the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C), questions about drinking alcohol mixed with energy drinks, binge drinking by parents and best friend, questions about religiosity, and the social capital questionnaire for adolescents (QSC- AE). A form regarding socioeconomic issues was answered by the parents. Descriptive analysis, univariate and multiple logistic regression (p <0.05) were performed. The results were presented in the form of three articles. The first article addressed the association between the consumption of alcoholic beverages mixed with energy drinks and binge drinking, the second article the association between religiosity and binge drinking and the third article the association between social capital and binge drinking. The prevalence of binge drinking was 13.7%. In the adjusted model, consumption of alcohol mixed with energy drinks (OR: 6.13; 95% CI: 3.81-11.83; p< 0.001), binge drinking by the mother (OR: 2.88; CI 95 %: 1.59-5.24; p< 0.001), binge drinking by the best friend (OR: 4.28; 95% CI: 2.35-7.79; p< 0.001) and non-nuclear family (OR: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.03-3.48; p= 0.039) were associated with the outcome. Religiosity was not associated with binge drinking. The associated covariates were age 12-13 years (OR: 1.94; 95% CI: 1.06-3.56; p= 0.030), binge drinking by the mother (OR: 3.07; 95% CI: 1.73-5.46; p < 0.001); binge drinking by best friend (OR: 6.01; 95% CI: 3.40-10.62; p< 0.001) and non-nuclear family (OR: 1.80; 95% CI: 1.01-3.23 ; p=0.045). High social cohesion at school (OR: 0.41; 95% CI: 0.20-0.0.83; p=0.024), high network of friends (OR: 1.02; 95% CI: 0.20-0.83; p=0.013); binge drinking by best friend (OR: 6.21; 95% CI: 3.43-11.23; p<0.001); binge drinking by the mother (OR: 3.26; 95% CI: 1.80-5.89; p<0.001) and lower maternal education (OR: 2.69; 95% CI: 1.52-4.76; p=0.001 ) were associated with the outcome. It was concluded that the consumption of alcohol mixed with energy drinks, the age of 12-13 years, binge drinking by the mother and best friend, lower maternal education, non-nuclear family and high network of friends were factors associated with binge drinking. High school cohesion was a possible protective factor and religiosity was not associated with binge drinking in early adolescence.

Uso de bebidas energizantes y síntomas de insomnio en estudiantes de medicina de una universidad peruana / Use of energy drinks and insomnia symptoms in medical students from a Peruvian university

OBJETIVO: Determinar la asociación entre el consumo de bebidas energizantes y síntomas de insomnio en estudiantes de medicina de una universidad en Lima, Perú. MATERIALES Y MÉTODO: El tipo de estudio realizado es transversal analítico. La población objetivo fueron los estudiantes de medicina de una universidad peruana ubicada en Lima sur de segundo y quinto año. Hubo 289 participantes en el estudio. Se utilizó una encuesta compuesta por un cuestionario sobre el consumo de bebidas energizantes y el Insomnia Severity Index, del cual se determinó un punto de corte de 15 para considerar la presencia de síntomas de insomnio. El análisis multivariado crudo y ajustado se realizó usando la regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta ajustado para sexo, edad, consumo de café, y antecedente de ansiedad y depresión, para obtener el PR (Razón de Prevalencias) con un intervalo de confianza de 95%. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN: La prevalencia de síntomas de insomnio en la muestra estudiada fue de 21,80%, mientras que la de consumo de bebidas energizantes fue de 39,45%. Se encontró asociación significativa (p=0,008) entre el consumo de este tipo de bebidas y la presencia de síntomas de insomnio. Además, se encontró que los estudiantes que consumen bebidas energizantes tuvieron 1,78 veces más probabilidad de presentar síntomas de insomnio (IC95%: 1,13-2,82), en comparación con los que no consumieron bebidas energizantes (p=0,013). CONCLUSIONES: Existe asociación entre el consumo de bebidas energizantes y síntomas de insomnio.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between the consumption of energy drinks and symptoms of insomnia in medical students of a university in Lima, Peru. Materials and METHODS: This study is cross-sectional analytical. The target population was the second-and fifth-year medical students of a private Peruvian university in southern Lima. There were 289 participants in this study. For this study, a survey composed of a questionnaire about the consumption of energy drinks and the Insomnia Severity Index were used, from which a cut-off point of 15 was determined to consider the presence of insomnia symptoms. The multivariate crude and adjusted analysis were done with Poisson regression with robust variance adjusted for sex, age, coffee consumption, previous diagnosis of depression and previous diagnosis of anxiety; to calculate the PR (Prevalence Ratio) with a 95% CI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The prevalence of insomnia symptoms in the sample studied was 21,80%, while the consumption of energy drinks was 39,45%. A significant association was found (p = 0.008) between the consumption of this type of drinks and the presence of insomnia symptoms. In addition, it was found that students who consumed energy drinks were 1,78 times more likely to have symptoms of insomnia (95% CI: 1,13-2,82), compared to those who did not consume energy drinks (p=<0,013). CONCLUSIONS: There is an association between the consumption of energy drinks and symptoms of insomnia.

Bibliometric Analysis of Studies on Coffee/Caffeine and Sport.

This article provides an empirical overview of coffee/caffeine studies in relation to sport worldwide, an incipient but growing relationship that has existed since 1938, although systematized over time since 1999. The extracted articles were examined using a bibliometric approach based on data from 160 records stored in the Web of Science (JCR) between 1938 and August 2021, applying traditional bibliometric laws and using VOSviewer for data and metadata processing. Among the results, these articles highlight an exponential increase in scientific production in the last two decades, with a concentration in only 12 specific journals, the hegemony of the USA among the co-authorship networks of worldwide relevance, and the thematic and temporal segregation of the concepts under study. This article concludes a high fragmentation of the authors with the highest level of scientific production and an evolution of almost 20 years in relevant thematic topics, and a concurrent concentration in three large blocks: (1) coffee consumption and risk factors, (2) health and coffee consumption, and (3) metabolism and sport correlated with the intake of coffee, which are distanced in time, providing evidence of an evolution that gives way to the irruption of alternative visions in the relationship of coffee and caffeine with sport.

Chemometric tools in the optimization of a microwave-assisted digestion procedure for guarana-based drink samples and data analysis from elemental, caffeine, and epicatechin contents.

In this work, a method was developed for the determination of Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, S, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu by ICP OES and caffeine and epicatechin by HPLC-DAD in industrialized guarana-based beverages. The acid digestion in microwave oven was optimized by constrained mixture design. The optimum volumes found for the reagents were 2.60 mL (HNO3), 1.80 mL (H2O2), and 0.60 mL (HCl) for a final volume of 10 mL, resulting in a final digestate with residual acidity of 0.8 mol L-1 and 9% for residual carbon content. The detection limits found for the studied elements were between 0.0010 and 0.050 mg L-1. Precision (%RSD) was always below 6%. Accuracy was assessed by analyzing a certified reference material and addition and recovery tests. PCA and HCA were applied to caffeine, epicatechin and elemental concentrations aiming to evidence latent information.

Efectos del consumo de café sobre la salud / Effects of coffee consumption on health

RESUMEN El café es uno de los productos comerciales más importantes, y el 70-80 % de la población mundial lo consume. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica, con el objetivo de describir los efectos del consumo de café sobre la salud. Para ello, se localizaron y consultaron artículos científicos accesibles en las bases de datos Pubmed y SciELO. Se utilizaron preferentemente artículos originales, revisiones bibliográficas, revisiones sistemáticas, metaanálisis y ensayos clínicos publicados en los últimos cinco años. El consumo de café se ha asociado con un menor riesgo de varias enfermedades crónicas. Las evidencias actuales no justifican recomendar la ingesta de café para la prevención de enfermedades, pero sugieren que en adultos sin problemas de salud específicos, y en mujeres no embarazadas, su consumo moderado puede formar parte de un estilo de vida saludable.

ABSTRACT Coffee is one of the most important commercial products, and 70-80% of the world population consumes it. A bibliographic review was carried out in order to describe the effects of coffee consumption on health. For this, accessible scientific articles were located and consulted in the Pubmed and SciELO databases. Original articles, bibliographic reviews, systematic reviews, meta-analyzes and clinical trials published in the last five years were mainly used. Coffee consumption has been associated with a lower risk of several chronic diseases. Current evidence does not justify recommending coffee intake for disease prevention, but suggests that in adults without specific health problems, and in non-pregnant women, its moderate consumption can be part of a healthy lifestyle.

Representaciones sociales del consumo de bebidas energéticas en estudiantes de enfermería / Social representations of the energy drinks´ consumption in nursing students

Introducción: Las bebidas energéticas o energy drinks son sustancias con alto contenido de cafeína, su efecto estimulante las hace muy populares, sobre todo entre los jóvenes y universitarios, porque les prometen mejorar el rendimiento físico y cognitivo. Sin embargo, el incremento de su consumo puede generar dependencia, efectos tóxicos y letales. Objetivo: Describir las representaciones sociales del consumo de bebidas energéticas en estudiantes del primer semestre de Enfermería de la Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina. Métodos: Investigación de tipo cualitativo, a la luz de las representaciones sociales, con el empleo del método interrogativo. Se desarrolló en tres fases en las que se involucró a la población estudiada y se aplicó la técnica del grupo focal. Se tuvieron en cuenta las consideraciones éticas. Resultados: El núcleo central de la representación social del consumo de bebidas energéticas estuvo asociado a los efectos estimulantes que se generan a nivel del sistema nervioso central: inhibe el cansancio y el sueño y recupera energía. Sin embargo, los estudiantes participantes reconocieron que el abuso en su consumo es peligroso y puede ser letal, sobre todo si se mezcla con alcohol. Conclusiones: Las representaciones sociales del consumo de bebidas energéticas en estudiantes de primer semestre de Enfermería de la Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina, del curso 2017, se relacionan con conocimientos generales, con sus efectos y las motivaciones que tienen los estudiantes para consumirlas, porque les permite vivir la intensa vida universitaria y rendir en todos los contextos, social y laboral, de manera exitosa, aun conociendo sus consecuencias indeseables(AU)

Introduction: Energy drinks are substances with high caffeine content; its stimulating effect makes them very popular, especially among young people and university students, because they promise to improve physical performance and cognitive development. However, the increase in their consumption may generate dependency, toxic and deadly effects. Objective: To describe the social representations of the consumption of energy drinks in students of the first semester of Nursing at the University Foundation of the Andean Area. Methods: Qualitative research, in the light of the social representations, using the questioning method. It was developed in three phases involving the population studied and it was applied the focal group´s technique. There were taken into account the ethical considerations. Results: The core of social representation of energy drinks consumption was associated with the stimulant effects that are generated at the level of the central nervous system: they inhibit the tiredness and sleep and recovers energy. However, the students participating admitted that the abuse in energy drinks´ consumption is dangerous and can be lethal, especially if mixed with alcohol. Conclusions: The social representations of energy drinks´ consumption in first semester students of nursing at the University Foundation of the Andean Area, of the course 2017, are related with general knowledge, with their effects and the motivations that students have to consume them, because they allow them to live the intense university life and to have a good performance in all contexts (social and work ones) successfully, even knowing their undesirable consequences(AU)

Use of Alcohol Mixed with Energy Drinks Increases the Prevalence of Driving Violations among Brazilian Truck Drivers.

Background: The use of alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) has been reported to be associated with a variety of unsafe driving practices. Truck drivers are vulnerable to driving violations, particularly because of their engagement in drug use. The use of AmED among these professionals remains unknown. Aim: To estimate the prevalence of AmED use and its association with driving violations among truck drivers. Methods: 684 drivers were recruited in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The use of drugs was reported. Drivers were split into three groups: (a) alcohol abstainers (AA); (b) alcohol-only users (AO); and (c) users of AmED. Intergroup comparisons were performed by polynomial logistic regression (the reference category was AO). We also performed Poisson regression analysis to obtain the prevalence ratio; the significance level was stipulated at 5%. Results: The prevalence of drivers reporting the use of AmED was 16.8%. Users of AmED (a) were younger, (b) were less experienced drivers, (c) had a heavier pattern of alcohol use, (d) used illicit drugs more frequently, and (e) had poorer sleep quality than AO subjects. A higher prevalence of drivers who had arguments or fights while driving (PR = 1.71) and of drivers who drove unbelted (PR = 1.66) ingested AmED than of AO subjects. Conclusions/importance: The use of AmED increased the prevalence of driving violations beyond the risks commonly attributed to alcohol use. We suggest additional investments in preventative measures based on the beverage category and a revision of the work organization of truck drivers to reduce their health and social risks.

Mineral Composition Evaluation in Energy Drinks Using ICP OES and Chemometric Tools.

This study reports the simultaneous determination of the total concentrations of Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, and Zn in 17  samples of commercial energy drinks through inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and multivariate methods, such as Pearson correlation and principal component analysis (PCA), in order to conduct a more thorough evaluation of the original data. The samples studied were stored in two types of containers (polyethylene terephthalate bottles and aluminum cans) and purchased in the city of Belém (State of Pará, Brazil). The results showed high Na content in energy drinks, followed by K, Ca, and Mg. The accuracy of the optimized method was evaluated with the certified reference materials to assess trace elements in water (NIST 1643e); the resultant recoveries varied from 83 to 105%. Energy drinks stored in cans presented higher levels of aluminum and magnesium, while those bottled in polyethylene terephthalate bottles had a higher K content. There were significant differences between the observed Na concentrations and the values dictated on the drink package. Furthermore, PCA explained 70.38% of the total variance, allowing for an evaluation of the degree of similarity between the energy drinks studied and showing that the main contributions to the formation of groups are related to Fe, Na, Mg, and Zn contents. These results will be used to better understand the distribution of inorganic elements contained in energy drinks.

Efecto agudo de las bebidas energéticas en el rendimiento anaeróbico: un metaanálisis / Acute effect of energy drinks on anaerobic performance: A meta-analysis

Resumen El consumo de bebidas energéticas (BE) ha ido incrementando tanto en estudiantes y personas activas como en deportistas, esto por posible efecto ergogénico. Dichas bebidas contienen, además de calorías, cafeína en combinación con otros ingredientes como taurina, carnitina y vitaminas del complejo B. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto agudo de la ingesta de BE en el rendimiento físico anaeróbico, por medio de la técnica de metaanálisis. La metodología consistió en realizar una búsqueda en cinco bases de datos: PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Springer Link, ProQuest y Science Direct. Se seleccionaron los estudios que cumplieron con los criterios de elegibilidad: experimentales, en los que se midiera el rendimiento anaeróbico y donde se suministrara una BE, realizados en seres humanos, que presentaran la estadística descriptiva y estuviesen publicados en idioma español o inglés. Como resultados se incluyeron 15 estudios que generaron 37 tamaños de efecto (TE) y un total de 253 sujetos (hombres y mujeres; 21,73,7 años). Bajo el modelo de efectos aleatorios y un diseño entre grupos se obtuvo un TE global de 0.123 (p = 0.009; IC95% = 0.01 a 0.23; Q = 19.5; p= 0.98; I2 = 0.00%). No se encontró ninguna relación o diferencia en las variables moderadoras. En conclusión, el TE global indica que hay diferencia significativa entre consumir BE o placebo para pruebas anaeróbicas específicas de saltos.

Abstract The consumption of energy drinks (ED) has been increasing in students, active individuals, and athletes due to their probable ergogenic effect. In addition to calories, energy drinks contain caffeine and other ingredients such as taurine, carnitine, and B-complex vitamins. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of ED consumption on anaerobic performance using a meta-analytic approach. A literature search was conducted on five electronic database searchers: PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Springer Link, ProQuest, and Science Direct. Studies that met the inclusion criteria were selected, i.e: experimental studies that assessed anaerobic performance using EDs as a treatment in humans, reporting descriptive statistics, and published in English or Spanish. 15 studies representing 37 effect sizes (ES) with a total of 253 participants (male and female: 21.73.7 years old) met the inclusion criteria. Using a random-effects model and a between-group design, an overall 0.123 ES was found (p = 0.009; CI95% = 0.01 to 0.23; Q = 19.5; p= 0.98; I2 = 0.00%). No relationship or difference was found in the moderator variables. In general, the overall ES indicated that there is a significant difference between consuming ED or a placebo for specific anaerobic jump tests.

Resumo O consumo de bebidas energéticas (BE) tem aumentado tanto em estudantes e pessoas ativas quanto em esportistas, devido a possíveis efeito ergogênico. Essas bebidas contêm, além de calorias, cafeína e outros ingredientes como taurina, carnitina e vitaminas do complexo B. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito agudo da ingestão de BE no rendimento físico anaeróbico, por meio da técnica de meta-análises. A metodologia consistiu em realizar uma busca em cinco bases de dados: PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Springer Link, ProQuest e Science Direct. Foram selecionados os estudos que cumpriram os critérios de elegibilidade, ou seja, experimentais, nos que fosse medido o rendimento anaeróbico e onde fosse administrada uma BE, realizados em seres humanos, que apresentassem a estadística descritiva e estivessem publicados em espanhol ou inglês. Como resultados foram incluídos 15 estudos que geraram 37 tamanhos do efeito (TE) e um total de 253 sujeitos (homens e mulheres; 21,73,7 anos). Sob o modelo de efeitos aleatórios e um desenho entre grupos obteve-se um TE global de 0,123 (p = 0,009; IC95% = 0,01 a 0,23; Q = 19,5; p= 0,98; I2 = 0,00%). Não foi encontrada nenhuma relação ou diferença nas variáveis moderadoras. Em conclusão, o TE global indica que existe diferença significativa entre consumir BE ou placebo para provas anaeróbicas específicas de saltos.

Prevalencia y patrones de consumo de bebidas energizantes en estudiantes en una universidad colombiana / Prevalence and consumption patterns of energy drinks in students at a Colombian university / Prevalência e padrões de consumo de bebidas energéticas em estudantes, estudo de caso com uma universidade colombiana

Introducción. Las bebidas energizantes son preparaciones con contenido de sustancias estimulantes. En los últimos tiempos, la prevalencia de uso de estas bebidas entre adolescentes y adultos jóvenes ha ido en aumento Objetivo. Describir la prevalencia y los patrones de consumo de bebidas energizantes entre estudiantes universitarios de la Corporación Universitaria Rafael Núñez de Cartagena. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional, descriptivo y de corte transversal. Se utilizó un instrumento previamente validado y sometido a una prueba piloto, para caracterizar la frecuencia y los patrones de consumo de bebidas energizantes en 558 estudiantes de 10 programas profesionales de la Corporación Universitaria Rafael Núñez. Resultados. La prevalencia del consumo de bebidas energizantes fue de 35 %. En los programas de Bacteriología e Instrumentación Quirúrgica se encontró la mayor prevalencia de consumo. Se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre ser consumidor de bebidas energizantes y programa académico (p<0,001) y sexo (p<0,001). La marca de bebida más consumida fue Vive 100® y la principal motivación para el consumo fue el estudio, principalmente en tiempos de exámenes. El efecto indeseable más presentado entre los consumidores fue el aumento de la frecuencia cardiaca. El 100% de la población desconoce el marco legal en Colombia que cubre la producción de estas bebidas. Conclusiones. Existe una prevalencia moderada de consumo de bebidas energizantes con respecto a otros estudios en la población universitaria, con baja frecuencia en la ingestión. Hay poco conocimiento sobre los componentes y efectos que estas bebidas producen. Se presentan prácticas de consumo que aumentan los potenciales riesgos para la salud. Se recomienda a las autoridades universitarias la implementación de estrategias que permitan disminuir los riesgos derivados de los patrones de consumo que aumentan los potenciales efectos adversos de las bebidas energizantes.

Prevalencia y patrones de consumo de bebidas energizantes en estudiantes en una universidad colombianaTorres C, Angulo H, Rocha M, García K, Romero M, Polo M8 | Págs. 7-15 | Número 1 | Volumen 9 | ene. - jun. de 2019 | ISSN 2248-5759 (impresa) | ISSN 2322-9462 (digital) | Rev. salud. bosque.AbstractOverview: Energy drinks have amongst their ingredients stimu-lating substances. Nowadays the prevalence of these drinks amongst teens and young adults have been increasing.Objective: To estimate prevalence and consumption patterns of energy drinks in university students from Cartagena, Colombia Methods: This is an observational, descriptive, cross-section study. A tool previously validated and piloted, aimed at charac-terizing frequency and consumption patterns of energy drinks was administered to 558 students from 10 academic programs from the said university in Cartagena, Colombia.Results: The prevalence of consumption of energy drinks was 35%, being Bacteriology and Surgical Instrumentation the aca-demic programs with higher prevalence. Statistically significant difference was found between a regular consumer of energy drinks and academic program (p<0.001) and, sex (p<0.001). The beverage brand most consumed was Vive 100 and accor-ding to this study, the main reason for consumption was study. The most common undesirable effect amongst consumers was increased heart rate. 100% of the participants of this study are unaware of the regulations and currently in place in Colombia regarding the production of these drinks.Conclusions: There is a moderate prevalence of consumption of energy drinks, compared to other similar studies conducted on the subject. The general population is not knowledgeable about the ingredients or the effects of these drinks. It is recom-mended that university managers implement strategies aimed at decreasing the risks entailed in consumption patterns of energy drinks associated to potentially adverse effects.

Introducao. As bebidas energéticas são preparações com conteúdos de substâncias estimulantes, a prevalência do uso destas bebidas entre adolescentes e jovens tem aumentado.Objetivo. O artigo visa descrever a prevalência e padrões de consumo de bebidas energéticas em estudantes universitários em Cartagena.Materiais e métodos. O estudo é observacional descritivo e de corte transversal. Foi aplicado um instrumento validado e sometido a prova piloto, para caracterizar frequência e padrões de consumo de bebidas energéticas em 558 estudantes de 10 programas de graduação de uma Universidade.Resultados. A prevalência de consumo de bebidas energéticas foi de 35%, apresentando maior prevalência Bacteriologia e Instrumentação Quirurgica. Foi achada uma diferencia estatisticamente significativa entre consumir estas bebidas e o programa acadêmico e sexo. A marca mais consumida foi Vive 100, sendo usada para favorecimento dos estudos na época dos testes. O efeito indesejável mais mencionado foi aumento de frequência cardíaca, todos desconheciam o marco legal as-sociado a estas bebidas na Colômbia.Conclusoes. Existe uma prevalência de consumo de bebidas energéticas moderada e pouco conhecimento dos componentes e efeitos que produzem estas bebidas. Apresentamse praticas de consumo que aumentam potenciais riscos para a saúde e recomenda-se às autoridades universitárias desenvolver estratégias para diminuir riscos associados ao alto consumo destas bebidas.

Consumo de bebidas energizantes en estudiantes universitarios / Consumption of energy drinks in university students

Las bebidas energizantes son productos que se consumen para reducir la sensación de cansancio y favorecer un estado activo, contienen principalmente cafeína, glucosa, glucoronolactona, taurina, guaraná vitaminas B1 (tiamina), vitamina B2 (riboflavina), vitamina B3 (niacina), vitamina B6 (piridoxina). El Objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la frecuencia del consumo de las bebidas energizantes en los estudiantes de la Universidad Mayor Real y Pontificia de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca y describir los posibles efectos adversos. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, transversal, cuantitativo realizado en 367 estudiantes universitarios de las áreas de Salud, Económicas - Financieras, Sociales Humanidades, Tecnológicas y Agrarias. Para la recolección de datos se aplicó la encuesta. Entre los resultados se obtuvo que, del total de estudiantes encuestados, 69,21% si han consumido las bebidas energizantes, con una frecuencia de consumo de 2 a 3 veces por mes (39%), principalmente durante los parciales (18.80%) y después de realizar algún deporte (16.89%). Entre las marcas más consumidas de estas bebidas son red bull (30,25%) y power (14,99%).

Energy drinks are products that are consumed to reduce the feeling of tiredness and promote an active state, mainly contain caffeine, glucose, glucoronolactone, taurine, guarana B1 vitamins (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine). The objective of this research was to determine the frequency of the consumption of energy drinks in the students of the Universidad Mayor Real and Pontificia de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca and describe the possible adverse effects. This is a descriptive, cross-sectional, quantitative study conducted on 367 university students in the areas of health, economic - financial, social - humanities, technological and agricultural. The survey was applied to data collection. Among the results it was obtained that, of the total number of students surveyed, 69.21% if they have consumed the energy drinks, with a frequency of consumption of 2 to 3 times per month (39%), mainly during the partial ones (18.80%) and after performing some sport (16.89%). Among the most consumed brands of these drinks are red bull (30.25%) and power (14.99%).