A novel conservative technique to allow oral opening and overcome rigor mortis during medicolegal autopsy.

This study presents a novel conservative technique to increase oral opening and overcome rigor mortis during medicolegal autopsy (MLA). The method proposes a myotomy of the temporalis and masseter muscles, taking advantage of the incisions of the cranial opening procedures, to achieve a significant oral opening (≥ 30 mm) in fresh cadavers with established rigor mortis without altering facial aesthetics. The study was performed on 48 individuals aged between 18 and 66 years (20 males and 28 females) who were autopsied at the Instituto Nacional de Patología Forense Dr. Sergio Sarita Valdez (Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic). The proposed technique not only allowed the oral access to all autopsied cadavers but also complied with current ethical standards for preserving facial aesthetics, taking into account the concerns of family members by allowing respectful viewing of the cadaver. This advancement not only contributes to the efficiency of oral autopsies but also influences public perception of forensic procedures and highlights the importance of ethical and aesthetic considerations in the context of MLAs. The proposed technique represents a significant step towards more respectful and ethical forensic practices, and offers practical advantages for a more complete and accurate assessment during MLA.

Reconsidering the role of nasolabial angle in premolar extraction decision-making: A case-series study.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of changes in upper incisor inclination and position on the alteration of the nasolabial angle (NLA) in a series of cases involving the extraction of four first premolars. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 41 patients who underwent orthodontic treatment with premolar extractions. The patients were divided into two groups based on their pretreatment NLA values: Group 1 (NLA ≤ 100°) and Group 2 (NLA > 100°). Measurements of NLA, U1.NA and U1-NA were obtained before and after treatment and U1-Ls pretreatment measure was registered. Statistical analyses were performed to compare the differences in NLA, U1.NA and U1-NA between the two groups and to evaluate the influence of these variables added to U1-Ls (T1) on NLA changes. RESULTS: The results showed that Group 1 exhibited significant changes in NLA, while Group 2 did not. However, both groups showed significant changes in U1.NA and U1-NA. In Group 1, 80% of the individuals presented an increase in NLA and 20% no changes. In Group 2, 10% presented a decrease, 57% no changes and 33% an increase in NLA values. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the group factor had a statistically significant influence on NLA variation. Additionally, in Group 2, a negative correlation was observed between changes in U1.NA and NLA. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that individuals with higher pretreatment NLA values tend to maintain their NLA values even after the correction of upper incisor inclination.

Complicaciones Asociadas a la Remoción Estética del Cuerpo Adiposo de la Boca (de Bichat) - Revisión Narrativa / Complications Associated with Aesthetic Removal of the Buccal Adipose Body (Bichat's fat-pad) - Narrative Review

El cuerpo adiposo de la boca (CAB) es un componente adiposo multilobulado bien delimitado, localizado de manera bilateral en la región facial íntimamente relacionado a estructuras nerviosas y vasculares. La remoción de CAB es un procedimiento ampliamente estudiado en el campo de la cirugía maxilofacial, utilizado principalmente para cubrir defectos. Su influencia en la estética facial ha iniciado una popularización de la remoción de la extensión bucal de CAB para obtener un rostro más estilizado, intervención difundida como poco invasiva y sin complicaciones. El objetivo de este estudio fue recopilar y evaluar estudios que reporten y evalúen complicaciones asociadas a la remoción por razones estéticas de CAB. Se revisó la evidencia en las bases de datos Medline vía PubMed, Epistemonikos, Scopus y Google Scholar, utilizando términos predefinidos, seleccionando estudios primarios de reportes de casos. Se incluyeron 7 artículos con un total de 10 pacientes; de estos, ocho pacientes se realizaron este procedimiento en Brasil, uno en Estados Unidos y uno en Chile. La distribución de la población fue de 3:7 entre hombres y mujeres con edad promedio de 35 años y un rango entre los 23 a los 49 años. En relación a las complicaciones reportadas, 100 % de los pacientes presentaron asimetría facial, un 80 % presentó edema facial, 30 % manifestaron sialocele, Trismus 20 %, 40 % presentó hematoma, 20 % compromiso del estado general, 20 % presentaron disfagia, en los casos de hipoestesia, parestesia, absceso, seroma, parálisis facial, odinofagia, fiebre se expresaron en 10 % de la población estudiada. En todos los estudios se describió una reintervención quirúrgica posterior a la remoción estética del cuerpo adiposo de bichat. La escasa literatura y la baja calidad de esta, no permite estimar el porcentaje real de posibles complicaciones, tampoco es posible determinar sus resultados a largo plazo ya que no existe en la evidencia un seguimiento apropiado para estos pacientes.

The buccal adipose body (BAB) is a well- defined multilobulated adipose component, located bilaterally in the facial region, closely related to nervous and vascular structures. BAB removal is a widely studied procedure in the field of maxillofacial surgery, used mainly to cover defects. Its influence on facial aesthetics has started to popularize the removal of the BAB buccal extension to obtain a more stylized face, an intervention widely known as minimally invasive and without complications. The objective of this study was to collect and evaluate studies that report and evaluate complications associated with the removal of BAB for cosmetic reasons. The evidence was reviewed in the Medline databases via PubMed, Epistemonikos, Scopus, and Google Scholar, using predefined terms, selecting primary studies from case reports. 7 articles with a total of 10 patients were included; Of these, eight patients underwent this procedure in Brazil, one in the United States, and one in Chile. The distribution of the population was 3:7 between men and women with an average age of 35 years and a range between 23 to 49 years. In relation to the reported complications, 100 % of the patients presented facial asymmetry, 80 % presented facial edema, 30 % manifested sialocele, trismus 20 %, 40 % presented hematoma, 20 % compromised general state, 20 % presented dysphagia, in the cases of hypoesthesia, paresthesia, abscess, seroma, facial paralysis, odynophagia, fever were expressed in 10 % of the studied population. All the studies described a surgical reintervention after cosmetic removal of the bichat adipose body. The scarce literature and its low quality do not allow estimating the real percentage of possible complications, nor is it possible to determine their long-term results since there is no evidence of appropriate follow-up for these patients.

Association of PDO threads and technologies-Facial treatment protocols.

BACKGROUND: Aging is part of the immutable characteristics of the human being, and the search for treatments to alleviate the undesirable effects of aging is frequent in the dermatological office. AIMS: This work proposes the technique of association of PDO threads with technologies and the description of the facial treatment protocols. METHODS: For contextualization, two case studies of two patients subjected to the procedure are analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: In recent years, there have been marked changes in facial rejuvenation techniques using PDO threads and these have shown satisfactory results for collagen biostimulation. Having technologies in dermatological clinics is a frequent reality, and sometimes, some doctors are in doubt about when to use them associated with PDO wires and in which sequence it should be done, ensuring patient safety and maintaining the integrity of the wires. This article aims to bring clarity about how to use technology and when is the right time. It is also intended to clarify that the PDO wire can be used in conjunction with the microfocused ultrasound technology, since the melting point of the PDO polymer is between 110° and 115°C.

Is deoxycholic acid able to reduce submental fat and increase patient satisfaction when compared to placebo groups? A systematic review.

The accumulation of submental fat (SMF) can negatively impact facial harmony appearance, and one alternative treatment for this condition is the application of deoxycholic acid (DOC). The objective of this systematic review was to answer the following question: "Is DOC able to reduce SMF and increase patient satisfaction when compared to the placebo groups?". Therefore, a detailed search strategy was carried out in 6 scientific databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Lilacs, SciELO, and Web of Science) as primary search sources, while OpenGrey and OpenThesis were also used to capture the "grey literature". Only six studies met all inclusion criteria and were considered in this review analysis. The selected sample included prospective clinical studies published from 2014 to 2018, covering a total sample of 3488 patients, with an average age ranging from 46 to 49.5 years old. All selected articles evaluated the effect of DOC at concentrations of 1 mg/cm² or 2 mg/cm², using saline or placebo as control solutions for the comparative analysis. The application interval was 28 days in all studies analyzed, and the treatment duration ranged from 4 to 6 weeks. In all studies evaluated, there was a reduction in SMF and patient satisfaction with the application of DOC was higher than in the control groups at the end of a 12-week period. Thus, it is possible to conclude that the application of DOC has a positive effect on reducing SMF and improving patient satisfaction concerning their facial appearance.

Estética y patrones craneofaciales en la Ortodoncia / Aesthetics and craniofacial patterns in Orthodontics

RESUMEN La belleza se puede definir como una combinación de cualidades que dan placer a los sentidos o a la mente. En Ortodoncia, la mayoría de los pacientes acuden a consulta para mejorar su estética. Las características faciales y esqueléticas determinan el desarrollo del patrón facial, este puede ser descrito y cuantificado y es resultado del crecimiento. Dicho aspecto, ofrece, además, las bases para el diagnóstico correcto de la anomalía dentomaxilofacial y es un requisito para lograr una estética y una función adecuadas. Se realizó un estudio de los diferentes conceptos de estética y los análisis craneofaciales tomados en cuenta a lo largo de la historia de la Ortodoncia para definir tratamientos y diagnósticos en los pacientes. Si bien existen numerosos estudios que avalan la importancia de estos datos para llegar a la armonía facial, es evidente la ausencia de un acercamiento a la realidad cubana y su diversidad de razas.

ABSTRACT Beauty can be defined as a combination of qualities that give pleasure to the senses or to the mind. In Orthodontics, most patients come for consultation to improve their aesthetics. Facial and skeletal characteristics determine facial pattern development, which can be described and quantified and is the result of growth. It also provides the basis for the correct diagnosis of dentomaxillofacial anomalies and is a prerequisite for adequate function and aesthetics. A study of the different aesthetics concepts and the craniofacial analysis, throughout the history of Orthodontics, was made to define treatments and diagnoses in patients. Although there are numerous studies that endorse the importance of these data to achieve facial harmony, it is evident that there is no an approach to the Cuban reality and its racial diversity.

Submalar fat pad removal for esthetic purposes: A systematic approach.

OBJECTIVE: Submalar fat pad removal for esthetic purposes has been performed as a routine in the last decades. However, several factors have not been properly analyzed and studied. In order to address this problem, the purpose of this study is to describe clinical parameters to be taken into account when analyzing potential patients as well as a systematic approach during the pre, intra and postoperative stages. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients complaining of cheek fullness were evaluated to determine if they were good candidates for the procedure. Eligible patients underwent the same patient selection criteria and pre, intra and post-surgical protocol. RESULTS: A total of 44 patients were selected. 40 females and 4 males, with a mean age of 25.4 years. The bilaterally excised buccal fat pads had an average weight of 4.3 gs. There was only 1 complication (unilateral emphysema), during the immediate postoperative phase. CONCLUSIONS: Submalar fat pad removal is an effective technique for refining the facial silhouette that should be reserved only for patients with increased buccal fat pad volume or its pseudoherniation. Performing the surgery following the protocol established in our study can allow the surgeon to achieve more reliable intra and postoperative outcomes.

Epidermal Growth Factor in Aesthetics and Regenerative Medicine: Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION: Epidermal Growth Factor (rhEGF) is a promising skin antiaging agent that successfully promotes skin wound repair, and it has been investigated in the past decade for these purposes. However, there are no updated systematic reviews, in English or English, that support the efficacy of rhEGF as a regenerative skin treatment or systematic reviews that compile the uses of rhEGF as facial aesthetic therapy and regenerative medicine. AIM: To describe the current state of facial aesthetic and regenerative medicine treatments in which rhEGF has been effectively used. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An exhaustive search was carried out in "Medline" (via "PubMed"), "Cochrane," "Bireme" through the Virtual Health Library (VHL), "Elsevier" via "Science Direct," "Springer," "SciELo," "ResearchGate," and Google Scholar. Studies related to the use of rhEGF in addressing skin disorders or skin aging are included. RESULTS: Overall, 49 articles were found, which described the use of rhEGF for skin regeneration and restructuring. Efficacy in the regeneration of skin wounds was verified through the intradermal and topical application of formulations with rhEGF. Most clinical trials in aesthetics point to an effective inversion of skin aging. However, uncontrolled or randomized trials abound, so that does not represent enough evidence to establish its efficiency. There are transient adverse effects for both cases. CONCLUSION: The rhEGF considers an effective therapeutic alternative for patients with recalcitrant skin wounds and skin aging, as it is a potent and specific mitogenic factor for the skin.

Colgajos Locales en Reconstrucción Facial. Alternativas de Tratamiento / Local Flaps in Facial Reconstruction. Treatment Alternatives

Los defectos faciales de piel son frecuentemente secuelas producto de carcinomas basoceulares, carcinomas espinocelulares, melanomas, grandes tumores benignos o traumatismos de tejidos blandos. Las unidades y subunidades estéticas de la cara, la textura y color de la piel, junto a otros parámetros deben ser considerados durante la planificación de la reconstrucción mediante colgajos locales. El objetivo de este artículo de revisión bibliográfica fue describir y definir las técnicas más relevantes en los de colgajos locales aplicados en la reconstrucción facial y sus algoritmos actuales, en relación con la unidad o subunidad facial involucrada; sus consideraciones estéticas y cirugía complementaria. Las unidades y subunidades estéticas de la cara se dividen en regiones de la frente, párpados, mejillas, nariz, labios y mentón. Los colgajos de rotación, en isla, de avance y transposición son la base para la mayoría de los colgajos faciales; los más conocidos según la zona donante son: el colgajo frontal, colgajo de rotación y avance de mejilla; colgajo cérvico-facial, y colgajos nasolabiales, entre otros. La elección del colgajo depende de la zona y la unidad estética facial involucrada, siendo importante elegir y usar las líneas, los surcos y márgenes de estas unidades cuando sea posible con el fin de mejorar los resultados estéticos y reducir la posibilidad de secuelas. La cirugía complementaria y los procedimientos estéticos pueden lograr un buen camuflaje de algunas complicaciones estéticas o secuelas.

Skin face defects are frequently sequels of basal cell carcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, melanomas, and large benign tumors or soft tissue trauma. Aesthetics units and subunits of the face, texture, color, and other parameters must be considered in the local flaps reconstructive planning. This review article aims to describe and define the most relevant techniques of facial local flaps in facial reconstruction and their current algorithms, regarding the unit or subunit, involve, their aesthetics considerations and complementary surgery. The aesthetics units and subunits of the face are divided into forehead, eyelids, cheek, nasal, lips, and chin. There are several well-known concepts and flaps used in these proceedings as rotation, island, advancement, and transposition flaps, and they are the basis for facial local flaps; The most relevant are: forehead flap, cheek advancement, and rotate flap; rhomboid, cervicofacial and bilobed flap, nasolabial flaps. The flap election depends on the zone and unit involve; it is important to choose the lines, sulcus, and borders of these units when is possible to enhance these aesthetics outcomes. These concerning improve the aesthetics outcomes and reduce the aesthetics sequels. Complementary surgery and aesthetics proceedings may accomplish a good camouflage of some aesthetics complications or sequels.

Principales factores de riesgo relacionados con el abandono del tratamiento ortodóncico por escolares, adolescentes y adultos jóvenes / Main risk factors related to the orthodontics treatment cessation for school children, adolescents and young adults

Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico analítico, de casos y controles, para identificar los principales factores asociados al abandono del tratamiento ortodóncico en el Servicio de Ortodoncia de la Clínica Estomatológica Provincial Docente "Mártires del Moncada" de Santiago de Cuba, en el período comprendido desde septiembre de 2010 hasta julio de 2013. Para ello se crearon 2 grupos: el de los casos, integrado por 193 pacientes de uno u otro sexo, que habiendo iniciado el tratamiento ortodóncico en 2008 por presentar maloclusiones, lo abandonaron en 2010; y el de los controles, conformado por 193 que lo comenzaron también en 2008, pero lo finalizaron en 2010 o 2011. Entre las variables utilizadas figuraron: edad, sexo, escolaridad y consultas no asistidas. Se obtuvo un predominio de los varones (55,4 %), del abandono del tratamiento por los escolares (72,0 %), del menor nivel de escolaridad (88,6 %) y de la asistencia a menos de 6 consultas (54,9 %).

An analytic epidemiological, of cases and controls study, to identify the main factors associated to the orthodontics treatment cessation in the Orthodontics Service of "Martires del Moncada" Teaching Provincial Stomatological Clinic in Santiago de Cuba, was carried out from September, 2010 to July, 2013. Two groups were formed: the cases, integrated by 193 patients from both sexes that began the orthodontics treatment in 2008 due to malocclusions, and quit it in 2010; and the controls group, conformed by 193 that also began in 2008, but they concluded it in 2010 or 2011. Among the used variables there were: age, sex, school level and missed visits. A prevalence of males (55.4 %), school children treatment cessation (72.0 %), the lowest school level (88.6 %) and the attendance to less than 6 visits (54.9 %) was obtained.

Recuperación de la autoestima en una adulta mayor rehabilitada con prótesis dental / Recovery of self-esteem in a female elderly rehabilitated with dentures

Se describe el caso clínico de una paciente de 67 años de edad, asistida en la Clínica Estomatológica del Policlínico Docente "Camilo Torres Restrepo" de Santiago de Cuba, quien había portado, por más de 10 años, prótesis superior acrílica desajustada, y además refería haber disminuido de peso corporal por la presencia de importantes dificultades masticatorias y dolor ocasional en las articulaciones temporomandibulares; asimismo, la afectada mostraba inconformidad con su estética facial. Todo lo anterior había dañado su autoestima y, consecuentemente, le producía limitaciones sociales en los planos laboral y personal. La paciente fue rehabilitada con prótesis total superior acrílica y parcial inferior acrílica, con lo cual mejoraron su estética y la función masticatoria. Fue remitida a consulta de Fisioterapia para completar el tratamiento del trastorno articular.

The case report of a 67 years patient is described, attended in the Stomatological Clinic from "Camilo Torres Restrepo" Teaching Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba who had wore maladjusted acrylic upper denture for more than 10 years, and besides she referred to have lost of body weight due to important masticatory difficulties and occasional pain in the temporomandibular joints; likewise, the patient showed disagreement with her facial aesthetics. All the above-mentioned facts had damaged her self-esteem and, consequently, she showed social limitations in the working and personal fields. The patient was rehabilitated with upper total acrylic and partial lower acrylic prosthesis, with which her aesthetics and the masticatory function improved. She was referred to the Physiotherapy department to complete the treatment of the joint dysfunction.

Análisis facial, dentario y radiográfico de la normalidad facial: estudio piloto en 29 mujeres / Facial, dental and radiographic analyses of facial normality: a pilot study in 29 women

La estética y armonía facial se relacionan de forma directa con la percepción y autoestima de los individuos; muchas veces se generan deseos de cambios estéticos por medio de cirugías para obtener una valoración positiva de sí mismo. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la relación entre la percepción, autoestima y deseo de cambio estético; y puntos antropométricos, cefalométricos y maloclusiones de un grupo de mujeres. Se escogieron 29 mujeres chilenas, entre 20 y 25 años de edad, en las cuales se realizó una encuesta sobre la autoestima, autopercepción de normalidad facial, deseo de cambio estético y cambio de autoestima posterior a una cirugía, éstas se asociaron a través de un análisis de chi2, regresión logística de multivariado y ANOVA, con las distancias entre puntoantropométricos objetivos basados en estudios de Farkas y entre puntos cefalométricos basados en Epker y Fish; y entre ellas a través de un análisis. La normalidad facial se ve afectada principalmente por clases caninas derecha (p=0,02) e izquierda (p=0,015) y molares derecha (p=0,015) e izquierda (p=0,04); y además el apiñamiento dentario (p=0,012). Mientras el aumento en la distancia de exocantios (p=0,04), bases alares (p=0,03), proporción glabela subnasal y subnasal mentón (p=0,02) se asocian a una percepción de anormalidad. La autoestima puede variar de forma positiva posterior a un cambio estético, a través de cirugía o tratamiento de ortodoncia. Los parámetros dentomaxilares y craneofaciales son determinantes en la percepción de normalidad estética de estas mujeres, siendo los relacionados con nariz y altura facial los de mayor influencia en este estudio. Son necesarios futuros estudios para evaluar autoestima, autopercepción de normalidad facial y proporciones estéticas.

Aesthetics and facial harmony are directly related to self-esteem and perception individuals have of themselves. There is often a desire to make overall aesthetic changes through surgery in order to get a positive assessment of oneself. The aim of this study was to research the relationship between perception, self-esteem and desire for change; and points aesthetic anthropometric and cephalometric points, as well as malocclusions in a group of women. Twenty nine (29)Chilean women between 20 and 25 years of age were chosen, taking part in a survey on self-esteem, self-perception of facial normalcy, the desire for aesthetic change, and changes of self-esteem following surgery. These were subsequently associated through Chi2 analysis, logistic multi variant regression and ANOVA, with distances between objective anthropometric marks based on Farkas research, and between cephalometric points based in Epker and Fish study. Facial normalcy seems mainly affected by right canine class (p=0.02), and left (p=0.015); right molar class (p=0.015) and left (p=0.04), as well as dental crowding (p=0.012). While greater exocanthion distance (p=0.04), alar base (p=0.03), subnasal glabella and subnasal menton ratios (p=0.02), are related to a perception of abnormality. Self esteem perception can vary in positive ways following an aesthetic change through surgery or orthodontic treatment. Dental, maxillary and craniofacial parameters are determinants of the aesthetic normalcy perception of these women, with nose and facial height having the most influence in this study. Further research is necessary to evaluate self- esteem and self perception of facial normalcy, as well as aesthetic ratios.

Reconhecendo as deformidades dentofaciais: um enfoque para o ortodontista – parte I / Recognizing dental-facial deformities: an approach for the orthodontist – part I

As deformidades dentofaciais afetam aproximadamente 20% da população nos EUA, com variados graus de comprometimento funcional e estético. No Brasil, não existem dados tão específicos, mas sim estatísticas de maloclusões concentradas em determinadas regiões. Os pacientes com deformidades dentofaciais podem se beneficiar através do tratamento corretivo interdisciplinar. Porém, alguns profissionais que trabalham com a Ortodontia desprezam a deformidade dentofacial, focando o tratamento somente no alinhamento e nivelamento dentários, mesmo que para muitos pacientes, a(s) deformidade(s) da(s) arcada(s) possa(m) ser significativamente pior(es) do que a própria maloclusão. Esse assunto sobre deformidades dentofaciais será dividido em dois artigos: parte I tem por ideal ajudar o profissional da Ortodontia a mais facilmente identificar os pacientes com essas deformidades e melhor entender os possíveis métodos de tratamento, a fim de otimizar os resultados funcionais e estéticos de seus pacientes. O artigo parte II exemplifica e ilustra o tema através apresentação de 3 casos tratados através da Ortodontia e Ciurgia Ortognática.

Dental-facial deformities affect approximately 20% of the USA population, with varying degrees of functional and aesthetic compromise. In Brazil, there are no specific data but only some statistics by certain regions showing some varied levels of malocclusions. Patients with dentofacial deformities can often benefit from interdisciplinary corrective treatment. However, some professionals working with orthodontics overlook the facial deformity, focusing mainly on the dental alignment, even though for many patients, the jaw deformity may be significantly worse than the malocclusion they have. This issue about dentofacial deformities will be divided into two articles: part I has the aim of helping the orthodontist more easily identify patients with dentofacial deformities and better understand the possible methods of treatment to optimize their functional and aesthetic outcomes. The article part II exemplifies and illustrate the theme with 3 cases treated by orthodontics and orthognatic surgery.

Reconhecendo as deformidades dentofaciais: um enfoque para o ortodontista – parte II / Recognizing dental-facial deformities: an approach for the orthodontist – part II

O ortodontista tem um papel importante na vida de seus pacientes portadores de deformidades dentofaciais, através da identificação dessas deformidades. Trabalhando com um cirurgião bucomaxilofacial treinado em cirurgia ortognática, será possível completar uma avaliação pormenorizada, propor um plano de tratamento adequado e realizar o tratamento ortodôntico e cirúrgico necessários. Para o bem estar do paciente, é muito importante que o cirurgião possua o conhecimento, a destreza e experiência para ofertar um resultado de alta qualidade. Através dessa conduta, os pacientes se beneficiarão de uma função e estética melhoradas, aumentando suas oportunidades no trabalho e na vida em geral. Alcançando resultados de alta qualidade, o ortodontista será favorecido pelo aumento na referência de pacientes. É evidente que resultados com qualidade darão ao ortodontista a sensação de dever cumprido e autossatisfação. Este segundo artigo tem por finalidade de ilustrar o que foi apresentado e discutido na parte I do artigo prévio, mostrando três casos de deformidades dentofaciais que necessitaram do tratamento ortodôntico associado à cirurgia ortognática. Fotos pré e pós tratamentos são mostradas para comparação.

The orthodontist can play a significant role in the lives of their patients with dentofacial deformities, by identifying the presence of the deformities. Working with an oral and maxillofacial surgeon trained in orthognathic surgery it will be possible to complete a comprehensive evaluation, propose na adequate treatment plan, and perform the necessary orthodontics and surgery. For the welfare of the patients, it is important that the surgeon possesses the knowledge, ability, and experience to provide high quality outcomes. With this approach, the patients benefit by having improved function and esthetics, thus enhancing their opportunities in the work place and in life. Achieving high quality results benefits the orthodontist, because patient satisfaction is high, patient referrals increase, and provides the orthodontist the feeling of accomplishment and self-satisfaction. This second paper of a series of two has the intention to exemplify what was presented and discussed on the previous one, showing three cases of dentofacial deformities that needed orthodontic treatment associated with orthognathic surgery. Pre- and post-operative photos are presented to illustrate the facial and occlussion outcomes.