Forced displacement and the health workforce crisis: Venezuelan healthcare workers in Peru.

The migration of health workforces tends to be economically based benefiting high-income countries, while draining lower-income countries of workers and skills However, national instability or civil conflict may also have the effect of forcing out health workers. However, few articles focus on the experiences of these types of migrants. Peru has become the second largest Latin American destination for Venezuelan forced displaced migrants, a number of which are health workers. While the exact numbers of these workers is unknown, it is estimated that 4000 and 3000 doctors and about 2500 nurses and health technicians from Venezuela reside in Peru. These workers find entry into the heath system difficult due to bureaucratic and costly registration and qualification validation procedures. However, during Covid-19 these conditions were relaxed, and a large number of these heath workers entered the heath workforce. These workers were primarily doctors and worked in urban medical facilities, though there was some distribution across the country's departments. This avenue to the health workforce allowed the mobilisation of dormant health skills and lifted workforce density numbers. Nonetheless, it is too early to see if there have been sustainable improvements, and it remains uncertain how these policies have contributed to the country's UHC goals. Peru's experiences raise the issue of how to mobilise dormant displaced health worker migrants.

Beyond the drug war: violence, forced displacement, and shale gas in northeastern Mexico (2000-2020).

This article presents the results of an investigation about forced displacement in Mexico's northeastern region-bordering the United States-where many municipalities have been affected by violence and depopulation in the past two decades (2000-2020), in the context of a so-called "drug war." From a critical perspective, the study is based on a quantitative methodology using spatial and statistical analysis to try to link forced displacement-caused by criminal violence-and the presence of important hydrocarbon deposits in the region. The main finding is that the most affected municipalities by violence are located precisely in the Burgos Basin area, which has the largest shale gas reserves in the country. The evidence gathered suggests that forced displacement in these municipalities may respond to a strategic development logic where criminal violence operates for ends that transcend it and are geopolitical in nature. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10611-023-10095-w.

Implementing psychosocial support models in contexts of extreme adversity: lessons from a process evaluation in Colombia.

Introduction: High quality investments during early childhood allow children to achieve their full potential by setting developmental foundations. However, challenges in the scale-up of evidence-based interventions make across-the-board implementation a non-trivial matter. Moreover, extreme contextual conditions -such as community violence, forced displacement, and poverty- impose a double threat. First, by directly affecting early childhood development (ECD), forced displacement and exposure to violence during early childhood, coupled with deficits in nurturing relationships, can trigger toxic stress, affecting children's mental health and social and emotional learning. Second, contexts of extreme adversity exacerbate common implementation pitfalls in the scale-up of interventions. Recognizing and documenting "what it takes" to successfully implement "what works" can contribute to the expansion and effectiveness of evidence-based programs that promote ECD in these settings. Semillas de Apego (SA, onward), a community-based psychosocial support model for caregivers, materialized as a strategy to promote ECD in communities affected by violence and forced displacement. Methods: This article presents the results of the process evaluation of SA during the 2018-2019 implementation in Tumaco, a violence ridden municipality in the south-west border of Colombia, South America. In this phase, the program reached 714 families, 82% direct victims of violence and 57% were internally displaced. The process evaluation combined qualitative and quantitative methodological approaches to produce evidence of factors that promoted implementation quality. Results: Findings identified salient components of the program that promoted the program's acceptability, adoption, appropriateness, fidelity and sustainability: a rigorous cultural adaptation; well-structured team selection and training methodologies; and a team support and supervision protocol to provide continuous capacity building and prevent burn-out and other occupational hazards common among professionals in mental health and psychosocial support interventions. The statistical analysis using monitoring data identified key predictors of the dosage delivered (a measure of fidelity). Evidence suggests that initial attendance to the program and observable characteristics -such as educational attainment, violence victimization and employment status-predict a successful compliance (in terms of dosage to benefit from the program). Discussion: This study provides evidence for the development of structural, organizational, and procedural processes for the adoption, appropriate adaptation, and high-fidelity delivery of psychosocial support models delivered in territories affected by extreme adversity.

Violências relatadas por solicitantes de refúgio atendidos na Cáritas Arquidiocesana do Rio de Janeiro de 2010 a 2017 / Violence reported by asylum seekers assisted by the Archdiocesan Caritas of Rio de Janeiro from 2010 to 2017 / Violencias relatadas por solicitantes de asilo asistidos por la Cáritas Arquidiocesana de Río de Janeiro desde 2010 hasta 2017

Resumo Estima-se que no mundo, atualmente, haja 89,3 milhões de pessoas em deslocamentos forçados, incluindo 27,1 milhões de refugiados. Entre as razões para essas migrações forçadas estão a tortura e outras formas de violência, embora a prevalência de violências antes e durante a migração ainda seja pouco conhecida. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a prevalência e alguns fatores associados às violências relatadas por solicitantes de refúgio no Rio de Janeiro. Foram coletados dados preenchidos nos formulários de solicitação de refúgio do Comitê Nacional para Refugiados de 2010 a 2017 e em entrevistas adicionais conduzidas na Cáritas Arquiocesana-RJ. Foram incluídos 1.546 solicitantes de refúgio com idade mediana de 30 anos (faixa 15-72 anos), dos quais 65% eram homens. Um terço informou ter sofrido violência antes de chegar ao Brasil, com chances de violência relatada entre 20 e 40 vezes maiores entre migrantes oriundos de Paquistão, Congo, Colômbia, República Democrática do Congo e Guiné. Violência física/tortura, ameaça e violência psicológica foram as mais frequentes (relatadas por 10%, 7% e 6% da população estudada, respectivamente). Entre as mulheres, a violência sexual foi a modalidade mais frequente (9%). Conclui-se que a história de violência entre os solicitantes de refúgio no Brasil é frequente, em particular para alguns grupos nacionais, aspecto a ser considerado no acolhimento e na prestação de serviços a essa população em situação de extrema vulnerabilidade.

Abstract Currently, the world has 89.3 million forcibly displaced people, including 27.1 million refugees. Among the reasons for displacement are torture and other forms of violence, but the real prevalence of violence before and during migration is poorly reported. The aim of this study is to analyze the prevalence of reported violence among asylum seekers in Rio de Janeiro and its associated factors. We collected secondary data from individuals who filled out the National Committee for Refugees' asylum application forms from 2010 to 2017 and responded to the social interview at Cáritas-RJ. We included 1,546 asylum seekers with a mean age of 30 (range 15-72), 65% of whom were men. One third reported experiencing violence before arriving in Brazil. Chances of experiencing violence were 20 to 40 times higher among refugees arriving from Pakistan, Congo, Colombia, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Guinea. Physical violence/torture and psychological threats were the most frequent forms (10%, 7% and 6% of the population, respectively). Among women, sexual violence was the most frequent form of violence (9% of women). We conclude that asylum seekers in Brazil frequently suffered violence before their arrival, particularly some groups. This needs to be addressed when providing services to this extremely vulnerable population.

Resumen Actualmente, hay en el mundo 89,3 millones de personas desplazadas por la fuerza, incluidos 27,1 millones de refugiados. Entre las razones de desplazamiento forzado están la tortura y otras formas de violencia, pero la prevalencia real de la violencia antes y durante la migración ha sido poco estudiada. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la prevalencia de violencia reportada entre los solicitantes de asilo en Río de Janeiro y los factores asociados a esta. Recolectamos datos secundarios de personas que completaron los formularios de solicitud de asilo del Comité Nacional para Refugiados desde 2010 hasta 2017 y de entrevistas adicionales en Cáritas RJ. Incluimos a 1546 solicitantes de asilo con una edad media de 30 (15-72) años, de los cuales 65 % eran hombres. Un tercio informó haber experimentado violencia antes de llegar a Brasil, con posibilidades de violencia de entre 20 a 40 veces mayores para entre migrantes oriundos de Pakistán, Congo, Colombia, República Democrática del Congo y Guinea. Violencia/tortura física, amenazas y violencia psicológica son las formas más frecuentes (10 %, 7 % y 6 % respectivamente) relatadas. Entre las mujeres, la más frecuente fue la violencia sexual (9 % de los relatos). Concluimos que la historia de violencia entre los solicitantes de asilo en Brasil es frecuente, sobre todo en algunos grupos nacionales en particular, aspecto que se debe considerar al prestarle servicios a esta población extremadamente vulnerada.

Social support networks and life cycle stage of Venezuelan immigrant families / Redes de apoyo social y fase del ciclo de vida de familias inmigrantes venezolanas / Redes de apoio social e fase do ciclo vital de famílias imigrantes venezuelanas

ABSTRACT Objective: To understand the structures of social networks of interiorized Venezuelan immigrant families and the life cycle stage they are in. Methods: Qualitative multiple-case study with families from the Interiorization Program residing in the Greater Florianópolis, Brazil. Screening occurred through social networks and key informants. For data collection, the photovoice technique and semi-structured interviews were used, categorized with the help of the Atlas.ti software. Genograms and ecomaps were elaborated. Results: Of the 4 families interviewed, totaling 7 members with young children, the nuclear family was identified as the main informal support network. Formal networks included schools, churches, and civil society. Conclusion: Families rely heavily on their nuclear structure for support, with formal institutions acting as secondary resources. The predominant life cycle stage is focused on families with young children. More efforts are needed to strengthen formal support networks.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Comprender las estructuras de las redes sociales de familias inmigrantes venezolanas interiorizadas y la fase del ciclo de vida en la que se encuentran. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo de múltiples casos con familias del Programa de Interiorización residentes en la Gran Florianópolis, Brasil. La selección se realizó a través de redes sociales e informantes clave. Para la recopilación de datos, se utilizó la técnica de fotovoz y entrevistas semiestructuradas, categorizadas con la ayuda del software Atlas.ti. Se elaboraron genogramas y ecomapas. Resultados: De las 4 familias entrevistadas, totalizando 7 miembros con hijos pequeños, se identificó a la familia nuclear como principal red de apoyo informal. Las redes formales incluyeron escuelas, iglesias y sociedad civil. Conclusiones: Las familias dependen en gran medida de su estructura nuclear para el apoyo, con las instituciones formales actuando como recursos secundarios. La fase predominante del ciclo de vida se centra en familias con hijos pequeños. Se requieren más esfuerzos para fortalecer las redes de apoyo formales.

RESUMO Objetivo: Compreender as estruturas das redes sociais de famílias imigrantes venezuelanas interiorizadas e a fase do ciclo vital em que se encontram. Métodos: Estudo qualitativo de múltiplos casos com famílias do Programa de Interiorização residentes na Grande Florianópolis, Brasil. A triagem ocorreu por meio de redes sociais e informantes-chave. Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se a técnica de photovoice e entrevistas semiestruturadas, categorizadas com a ajuda do software Atlas.ti. Foram elaborados genogramas e ecomapas. Resultados: Das 4 famílias entrevistadas, totalizando 7 membros com filhos pequenos, identificou-se a família nuclear como principal rede de apoio informal. As redes formais incluíram escolas, igrejas e sociedade civil. Considerações finais: As famílias dependem fortemente de sua estrutura nuclear para apoio, com instituições formais atuando como recursos secundários. A fase do ciclo vital predominante está focada em famílias com filhos pequenos. Mais esforços são necessários para fortalecer as redes de apoio formais.

En el limbo de la espera permanente. Representaciones sociales en torno a reparación y verdad en mujeres desplazadas por el conflicto armado colombiano: caso granizal y turbo - (Antioquia) / In the Limbo of Permanent Waiting. Social Representations around Reparation and Truth in Women Displaced by the Colombian Armed Conflict: Granizal and Turbo Case, Antioquia

Resumen Este texto pretende identificar y comprender las representaciones sociales de mujeres desplazadas por causa del conflicto armado colombiano de la vereda Granizal y el municipio de Turbo (Antioquia) en torno a procesos transicionales en escenarios de posacuerdo en Colombia. La metodología se construyó a partir del enfoque fenomenológico-hermenéutico a través de entrevistas en profundidad y semiestructuradas. Los resultados de esta investigación demuestran que, ante el impacto y consecuencias del desplazamiento forzado, las mujeres han construido formas individuales y colectivas de afrontamiento y resistencia para la reconstrucción de sus vidas, siendo los procesos y acciones transicionales del Estado ineficientes para garantizar el acceso a sus derechos, por lo que diariamente afrontan condiciones de exclusión, pobreza y violencia, que les permite afirmar que el discurso transicional del Estado Colombiano puede ser banal y mentiroso.

Abstract This text aims to identify and to understand the social representations of women displaced by the Colombian armed conflict in the village of Granizal and the Municipality of Turbo, Antioquia, regarding transitional processes in post-agreement scenarios in Colombia. The methodology was based on the phenomenological-hermeneutic approach through in-depth and semi-structured interviews. The results of this research show that faced with the impact and consequences of forced displacement, women have built individual and collective forms of coping and resistance for the reconstruction of their lives, being the transitional processes and actions of the State inefficient to guarantee access to their rights. Hence, they daily face conditions of exclusion, poverty, and violence, which allows them to affirm that the transitional discourse of the Colombian State can be banal and deceiving.

Desintegración y recomposición de la unidad familiar de las víctimas del conflicto armado en Colombia / Disintegration and recomposition of the family unit of the victims of the armed conflict in Colombia / Desintegração e recomposição do núcleo familiar das vítimas do conflito armado na Colômbia

RESUMEN El objetivo principal fue describir a la luz de dos historias de vida familiares, la influencia que ha ejercido el conflicto armado colombiano en los procesos de desintegración y recomposición de la unidad familiar; buscando comprender los retos, dificultades y alternativas que atañen a las familias víctimas que han experimentado esta tensión. Se utilizó un paradigma hermenêutico, un enfoque cualitativo, un método de estudio de caso por medio de historias de vida. Para la recuperación y recopilación de los datos se empleó una entrevista semiestructurada en donde, por medio de ejes conversacionales, se dialogó sobre el pasado, el presente y el futuro de la familia. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó la hermenéutica y el análisis conversacional, lo que facilitó una codificación axial y abierta. Participaron dos familias víctimas del conflicto armado, una del Chocó y otra de Santander: Los principales hallazgos indican que el conflicto generó en sus integrantes sentimientos de tristeza, temor desconfianza y pérdida de identidad como grupo, provocando el debilitamiento de las relaciones familiares, un cambio de roles y como consecuencia, el distanciamiento entre los integrantes; asimismo, las mujeres se empoderaron en su función como cabeza de familia, dando soporte emocional y económico, mostrando su resiliencia, emprendimiento y generosidad, lo que permitió la posterior recomposición de la familia.

ABSTRACT The main objective of this research was to describe, in the light of two family life stories, the influence that the Colombian armed conflict has had on the processes of disintegration and recomposition of the family unit, with the intention of understanding the challenges, alternatives and difficulties presented to victim families who have experienced this stress. An hermeneutical paradigm, a qualitative approach, and a case study method through life stories lead the methodology For the recovery and gathering of data, a semi-structured interview was used, in which, through conversational axes, the past, present and future of the family were discussed. Hermeneutics and conversational analysis were used to analyze the data, which allowed for an axial and open coding. Two families who were victims of the armed conflict participated, one from Chocó and the other from Santander The main findings of this study indicated that the conflict generated in its members feelings °f sadness, fear mistrust and loss of identity as a group, causing the weakening of family relationships, a change in roles and, as a consequence, distance between the members. Likewise, women were empowered in their role as heads of the family giving emotional and economic support, showing their resilience, entrepreneurship and generosity, which allowed the recomposition of the family to take place.

RESUMO O objetivo foi descrever à luz de duas histórias de vida familiar a influência que o conflito armado colombiano teve nos processos de desintegração e recomposição do núcleo familiar com o intuito de compreender os desafios, alternativas e dificuldades apresentado às famílias das vítimas que passaram por esse estresse. Para tanto, foi utilizado um paradigma hermenêutico, uma abordagem qualitativa, um método de estudo de caso por meio de histórias de vida. Para a recuperação e compilação dos dados, foi utilizada uma entrevista semiestruturada, na qual, por meio de eixos conversacionais, foram discutidos o passado, o presente e o futuro da família. A hermenêutica e a análise conversacional foram utilizadas para a análise dos dados, o que facilitou uma codificação axial e aberta. Participaram duas famílias vítimas do conflito armado, uma de Chocó e outra de Santander Os principais achados deste estudo indicam que o conflito gerou em seus membros sentimentos de tristeza, medo, desconfiança e perda da identidade como grupo, ocasionando o enfraquecimento das relações familiares, mudança de papéis e, por consequência, distanciamento entre os membros. Da mesma forma, as mulheres foram empoderadas no papel de chefes de família, dando suporte emocional e econômico, mostrando sua resiliência, empreendedorismo e generosidade, o que permitiu a recomposição da família.

Diseño y análisis psicométrico del Instrumento de Evaluación de Trauma Psicosocial / Design and psychometric analysis of the Psychosocial Trauma Assessment Instrument

Resumen Introducción: Se diseñó y validó un instrumento de evaluación de trauma psicosocial en víctimas de desplazamiento forzado asociado al conflicto armado en Colombia, denominado TPS-6. Método: el estudio fue instrumental. El plan de prueba, los ítems y la escala de valoración fueron evaluados por siete expertos, con quienes se realizó la validez de contenido. El instrumento se aplicó a 200 personas, víctimas y no víctimas. El ajuste de los ítems se analizó con el modelo de Rasch de la teoría de respuesta al ítem. Para obtener la evidencia de validez de constructo se realizó el análisis factorial exploratorio. La validez convergente se comprobó a través del análisis correlacional con la Escala Diagnóstica de Estrés Postraumático y las Escalas de Afecto Positivo y Negativo. La fiabilidad del instrumento fue hallada a través de los coeficientes alfa de Cronbach y omega. Resultados: teniendo en cuenta los análisis psicométricos realizados, la prueba quedó con 26 ítems que conforman seis factores. La prueba cumple con los requerimientos psicométricos para evaluar trauma psicosocial. Conclusiones: este instrumento es un aporte para la evaluación forense del daño psicosocial.

Abstract Introduction: An instrument for evaluating psychosocial trauma in victims of forced displacement associated with the armed conflict in Colombia was designed and validated, named TPS-6. Method: The study was instrumental, the test plan, the items and the assessment scale were evaluated by seven experts, with whom the content validity was performed. The instrument was applied to 200 people, victims and non-victims. The adjustment of the items was analyzed with the Rasch model of the item response theory. To obtain the evidence of construct validity, the exploratory factor analysis was performed. The convergent validity was verified through the correlational analysis with the Diagnostic Scale of Post-traumatic Stress and the Scales of Positive and Negative Affect (PANAS). The reliability of the instrument was found through Cronbach's alpha and omega coefficients. Results: Taking into account the psychometric analyzes carried out, the test was left with 26 items that make up six factors and, the test meets the psychometric requirements to evaluate psychosocial trauma. Conclusions: This instrument is a contribution for the forensic evaluation of psychosocial damage.

Effects of a community resilience intervention program on victims of forced displacement: A case study.

This article describes the effects of an intervention program that uses community resilience and the psychological, social, and subjective well-being of victims of forced displacement as a reference framework. Following a multiple instrumental case study methodology with pre-post-intervention measurements, the cases of eight people were analyzed, six women and two men between the ages of 30 and 65, low socioeconomic and educational level, all of whom had been victims of forced displacement and currently reside in Ibagué where the intervention program was performed. The reliable change index was applied to estimate the effects of the program. In each case, participation in the program significantly improved the results of certain variables, but there were differences between the cases concerning the improvement levels and intensity. Therefore, the development of programs that reinforce community resilience can have positive effects on the perceptions of the participants regarding their well-being and social relationships.

Realidad socioeconómica de personas en condición de desplazamiento forzado en Colombia: revisión sistemática / Socio-economic reality of people under forced displacement conditions in Colombia: A systematic review

Resumen Colombia es el país con mayor número de población en condición de desplazamiento forzado interno (CDFI) en el mundo. Una de las necesidades más apremiantes que enfrentan las personas afectadas es reestructurar su área económica. Puesto que se dificulta la consecución de fuentes permanentes de ingreso. Por tanto, realizamos una revisión sistemática de la literatura para conocer las prácticas de consumo y fuentes de ingreso de las personas en CDFI en Colombia y qué metodologías se emplean para abordar el estudio de esta realidad. La búsqueda se ejecutó en las bases de datos Redalyc y Scopus de artículos originales publicados a partir de 2006. Se encontraron 6.146. De estos, 26 fueron elegibles y proporcionaron información sobre: la seguridad alimentaria (42.3%), el estado de salud y/o acceso a sanidad (26.9%); las condiciones de vivienda (45.5%), el acceso a servicios públicos (27.3%); la tenencia de propiedades y/o bienes (26.9%); la situación laboral (76.9%), el nivel de escolaridad y acceso a la educación (46.2%) y el acceso a ayuda humanitaria (15.4%) de personas en CDFI en Colombia. Estos resultados permiten evidenciar la vulnerabilidad socioeconómica a la que se enfrentan las personas en CDFI en Colombia.

Abstract Colombia has the largest number of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in the world. One of the most pressing needs facing affected people is to restructure their economic base, as it is difficult to obtain permanent sources of income. As such, we conducted a systematic review of the literature to learn about IDPs' consumption practices and sources of income in Colombia and what methodologies are used to address the study of this reality. We searched the Redalyc and Scopus databases of original articles published from 2006. Of these, 26 were eligible and provided information on: food security (42.3%), health status and/or access to health (26.9%); housing conditions (45.5%), access to public services (27.3%); tenure of property and/or goods (26.9%); employment situation (76.9%), level of schooling and access to education (46.2%) and IDPs' access to humanitarian aid (15.4%) in Colombia. These results highlight the socioeconomic vulnerability faced by IDPs in Colombia.

Salud mental de adolescentes y jóvenes víctimas de desplazamiento forzado en Colombia / Mental Health of Adolescents and Young People Victims of Forced Displacement in Colombia

Resumen La exposición a situaciones de vulnerabilidad y violencia, como el desplazamiento forzado, generan en la población víctima efectos nocivos para su salud mental. El objetivo del presente estudio es describir el estado actual de la salud mental y algunos factores sociodemográficos y del entorno asociados, de 471 adolescentes y jóvenes entre 13 y 28 años, víctimas de desplazamiento forzado en tres ciudades colombianas. Se aplicó la entrevista Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), versión CAPI (Computer Assisted Personal Interview); un cuestionario ad hoc sobre aspectos del desplazamiento forzado y el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas; la escala de funcionamiento familiar APGAR y la escala MOS (Medical Outcomes Study) de apoyo social. Se encontró una prevalencia de cualquier trastorno mental en el último año del 24,4% y cualquier trastorno por uso de sustancias del 4,7%. Los trastornos más prevalentes fueron fobia específica (6,8%), trastorno por estrés postraumático (5,7%) y trastorno depresivo mayor (5,1%). La dependencia a la marihuana se presentó en 2,1% de los participantes y el abuso de alcohol en 1,9%. Un 14,6% de los adolescentes y jóvenes víctimas de desplazamiento forzado han pensado suicidarse alguna vez en la vida. Ser hombre, menor de edad, con buen funcionamiento familiar y apoyo social adecuado, fueron factores protectores para la presencia de trastornos mentales.

Abstract Exposure to vulnerable and violent events, such as forced displacement, generate several adverse effects on the mental health of victim population. The objective of this study is to describe the current mental health condition and some associated sociodemographic and environmental factors in 471 adolescents and young people between 13 and 28 years of age, who have been victims of forced displacement in three Colombian cities. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) interview, CAPI (Computer Assisted Personal Interview) version was administered; an ad hoc questionnaire on aspects of forced displacement and the consumption of psychoactive substances; the APGAR family function scale and the MOS (Medical Outcomes Study) scale of social support. It was found a prevalence of any mental disorder in the last years of 24.4% and any substance use disorder of 4.7%. The most prevalent disorders were specific phobia (6.8%), post-traumatic stress disorder (5.7%) and major depressive disorder (5.1%). Dependence on marijuana was found at 2.1% and alcohol abuse at 1.9%. 14.6% of adolescents and young victims of forced displacement have considered committing suicide at some point along their lives. Being a minor- age man, with a functional family and adequate social support, were protective factors from mental disorders.

Elderly and forced displacement in Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the experiences of older adults around forced displacement due to the Colombian armed conflict. METHODS: Interpretive-comprehensive study, with a hermeneutical approach; several types of sampling were carried out. The participants were 12 people aged over 60 years, who reported having being displaced and who participated in the SABE Colombia Survey. The data were encoded using the Atlas.ti software. A process of condensation of central analytical, support and emerging categories was made. RESULTS: The displacement generated by the armed conflict has been decisive in the current life conditions of the participants. They know that they are survivors of someone else's violence; there is dislocation, loss of territory, de-anchoring, lack of protection and insecurity. To the stigma of old age, it is added being displaced and being strangers in a place where they don't belong. They live the violent uprooting of their lands and the confusion of their identity; they found themselves in a foreign scene where they were the unusual and the strangers; from receiving threats, they passed to be labeled as 'threatening'. This forced displacement stems from violence, but also from fear, and it marks the trajectory of life for older people who experience a prolonged struggle for survival in often hostile environments, living "permanently" displaced. CONCLUSION: When there is displacement, older people are not only shed of their land and their home, but also from their cosmos and their vital referents; in addition, it changes their life trajectory and their place in the world. Interventions should be designed based on specific particular and contextual analyses.

OBJETIVO: Describir las vivencias y experiencias de adultos mayores en torno al desplazamiento forzado por efectos del conflicto armado. MÉTODOS: Estudio interpretativo-comprensivo, con un enfoque hermenéutico. Los participantes fueron 12 personas mayores de 60 años que reportaron haber sido desplazadas y que participaron en de la Encuesta SABE Colombia. Los datos se codificaron utilizando el software Atlas.ti. Se hizo un proceso de condensación de categorías analíticas centrales, de soporte y emergentes. RESULTADOS: El desplazamiento generado por el conflicto armado ha sido decisivo en las actuales condiciones de vida de los participantes. Saben que son sobrevivientes de una violencia ajena, hay desubicación, desterritorializacion, desanclaje, desprotección, inseguridad. Al estigma de la vejez se le suma el ser desplazados y extraños en un lugar donde no tienen lugar. Viven el desarraigo violento de sus tierras, la confusión de su identidad, se encontraron en un escenario ajeno donde ellos eran los raros y los extraños, de recibir amenazas pasaron al señalamiento de ser amenazantes. Este desplazamiento forzado nace de la violencia, pero también del miedo y marca la trayectoria de vida a las personas mayores quienes experimentan una prolongada lucha por la supervivencia en entornos a menudo hostiles, viven desplazados "permanentemente". CONCLUSIÓN: Cuando hay desplazamiento, las personas mayores no solo se despojan de su tierra, de su casa, sino de su cosmos, de sus referentes vitales y se modifica su trayectoria de vida y su lugar en el mundo. Las intervenciones deben ser diseñadas basadas en análisis particulares y contextuales específicos.

Contributions of Alfredo Correa de Andreis to the understanding of Forced Displacement in the Colombian Armed Conflict / Contribuciones de alfredo correa de andreis a la comprensión del desplazamiento forzado en el conflicto armado colombiano

RESUMEN El sociólogo colombiano Alfredo Correa de Andreis indagó durante varios años sobre el desplazamiento forzado en el Caribe colombiano hasta el momento de su muerte, víctima de organismos de seguridad del Estado. Sus resultados quedaron plasmados en diversas publicaciones y particularmente en dos obras colectivas: "Desplazamiento interno forzado, identidad social y restablecimiento urbano", y "Pistas para un nuevo rumbo". Sus hallazgos le permitieron construir dos categorías de análisis para abordar el desplazamiento forzado y sus consecuencias: identidad social y personalidad jurídica. Un riguroso proceso de investigación acción participativa, metodología heredada de su tradición falsbordiana, le permitió involucrarse de manera más íntima en las zonas de reasentamiento urbano, con poblaciones que fueron desplazadas por la violencia, en lugares específicos de Barranquilla y Cartagena, en el norte de Colombia. Correa De Andreis abordó procesos en los cuales evidencia una relación directa entre desplazamiento y violencia armada, y entiende como pérdidas para la población desplazada (campesinado y poblaciones minoritarias) no solo sus tierras, su habitación y sus enseres, sino también todo el respaldo que le daban la urdimbre de relaciones sociales de las cuales hacían parte en sus contextos. Asimismo, analizó los retos que tiene en el restablecimiento la estructuración de su personalidad jurídica.

ABSTRACT For several years (and until the moment of his death caused by State violence) the Colombian sociologist Alfredo Correa de Andreis inquired about forced displacement in the Colombian Caribbean. His research findings can be found in several academic publications, especially in the books: "Desplazamiento interno forzado, identidad social y restablecimiento urbano (Internal forced displacement, social identity and urban resettlement}" and "Pistaspara un nuevo rumbo (Clue for a new course)". His findings allowed Correa to construct two categories of analysis to address the comprehension of forced displacement and its consequences: social identity and legal personality. A rigorous process of participatory action research (PAR), a methodology inherited from the work of Orlando Fals-Borda, lead Correa de Andreis to an intimate involvement with urban resettlement areas of Barranquilla and Cartagena, to work with local communities displaced by violence. Through his work, Correa De Andreis addressed social processes in which he found a direct correlation between displacement and armed conflict. Also understanding that the displaced populatio-peasant and minority-not only lose their lands, but also their social fabric and the network of social relationships with those who were part of their contexts. Likewise, he analyzed the challenges that the structuring of his legal personality has in the restoration process.

Elderly and forced displacement in Colombia / Vejez y deplazamiento forzado en Colombia

Abstract Objective: To describe the experiences of older adults around forced displacement due to the Colombian armed conflict. Methods: Interpretive-comprehensive study, with a hermeneutical approach; several types of sampling were carried out. The participants were 12 people aged over 60 years, who reported having being displaced and who participated in the SABE Colombia Survey. The data were encoded using the Atlas.ti software. A process of condensation of central analytical, support and emerging categories was made. Results: The displacement generated by the armed conflict has been decisive in the current life conditions of the participants. They know that they are survivors of someone else's violence; there is dislocation, loss of territory, de-anchoring, lack of protection and insecurity. To the stigma of old age, it is added being displaced and being strangers in a place where they don't belong. They live the violent uprooting of their lands and the confusion of their identity; they found themselves in a foreign scene where they were the unusual and the strangers; from receiving threats, they passed to be labeled as 'threatening'. This forced displacement stems from violence, but also from fear, and it marks the trajectory of life for older people who experience a prolonged struggle for survival in often hostile environments, living "permanently" displaced. Conclusion: When there is displacement, older people are not only shed of their land and their home, but also from their cosmos and their vital referents; in addition, it changes their life trajectory and their place in the world. Interventions should be designed based on specific particular and contextual analyses.

Resumen Objetivo: Describir las vivencias y experiencias de adultos mayores en torno al desplazamiento forzado por efectos del conflicto armado. Métodos: Estudio interpretativo-comprensivo, con un enfoque hermenéutico. Los participantes fueron 12 personas mayores de 60 años que reportaron haber sido desplazadas y que participaron en de la Encuesta SABE Colombia. Los datos se codificaron utilizando el software Atlas.ti. Se hizo un proceso de condensación de categorías analíticas centrales, de soporte y emergentes. Resultados: El desplazamiento generado por el conflicto armado ha sido decisivo en las actuales condiciones de vida de los participantes. Saben que son sobrevivientes de una violencia ajena, hay desubicación, desterritorializacion, desanclaje, desprotección, inseguridad. Al estigma de la vejez se le suma el ser desplazados y extraños en un lugar donde no tienen lugar. Viven el desarraigo violento de sus tierras, la confusión de su identidad, se encontraron en un escenario ajeno donde ellos eran los raros y los extraños, de recibir amenazas pasaron al señalamiento de ser amenazantes. Este desplazamiento forzado nace de la violencia, pero también del miedo y marca la trayectoria de vida a las personas mayores quienes experimentan una prolongada lucha por la supervivencia en entornos a menudo hostiles, viven desplazados "permanentemente". Conclusión: Cuando hay desplazamiento, las personas mayores no solo se despojan de su tierra, de su casa, sino de su cosmos, de sus referentes vitales y se modifica su trayectoria de vida y su lugar en el mundo. Las intervenciones deben ser diseñadas basadas en análisis particulares y contextuales específicos.

Conflicto y convivencia vecinal: población desplazada y reubicada en contextos urbanos: el caso de los bloques de vivienda altos de la sabana en Sincelejo, Colombia / Conflict and Neighborly Coexistence: Displaced and Relocated Population in Urban Contexts: the Case of "Altos de la Sabana" Residential Blocks in Sincelejo, Colombia

Resumen Son diversas las relaciones de conflicto y convivencia de la comunidad desplazada a causa del conflicto armado interno en el departamento de Sucre, Colombia. Población procedente de entornos predominantemente rurales que ha sido ubicada por el Estado en bloques de vivienda urbana en la capital del departamento. A nivel teórico conceptual se abordan referentes que observan el conflicto desde la perspectiva del comportamiento de los actores: sus intereses, estrategias y concibiéndolo también como dinamizador social, desde allí construir con la comunidad iniciativas que fortalezcan la convivencia y permitan una gestión no violenta de los conflictos que posibilite un fortalecimiento del tejido social en este nuevo contexto.

Abstract Conflict and coexistence relationships of the displaced community are diverse because of the internal armed conflict in the State of Sucre, Colombia. This population from predominantly rural environments has been located by the state in blocks of urban housing in the capital city of the state. At the theoretical-conceptual level, referents that observe the conflict from the perspective of actors' behaviors are addressed: their interests and strategies, and also considering it as a social drive, from there to build initiatives with the community that can strengthen the coexistence and allow a non-violent management of conflicts that makes it possible to strengthen the social fabric in this new context.

Family resources to face adversity of forced displacement in Colombia / Los recursos familiares para afrontar la adversidad del desplazamiento forzado

Resumen Este artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación que se propuso analizar la emergencia de recursos familiares para afrontar la situación adversa del desplazamiento forzado, realizada en el departamento de Sucre, durante los años 2012 a 2014. Inicialmente, buscó determinar relaciones entre 'competencias parentales' y 'capacidades resilientes' en infantes. Posteriormente, se buscó comprender los recursos familiares que emergen en medio de la adversidad. Los resultados revelan correlaciones entre competencias parentales y capacidades resilientes de los infantes y la presencia de recursos familiares para manejar el riesgo del desplazamiento. Se configuró una metodología de carácter mixto, partiendo de un diseño correlacionai y luego se utilizaron las narrativas familiares desde el pensamiento hermenêutico de Paul Ricoeur. Se logró la conceptualización de algunos recursos familiares tales como: vínculos y redes y ocio compartido, los cuales fueron emergiendo de los datos empíricos, y pueden ser de utilidad para la puesta en acción de futuros modelos de intervención a familias en riesgo.

Abstract This article presents the results of a study that aimed to analyze the emergence of family resources to face the adverse situation of forced displacement, conducted in the department of Sucre, Colombia, during the years 2012-2014. Originally, it suggested to determine relationships between parenting skills and Infants Resilient Capacity. Subsequently, we sought to understand the family resources that emerge in the midst of adversity. The results reveal correlations between parental skills and infants resilient capabilities, and the presence of family resources to manage the risk of displacement. A methodology of mixed character was set, based on a correlation design, and then the family narratives were used from the hermeneutical thinking of Paul Ricoeur. We managed to conceptualize some family managed resources such as links and networks, and shared leisure, which emerged from empirical data and may be useful for setting in motion future models of intervention to families at risk.

Mental disorders and drug use in victims of the armed conflict in three cities in Colombia

Introduction: Violence in its different forms increases the risk of mental disorders and the use of drugs. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of mental disorders, and the use and abuse of drugs, as well as associated factors in victims of forced displacement in three cities in Colombia. Materials and methods: We conducted a prevalence study with 1.026 participants between 13 and 65 years old. Participants completed four surveys: the World Health Organization World Mental Composite International Diagnostic Interview, the World Health Organization Alcohol Use and Disorders Identification Test, a survey on drug use based on the Inter-American System of Uniform Drug-Use Data under the Inter-American Drug Abuse Commission of the Organization of American States, and a survey on aspects related to forced displacement. Data were analyzed using the SPSS™, version 21, software. Results: Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders was 17.7% for specific phobia, 16.4% for major depression, 9.9% for post-traumatic stress disorder, 8.9% for oppositional defiant disorder, 7.2% for separation anxiety disorder, 5.8% for conduct disorder, and 5.6% for attention deficit disorder. The lifetime prevalence of alcohol use was 68.7%; 31,3% for tobacco; 11,2% for marihuana; 3.5% for cocaine; 2.0% for coca paste (basuco); 2.5% for non-prescription anxiolytic drugs, 2.3% for inhalants, and 0.7% of participants had injected drugs. Presenting any mental disorder was associated with being female (OR=1,61 IC95%: 1,21-2,14) and experiencing more than one forced displacement (OR=1,47 IC95%: 1,05-2,05). The use of any drug was associated with being male (OR=5,38 IC95%: 2,35-12,34). Conclusions: Compared to the general population, our study population exhibited high prevalence of mental disorders and drug use, emerging as a public health issue that calls for the design of plans and the implementation of programs aimed at recovering the mental health and well-being of this population.

Psychology of Forced Displacement and Migration: A systematic review of the scientific literature / Psicologia dos Deslocamentos e Migração Forçada: uma revisão sistemática da literatura científica

Forced displacement is a research field in specific social and cultural contexts. This systematic review aims to identify, describe and analyze the research in Psychology of Forced Displacement and Migration published between 2006 and 2016. The databases selected were PsycINFO, Lilacs and SciELO following the criteria of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, 2009. Content and methodology were assessed by Critical Appraisal Skill Programme. A total of 34 out of 491 articles fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were categorized in a framework that summarizes the main research questions and methodologies, including authors, research questions, units of analysis, dominant theories, and hypotheses. In conclusion, the framework helped to comprehend the general aspects of the existing research and pointed out interdisciplinary tendencies in the studies on this phenomenon.

Os deslocamentos forçados são uma área temática investigada em contextos culturais e sociais específicos. Esta revisão sistemática da literatura teve por objetivo identificar, descrever e analisar as pesquisas em Psicologia sobre os Deslocamentos e Migrações Forçadas publicadas no período de 2006 à 2016. Foram selecionadas as bases de dados PsycINFO, Lilacs e SciELO, conforme os critérios Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes, 2009. O conteúdo e a metodologia foram avaliados pelo Critical appraisal Skill Programme. Trinte e quatro dos 491 artigos obtidos atenderam aos critérios de elegibilidade e foram categorizados em uma matriz que sumariza as principais questões e metodologias das pesquisas. Ela também apresenta os autores, perguntas, unidades de análise, teorias dominantes e hipóteses. À guisa de conclusão a matriz possibilitou compreender os aspectos gerais das pesquisas existentes em Psicologia e apontou tendências interdisciplinares nos estudos sobre esse fenômeno.

Trastornos mentales y consumo de drogas en la población víctima del conflicto armado en tres ciudades de Colombia / Mental disorders and drug use in victims of the armed conflict in three cities in Colombia

Resumen Introducción. La violencia en sus diferentes modalidades incrementa el riesgo de trastornos mentales y de consumo de drogas. Objetivos. Estimar la prevalencia de los trastornos mentales, del uso y abuso de drogas, así como los factores asociados en víctimas de desplazamiento forzado en tres ciudades colombianas. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio de prevalencia en una muestrade 1.026 personas entre los 13 y los 65 años de edad, a quienes se entrevistó utilizando el instrumento Composite International Diagnostic Interview y el Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, así como un cuestionario sobre el consumo de drogas modificado a partir de la encuesta del Sistema Interamericano de Datos Uniformes sobre Drogas de la Comisión Interamericana para el Control del Abuso de Drogas de la Organización de Estados Americanos, y otro sobre aspectos relacionados con el desplazamiento forzado. El análisis se hizo mediante el programa estadístico SPSS™, versión 21. Resultados. La prevalencia de vida de los trastornos mentales fue la siguiente: fobia específica, 17,7 %; depresión mayor, 16,4 %; estrés postraumático, 9,9 %; trastorno oposicionista desafiante, 8,9 %; ansiedad por separación, 7,2 %; trastornos de conducta, 5,8 %, y déficit de atención, 5,6 %. La prevalencia de vida del consumo de alcohol fue de 68,7 %; de tabaco, 31,3 %, de marihuana, 11,2 %, de cocaína, 3,5 %, de basuco, 2,0 %, de inhalables, 2,3 %, y de medicamentos ansiolíticos sin receta, 2,5 %, en tanto que 0,7 % de los entrevistados se había inyectado drogas. Elpresentar cualquiera de los trastornos mentales se asoció con el sexo femenino (odds ratio, OR=1,61; IC95% 1,21-2,14), así como el haber sido sometido a más de un desplazamiento forzado (OR=1,47; IC951,05-2,05). El consumo de cualquiera de las drogas se asoció con ser hombre (OR=5,38; IC95% 2,35-12,34). Conclusiones. La alta prevalencia de trastornos mentales y de consumo de drogas en la población estudiada, comparada con la población general, constituye un problema de salud pública que justifica el diseño de planes y la implementación de programas orientados a la recuperación de su bienestar y salud mental.

Abstract Introduction: Violence in its different forms increases the risk of mental disorders and the use of drugs. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of mental disorders, and the use and abuse of drugs, as well as associated factors in victims of forced displacement in three cities in Colombia. Materials and methods: We conducted a prevalence study with 1.026 participants between 13 and 65 years old. Participants completed four surveys: the World Health Organization World Mental Composite International Diagnostic Interview, the World Health Organization Alcohol Use and Disorders Identification Test, a survey on drug use based on the Inter-American System of Uniform Drug-Use Data under the Inter-American Drug Abuse Commission of the Organization of American States, and a survey on aspects related to forced displacement. Data were analyzed using the SPSS™, version 21, software. Results: Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders was 17.7% for specific phobia, 16.4% for major depression, 9.9% for post-traumatic stress disorder, 8.9% for oppositional defiant disorder, 7.2% for separation anxiety disorder, 5.8% for conduct disorder, and 5.6% for attention deficit disorder. The lifetime prevalence of alcohol use was 68.7%; 31,3% for tobacco; 11,2% for marihuana; 3.5% for cocaine; 2.0% for coca paste (basuco); 2.5% for non-prescription anxiolytic drugs, 2.3% for inhalants, and 0.7% of participants had injected drugs. Presenting any mental disorder was associated with being female (OR=1,61 IC95%: 1,21-2,14) and experiencing more than one forced displacement (OR=1,47 IC95%: 1,05-2,05). The use of any drug was associated with being male (OR=5,38 IC95%: 2,35-12,34). Conclusions: Compared to the general population, our study population exhibited high prevalence of mental disorders and drug use, emerging as a public health issue that calls for the design of plans and the implementation of programs aimed at recovering the mental health and well-being of this population.

Perfil de salud mental en víctimas del desplazamiento forzado con síntomas de TEPT en Barranquilla, Colombia / Mental health profile in victims of forced displacement with symptoms of PTSD in Barranquilla, Colombia

Se describe el perfil de salud mental en víctimas del desplazamiento forzado con síntomas de TEPT de la urbanización Villas de San Pablo, en Barranquilla (Colombia). La investigación se realizó a partir de exploraciones en entrevistas a profundidad, taller investigativo, y un registro observacional con indicadores, creados a partir de las dimensiones del bienestar psicológico de Ryff, subjetivo de Diener, social de Keyes, y estrategias de afrontamiento de la Escala de Estrategias de Coping ­ Modificada (EEC-M). Las categorías derivadas del análisis de contenido permitieron identificar los recursos psicosociales con los que cuentan los individuos. Estos recursos fueron englobados en factores protectores y de riesgo, evidenciando estilos de afrontamiento activos y evitativos/pasivos que revelaron un perfil de salud mental semejante a los descritos en la literatura sobre víctimas de violencia socio-política. Se incita a crear programas que aporten a la salud mental de los individuos mediante la promoción de factores protectores.

Mental health profile will be described in victims of forced displacement with PTSD symptoms from Villas de San Pablo urbanization, in Barranquilla, Colombia. The study is based on the exploration carried out through an investigative workshop and in-depth interviews, as well as an observatory register by means of indicators, created from the Ryff´s psychological well-being dimensions, Diener´s subjective well-being, and Keyes's Social Well-Being, and coping strategies from the Coping Strategies Scale-Modified (EEC-M). The categories derived from the content analysis allowed to identify the psychosocial resources, classified as protective or risk factors, displaying actives and evitative/passives coping styles such as showing a mental health profile similar to the victims of socio-political violence literature. It is encouraged to create programs that contribute to the mental health of individuals through the promotion of protective factors.