[Dr. Valentin Grandis and Dr. Virgilio Ducceschi, two italian masters who initiated Experimental Physiology at the Faculty of Medical Sciences - Universidad Nacional De Cordoba (Argentina)] / Dr. Valentin Grandis y Dr. Virgilio Ducceschi, Dos maestros italianos iniciadores de la Fisiología experimental en la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas - UNC.

This paper examines the significant contribution of Dr. Valentín Grandis and Dr. Virgilio Ducceschi to the founding and development of experimental physiology at the Faculty of Medical Sciences of the National University of Córdoba (UNC), Argentina. Although the most notable contribution to the field of experimental physiology in Argentina is attributed to Bernardo Alberto Houssay, this study highlights the importance of the previous and fundamental efforts of Grandis and Ducceschi, two Italian professors whose work in Buenos Aires and Córdoba laid the foundations for research and teaching in this discipline. The paper details how, in 1904, the arrival of Valentin Grandis at the UNC marked the formal beginning of the teaching and practice of experimental physiology at the institution, followed by the incorporation of Virgilio Ducceschi, who continued and expanded Grandis' legacy. The work of these two Italian masters involved not only the installation of a state-of-the-art laboratory but also the establishment of a solid academic and scientific foundation that would influence future generations of Argentine physicians and researchers. Through a detailed analysis of their biographies, scientific contributions, and the impact of their work, this paper illustrates how Grandis and Ducceschi were key figures in the development of medical science in Argentina, particularly in the field of experimental physiology. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of their educational approach and their ability to train disciples who would continue their research, thus ensuring the permanence of their legacy at the National University of Córdoba and in Argentine science in general. In conclusion, this paper vindicates and celebrates the contributions of Valentín Grandis and Virgilio Ducceschi to the initiation of research and experimentation in physiology and biological chemistry at the UNC, highlighting their importance in the advancement of medicine and science in Argentina.

Este trabajo examina el significativo aporte de los doctores Valentín Grandis y Virgilio Ducceschi a la fundación y desarrollo de la fisiología experimental en la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Argentina. A pesar de que la contribución más notable en el campo de la fisiología experimental en Argentina se atribuye a Bernardo Alberto Houssay, este estudio destaca la importancia de los esfuerzos previos y fundamentales de Grandis y Ducceschi, dos profesores italianos cuyo trabajo en Buenos Aires y Córdoba sentó las bases para la investigación y la enseñanza de esta disciplina.   El trabajo detalla cómo, en 1904, la llegada de Valentín Grandis a la UNC marcó el inicio formal de la enseñanza y práctica de la fisiología experimental en la institución, seguida por la incorporación de Virgilio Ducceschi, quien continuó y expandió el legado de Grandis. La labor de estos dos maestros italianos no solo involucró la instalación de un laboratorio de vanguardia sino también el establecimiento de una sólida base académica y científica que influiría en generaciones futuras de médicos e investigadores argentinos.   A través de un análisis detallado de sus biografías, contribuciones científicas, y el impacto de su trabajo, este documento ilustra cómo Grandis y Ducceschi fueron figuras clave en el desarrollo de la ciencia médica en Argentina, particularmente en el ámbito de la fisiología experimental. Además, el estudio resalta la importancia de su enfoque educativo y su capacidad para formar discípulos que continuarían sus investigaciones, asegurando así la permanencia de su legado en la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba y en la ciencia argentina en general.   En conclusión, el presente trabajo reivindica y celebra las contribuciones de Valentín Grandis y Virgilio Ducceschi al inicio de la investigación y experimentación en fisiología y química biológica en la UNC, subrayando su importancia en el avance de la medicina y la ciencia en Argentina.

The human malaria-Aotus monkey model: a historical perspective in antimalarial chemotherapy research at the Gorgas Memorial Laboratory-Panama.

The human malaria-Aotus monkey model has served the malaria research community since its inception in 1966 at the Gorgas Memorial Laboratory (GML) in Panama. Spanning over five decades, this model has been instrumental in evaluating the in vivo efficacy and pharmacokinetics of a wide array of candidate antimalarial drugs, whether used singly or in combination. The animal model could be infected with drug-resistant and susceptible Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax strains that follow a characteristic and reproducible course of infection, remarkably like human untreated and treated infections. Over the years, the model has enabled the evaluation of several synthetic and semisynthetic endoperoxides, for instance, artelinic acid, artesunate, artemether, arteether, and artemisone. These compounds have been evaluated alone and in combination with long-acting partner drugs, commonly referred to as artemisinin-based combination therapies, which are recommended as first-line treatment against uncomplicated malaria. Further, the model has also supported the evaluation of the primaquine analog tafenoquine against blood stages of P. vivax, contributing to its progression to clinical trials and eventual approval. Besides, the P. falciparum/Aotus model at GML has also played a pivotal role in exploring the biology, immunology, and pathogenesis of malaria and in the characterization of drug-resistant P. falciparum and P. vivax strains. This minireview offers a historical overview of the most significant contributions made by the Panamanian owl monkey (Aotus lemurinus lemurinus) to malaria chemotherapy research.

Zidovudine, a brief history before the first antirretroviral in Mexico.

In the 1980s in Mexico, that of the «moral renewal¼, there was the opening to the market and the manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and AIDS. In this writing, the historical and therapeutic conditions are related to alleviate the syndrome until the arrival of the first antiretroviral. It is a reconstruction of the events, of which the medical-social, main clinical manifestations and of course the pharmacological therapy, until de the development zidovudina or azidotimidina of AZT, the first antiretroviral to be approved. Nevertheless, in the Mexican context, this event wasn't decisive to significantly change the morbility and the mortality.

En el México de la década de 1980, el de la «renovación moral¼, se vivió la apertura al mercado y la manifestación del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) y el sida. En este escrito se relatan las condiciones históricas y terapéuticas del síndrome en los pacientes mexicanos, hasta la llegada del primer antirretroviral. Se trata de una reconstrucción de los hechos, de los cuales se ha profundizado en aspectos médico-sociales, principales manifestaciones clínicas y terapéutica farmacológica, hasta que interviene en la patogenia del VIH/sida el desarrollo de la zidovudina o azidotimidina (AZT), primer antirretroviral en ser aprobado. No obstante, en el contexto mexicano este suceso no fue determinante para cambiar de manera significativa la morbimortalidad de los infectados.

History of Eugenics in Otorhinolaryngology: Ernst Rüdin and the International Eugenics Network.

Introduction The early geneticist and psychiatrist Ernst Rüdin (1874-1952) became one of the key figures in the eugenics movement and in the German health system of the Nazi era. His connections in the international eugenics network have played an important role in the history of eugenics. Objective To discuss the connections between Ernst Rüdin's scientific group in Munich and Otmar von Verschuer's group in Frankfurt during the Nazi era. Methods Otorhinolaryngological materials from Ernst Rüdin's former private library are presented, and they show Rüdin's deep involvement in the international eugenics network. These materials provide insights into early medical genetics in otorhinolaryngology. Results One result of the present study is that eugenics groups from Munich, Frankfurt, and New York certainly influenced one another in the field of otorhinolaryngology. Karlheinz Idelberger and Josef Mengele were two scientists who performed hereditary research on orofacial clefts. Later, Mengele became deeply involved in Nazi medical crimes. His former work on orofacial clefts clearly had, to some extent, an influence on subsequent studies. Conclusion An international eugenics network already existed before 1933. However, it becomes clear that the weaknesses of many early genetic studies did not enable its authors to draw firm scientific conclusions, suggesting that scientists lacked an accurate concept of the genetic causes of most illnesses.

Historia de la investigación en trastornos del sueño y de su primera clínica en México / History of Research in Sleep Disorders and its First Clinic in Mexico

Resumen Al revisar la literatura científica especializada en trastornos del sueño (TS) llevada a cabo en México, en especial en la Clínica de TS (Facultad de Medicina-UNAM) en el Hospital General de México (CTS-HGM) desde 1948 hasta 2020, se logró documentar la historia de la investigación en TS en México y el papel jugado por la CTS-HGM. La medicina del sueño (MS) es una de las especialidades más novedosas en México y la investigación de casos en este campo comenzó alrededor de 1948; mientras que la investigación formal, en 1974. La fundación de la CTS-HGM, en 1997, condujo al desarrollo significativo en la investigación en TS en México. Asimismo, la CTS-HGM se convirtió en un centro de atención para pacientes con estos problemas, así como un importante núcleo de investigación, ya que sus publicaciones abarcan todas las categorías diagnósticas de la CITS.

Abstract By reviewing the scientific literature specialized in sleep disorders (TS) carried out in Mexico, especially at the TS Clinic (Faculty of Medicine-UNAM) at the General Hospital of Mexico (CTS-HGM) from 1948 to 2020, it was possible to document the history of ST research in Mexico and the role played by the CTS-HGM. Sleep Medicine (MS) is one of the newest specialties in Mexico and case research in this field began around 1948, while formal research in 1974. The founding of CTS-HGM in 1997 led to significant development in TS research in Mexico. In addition, the CTS-HGM became a center of care for patients with these problems, as well as an important research center, since its publications cover all the diagnostic categories of the CITS.

Aspectos de la vida y obra del Dr. Bernardo Alberto Houssay / Aspects of the life and work of Dr. Bernardo Alberto Houssay

Con motivo del Día Mundial de la Ciencia y la Tecnología, se realizó en la Casa Museo Bernardo Houssay un conversatorio en el que expertos biógrafos resaltaron algunos aspectos de la trayectoria profesional del Premio Nobel de Medicina de 1947, destacando su actividad como investigador en fisiología y sus cualidades humanas. Estos importantes estudiosos del tema compartieron sus conocimientos en un selecto auditorio. (AU)

On the occasion of World Science and Technology Day, a discussion was held at the Bernardo Houssay House Museum in which expert biographers highlighted some aspects of the professional career of the 1947 Nobel Prize in Medicine, highlighting his activity as a researcher in physiology and his human qualities. These important scholars of the subject shared their knowledge in a select audience. (AU)

The Huntington's Disease Gene Discovery.

The gene for Huntington's disease (HD) was discovered in 1993, after an international collaborative initiative that led researchers to remote regions of South America. It was the most remarkable milestone, since George Huntington's initial description. Through the phenomenological discussions led by Jean-Martin Charcot and Willian Osler, and finally Americo Negrette's reports, which served as the inspiration for the Venezuela Project led by Nancy Wexler, the journey toward discovering the Huntington's disease (HD) gene was marked by substantial efforts. This monumental achievement involved the analysis of more than 18,000 blood samples and gathered dozens of researchers in an integrated effort, enabling the mapping of the gene on chromosome 4 in 1983 and leading, a decade later, to the precise localization and identification of the HTT gene. The discovery of the HD mutation represented a pivotal moment in the field of genetics and neurology, significantly enhancing our understanding of the disease and creating opportunities for future treatments. The progress made and the knowledge gained during this journey catalyzed the development of many innovative molecular techniques that have advanced research in other medical conditions. In this article, the authors celebrate three decades of this memorable event, revisiting the historical aspects, providing insights into the techniques developed, and delving into the paths that ultimately led to the discovery of the HD gene. © 2024 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

El verdadero origen histórico del trauma cardíaco penetrante / The true historical origin of penetrating cardiac trauma

Introducción. Los traumatismos cardíacos son lesiones graves y con elevado índice de letalidad, aspecto que influye en el interés mostrado por los lectores cada vez que aparecen reportados en publicaciones científicas. En ocasiones existe cierto grado de incongruencia a la hora de establecer el origen histórico de sucesos o eventos ocurridos y relacionados con la historia de la medicina. En el caso del trauma cardíaco penetrante han sido descritos diversos orígenes en algunos de los artículos científicos publicados, lo cual puede generar un grado de duda en los lectores. Métodos. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura, médica y no médica, para buscar información que ayudara a esclarecer el verdadero origen histórico de esta entidad. Resultados. El trauma cardíaco penetrante fue descrito por primera vez en la obra griega titulada La Ilíada, escrita por Homero en el siglo VIII A.C., y no en El papiro quirúrgico de Edwin Smith, como varios autores mencionan. Conclusiones. De todos los eventos de trauma cardíaco penetrante descritos, el más irrefutable es el narrado en el canto XIII, donde se cuenta la muerte de Alcátoo, producto de una herida cardíaca ocasionada por una lanza arrojada por Idomeneo durante una batalla

Introduction. Cardiac traumatic injuries are serious injuries with a high lethality rate, an aspect that influences the interest shown by readers each time they appear reported in scientific publications. Sometimes there is a certain degree of inconsistency when it comes to establishing the historical origin of occurrences or events related to the history of medicine. In the case of penetrating cardiac trauma, different origins have been described in some of the published scientific articles, which may generate a degree of doubt in the readers. Methods. A review of the medical and non-medical literature was carried out to seek information that would help to clarify the true historical origin of this entity. Results. Penetrating cardiac trauma was first described in a Greek work entitled The Iliad, written by Homer in the 8th century B.C., and not in The Surgical Papyrus of Edwin Smith as several authors mention. Conclusions. Of all the events of penetrating cardiac trauma described, the most irrefutable is the one narrated in canto XIII, where it recounts the death of Alcathous product of a cardiac wound caused by a spear thrown by Idomeneo during a battle.

Laura E. Rodriguez Dulanto: El primer experimento clínico realizado por una médica graduada en el Perú / Laura E. Rodríguez Dulanto: The first clinical trial performed by a female physician in Peru

RESUMEN Laura Rodriguez Dulanto ha sido destacada por su calidad de primera mujer graduada en Medicina en el Perú, se ha señalado desde diversas perspectivas sus elevadas cualidades intelectuales, así como el esfuerzo y tesón para vencer las dificultades para seguir estudios universitarios, en particular en disciplinas científicas, entonces reservadas exclusivamente a varones. Se ha señalado sin embargo que por las limitaciones impuestas a las mujeres en la época tuvo una disminuida actividad profesional, y una escasa producción científica, lo cual no ha sido revisado por la historiografía existente. En el presente artículo se analiza, su producción científica especialmente el estudio "empleo de ictiol en la inflamación pélvica" mostrando sus ideas sobre la ciencia y la medicina e identificando un pensamiento claro, moderno e innovador, no exento de sensibilidad social, además de mostrarse como una aguda y minuciosa observadora de problemas clínico-quirúrgicos.

ABSTRACT Laura Rodriguez Dulanto has been highlighted for her status as the first woman to graduate in Medicine in Peru. Her high intellectual qualities have been noted from various perspectives, as well as her effort and tenacity to overcome the difficulties of pursuing university studies, particularly in scientific disciplines, then reserved exclusively for men. It has been pointed out, however, that due to the limitations imposed on women at the time, she had a diminished professional activity and little scientific production, which has not been reviewed by existing historiography. This article analyzes his scientific production, especially a clinical study developed in a women's hospital in Lima, Peru, showing his ideas about science and medicine and identifying a clear, modern and innovative thought, not exempt from social sensitivity, in addition. to show herself as a keen and thorough observer of clinical-surgical problems.

Apuntes para la historia de la alergología en Matanzas. 1961-2022

Introducción: La especialidad de alergología compite entre las más caras de la práctica médica en los países desarrollados, donde se promueve el criterio de que la alergia es una enfermedad de ricos y que los pobres no la padecen, cuando en realidad se trata de un problema de posibilidades de acceso a ese servicio. En Cuba, la alergología tiene una organización social diferente, comparada con otros países. Objetivo: Desarrollar un bosquejo histórico de la especialidad de alergología en la provincia de Matanzas. Materiales y métodos: Fueron utilizados los métodos teóricos histórico-lógico y analítico-sintético, y los empíricos entrevista y análisis documental. Resultados: Se describe el comienzo de la especialidad de alergología en Matanzas en 1961, enfatizando en la figura del Dr. Gonzalo Álvarez Rodríguez como el primer alergólogo de la provincia. Se evidencia el desarrollo y salto cualitativo del servicio, y se recogen apuntes relacionados con su origen, formación de especialistas, progreso científico, condiciones de trabajo y ampliación de la cobertura a la población en estos años. Conclusiones: Con este trabajo se inició un recuento del origen y desarrollo de la alergología en Matanzas, que enriqueció la historia de la especialidad, como parte de los servicios de salud en la provincia.

Introduction: The specialty of Allergology competes among the most expensive in medical practice in developed countries, where the criterion is promoted that allergy is a disease of the rich and that the poor do not suffer from it, when in fact it is a problem of access possibilities to that service. In Cuba, the allergy specialty has a different social organization compared with other countries. Objective: To elaborate a historical outline of allergology in the province of Matanzas. Materials and methods: Historical-logical and analytical-synthetic theoretical methods were used, as well as interview and documentary analysis empirical ones. Results: The beginning of the specialty of Allergology is described, emphasizing the role of Dr. Gonzalo Álvarez Rodríguez as the first allergist in the province. The development and qualitative leap of the service was evidenced, and notes are collected related to its origin, training of specialists, scientific progress, working conditions and expansion of coverage to the population in these years. Conclusions: With this work, an account of the origin and development of allergology in Matanzas began, which enriched the history of the specialty as part of the health services in the province.

Un acercamiento al devenir histórico de la especialidad de Laboratorio Clínico en Villa Clara / An approach to the historical development of the Clinical Lab specialty in Villa Clara

Introducción: el conocimiento de la historia es necesario para dejar constancia del origen y desarrollo de las diferentes especialidades en Villa Clara. Objetivo: exponer una síntesis de elementos históricos sobre la especialidad de Laboratorio Clínico en Villa Clara, posterior al triunfo de la Revolución cubana y la evolución de dicha especialidad. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica con análisis crítico-reflexivo sobre el contenido de los documentos. Fueron revisados los archivos de la especialidad, libros y materiales afines al tema tratado, se realizaron entrevistas al personal de laboratorio clínico para indagar sobre años anteriores y hasta la actualidad; se incluyeron las tesis de doctorado, maestrías, artículos originales y de revisión publicados entre 2005 y 2019 en español e inglés. La búsqueda fue realizada en las bases de datos SciELO y Google académico entre enero y marzo de 2020. Desarrollo: se expuso el devenir histórico de la referida especialidad en Villa Clara y los profesionales que participaron, se mostraron aspectos sobre la formación de los recursos humanos, la evolución de la especialidad y los nuevos retos. Conclusiones: se socializaron algunos elementos históricos sobre la especialidad de Laboratorio Clínico en Villa Clara, en la etapa posterior al triunfo de la Revolución cubana como reconocimiento a todos aquellos que contribuyeron al inicio y desarrollo de dicha especialidad que hoy cumple con los estándares de calidad exigidos.

Introduction: knowledge of history is necessary to record the origin and development of the different specialties in Villa Clara. Objective: present a synthesis of historical elements about the specialty of Clinical Laboratory in Villa Clara, after the triumph of the Cuban Revolution and the evolution of said specialty. Methods: a bibliographic review was carried out with reflective critical analysis of the content of the bibliographies. The files of the specialty, books and materials related to the topic discussed were reviewed, interviews were conducted with clinical laboratory personnel to inquire about previous years and up to the present; Doctoral theses, master's degrees, original and review articles published from 2005 to 2019 in Spanish and English were included. The search was carried out in the SciELO and Google academic databases from January to March 2020. Development: the historical development of the specialty in Villa Clara and the professionals who participated were explained, aspects of the training of human resources, the evolution of the specialty and the new challenges were shown. Conclusions: some historical elements were socialized about the specialty of Clinical Laboratory in Villa Clara, in the stage after the triumph of the Cuban Revolution in recognition of all those who contributed to the beginning and development of said specialty that today meets the required quality standards.

François Rabelais and his dystonic giants / François Rabelais e seus gigantes distônicos

Abstract Spasmodic torticollis was an early designation used for cervical dystonia. The origin of this name is attributed to French physician and writer François Rabelais in the mid-sixteenth century. This early description of torticollis in the book Pantagruel was an inspiration for the understanding of cervical dystonia. The art expressed in Rabelais' literature - which was immortalized by the drawings of Gustave Doré - influenced poetry, art, and photography, and led to the adoption of the term torticollis in the neurological sciences.

Resumo Uma designação inicial usada para distonia cervical era torcicolo espasmódico. A origem desse termo é atribuída ao médico e escritor francês François Rabelais em meados do século XVI. Essa descrição inicial do torcicolo no livro Pantagruel foi uma inspiração para a compreensão da distonia cervical. A arte exibida na literatura de Rabelais - imortalizada pelos desenhos de Gustave Doré - influenciou a poesia, a arte e a fotografia, e levou à adoção do termo torcicolo nas ciências neurológicas.

Testimonio profesional de la psicología de la salud en la región central de Cuba. (1964-2023)

Fundamento: las llamadas provincias de Las Villas y La Habana atesoran las primeras experiencias sobre la psicología en Cuba, después del triunfo de la Revolución; aunque esta historia ha sido insuficientemente divulgada en la región central del país. Objetivo: identificar aspectos distintivos de la psicología de la salud desde 1964 hasta 2023 en la antigua provincia de Las Villas, y posteriormente, en Villa Clara. Métodos: se realizó una investigación de tipo histórico en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara, entre enero-marzo 2023. Se emplearon métodos teóricos y empíricos: investigación documental en fuentes históricas de probada veracidad, entrevistas a informantes clave y testimonios de las autoras. Resultados: en el curso 1968-1969 se insertó la Psicología en los programas del Ministerio de Salud Pública, en La Habana y Las Villas. A partir de la fundación de la Sociedad Nacional de Psicología de la Salud y la Filial de Las Villas (1975), la especialidad ha ido en progreso: la graduación de varios especialistas, realización de cuatro maestrías y una línea de investigación doctoral, varios eventos con participación internacional, los intercambios científicos con otras universidades, y la acreditación de la especialidad son algunos de los avances que la distinguen. Conclusiones: la psicología de la salud en la región central de Cuba ha ido en ascenso desde su fundación. Sus logros en los escenarios científicos y académicos se han fortalecido bajo la dirección de un grupo de fundadores que con creatividad y responsabilidad se han convertido en promotores y actores de sus éxitos.

Background: the so-called provinces of Las Villas and Havana treasure the first experiences on health psychology in Cuba; although this story has been insufficiently disseminated in the central region of the country. Objective: to identify distinctive aspects of health psychology from 1964 to 2023 in the former province of Las Villas, and later, in Villa Clara. Methods: a historical research was carried out at Villa Clara University of Medical Sciences, from January to March 2023. Theoretical methods were used: analysis-synthesis, induction-deduction, historical-logical and systemic; empirical: documentary research in historical sources of proven veracity, interviews with key informants and testimonies of the authors. Results: in the 1968-1969 academic year, Psychology was inserted into the programs of the Ministry of Public Health, in Havana and Las Villas. Since the founding of the National Society of Health Psychology and the Las Villas Branch in 1975, the specialty has been in progress: the graduation of several specialists, completion of four master's degrees and a line of doctoral research, several events with participation International exchange, scientific exchanges with other universities, and the accreditation of the specialty are some of the advances that distinguish it. Conclusions: health psychology in the central region of Cuba has been on the rise since its foundation. Its achievements in the scientific and academic scenarios have been strengthened under the direction of a group of founders who, with creativity and responsibility, have become promoters and actors of its successes.

History of Eugenics in Otorhinolaryngology: Ernst Rüdin and the International Eugenics Network

Abstract Introduction The early geneticist and psychiatrist Ernst Rüdin (1874-1952) became one of the key figures in the eugenics movement and in the German health system of the Nazi era. His connections in the international eugenics network have played an important role in the history of eugenics. Objective To discuss the connections between Ernst Rüdin's scientific group in Munich and Otmar von Verschuer's group in Frankfurt during the Nazi era. Methods Otorhinolaryngological materials from Ernst Rüdin's former private library are presented, and they show Rüdin's deep involvement in the international eugenics network. These materials provide insights into early medical genetics in otorhinolaryngology. Results One result of the present study is that eugenics groups from Munich, Frankfurt, and New York certainly influenced one another in the field of otorhinolaryngology. Karlheinz Idelberger and Josef Mengele were two scientists who performed hereditary research on orofacial clefts. Later, Mengele became deeply involved in Nazi medical crimes. His former work on orofacial clefts clearly had, to some extent, an influence on subsequent studies. Conclusion An international eugenics network already existed before 1933. However, it becomes clear that the weaknesses of many early genetic studies did not enable its authors to draw firm scientific conclusions, suggesting that scientists lacked an accurate concept of the genetic causes of most illnesses.

O ensino de cuidados de saúde no Brasil entre os séculos XVI e XIX / The teaching health care in Brazil between the 16 th and 19 th centuries

Resumo Introdução: Entre os anos de 1500 e 1822, o Brasil esteve sob o domínio colonial de Portugal, e apenas em 1808 as duas primeiras escolas oficiais de Medicina foram abertas em seu território. Por mais de três séculos após o descobrimento, a falta de instituições locais para formar profissionais de saúde foi um problema diante de uma população vulnerável tanto às doenças tropicais quanto às enfermidades importadas. Nesse contexto, predominava a disseminação de conhecimentos, crenças e práticas dos padres jesuítas, pajés indígenas e africanos escravizados, frequentemente com perspectivas conflitantes. Desenvolvimento: Este ensaio tem como objetivos abordar o ensino dos cuidados de saúde no Brasil colonial e refletir sobre esse período histórico e suas influências para a formação de médicos no país. Conclusão: A educação médica tem enfrentado atualmente muitos desafios, e entendemos que os avanços pedagógicos, científicos e tecnológicos devem ser adotados, sem desconsiderar os contextos histórico e cultural, e a pluralidade da população e do sistema de saúde nacional. Mais de 500 anos se passaram desde a chegada dos portugueses, e ainda hoje o Brasil continua sendo um país com complexidades territorial, étnica, cultural, econômica e religiosa ímpares.

Abstract Introduction: Between 1500 and 1822, Brazil was under the colonial rule of Portugal, and it was only in 1808 that the first two official medical schools were opened in its territory. For more than three centuries after the European discovery of Brazil, the lack of local institutions to train health professionals was a problem for a population vulnerable to both tropical and imported diseases. In this context, the knowledge, beliefs and practices of Jesuit priests, indigenous shamans and enslaved Africans predominated, often with conflicting perspectives. Development: This essay aims to address the teaching of health care in colonial Brazil and reflect on this historical period and its influences on the training of doctors in the country. Conclusion: Medical education is currently facing many challenges, and we understand that pedagogical, scientific and technological advances must be adopted, but without disregarding the historical and cultural context and the plurality of the population and the national health system. More than five hundred years have passed since the arrival of the Portuguese, and to this day Brazil remains a country with unique territorial, ethnic, cultural, economic and religious complexity.

Nasce um corpo: transformações contemporâneas no conhecimento produzido entre a Sociologia e a Saúde / A body is born: contemporary transformations in the knowledge produced between Sociology and Health / Nace un cuerpo: transformaciones contemporáneas en el conocimiento generado entre Sociología y Salud

Resumo: De que modo os fenômenos sociais entendidos como pertencentes à esfera da saúde provocaram a Sociologia nas últimas décadas? Este estudo parte dessa pergunta para articular Sociologia e Saúde, propondo uma reflexão sobre a maneira como o conhecimento pode avançar na interseção entre essas duas áreas. O texto é organizado em três seções: na primeira, oferece uma breve reflexão sobre a noção de "problema sociológico contemporâneo", indicando as questões da Sociologia da Saúde que podem ser tomadas como vetores para essa indagação; na segunda, examina algumas contribuições da Sociologia da Saúde, sobretudo a partir da segunda metade do século XX, pontuando a maneira como essa área precisou organizar soluções e reconfigurar problemas sociológicos para dar conta de fenômenos contemporâneos; e por fim, na terceira seção, o texto propõe novas perguntas para pensar a saúde como problema sociológico contemporâneo no contexto político atual.

Abstract: In what ways have the social phenomena understood as belonging to the sphere of "health" provoked Sociology in recent decades? This essay takes this question as a starting point for linking Sociology and Health, proposing a reflection on how knowledge can advance at the intersection between these two fields of knowledge. The article is structured in three sections: in the first, a brief reflection on the notion of "contemporary sociological problems" will be presented, indicating the questions of the Sociology of Health that can be taken as a vector for this inquiry; in the second, it examines some contributions of the Sociology of Health, especially from the late 20th century, indicating how this area has had to organize solutions and reconfigure sociological problems to deal with contemporary phenomena; and in the last section, it proposes new questions for thinking about health as a sociological problem in the contemporary political context.

Resumen: ¿De qué manera los fenómenos sociales entendidos como pertenecientes al campo de la "salud" han provocado la Sociología en las últimas décadas? Este ensayo parte de este interrogante para articular Sociología y Salud en una reflexión sobre cómo el conocimiento puede avanzar en la intersección entre estas dos áreas del conocimiento. Este texto se organiza en tres apartados. En el primer apartado se reflexiona brevemente sobre la noción de "problema sociológico contemporáneo" indicando las cuestiones de la Sociología de la Salud que pueden considerarse como motor para esta cuestión; en el segundo, se examinan algunas aportaciones de la Sociología de la Salud, especialmente de la segunda mitad del siglo XX, en las cuales señala cómo el área necesitaba organizar soluciones y reconfigurar los problemas sociológicos para abarcar los fenómenos contemporáneos; y, en el tercer apartado, se plantean nuevos interrogantes para pensar la salud como un problema sociológico contemporáneo en el contexto político actual.

Reseña Libro Antropología Médica: Medicina basada en la Antropología. Fernando Martínez-Pintor y Alicia Martínez Gamo. Marbán, Madrid, 2022

Este artículo de revisión presenta el libro sobre Antropología Médica de los Profesores Fernando Martínez-Pintor y Alicia Martínez Camo, sobre la situación actual de la medicina basada en la antropología, En apretadas 650 páginas resumen una perspectiva teórico-práctica de ejercicio de la medicina que viene desde la antigüedad clásica, y que termina en nuestros días. Los autores no solo hacen una revisión histórica del desarrollo del Homo Sapiens sano y enfermo, sino que postulan a un modo de acercarse a los pacientes en forma profesional y humana, Desde el capítulo 0, con ilustraciones sobre la neuroanatomía y neuroquímica cerebral, hasta los finales, el texto recorre tanto el desarrollo de la psiquiatría, de la psicología y sus diversas perspectivas (psicosomáticas, científicas y empíricas). La evolución desde los simios superiores, posibilitada por los desplazamientos de los mares en el Plioceno, llevan a la aparición del Australopithecus, y desde allí el Homo Habilis para desembocar en el Sapiens. Con la aparición de la escritura, la evolución se hace autorreflexiva, y desde el siglo XIX, prospectiva, con Teilhard de Chardin. España entra en diálogo con el resto de Europa y el mundo anglosajón, y diversos autores hacen contrapunto a los desarrollos del resto del mundo. Laín Entralgo y Rof Carballo desarrollan la psicosomática en paralelo a Alexander y Gaskill.

This paper reviews a book about Medical Anthropology of professors Fernando Martínez-Pintor and Alicia Martínez Camo, about the current situation of medicine based in anthropology, In dense 650 pages they resume a theoric-practical perspective about the exercise of medicine that comes from classical authors until nowadays. The authors not only perform a historical review of the evolution of homo sapiens in health and infirmity but postulate a professional and humane approach to patients. Original is also chapter 0, with illustrations about brain neuroanatomy and neurochemistry. In the body of the book, the text centers on the development of psychiatry, of scientific psychology and their diverse perspectives (psychosomatics, scientific and empiric). The evolution from superior primates, was made possible by the displacement of oceans in the Pliocene, led to the appearance of Australopithecus first, then the Homo Habilis to arrive to the Sapiens. With the appearance of writing, evolution became self -reflective, and since the XIX century, prospective, with Teilhard de Chardin. Spain entered in dialog with the rest of Europe and the Anglo-Saxon world, and Hispanic authors paralleled the developments of the rest of the world. Lain Entralgo and Rof Carballo developed psychosomatics at the same time than Alexander and Gaskill.

A hiatus in the rivalry between Pierre Marie and Jules Dejerine: a collaborative study on sensory disorders by Andre Pierre Marie and Gustave Roussy / Uma pausa na rivalidade entre Pierre Marie e Jules Dejerine: um estudo colaborativo sobre desordens sensoriais por André Pierre Marie e Gustave Roussy

Abstract Personal and professional rivalries involving prominent neurologists mark the history of nineteenth-century French neurology. One of the great examples is the feud between Pierre Marie and Jules Dejerine. The dispute between the two, nevertheless, did not prevent Pierre Marie's son, André Marie, and Gustave Roussy - one of Dejerine's favorite pupils, from collaborating on significant research that led to the doctoral dissertation by Andre Marie regarding sensory disturbances associated with painful hemiagnosia found in thalamic lesions.

Resumo As rivalidades pessoais e profissionais entre neurologistas proeminentes marcaram a história da neurologia francesa do século XIX. Um dos grandes exemplos é a rivalidade entre Pierre Marie e Jules Dejerine. A disputa entre os dois, no entanto, não impediu que o filho de Pierre Marie, André Marie, e Gustave Roussy, um dos pupilos preferidos de Dejerine, colaborassem numa investigação significativa que resultou na tese de doutorado de André Marie sobre os distúrbios sensoriais associados à hemiagnosia dolorosa encontrada nas lesões talâmicas.

Hitos poco conocidos en la historia de la radiología en Cuba

Introducción: A pesar de su trascendencia, algunos hechos, apenas conocidos en la actualidad, favorecieron el crecimiento de la radiología en Cuba. La documentación sobre ellos es sumamente escasa y se encuentra muy dispersa, lo que dificulta sobremanera el acceso a ella. El rescate de esa información contribuye al conocimiento de la historia de la radiología en Cuba. Objetivo: Identificar cronológicamente hechos significativos, aunque poco conocidos, que influyeron en el progreso y reconocimiento de la radiología cubana y que obligan a reevaluar su historia. Métodos: Se utilizaron los métodos analítico-sintético, deductivo-inductivo, así como los submétodos cronológico y geográfico. Resultados: Fueron recogidos ―con una caracterización sintética― quince sucesos notables, poco conocidos, más algunos apuntes sobre la docencia de la radiología en estomatología. Conclusiones: Entre los hechos identificados destacan los que deben ser considerados como los primeros acercamientos a los rayos X en Cuba, que obligan a reescribir lo actualmente aceptado a ese respecto. Además de los revisados aquí, otros eventos significativos en la edificación de la historia de la radiología en Cuba deben ser abordados en futuras investigaciones.

Introduction: Despite their significance, some facts, barely known today, favored the growth of radiology in Cuba. The documentation about them is extremely scarce and is widely dispersed, which makes access to it extremely difficult. The rescue of this information contributes to the knowledge of the history of radiology in Cuba. Objective: To chronologically identify significant events, although little-known, that influenced the progress and recognition of Cuban radiology and that force us to reevaluate its history. Methods: Analytical-synthetic, deductive-inductive methods were used, as well as chronological and geographical sub-methods. Results: Fifteen notable, little-known events―with a synthetic characterization―were collected, plus some notes on the teaching of radiology in stomatology. Conclusions: Among the facts identified are those that should be considered the first approaches to X-rays in Cuba which force us to rewrite what is currently accepted in this regard. In addition to those reviewed here, other significant events in the construction of the history of radiology in Cuba should be studied in future research.

Aspectos significativos en la evolución histórica de la radiología en Matanzas

Introducción: Si bien la radiología es ineludiblemente dependiente de la tecnología, otras aristas menos conocidas han favorecido su crecimiento como especialidad en Matanzas. A pesar del importante papel que han jugado durante su desarrollo, no se ha encontrado documentación que les caracterice, y asimismo acontece con sus principales actores, lo que desarticula la memoria. El rescate de esa información, por el contrario, integra memoria e identidad. Objetivo: Caracterizar aspectos significativos en la evolución histórica de la radiología en Matanzas. Materiales y métodos: Se utilizaron los métodos analítico-sintético, deductivo-inductivo, así como los submétodos cronológico y geográfico. Se realizaron entrevistas a informantes clave y revisión documental. Resultados: Se describen elementos relacionados con la docencia, sus directivos, y otros aspectos como el capítulo matancero de la Sociedad Cubana de Imagenología y la constitución de la Sección de Radiología Pediátrica y de la Cátedra Honorífica Dr. Francisco Domínguez Roldán. Conclusiones: La radiología en Matanzas ha experimentado un sostenido progreso a lo largo de los años ―amén de la esfera tecnológica, el fortalecimiento del claustro, la formación continua del capital humano, el trabajo del capítulo y la constitución de la Cátedra Honorífica Dr. Francisco Domínguez Roldán―, a pesar de limitaciones externas e internas. Desde sus inicios, ha contado con actores que han logrado mantenerla y desarrollarla.

Introduction: Although radiology is unavoidably dependent on technology, other, lesser-known edges, have favored its growth as a specialty in Matanzas, and despite the important role they have played during its development, no documentation has been found that characterizes them, and it also happens with its main actors which favors the destruction of memory. The rescue of this information, on the contrary, integrates memory and identity. Objective: To characterize significant aspects in the historical evolution of radiology in Matanzas. Materials and methods: The analytical-synthetic, deductive-inductive methods of historical research were used and also the chronological and geographical sub-methods. Interviews were conducted with key informants, and documentary review. Results: Elements related to teaching, its managerial staff and other aspects such as the Matanzas chapter of the Cuban Society of Imaging, the constitution of the Pediatric Radiology Section and the Honorary Chair Dr. Francisco Domínguez Roldán are described. Conclusions: Radiology in Matanzas has experienced sustained progress over the years―in addition to the technological sphere, the strengthening of its teaching staff, the continuous training of its human capital, the work of the chapter and the constitution of the Honoforific Chair Dr. Domínguez Roldán―, despite external and internal limitations. Since its beginning, it has had actors who have managed to maintain and develop it.