Improving fraud detection with semi-supervised topic modeling and keyword integration.

Fraud detection through auditors' manual review of accounting and financial records has traditionally relied on human experience and intuition. However, replicating this task using technological tools has represented a challenge for information security researchers. Natural language processing techniques, such as topic modeling, have been explored to extract information and categorize large sets of documents. Topic modeling, such as latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) or non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), has recently gained popularity for discovering thematic structures in text collections. However, unsupervised topic modeling may not always produce the best results for specific tasks, such as fraud detection. Therefore, in the present work, we propose to use semi-supervised topic modeling, which allows the incorporation of specific knowledge of the study domain through the use of keywords to learn latent topics related to fraud. By leveraging relevant keywords, our proposed approach aims to identify patterns related to the vertices of the fraud triangle theory, providing more consistent and interpretable results for fraud detection. The model's performance was evaluated by training with several datasets and testing it with another one that did not intervene in its training. The results showed efficient performance averages with a 7% increase in performance compared to a previous job. Overall, the study emphasizes the importance of deepening the analysis of fraud behaviors and proposing strategies to identify them proactively.

Comportamiento humano de los presidentes de los comités académicos de las especialidades médicas / Human Behavior in the Chairpersons to the Academic Committees of Medical Specialties

Introducción: Para las ciencias médicas resulta clave el papel del presidente del Comité Académico de la especialidad por lo complejo que resulta la conducción de los procesos de formación de los residentes, dada la diversidad de las especialidades, los escenarios docentes y la creciente matrícula. Objetivo: Identificar las potencialidades y debilidades en el comportamiento humano de los presidentes de los comités académicos de las especialidades médicas en la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Calixto García. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de desarrollo de corte educacional. Se emplearon métodos teóricos y empíricos, acompañados por un conjunto de procesos lógicos del pensamiento: análisis, síntesis, abstracción, generalización, entre otros. Resultados: Mediante la triangulación de los resultados de los indicadores evaluados, se identificaron como potencialidades el dominio de la lógica del plan de estudio y los elementos que integran el programa de formación; entre las debilidades educativas, el nivel para realizar la preparación de los profesores sobre el sistema de evaluación en el régimen de residencia; y, dentro de las debilidades organizativas, el nivel de aplicación de los documentos rectores para la formación de residentes. Conclusiones: Se realizó la identificación del estado del comportamiento humano de los presidentes de los comités académicos de las especialidades médicas en la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Calixto García, lo que constituye el punto de partida para el diseño de actividades educativas continuas, permanentes y contextualizadas a la práctica pedagógica de los presidentes, encaminados al mejoramiento del comportamiento humano(AU)

Introduction: For medical sciences, the role of a Chairperson to the Academic Committee of any specialty is paramount, due to the complexity of conducting the training of residents, given the diversity of specialties, the teaching scenarios and the growing enrollment. Objective: To identify the potentialities and weaknesses in the human behavior of the chairpersons to the academic committees of medical specialties at Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Calixto García. Methods: An educational development study was carried out. Theoretical and empirical methods were used, accompanied by a set of logical thought processes: analysis, synthesis, abstraction, generalization, among others. Results: Through the triangulation of the results of the evaluated indicators, the mastery of the logic of the study plan and the elements making up the training program were identified as potentialities; together with, among the educational weaknesses, the level to carry out the training of professors concerning the evaluation system in the residence regime; as well as, within the organizational weaknesses, the level of application of the guiding documents for the training of residents. Conclusions: The state of human behavior in the chairpersons to the academic committees of medical specialties at Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Calixto García was identified, being the starting point for the design of continuous and permanent educational activities contextualized according to the pedagogical practice of the chairpersons, aimed at the improvement of human behavior(AU)

Editorial for Special Issue "Psychophysiology and Experimental Psychology".

The first experimental laboratory in psychology was founded in Leipzig (Germany), where Wilhelm Wundt mainly investigated feelings and sensations by employing experimental methods. Almost a century and half after is debut, experimental laboratories have extremely evolved in terms of apparatus, instruments, and recording techniques. Under a multiand interdisciplinary perspective, we can now better understand human cognitive and affective processes. As current zeitgeist has placed increasing emphasis upon the ecologically valid research, an "out-of-thelab" approach, integrated with both human and nonhuman research, is expected to leverage scientific advances in the field of human behavior.

El primer laboratorio experimental de psicología se fundó en Leipzig (Alemania), donde Wilhelm Wundt investigó principalmente los sentimientos y las sensaciones empleando métodos experimentales. Casi siglo y medio después de su debut, los laboratorios experimentales han evolucionado enormemente en cuanto a aparatos, instrumentos y técnicas de registro. Bajo una perspectiva multi e interdisciplinar, ahora podemos comprender mejor los procesos cognitivos y afectivos humanos. Dado que el zeitgeist actual ha puesto cada vez más énfasis en la investigación válida ecológicamente, se espera que un enfoque "fuera del laboratorio", integrado con la investigación humana y no humana, impulse los avances científicos en el campo del comportamiento humano.

Digital Dependence in Organizations: Impacts on the Physical and Mental Health of Employees.

Digital Dependence is a person's persistent inability to regulate digital devices on which they have become highly dependent. Internet dependence has been described since the mid-1990s, and studies on this topic have intensified since 2010. This type of individual dependence has received considerable published literature, but it is new in the collective setting of organizations, offering the hypothesis that it can also be collective, given the impacts it can provide. Research has evolved geographically from three countries to 17 since the beginning of the last decade, with 7 new scales for digital dependence. There were 13 new revalidations of the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q), with an increase from 1,000 to 13,000 volunteers. Geographical evolution and an increase in the number of scales and volunteers and their different profiles were described. New approaches reinforce evolution and its impacts on human behavior. This study provides historical insight into Digital Dependence and opens new prospects for research on the differences between nations and people, sexes, professionals, and the need for further research in organizations.

Entomological Surveillance Planning Tool (ESPT)-generated actionable evidence on human and vector behaviours optimizes present interventions and reduces exposure to Anopheles vectors in two communities of Guna Yala, Panamá.

BACKGROUND: Although most of Panamá is free from malaria, localized foci of transmission persist, including in the Guna Yala region. Government-led entomological surveillance using an Entomological Surveillance Planning Tool (ESPT) sought to answer programmatically relevant questions on local entomological drivers of transmission and gaps in protection to guide local vector control decision-making. METHODS: The ESPT was used to design a sampling plan to answer priority programmatic questions about the appropriateness of Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) and spaces and times where humans remain exposed to Anopheles bites (gaps in protection) in the communities of Permé and Puerto Obaldía, Guna Yala. Adult Anopheles were sampled at three time points via human landing catches (HLCs) during the rainy and dry seasons (2018/2019). Human behaviour observations (HBOs) were conducted alongside HLCs to examine intervention use, indoor versus outdoor activity, and sleeping patterns. HLC and HBO data were integrated to evaluate HBO-adjusted human biting rate (HBR). RESULTS: A total of 7,431 adult Anopheles were collected across both sites. Of the 450 specimens molecularly confirmed to species-level, 75.5% (n = 340) were confirmed as Anopheles Nyssorhynchus albimanus, followed by Anopheles (Ny.) aquasalis. Anopheles host seeking activity was demonstrated to be primarily exophagic throughout all sampling periods and in both communities. When adjusted with HBOs, exposure to mosquito bites was predominantly indoors and overnight in Permé (Nov, Mar), compared to predominantly outdoors in Puerto Obaldía (Nov, Mar, Jul). Differences in site-specific human-vector exposure profiles were due to contrasting cultural and lifestyle practices between Permé and Puerto Obaldía (possibly partly influenced by the absence of electricity in Permé), and lower LLIN use in Permé. This evidence supported a previously planned LLIN campaign alongside a social behaviour change communication (SBCC) strategy in the Guna Yala Comarca (Jul 2019), which increased LLIN use. In turn, this led to a reduction of indoor exposure to mosquito bites, and a shift to predominant outdoor exposure to mosquito bites. CONCLUSION: ESPT-based question-driven planning and the integration of HBOs, intervention, and HLC data generated evidence towards answering the programmatic questions. This evidence enabled the characterization of site-specific human-vector exposure profiles, and the quantification of remaining gaps in protection. These data also provide important insights into remaining gaps in protection that must be addressed to further reduce human exposure to mosquito bites at these sites.

Analysis of government agencies and stakeholders' twitter communications during the first surge of COVID-19 in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Official authorities are in charge of communicating with the public in a consistent and coherent manner. The impact of social media on managing the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic potentially influenced social behavior in Brazil. OBJECTIVE: Using Twitter, this study analyzes communications about the COVID-19 pandemic from official agencies of the Brazilian government and key public sector decision-makers. METHOD: We captured public Twitter messages about COVID-19 exchanged between authorities at the federal, state, and municipal levels of government. These messages were further classified into guidance and information messages or disinformation messages. Finally, through analysis of tweets and their frequency, we evidenced the level of information generated by the three levels of government. RESULTS: Our analyses show an underestimation of the magnitude of the pandemic by Brazilian government authorities. None of the spheres of government anticipated the imminent health crisis, did not issue good recommendations and guidelines, and did not take preventive actions. CONCLUSION: The lack of governmental actions and adequate guidance in Brazil has led to an explosive increase in infected people and deaths. Surprisingly, this was not due to technical or structural reasons. It resulted from conflicting communication strategies implemented by the federal, state, and municipal governments in attempts to minimize the effects of COVID-19 on their local health structures.

Deep Q-network for social robotics using emotional social signals.

Social robotics represents a branch of human-robot interaction dedicated to developing systems to control the robots to operate in unstructured environments with the presence of human beings. Social robots must interact with human beings by understanding social signals and responding appropriately to them. Most social robots are still pre-programmed, not having great ability to learn and respond with actions adequate during an interaction with humans. Recently more elaborate methods use body movements, gaze direction, and body language. However, these methods generally neglect vital signs present during an interaction, such as the human emotional state. In this article, we address the problem of developing a system to turn a robot able to decide, autonomously, what behaviors to emit in the function of the human emotional state. From one side, the use of Reinforcement Learning (RL) represents a way for social robots to learn advanced models of social cognition, following a self-learning paradigm, using characteristics automatically extracted from high-dimensional sensory information. On the other side, Deep Learning (DL) models can help the robots to capture information from the environment, abstracting complex patterns from the visual information. The combination of these two techniques is known as Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL). The purpose of this work is the development of a DRL system to promote a natural and socially acceptable interaction among humans and robots. For this, we propose an architecture, Social Robotics Deep Q-Network (SocialDQN), for teaching social robots to behave and interact appropriately with humans based on social signals, especially on human emotional states. This constitutes a relevant contribution for the area since the social signals must not only be recognized by the robot but help him to take action appropriated according to the situation presented. Characteristics extracted from people's faces are considered for extracting the human emotional state aiming to improve the robot perception. The development and validation of the system are carried out with the support of SimDRLSR simulator. Results obtained through several tests demonstrate that the system learned satisfactorily to maximize the rewards, and consequently, the robot behaves in a socially acceptable way.

Modeling Human Visual Search in Natural Scenes: A Combined Bayesian Searcher and Saliency Map Approach.

Finding objects is essential for almost any daily-life visual task. Saliency models have been useful to predict fixation locations in natural images during a free-exploring task. However, it is still challenging to predict the sequence of fixations during visual search. Bayesian observer models are particularly suited for this task because they represent visual search as an active sampling process. Nevertheless, how they adapt to natural images remains largely unexplored. Here, we propose a unified Bayesian model for visual search guided by saliency maps as prior information. We validated our model with a visual search experiment in natural scenes. We showed that, although state-of-the-art saliency models performed well in predicting the first two fixations in a visual search task ( 90% of the performance achieved by humans), their performance degraded to chance afterward. Therefore, saliency maps alone could model bottom-up first impressions but they were not enough to explain scanpaths when top-down task information was critical. In contrast, our model led to human-like performance and scanpaths as revealed by: first, the agreement between targets found by the model and the humans on a trial-by-trial basis; and second, the scanpath similarity between the model and the humans, that makes the behavior of the model indistinguishable from that of humans. Altogether, the combination of deep neural networks based saliency models for image processing and a Bayesian framework for scanpath integration probes to be a powerful and flexible approach to model human behavior in natural scenarios.

Validation of an original Behavioral Changes Scale on the Use of Digital Technologies During Social Distancing.

INTRODUCTION: The social distancing (SD) adopted during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has transformed the internet from a convenience into a necessity. The behavioral changes caused by isolation range from adaptation of consumption, work, and teaching routines to altered leisure options to occupy idle time at home. Such transformations can be positive, expanding use of digital technologies (DT), but they can also have serious future physical and emotional consequences if there conscious use of technological devices is lacking. OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to validate the Behavioral Changes Scale on the Use of Digital Technologies During Social Distancing (BCSDTSD), an instrument for assessing behavioral changes related to use of DT during SD. METHOD: Validation of the BCSDTSD in five phases: 1. construction of an initial scale with 10 questions; 2. evaluation of the questions by a panel of experts; 3. application to 1,012 volunteers via the internet; 4. statistical analysis of the results; and 5. preparation of the validated final version of the BCSDTSD. Data were analyzed using the dplyr, psy , and paran packages and the REdaS statistical program. Three statistical criteria were used in the factor analysis (FA). RESULTS: FA confirmed that all 10 questions in the questionnaire should be maintained, confirming its robust construction, and Cronbach's alpha demonstrated its internal consistency with a value of 0.725, which is satisfactory for first-application questionnaires. CONCLUSION: The BCSDTSD instrument was validated for assessment of behavioral changes related to the use of DT during SD.

Validation of an original Behavioral Changes Scale on the Use of Digital Technologies During Social Distancing

Abstract Introduction The social distancing (SD) adopted during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has transformed the internet from a convenience into a necessity. The behavioral changes caused by isolation range from adaptation of consumption, work, and teaching routines to altered leisure options to occupy idle time at home. Such transformations can be positive, expanding use of digital technologies (DT), but they can also have serious future physical and emotional consequences if there conscious use of technological devices is lacking. Objectives The study aimed to validate the Behavioral Changes Scale on the Use of Digital Technologies During Social Distancing (BCSDTSD), an instrument for assessing behavioral changes related to use of DT during SD. Method Validation of the BCSDTSD in five phases: 1. construction of an initial scale with 10 questions; 2. evaluation of the questions by a panel of experts; 3. application to 1,012 volunteers via the internet; 4. statistical analysis of the results; and 5. preparation of the validated final version of the BCSDTSD. Data were analyzed using the dplyr, psy , and paran packages and the REdaS statistical program. Three statistical criteria were used in the factor analysis (FA). Results FA confirmed that all 10 questions in the questionnaire should be maintained, confirming its robust construction, and Cronbach's alpha demonstrated its internal consistency with a value of 0.725, which is satisfactory for first-application questionnaires. Conclusion The BCSDTSD instrument was validated for assessment of behavioral changes related to the use of DT during SD.

Firewood Transport as a Vector of Forest Pest Dispersal in North America: A Scoping Review.

Native and nonnative insects and diseases can result in detrimental impacts to trees and forests, including the loss of economic resources and ecosystem services. Increases in globalization and changing human behaviors have created new anthropogenic pathways for long distance pest dispersal. In North America, literature suggests that once a forest or tree pest is established, the movement of firewood by the general public for recreational or home heating purposes is one of the primary pathways for its dispersal. Understanding human perceptions and behaviors is essential to inform the most effective strategies for modifying firewood and pest dispersal by humans. This scoping review seeks to assess trends and gaps in the existing literature, as well as patterns in behavior related to forest pest dispersal through firewood movement in North America. We identified 76 documents that addressed this topic to which we applied inclusion and exclusion criteria to select articles for further analysis. Twenty-five articles met the inclusion criteria and were categorized based on five identified themes: 1) insect incidence in firewood, 2) insect dispersal via firewood, 3) recreational firewood movement, 4) firewood treatments, and 5) behavior and rule compliance. The selected articles show trends that suggest that firewood movement presents a risk for forest insect dispersal, but that behavior can be modified, and compliance, monitoring, and treatments should be strengthened. This scoping review found limited research about western United States, Mexico, and Canada, various insect species and other organisms, regulation and management, awareness, and behavioral dimensions of firewood movement.

Fundamentos Neurobiológicos Del Sueño / Neurobiological Basis Of Sleep

Resumen El sueño es una de las conductas más importantes para la cognición del ser humano. Tiene entre 4 a 6 ciclos que se caracterizan por presentar diferente actividad electromagnética que hace que se presente una determinada actividad cerebral en cada una de ellas. Cuando el patrón del sueño se afecta, se presentan alteraciones en la vida diaria del sujeto que lo padece, generando un impacto negativo en las actividades que realiza en el medio personal, familiar y social. En este artículo se reporta una revisión teórica del sueño, su actividad eléctrica durante cada una de sus fases, los trastornos del sueño y el impacto de los trastornos del sueño en la vida del individuo. Se concluye resaltando el rol de mantener un equilibrio en el patrón de sueño como un beneficio para la vida diaria del sujeto.

Abstract Sleep is one of the most important behaviors for the cognition of the human being. It has between 4 to 6 cycles that are characterized by presenting different electromagnetic activity that causes a certain brain activity to occur in each of them. When the sleep pattern is affected, there are alterations in the daily life of the subject who suffers it, generating a negative impact on the activities carried out in the personal, family and social environment. In this article we report a theoretical review of the dream, its electrical activity during each of its phases, sleep disorders and the impact of sleep disorders on the individual's life. It is concluded by emphasizing the role of maintaining a balance in the sleep pattern as a benefit for the daily life of the subject.

Validation of a scale to assess Facebook dependence

BACKGROUND INFORMATION: Facebook is a social network that has become part of the everyday life of contemporary humanity and is notably the most accessed digital tool, worldwide; through it, one can simultaneously relate to millions of people, as a source of information, communication or entertainment. OBJECTIVE: To produce and validate a scale to evaluate Facebook dependence (FDS). METHOD: Validation was performed in 5 phases: 1- initial scale construction with 20 questions, 2- expert evaluation, 3- application in 200 volunteers, 4- statistical analysis and results, and 5- elaboration of the final 18-question validated version of FDS. RESULTS: We obtained a descriptive statistical analysis, a clear-cut separation of dependents vs. non-dependents and a successful factorial analysis. These results provided a validated version of FDS. CONCLUSIONS: We were able to construct the validated final version of FDS with 18 questions appropriate to the clinical contexts and to be used in conducting research on Facebook dependence. This scale will contribute to future research related to this specific digital dependence, hopefully reducing harmful effects and improving quality of life.

The home as insecurity place: violence against women in real life / A casa como lugar de insegurança: violência contra a mulher na vida real

This study aimed to reach an understanding into how violence against women occurs, where it happens and who is the principle aggressor and their relationship with gender construction. We done a survey of written sources (patient medical records) from 2015, for those who were victims of domestic violence and were attended to at the Clinical Hospital ­ HCU. This information was cross-referenced in relation to nursing experience of undergraduates in nursing that developed home visits with a social assistant from a Basic Family Health Unit, in the city of Uberlândia-MG, over a timeline in 2016. After the analysis and taking into consideration the experience of women inserted within the scenario of violence, we noted that the victims of violence had already suffered some type of violence in the past and this repeats itself throughout their life and history, with the change of companion, and leaving the home due to family problems. There was a noted tendency toward the aggressor being someone known to or from the family, companion, boyfriend, friend, mother and father. The data also points to the aggressor as being predominantly from the masculine sex. Violence against women rubs shoulder to shoulder with categories of gender violence, class and their relationship of power. Such relationships are mediated by a prominent patriarchal order within Brazilian society, which gives to the man the right to dominate and control his wife, even to the point of violence.

Este estudo objetivou compreender como ocorre a violência contra a mulher, onde e quem é o principal agressor, e sua relação com as construções de gênero. Foi realizado um levantamento de fontes escritas (prontuários de pacientes) do ano 2015, referente às vitimas de violência domestica e atendidas Hospital das Clínicas ­ HCU. Esses dados foram cruzados com relatos de experiência de graduandos em enfermagem que desenvolveram visitas domiciliares com assistente social de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde da Família, na cidade de Uberlândia-MG, em um espaço temporal do ano 2016. Após analise e levando-se em consideração a vivência com as mulheres inseridas no cenário de violência, foi possível notar que as vítimas de violência já sofreram algum tipo de violência no passado e que essas se repetem ao longo da vida e sua história, com a mudança de companheiro, com saída de casa devido à problemas familiares. Observou-se que o agressor é alguém conhecido ou mesmo da família, companheiro, namorado, amigo, mãe e pai. Os dados demonstraram uma predominância de sexo do agressor masculina. A violência contra a mulher traz em seu seio, estreita relação com as categorias de gênero, classe e suas relações de poder. Tais relações estão mediadas por uma ordem patriarcal proeminente na sociedade brasileira, a qual atribui aos homens o direito a dominar e controlar suas mulheres, levando aos limites da violência.

Searching for ancient balanced polymorphisms shared between Neanderthals and Modern Humans

Abstract Hominin evolution is characterized by adaptive solutions often rooted in behavioral and cognitive changes. If balancing selection had an important and long-lasting impact on the evolution of these traits, it can be hypothesized that genes associated with them should carry an excess of shared polymorphisms (trans- SNPs) across recent Homo species. In this study, we investigate the role of balancing selection in human evolution using available exomes from modern (Homo sapiens) and archaic humans (H. neanderthalensis and Denisovan) for an excess of trans-SNP in two gene sets: one associated with the immune system (IMMS) and another one with behavioral system (BEHS). We identified a significant excess of trans-SNPs in IMMS (N=547), of which six of these located within genes previously associated with schizophrenia. No excess of trans-SNPs was found in BEHS, but five genes in this system harbor potential signals for balancing selection and are associated with psychiatric or neurodevelopmental disorders. Our approach evidenced recent Homo trans-SNPs that have been previously implicated in psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia, suggesting that a genetic repertoire common to the immune and behavioral systems could have been maintained by balancing selection starting before the split between archaic and modern humans.

Evolutionary ethnobiology and cultural evolution: opportunities for research and dialog.

The interest in theoretical frameworks that improve our understanding of social-ecological systems is growing within the field of ethnobiology. Several evolutionary questions may underlie the relationships between people and the natural resources that are investigated in this field. A new branch of research, known as evolutionary ethnobiology (EE), focuses on these questions and has recently been formally conceptualized. The field of cultural evolution (CE) has significantly contributed to the development of this new field, and it has introduced the Darwinian concepts of variation, competition, and heredity to studies that focus on the dynamics of local knowledge. In this article, we introduce CE as an important theoretical framework for evolutionary ethnobiological research. We present the basic concepts and assumptions of CE, along with the adjustments that are necessary for its application in EE. We discuss different ethnobiological studies in the context of this new framework and the new opportunities for research that exist in this area. We also propose a dialog that includes our findings in the context of cultural evolution.

Dos notables médicos chinos en Cuba en el siglo XIX / Two outstanding Chinese doctors in Cuba in the 19th century

Introducción: La llegada a Cuba en el siglo XIX de los culíes contratados para realizar los trabajos agrícolas, conllevó la llegada de médicos chinos, practicantes de la medicina herbolaria. Objetivo: Caracterizar la vida y obra de dos médicos inmigrantes chinos del siglo XIX desde sus historias, quienes alcanzaron notoriedad en su época por sus comportamientos profesional y humano en la práctica de la Medicina, lejanos uno del otro en la Isla. Material y Métodos: Se presenta una revisión bibliográfica de las publicaciones periódicas indexadas en las bases de datos SciELO y Google Académico; libros, artículos periodísticos y publicaciones periódicas de la época que se encuentran como fondos de la Biblioteca Nacional de Cuba José Martí. Se consultaron como fuentes básicas Emilio Roig, Chouffat Latour, Delgado García y Portel Vilá. Desarrollo: Se obtuvo que los médicos herbolarios Siam y Juan Chambombiá permitieron lograr salvar a enfermos desahuciados en esa época, y ganar por ello notoriedad; mostraron cualidades humanas de desinterés y ayuda a los humildes. Las disputas referidas a la paternidad de la frase A ese no lo salva ni el médico chino, que ha quedado en el hablar popular cubano, finalmente fue conferida a Juan Chambombiá. Conclusiones: Siam y Chambombiá se caracterizaron por ser hombres cultos, dedicados a la profesión médica con desinterés y humanismo. Ambos sufrieron persecución e incomprensiones; prejuicios y celos, consecuencia del éxito en el tratamiento a pacientes incurables. Sus huellas han quedado en Cuba por sus comportamientos profesionales y humanos(AU)

Introduction: The arrival of coolies to Cuba in the 19th century, hired to carry out plantation labor, involved the arrival of Chinese doctors who were practicing members of the herbalist medicine. Objective:To characterize the life and work of two Chinese immigrant doctors of the XIX century who became well-known in their epoch because of their human and professional behaviors in the medical practice, even living away from each other in the island. Material and Methods:A bibliographic review of the periodical publications index-linked in SciELO database, and Google Scholar is presented. Books, journalistic articles, and periodical publications of the epoch that are part of the stock of José Martí National Library were reviewed. Basic sources such as Emilio Roig, Chouffat Latour, Delgado García, and Portel Vilá were also consulted. Development:It was known that the herbalist doctors Siam and Juan Chambombiá could cure sick people who were given up all hope of saving in that epoch, thus becoming well-known doctors; they both showed human qualities of lack of interest, and help to the humbles. The arguments referred to the authorship of the phrase: Not even the Chinese doctor can save him, which has remained in the Cuban collection of proverbs, was finally conferred to Juan Chambombiá. Conclusions:Siam and Chambombiá were characterized by being cultured men, dedicated to the medical profession with unselfishness and humanism. Both of them suffered for persecutions, and lack of understanding; prejudices, and jealousy as a consequence of their success in the treatment to incurable patients. Their traces have remained in Cuba because of their professional and human behaviors(AU)

Aspectos psicológicos del comportamiento humano en la productividad de la empresa en el Ecuador: una aproximación desde la medicina del trabajo / Psychological aspects of human behavior in the productivity of the company in Ecuador: an approach from occupational medicine

Propósito: ante las exigencias de productividad en las empresas, la interacción grupal e individual del ser humano está arrojando resultados que se ven inmersos en la medicina del trabajo; por lo tanto el objetivo se tiene el, validar una metodología que determine los aspectos psicológicos del comportamiento humano a través de la aplicación de evaluaciones psicosociales reconocidas para determinar su incidencia en la productividad de la empresa ecuatoriana. Material y métodos: la investigación parte de estudios psicosociales (Fpsico e ITSAS 21), analiza los procesos, resultados financieros de la empresa y plantea medidas de prevención. Se empleó la observación, entrevista, encuesta y reactivos psicológicos. Resultados: los factores de riesgo evaluados por FPSICO estuvieron tiempo de trabajo, autonomía, carga de trabajo, demandas psicológicas, variedad/ contenido del trabajo, supervisión/ participación, interés por el trabajador/ compensación, desempeño de rol, relaciones y apoyo social. El método ISTAS 21 consideró los factores de exigencias psicológicas, control sobre el trabajo, inseguridad sobre el futuro, apoyo social y calidad de liderazgo, doble presencia y estima. Conclusión: la metodología validada en la investigación determinó que los aspectos psicológicos del comportamiento humano influyen en la productividad de la empresa; pudiendo ser identificados a través de estudios psisociales y desde luego su éxito depende directamente, de la aplicación de las recomendaciones de prevención primarias (organización del trabajo), secundarias (individuos) y terciarias (recuperación y rehabilitación de personas) según el aspecto encontrado. (AU)

Purpose: faced with the demands of productivity in companies, the group and individual interaction of the human being is yielding results that are immersed in occupational medicine; Therefore the objective is to validate a methodology that determines the psychological aspects of human behavior through the application of recognized psychosocial assessments to determine their impact on the productivity of the Ecuadorian company. Material and methods: the research starts from psychosocial studies (Fpsico and ITSAS 21), analyzes the processes, financial results of the company and proposes prevention measures. Observation, interview, survey and psychological reagents were used. Results: risk factors evaluated by FPSICO were time of work, autonomy, workload, psychological demands, variety / content of work, supervision / participation, worker interest / compensation, role performance, relationships and social support. The ISTAS 21 method considered factors of psychological demands, control over work, insecurity about the future, social support and quality of leadership, double presence and esteem. Conclusion: the methodology validated in the investigation determined that the psychological aspects of human behavior influence the productivity of the company; Being able to be identified through psisocial studies and, of course, its success depends directly on the application of the primary prevention recommendations (work organization), secondary (individuals) and tertiary (recovery and rehabilitation of people) recommendations according to the aspect found. (AU)

Factor structure of the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) / Estrutura Fatorial do Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) / Estructura factorial del Life Orientation Test Revisado (LOT-R)

Abstract Optimism and pessimism are conceptualized as generalized expectations about events happening in people's lives, and are regarded as stable dispositions. The construct of optimism can be understood as being one-dimensional and bipolar, in other words, it's an only attribute with two extremes ranging from optimism or pessimism. The Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) is the instrument used for assessing dispositional optimism and has been the subject of several studies that verify its one-dimensionality. However, the results of those studies do not necessarily support the theoretical model. The aim of this paper was to analyze the factor structure of the LOT-R in a sample of adolescent students from basic primary and secondary education. Participants were 183 students of both genders, aged between 13 and 19 years old. The application of the LOT-R was carried collectively in the classroom. The instrument's confirmatory factor analysis was performed by testing a one-factor model and another one of two-factors. The two-factor model was the most appropriate, showing that, for this particular sample, the LOT-R consists of two components. The need for studies to test the structure of the instrument is evident inasmuch as the literature indicates that cultural differences are key elements to understanding optimism.

Resumo O otimismo e o pessimismo foram conceituados como expectativas generalizadas sobre os acontecimentos na vida dos indivíduos, e são considerados disposições estáveis. O construto otimismo pode ser entendido como unidimensional e bipolar, ou seja, é uma única característica com dois extremos, que pode variar entre o otimismo e o pessimismo. O Life Orientation Test Revisado (LOT-R) é o instrumento utilizado para a avaliação do otimismo disposicional que tem sido objeto de vários estudos, entre os quais se encontram as que verificam sua unidimensionalidade; no entanto, os resultados não necessariamente endossam o modelo teórico. O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi realizar a análise da estrutura fatorial do LOT-R numa amostra de 183 estudantes do ensino fundamental e médio, de ambos os sexos e com idade entre 13 e 19 anos. A aplicação do LOT-R aconteceu de forma coletiva em sala de aula. A análise fatorial confirmatória do instrumento foi realizada mediante dois modelos, um unifatorial e outro bifatorial. O modelo bifatorial foi o mais adequado, o que revela que nessa amostra específica, o LOT-R consta de dois componentes. A necessidade de realizar estudos para verificar a estrutura do instrumento fica evidente, pois a literatura aponta que diferenças culturais são pontos fundamentais para entender o otimismo.

Resumen El optimismo y el pesimismo se han conceptualizado como las expectativas generalizadas sobre los acontecimientos en la vida de los individuos, y son considerados disposiciones estables. El constructo optimismo puede entenderse como unidimensional y bipolar, es decir, es un único atributo con dos extremos que pueden variar entre el optimismo y el pesimismo. El Life Orientation Test Revisado (LOT-R) es el instrumento utilizado para la evaluación del optimismo disposicional que ha sido objeto de numerosas investigaciones, entre las cuales se encuentran las que comprueban su unidimensionalidad; sin embargo, los resultados no necesariamente han respaldado el modelo teórico. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue realizar el análisis de la estructura factorial del LOT-R en una muestra de 183 estudiantes de educación básica primaria y secundaria de ambos sexos y con edades entre los 13 y 19 años. La aplicación del LOT-R se hizo colectivamente en el aula de clases. El análisis factorial confirmatorio del instrumento se realizó mediante dos modelos, uno unifactorial y otro bifactorial. El segundo modelo fue el más adecuado, lo que demuestra que en esta muestra específica el LOT-R consta de dos componentes. La necesidad de realizar estudios para comprobar la estructura del instrumento resulta evidente debido a que la literatura señala que las diferencias culturales son elementos clave para entender el optimismo.

Las características personales y los valores sociales de una poblacion urbana relacionados con la participación social / Personal characteristics and social values of urban population related to social participation

Este estudio tuvo por objetivo identificar las características personales (ontosistema) y los valores sociales (macrosistema) que se relacionan con la participación social. Se encuesto a 113 habitantes de una ciudad en el noroeste de México. Se emplearon ecuaciones estructurales para identificar el modelo integrado por el factor características personales (ontosistema) con las variables autoconcepto positivo, autoconcepto negativo y autoestima positiva; el factor valores sociales (macrosistema) con las variables prosocialidad, responsabilidad y justicia-igualdad y el factor participación social con las variables organización social, acciones comunitarias y toma de decisiones. El modelo propuesto corresponde con el teórico, por lo que el factor características personales (ontosistema) y el factor valores (macrosistema) explican el diez por ciento de la varianza para el factor participación social. Se concluyó que tanto el factor características personales (ontosistema) como el factor valores (macrosistema) influyen directamente a la participación social.

The aim of this work was to identify personal characteristics (onto-system) and values (macro-system) which are related with social participation. A sample of 113 inhabitants of a Northeast city of Mexico was studied using a survey. Structural equations were used for identifying a social participation model integrated by personal characteristics factor (onto-system) with positive self-concept, negative self-concept and positive self-esteem. The values factor (macro-system) with sociality, responsibility and justice-equality values and social participation factor was integrated with the variables called social organization, communities actions and making decisions. The model found matches with theoretical model. Accordingly personal characteristics factor (onto-system) and values factor (macro-system) explain ten percent of social participation factor's variance. This study showed personal characteristics factor (onto-system) and values factor (macro-system) influence the social participation factor.