Inferior vena cava collapsibility index and trauma severity in elderly fall injuries

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Falls are a serious cause of morbidity and mortality among older people. One of the underlying causes of falls is dehydration. Therefore, ultrasonography has become an essential tool for evaluating volume status in the emergency department. However, the effect of volume status on falls in older people has not been evaluated before. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the inferior vena cava collapsibility index and the injury severity score in older patients who presented with fall-related injuries to the emergency department. METHODS: A total of 66 patients were included in the study. The injury severity score was used as the trauma severity score, and the Edmonton Frail Scale was used as the frailty scale. Volume status was evaluated with inferior vena cava collapsibility index. The primary outcome measure was defined as the correlation between inferior vena cava collapsibility index and injury severity score. Secondary outcome measures were defined as the effect of inferior vena cava collapsibility index and injury severity score on hospitalization and mortality. RESULTS: There was no significant correlation between injury severity score and inferior vena cava collapsibility index (p=0.342). Neither inferior vena cava collapsibility index nor injury severity score was an indicator of the mortality of these patients. However, injury severity score was an indicator of hospitalization. The mean Edmonton Frail Scale score was an indicator of mortality among older people who experienced falls (p=0.002). CONCLUSION: Inferior vena cava collapsibility index cannot be used to predict trauma severity in older patients who have experienced falls admitted to the emergency department.

CORRELATION BETWEEN THE SEVERITY AND BLOOD ALCOHOL LEVEL OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS VICTIMS.

Objective: To evaluate the correlation between blood alcohol levels and the severity of injuries assessed by the Injury Severity Score (ISS) in patients who were victims of traffic accidents admitted to the Hospital das Clínicas of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of São Paulo (HCFMUSP). Methods: Cross-sectional study carried out between July 2018 and June 2019, at the Central Emergency Room of the Hospital das Clínicas of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of São Paulo (PSC-HCFMUSP). A total of 172 hospitalized patients victims of traffic accidents were included in this study. Blood samples were analyzed by the FMUSP Toxicology Laboratory. Results: 36 patients (20.9%) had positive BAC (≥ 0.2 g/L) with a mean of 1.21 g/L. Overall, patients had a mean age of 37.2 years old, and 136 (79.1%) were men. The ISS of the total casuistry was 15.6; regarding the external cause, the motorcycle was ranked first with 100 cases (58.1%), and drivers were the majority with 57.4% of the sample. Conclusion: There was no correlation between the severity of the injuries and the blood alcohol levels of traffic accident victims admitted to a reference hospital. Level of Evidence II, Cross-Sectional Study.

Objetivo: Avaliar a correlação entre a alcoolemia e a gravidade das lesões avaliadas pelo Índice de Gravidade da Lesão ( Injury Severity Score* ­ ISS) em vítimas de acidentes de trânsito internadas no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HC-FMUSP). Método: Estudo transversal realizado entre julho de 2018 e junho de 2019, no Pronto Socorro Central do HC-FMUSP. Foram incluídas 172 vítimas de acidentes de trânsito. Amostras de sangue foram analisadas pelo Laboratório de Toxicologia da FMUSP. Resultados: 36 pacientes (20,9%) apresentaram alcoolemia positiva (≥ 0,2 g/L), com valor médio de 1,21 g/L. No geral, os pacientes tinham uma idade média de 37,2 anos, e 136 (79,1%) eram homens. O ISS da casuística total foi 15,6; quanto à causa externa, a motocicleta ficou em primeiro lugar com 100 casos (58,1%); e os condutores foram prevalentes entre as vítimas (57,4%). Conclusão: Não houve correlação entre a gravidade das lesões e a alcoolemia das vítimas de acidente de trânsito internadas em um hospital de referência. Nível de Evidência II, Estudo de Corte Transversal.

Is the colposcopic lesion size a predictor of high-grade lesions in young patients?

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to evaluate whether severity changes with colposcopic lesion size, regardless of age. Methods: This retrospective comparative study reviewed the records of 428 women with altered cytopathology reports who were directed by primary health care. Only those women with colposcopic alterations were evaluated (n=411). Histopathological analyses were restricted to patients who underwent excisional treatment (n=345). According to their age, they were grouped into the following: <21, 21-24, 25-35, and >35 years, and also, ≤24 and ≥25 years. The cytopathological, colposcopic, and histopathological findings were grouped according to severity. Lesion size was subjectively assessed from the colposcopic drawing recorded in the chart and according to the number of quadrants of the total cervical surface affected by colposcopic alterations in the transformation zone. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: The evaluations suggested that the lesion size was directly related to the severity of the cytopathology, colposcopy, and histopathology reports for the age groups ≤24 or ≥25 years. We observed associations between lesion size and severity of the cytopathology (≤24 years, p=0.037) and histopathology (≥25 years, p=0.003) findings. Conclusion: The size of the lesion was directly related to the severity of the histopathological lesion in patients aged ≥25 years and cytopathological in patients aged ≤24 years.

Correlation between the severity and blood alcohol level of traffic accidents victims / Correlação entre gravidade e alcoolemia de vítimas de acidentes de trânsito

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the correlation between blood alcohol levels and the severity of injuries assessed by the Injury Severity Score (ISS) in patients who were victims of traffic accidents admitted to the Hospital das Clínicas of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of São Paulo (HCFMUSP). Methods: Cross-sectional study carried out between July 2018 and June 2019, at the Central Emergency Room of the Hospital das Clínicas of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of São Paulo (PSC-HCFMUSP). A total of 172 hospitalized patients victims of traffic accidents were included in this study. Blood samples were analyzed by the FMUSP Toxicology Laboratory. Results: 36 patients (20.9%) had positive BAC (≥ 0.2 g/L) with a mean of 1.21 g/L. Overall, patients had a mean age of 37.2 years old, and 136 (79.1%) were men. The ISS of the total casuistry was 15.6; regarding the external cause, the motorcycle was ranked first with 100 cases (58.1%), and drivers were the majority with 57.4% of the sample. Conclusion: There was no correlation between the severity of the injuries and the blood alcohol levels of traffic accident victims admitted to a reference hospital. Level of Evidence II, Cross-Sectional Study.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a correlação entre a alcoolemia e a gravidade das lesões avaliadas pelo Índice de Gravidade da Lesão ( Injury Severity Score* - ISS) em vítimas de acidentes de trânsito internadas no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HC-FMUSP).* Método: Estudo transversal realizado entre julho de 2018 e junho de 2019, no Pronto Socorro Central do HC-FMUSP. Foram incluídas 172 vítimas de acidentes de trânsito. Amostras de sangue foram analisadas pelo Laboratório de Toxicologia da FMUSP. Resultados: 36 pacientes (20,9%) apresentaram alcoolemia positiva (≥ 0,2 g/L), com valor médio de 1,21 g/L. No geral, os pacientes tinham uma idade média de 37,2 anos, e 136 (79,1%) eram homens. O ISS da casuística total foi 15,6; quanto à causa externa, a motocicleta ficou em primeiro lugar com 100 casos (58,1%); e os condutores foram prevalentes entre as vítimas (57,4%). Conclusão: Não houve correlação entre a gravidade das lesões e a alcoolemia das vítimas de acidente de trânsito internadas em um hospital de referência. Nível de Evidência II, Estudo de Corte Transversal.

Comparison between Injury Severity Score (ISS) and New Injury Severity Score (NISS) in predicting mortality of thoracic trauma in a tertiary hospital / Comparação entre o Injury Severity Score (ISS) e o New Injury Severity Score (NISS) na predição da mortalidade de traumas torácicos atendidos em um hospital terciário

ABSTRACT Introduction: measuring the severity of traumatic injuries is crucial for predicting clinical outcomes. Whereas the Injury Severity Score (ISS) has limitations in assigning scores to injuries at the same site, the New Injury Severity Score (NISS) corrects for this problem by taking into account the three most severe injuries regardless of the region of the body. This study seeks to comprehend the clinical and epidemiological profile of trauma patients while comparing the effectiveness of scales for predicting mortality. Methods: a descriptive, observational and retrospective study using records of patients who underwent thoracotomy at the Hospital das Clínicas of the Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro between 2000 and 2019. Demographic data, mechanisms of injury, affected organs, length of stay and mortality were analyzed. Injury severity was assessed using the ISS and NISS, and statistical analyses were conducted using MedCalc and SigmaPlot. Results: 101 patients were assessed, on average 29.6 years old, 86.13% of whom were men. The average duration of hospitalization was 10.9 days and the mortality rate was 28.7%. The ROC curve analysis revealed a sensitivity of 68.97%, specificity of 80.56% and area under the curve of 0.837 for the ISS, and 58.62%, 94.44% and 0.855 for the NISS, respectively. The Youden index was 0.49 for the ISS and 0.53 for the NISS. Conclusion: the study demonstrated comparable efficacy of NISS and ISS in predicting mortality. These findings hold significance in the hospital setting. Professionals must be familiar with these scales to utilize them competently for each patient.

RESUMO Introdução: a medição da gravidade das lesões traumáticas é essencial para prever os desfechos clínicos. Enquanto o Injury Severity Score (ISS) tem limitações ao atribuir pontuações às lesões no mesmo local, o New Injury Severity Score (NISS) corrige esse problema ao considerar as três lesões mais graves independentemente da região corporal. Este estudo visa entender o perfil clínico-epidemiológico dos pacientes traumatizados, comparando a eficácia das escalas para prever mortalidade. Métodos: estudo descritivo, observacional e retrospectivo utilizando registros de pacientes submetidos à toracotomia no Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro entre 2000 e 2019. Dados demográficos, mecanismos de lesão, órgãos afetados, tempo de internação e mortalidade foram analisados. A gravidade das lesões foi avaliada usando o ISS e NISS, e as análises estatísticas foram conduzidas no MedCalc e SigmaPlot. Resultados: Foram avaliados 101 pacientes, em média com 29,6 anos, sendo 86,13% homens. A média da internação foi de 10,9 dias e a taxa de mortalidade foi de 28,7%. A análise da curva ROC revelou uma sensibilidade de 68,97%, especificidade de 80,56% e área sob a curva de 0,837 para o ISS, e 58,62%, 94,44% e 0,855 para o NISS, respectivamente. O índice de Youden indicou 0,49 para o ISS e 0,53 para o NISS. Conclusão: o estudo demonstrou semelhante eficácia entre o NISS e o ISS na previsão de mortalidade. Esses resultados geram implicações importantes na aplicação dessas escalas no ambiente hospitalar. É essencial que os profissionais conheçam tais escalas para aplica-las adequadamente no contexto de cada paciente.

Is post-traumatic stress disorder related to the severity of physical trauma?

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Trauma can cause physical morbidity and even result in death. Besides, it can lead to serious mental problems as well. The most well-known mental health problem is post-traumatic stress disorder. Through this study, it was primarily aimed to find out whether the severity of physical trauma is effective on post-traumatic stress disorder and other risk factors if any. METHODS: The reports of the patients who were transferred to the Turkish Council of Forensic Medicine Third Speciality Board between January 01, 2019, and December 31, 2020, for post-traumatic invalidity or disability evaluation and whose psychiatric examinations were performed were retrospectively analyzed in the electronic environment. RESULTS: It was found that 34 (26.4%) of the patients had a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (under treatment for at least 6 months), while 76 (58.9%) of them did not have a psychiatric disease and 19 (14.7%) of them had mental disorders not associated with trauma (i.e., affective disorder, anxiety disorder, etc.). No significant correlation was found between trauma scores and post-traumatic stress disorder (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Based on the results of our study, post-traumatic stress disorder and the severity of physical trauma are not significantly correlated. Being of female gender, sustaining a non-accidental injury, and witnessing a fatal event stand out as significant risk factors.

Predictive ability of severity scores and outcomes for mortality in kidney transplant recipients with coronavirus disease 2019 admitted to the intensive care unit: results from a Brazilian single-center cohort study / Capacidade preditiva de escores de gravidade e desfechos para mortalidade em receptores de transplante renal com COVID-2019 admitidos em unidade de terapia intensiva: resultados de um estudo de coorte brasileiro de um único centro

Abstract Background: the predictive ability of severity scores for mortality in patients admitted to intensive care units is not well-known among kidney transplanted (KT) patients, especially those diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the predictive ability of severity scores for mortality in KT recipients. Methods: 51 KT recipients with COVID-19 diagnosis were enrolled. The performance of the SOFA, SAPS 3, and APACHE IV tools in predicting mortality after COVID-19 was compared by the area under the ROC curve (AUC-ROC) and univariate Cox regression analysis was performed. Results: The 90-day cumulative incidence of death was 63.4%. Only APACHE IV score differed between survivors and nonsurvivors: 91.2±18.3 vs. 106.5±26.3, P = 0.03. The AUC- ROC of APACHE IV for predicting death was 0.706 (P = 0.04) and 0.656 (P = 0.06) at 7 and 90 days, respectively. Receiving a kidney from a deceased donor (HR = 3.16; P = 0.03), troponin levels at admission (HR for each ng/mL = 1.001; P = 0.03), APACHE IV score (HR for each 1 point = 1.02; P = 0.01), mechanical ventilation (MV) requirement (HR = 3.04; P = 0.002) and vasopressor use on the first day after ICU admission (HR = 3.85; P < 0.001) were associated with the 90-day mortality in the univariate analysis. Conclusion: KT recipients had high mortality, which was associated with type of donor, troponin levels, early use of vasopressors, and MV requirement. The other traditional severity scores investigated could not predict mortality.

RESUMO Introdução: a capacidade preditiva dos escores de gravidade para mortalidade em pacientes admitidos em unidades de terapia intensiva não é bem conhecida entre pacientes transplantados renais (TR), especialmente aqueles diagnosticados com doença coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19). Este estudo avaliou a capacidade preditiva dos escores de gravidade para mortalidade em receptores de TR. Métodos: Foram inscritos 51 receptores de TR diagnosticados com COVID-19. O desempenho das ferramentas SOFA, SAPS 3, APACHE IV em predizer mortalidade após COVID-19 foi comparado pela área sob a curva ROC (AUC-ROC) e realizou-se análise de regressão univariada de Cox. Resultados: A incidência cumulativa de óbito em 90 dias foi 63,4%. Somente APACHE IV diferiu entre sobreviventes e não-sobreviventes: 91,2±18,3 vs. 106,5±26,3; P = 0,03. A AUC-ROC do APACHE IV para predizer óbito foi 0,706 (P = 0,04) e 0,656 (P = 0,06) aos 7 e 90 dias, respectivamente. Receber rim de doador falecido (HR = 3,16; P = 0,03), níveis de troponina na admissão (HR para cada ng/mL = 1,001; P = 0,03), escore APACHE IV (HR para cada 1 ponto = 1,02; P = 0,01), necessidade de ventilação mecânica (VM) (HR = 3,04; P = 0,002), uso de vasopressor no primeiro dia após admissão na UTI (HR = 3,85; P < 0,001) foram associados à mortalidade em 90 dias na análise univariada. Conclusão: Receptores de TR apresentaram alta mortalidade, associada ao tipo de doador, níveis de troponina, uso precoce de vasopressores e necessidade de VM. Os outros escores tradicionais de gravidade investigados não puderam predizer mortalidade.

Comportamiento y gravedad del trauma maxilofacial en urgencia en el Hospital Universitario "General Calixto García" / Characteristics and Severity of Maxillofacial Trauma in the Emergency Room at General Calixto García University Hospital

Introducción: La región maxilofacial es vulnerable al trauma. Se utilizan herramientas para evaluar la gravedad del trauma maxilofacial. Objetivo: Caracterizar el comportamiento y gravedad del trauma maxilofacial en los pacientes atendidos en el servicio de urgencias de cirugía maxilofacial del Hospital Universitario "General Calixto García". Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo transversal en pacientes que acudieron al servicio de urgencias de cirugía maxilofacial del Hospital Universitario "General Calixto García", desde septiembre de 2018 hasta marzo de 2021. El universo fue de 57 pacientes. Se aplicó la escala de severidad de lesiones faciales. Variables analizadas: edad, sexo, etiología, diagnósticos, exámenes complementarios, gravedad del trauma maxilofacial, procederes terapéuticos inmediatos. Resultados: Prevaleció la fractura mandibular como diagnóstico (66,7 por ciento). La etiología más frecuente fue la violencia interpersonal (29,8 por ciento). Predominó la gravedad leve del trauma maxilofacial (71,9 por ciento). La extracción de cuerpos extraños de la vía aérea, tracción lingual, inserción de cánula orofaríngea, intubación orotraqueal (5,3 por ciento), y sutura (64,9 por ciento), fueron los procederes terapéuticos inmediatos más utilizados. Conclusiones: Prevalecen los pacientes del sexo masculino y del grupo de edad de 19 a 30 años. Predomina la fractura mandibular como diagnóstico. Los exámenes complementarios más utilizados son, la tomografía computarizada, el hemograma completo y el coagulograma. Impera la violencia interpersonal como etiología. Prevalece la gravedad leve del trauma maxilofacial. Los procederes terapéuticos inmediatos más empleados son, extracción de cuerpos extraños de la vía aérea, tracción lingual, inserción de cánula orofaríngea, intubación orotraqueal y sutura(AU)

Introduction: The maxillofacial region is vulnerable to trauma. Tools are used to assess the severity of maxillofacial trauma. Objective: To characterize maxillofacial trauma and its severity in patients cared for at the maxillofacial surgery emergency department of General Calixto García University Hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive and observational study was carried out in patients attending the maxillofacial surgery emergency department at General Calixto García University Hospital, from September 2018 to March 2021. The study universe was 57 patients. The facial injury severity scale was applied. The analyzed variables were age, sex, etiology, diagnoses, complementary examinations, severity of maxillofacial trauma, immediate therapeutic procedures. Results: Mandibular fracture prevailed as a diagnosis (66.7 percent). The most frequent etiology was interpersonal violence (29.8 percent). Mild severity of maxillofacial trauma predominated (71.9 percent). Extraction of foreign bodies from the airway, tongue traction, insertion of oropharyngeal cannula, orotracheal intubation (5.3 percent) and suturing (64.9 percent) were the most frequently used immediate therapeutic procedures. Conclusions: There is a prevalence of male patients and the age group 19 to 30 years. Mandibular fracture predominates as a diagnosis. The most frequently used complementary tests are computed tomography, complete blood count and coagulogram. Interpersonal violence prevails as an etiology. Mild severity of maxillofacial trauma prevails. The most commonly used immediate therapeutic procedures are extraction of foreign bodies from the airway, tongue traction, insertion of oropharyngeal cannula, orotracheal intubation and suturing(AU)

Factors associated with the severity of road traffic injuries from emergency department based surveillance system in two Mexican cities.

BACKGROUND: Limited data from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) on the severity of road traffic injuries (RTIs) and their relation to different variables of interest are routinely obtained. Knowledge on this subject relies on evidence from high-income countries, which might not be the same as in LMICs. This information is greatly needed to advance and inform local and regional efforts towards the United Nations' Decade of Action and the Sustainable Development Goals. METHODS: From May 2012 to November 2014, a RTI surveillance system was implemented in two referral hospitals in two Mexican cities, León and Guadalajara, with the objective of exploring the relationship between Injury Severity Score (ISS) and different sociodemographic characteristics of the injured as well as different variables related to the event and the environment. All individuals suffering RTIs who visited the Emergency Rooms (ER) were included after granting informed consent. A Zero-Truncated Negative Binomial Model was employed to explore the statistical association between ISS and variables of interest. RESULTS: 3024 individuals participated in the study: 2185 (72.3%) patients from León and 839 patients (27.7%) from Guadalajara. Being male, in the 20-59 age-group, having less schooling, events occurring in Guadalajara, on Sundays, at night, and arriving at ER via public/private ambulance were all associated with an increased log count of ISS. Found a significant interaction effect (p-value< 0.05) between type of road user and alcohol intake six hours before the accident on severity of the injury (ISS). The use of illicit drugs, cellphones and safety devices during the event showed no association to ISS. CONCLUSIONS: Our study contributes to the statistical analysis of ISS obtained through RTI hospital surveillance systems. Findings might facilitate the development and evaluation of focused interventions to reduce RTIs in vulnerable users, to enhance ER services and prehospital care, and to reduce drink driving.

Police-reported pedestrian crash matching and injury severity misclassification by body region in New Mexico, USA.

Between 2009 and 2019, pedestrian fatalities in the U.S. increased 51.0% while all other traffic fatalities increased 0.4%. To mitigate pedestrian safety issues, practitioners increasingly use police-reported data to identify and treat locations that experience either serious or fatal injuries. We investigated how many and which types of pedestrian injuries were misclassified by police-reported data in New Mexico between 2014 and 2018 by matching pedestrian-vehicle crash victims reported in New Mexico Department of Transportation (NMDOT) crash data to patients treated at University of New Mexico Health-Science Center, an American College of Surgeons-certified level 1 trauma center (n = 3097 pedestrians in NMDOT data; n = 512 matched pedestrians). Findings suggest that injuries involving older pedestrians, males, alcohol, more serious injuries, and those that occur at night are more likely to match to the hospital data. Of the non-fatally injured pedestrians who police estimated as seriously-injured (n = 207), 21.7% were no more than minorly-injured (n = 45) (KABCO A and ISS < 9). Of pedestrians who police estimated as minorly-injured (n = 239), 55.6% were seriously-injured (n = 133) (KABCO B,C,O and ISS ≥ 9). Of pedestrians with true serious injuries (n = 295) (ISS ≥ 9), 45.1% were under-estimated by police (n = 133) (KABCO B,C,O and ISS ≥ 9) whereas 29.8% of pedestrians with true minor injuries (n = 151) (ISS < 9) were over-estimated by police (n = 45) (KABCO A and ISS < 9). Minorly-injured pedestrians who were over-estimated by police (KABCO A and ISS < 9) were more likely to have lower extremity injuries (62.2% vs 42.5%, p-value = 0.013) compared to minorly-injured pedestrians whose injury severities were estimated correctly (KABCO B,C,O and ISS < 9). Seriously-injured pedestrians who were under-estimated (KABCO B,C,O and ISS ≥ 9) were less likely to have injuries to the head (39.8% vs. 55.6%, p-value = 0.003), spine (30.1% vs. 50.0%, p-value < 0.001), thorax (53.4% vs. 66.7%, p-value = 0.0139), or abdomen (18.8% vs. 32.1%, p-value = 0.005) compared to seriously-injured pedestrians whose injury severities were estimated correctly (KABCO A and ISS ≥ 9). This research illustrates the importance of linking police and health outcome databases to provide a more complete understanding of traffic safety.

Predictive factors of mortality in damage control surgery for abdominal trauma / Fatores preditivos de mortalidade na cirurgia de controle de danos no trauma abdominal

ABSTRACT Introduction: damage control surgery (DCS) is well recognized as a surgical strategy for patients sustaining severe abdominal trauma. Literature suggests the indications, operative times, therapeutic procedures, laboratory parameters and intraoperative findings have a direct bearing on the outcomes. Objective: to analyze the clinical profile of patients undergoing DCS and determine predictors of morbidity and mortality. Methods: a retrospective cohort study was conducted on all patients undergoing DCS following abdominal trauma from November 2015 and December 2021. Data on subjects' demographics, baseline presentation, mechanism of injury, associated injuries, injury severity scores, laboratory parameters, operative details, postoperative complications, length of stay and mortality were assessed. A binary logistic regression analysis was performed to determine potential risk factors for mortality. Results: During the study period, 696 patients underwent trauma laparotomy. Of these, 8.9% (n=62) were DCS, with more than 80% due to penetrating mechanisms. Overall mortality was 59.6%. In the logistic regression stratified by survival, several variables were significantly associated with mortality, including hypotension, and altered mental status at admission, intraoperative cardiorespiratory arrest, need for resuscitative thoracotomy, metabolic acidosis, hyperlactatemia, coagulopathy, fibrinolysis, and severity of the trauma injury scores. Conclusion: DCS may be appropriate in critically injured patients; however, it remains associated with significant morbidity and high mortality, even at specialized trauma care centers. From pre and postoperative clinical and laboratory parameters, it was possible to predict the risk of death in the studied sample.

RESUMO Introdução: a cirurgia de controle de danos (CCD) é estratégia bem definida de manejo cirúrgico para pacientes vítimas de trauma grave. A literatura sugere que as indicações, tempo operatório, medidas terapêuticas adotadas, alterações laboratoriais e achados transoperatórios apresentam impacto direto sobre o desfecho. Objetivo: analisar o perfil clínico-demográfico dos pacientes submetidos à CCD e identificar fatores preditivos de morbimortalidade na amostra. Métodos: coorte retrospectiva a partir da análise de prontuários de pacientes submetidos à CCD por trauma abdominal entre novembro de 2015 e dezembro de 2021. As variáveis analisadas incluíram dados demográficos, tempo da admissão, mecanismo do trauma, lesões associadas, escores de trauma, parâmetros laboratoriais, achados cirúrgicos, reposição volêmica e de hemoderivados, complicações pós-operatórias, tempo de internação e mortalidade. Para analisar os fatores de risco para mortalidade, foi utilizada análise de regressão logística binária. Resultados: no período, foram realizadas 696 laparotomias por trauma abdominal e destas, 8.9% (n=62) foram CCD, sendo mais de 80% por mecanismo penetrante. A mortalidade foi de 59.6%. Na regressão logística estratificada pela sobrevida, diversas variáveis foram associadas à mortalidade com significância estatística, incluindo hipotensão e alteração do estado mental à admissão, parada cardiorrespiratória no transoperatório, necessidade de toracotomia de reanimação, acidose metabólica, hiperlactatemia, coagulopatia, fibrinólise, gravidade dos escores de trauma e necessidade de hemoderivados. Conclusão: apesar da condução da estratégia de CCD em centro de trauma, a morbimortalidade ainda é elevada. A partir de parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais pré e pós-operatórios, é possível predizer o risco de evolução para óbito na amostra estudada.

Damage control surgery for splenic trauma: "preserve an organ - preserve a life".

The spleen is one of the most commonly injured solid organs of the abdominal cavity and an early diagnosis can reduce the associated mortality. Over the past couple of decades, management of splenic injuries has evolved to a prefered non-operative approach even in severely injured cases. However, the optimal surgical management of splenic trauma in severely injured patients remains controversial. This article aims to present an algorithm for the management of splenic trauma in severely injured patients, that includes basic principles of damage control surgery and is based on the experience obtained by the Trauma and Emergency Surgery Group (CTE) of Cali, Colombia. The choice between a conservative or a surgical approach depends on the hemodynamic status of the patient. In hemodynamically stable patients, a computed tomography angiogram should be performed to determine if non-operative management is feasible and if angioembolization is required. While hemodynamically unstable patients should be transferred immediately to the operating room for damage control surgery, which includes splenic packing and placement of a negative pressure dressing, followed by angiography with embolization of any ongoing arterial bleeding. It is our recommendation that both damage control principles and emerging endovascular technologies should be applied to achieve splenic salvage when possible. However, if surgical bleeding persists a splenectomy may be required as a definitive lifesaving maneuver.

El bazo es uno de los órganos sólidos comprometidos con mayor frecuencia en el trauma abdominal y el diagnóstico oportuno disminuye la mortalidad. El manejo del trauma esplénico ha cambiado considerablemente en las últimas décadas y hoy en día se prefiere un abordaje conservador incluso en casos de lesión severa. Sin embargo, la estrategia óptima para el manejo del trauma esplénico en el paciente severamente traumatizado aún es controvertida. El objetivo de este artículo es proponer una estrategia de manejo para el trauma esplénico en pacientes politraumatizados que incluye los principios de la cirugía de control de daños en base a la experiencia obtenida por el grupo de Cirugía de Trauma y Emergencias (CTE) de Cali, Colombia. La decisión entre un abordaje conservador o quirúrgico depende del estado hemodinámico del paciente. En pacientes hemodinámicamente estables, se debe realizar una tomografía axial computarizada con contraste endovenoso para determinar si es posible un manejo conservador y si requiere angio-embolización. Mientras que los pacientes hemodinámicamente inestables deben ser trasladados inmediatamente al quirófano para empaquetamiento esplénico y colocación de un sistema de presión negativa, seguido de angiografía con embolización de cualquier sangrado arterial persistente. Es nuestra recomendación aplicar conjuntamente los principios del control de daños y las tecnologías endovasculares emergentes para lograr la conservación del bazo, cuando sea posible. Sin embargo, si el sangrado persiste puede requerirse una esplenectomía como medida definitiva para salvaguardar la vida del paciente.

Damage control in penetrating duodenal trauma: less is better - the sequel.

The overall incidence of duodenal injuries in severely injured trauma patients is between 0.2 to 0.6% and the overall prevalence in those suffering from abdominal trauma is 3 to 5%. Approximately 80% of these cases are secondary to penetrating trauma, commonly associated with vascular and adjacent organ injuries. Therefore, defining the best surgical treatment algorithm remains controversial. Mild to moderate duodenal trauma is currently managed via primary repair and simple surgical techniques. However, severe injuries have required complex surgical techniques without significant favorable outcomes and a consequential increase in mortality rates. This article aims to delineate the experience in the surgical management of penetrating duodenal injuries via the creation of a practical and effective algorithm that includes basic principles of damage control surgery that sticks to the philosophy of "Less is Better". Surgical management of all penetrating duodenal trauma should always default when possible to primary repair. When confronted with a complex duodenal injury, hemodynamic instability, and/or significant associated injuries, the default should be damage control surgery. Definitive reconstructive surgery should be postponed until the patient has been adequately resuscitated and the diamond of death has been corrected.

El trauma de duodeno comúnmente se produce por un trauma penetrante que puede asociarse a lesiones vasculares y de órganos adyacentes. En el manejo quirúrgico se recomienda realizar un reparo primario o el empleo de técnicas quirúrgicas simples. Sin embargo, el abordaje de lesiones severas del duodeno es un tema controversial. Anteriormente, se han descrito técnicas como la exclusión pilórica o la pancreatoduodenectomía con resultados no concluyentes. El presente artículo presenta una propuesta del manejo de control de daños del trauma penetrante de duodeno, a través, de un algoritmo de cinco pasos. Este algoritmo plantea una solución para el cirujano cuando no es posible realizar el reparo primario. El control de daños del duodeno y su reconstrucción depende de una toma de decisiones respecto a la porción del duodeno lesionada y el compromiso sobre el complejo pancreatoduodenal. Se recomiendan medidas rápidas para contener el daño y se proponen vías de reconstrucción duodenal diferente a las clásicamente descritas. Igualmente, la probabilidad de complicaciones como fistula duodenales es considerable, por lo que proponemos, que el manejo de este tipo de fistulas de alto gasto se aborde por medio de una laparostomía retroperitoneal (lumbotomía). El abordaje del trauma penetrante de duodeno se puede realizar a través del principio "menos es mejor".

Damage control surgical management of combined small and large bowel injuries in penetrating trauma: Are ostomies still pertinent?

Hollow viscus injuries represent a significant portion of overall lesions sustained during penetrating trauma. Currently, isolated small or large bowel injuries are commonly managed via primary anastomosis in patients undergoing definitive laparotomy or deferred anastomosis in patients requiring damage control surgery. The traditional surgical dogma of ostomy has proven to be unnecessary and, in many instances, actually increases morbidity. The aim of this article is to delineate the experience obtained in the management of combined hollow viscus injuries of patients suffering from penetrating trauma. We sought out to determine if primary and/or deferred bowel injury repair via anastomosis is the preferred surgical course in patients suffering from combined small and large bowel penetrating injuries. Our experience shows that more than 90% of all combined penetrating bowel injuries can be managed via primary or deferred anastomosis, even in the most severe cases requiring the application of damage control principles. Applying this strategy, the overall need for an ostomy (primary or deferred) could be reduced to less than 10%.

El trauma de las vísceras huecas representa una gran proporción de las lesiones asociadas al trauma penetrante. Actualmente, las lesiones aisladas de intestino delgado o colon se manejan a través de anastomosis primaria en pacientes sometidos a laparotomía definitiva o anastomosis diferida en pacientes que requieran cirugía de control de daños. El dogma quirúrgico tradicional de la ostomía se ha probado que es innecesario y en muchos casos puede aumentar la morbilidad. El objetivo de este artículo es describir la experiencia obtenida en el manejo de lesiones combinadas de vísceras huecas de pacientes con trauma penetrante. Se determinó que el manejo primario o diferido del intestino a través de anastomosis es el abordaje quirúrgico preferido en pacientes que presentan lesiones penetrantes combinadas de intestino delgado y colon. Se ha reportado que el 90% de lesiones combinadas penetrantes intestinales pueden ser manejadas a través de anastomosis primaria o diferida incluso en los casos más severos requieren la aplicación de los principios de control de daños. Aplicando esta estrategia, la tasa general para ostomía (primaria o diferida) puede ser reducida a menos del 10%.

Damage control surgical management of combined small and large bowel injuries in penetrating trauma: Are ostomies still pertinent? / Cirugía de control de daños en lesiones combinadas de intestino delgado y colon en trauma penetrante: ¿Es pertinente el uso de ostomías?

Abstract Hollow viscus injuries represent a significant portion of overall lesions sustained during penetrating trauma. Currently, isolated small or large bowel injuries are commonly managed via primary anastomosis in patients undergoing definitive laparotomy or deferred anastomosis in patients requiring damage control surgery. The traditional surgical dogma of ostomy has proven to be unnecessary and, in many instances, actually increases morbidity. The aim of this article is to delineate the experience obtained in the management of combined hollow viscus injuries of patients suffering from penetrating trauma. We sought out to determine if primary and/or deferred bowel injury repair via anastomosis is the preferred surgical course in patients suffering from combined small and large bowel penetrating injuries. Our experience shows that more than 90% of all combined penetrating bowel injuries can be managed via primary or deferred anastomosis, even in the most severe cases requiring the application of damage control principles. Applying this strategy, the overall need for an ostomy (primary or deferred) could be reduced to less than 10%.

Resumen El trauma de las vísceras huecas representa una gran proporción de las lesiones asociadas al trauma penetrante. Actualmente, las lesiones aisladas de intestino delgado o colon se manejan a través de anastomosis primaria en pacientes sometidos a laparotomía definitiva o anastomosis diferida en pacientes que requieran cirugía de control de daños. El dogma quirúrgico tradicional de la ostomía se ha probado que es innecesario y en muchos casos puede aumentar la morbilidad. El objetivo de este artículo es describir la experiencia obtenida en el manejo de lesiones combinadas de vísceras huecas de pacientes con trauma penetrante. Se determinó que el manejo primario o diferido del intestino a través de anastomosis es el abordaje quirúrgico preferido en pacientes que presentan lesiones penetrantes combinadas de intestino delgado y colon. Se ha reportado que el 90% de lesiones combinadas penetrantes intestinales pueden ser manejadas a través de anastomosis primaria o diferida incluso en los casos más severos requieren la aplicación de los principios de control de daños. Aplicando esta estrategia, la tasa general para ostomía (primaria o diferida) puede ser reducida a menos del 10%.

Damage control surgery for splenic trauma: "preserve an organ - preserve a life" / Control de daños en trauma esplénico: "preserva un órgano, preserva la vida"

Abstract The spleen is one of the most commonly injured solid organs of the abdominal cavity and an early diagnosis can reduce the associated mortality. Over the past couple of decades, management of splenic injuries has evolved to a prefered non-operative approach even in severely injured cases. However, the optimal surgical management of splenic trauma in severely injured patients remains controversial. This article aims to present an algorithm for the management of splenic trauma in severely injured patients, that includes basic principles of damage control surgery and is based on the experience obtained by the Trauma and Emergency Surgery Group (CTE) of Cali, Colombia. The choice between a conservative or a surgical approach depends on the hemodynamic status of the patient. In hemodynamically stable patients, a computed tomography angiogram should be performed to determine if non-operative management is feasible and if angioembolization is required. While hemodynamically unstable patients should be transferred immediately to the operating room for damage control surgery, which includes splenic packing and placement of a negative pressure dressing, followed by angiography with embolization of any ongoing arterial bleeding. It is our recommendation that both damage control principles and emerging endovascular technologies should be applied to achieve splenic salvage when possible. However, if surgical bleeding persists a splenectomy may be required as a definitive lifesaving maneuver.

Resumen El bazo es uno de los órganos sólidos comprometidos con mayor frecuencia en el trauma abdominal y el diagnóstico oportuno disminuye la mortalidad. El manejo del trauma esplénico ha cambiado considerablemente en las últimas décadas y hoy en día se prefiere un abordaje conservador incluso en casos de lesión severa. Sin embargo, la estrategia óptima para el manejo del trauma esplénico en el paciente severamente traumatizado aún es controvertida. El objetivo de este artículo es proponer una estrategia de manejo para el trauma esplénico en pacientes politraumatizados que incluye los principios de la cirugía de control de daños en base a la experiencia obtenida por el grupo de Cirugía de Trauma y Emergencias (CTE) de Cali, Colombia. La decisión entre un abordaje conservador o quirúrgico depende del estado hemodinámico del paciente. En pacientes hemodinámicamente estables, se debe realizar una tomografía axial computarizada con contraste endovenoso para determinar si es posible un manejo conservador y si requiere angio-embolización. Mientras que los pacientes hemodinámicamente inestables deben ser trasladados inmediatamente al quirófano para empaquetamiento esplénico y colocación de un sistema de presión negativa, seguido de angiografía con embolización de cualquier sangrado arterial persistente. Es nuestra recomendación aplicar conjuntamente los principios del control de daños y las tecnologías endovasculares emergentes para lograr la conservación del bazo, cuando sea posible. Sin embargo, si el sangrado persiste puede requerirse una esplenectomía como medida definitiva para salvaguardar la vida del paciente.

Damage control in penetrating duodenal trauma: less is better - the sequel / El control de daños en trauma penetrante de duodeno: "Menos es Mejor

Abstract The overall incidence of duodenal injuries in severely injured trauma patients is between 0.2 to 0.6% and the overall prevalence in those suffering from abdominal trauma is 3 to 5%. Approximately 80% of these cases are secondary to penetrating trauma, commonly associated with vascular and adjacent organ injuries. Therefore, defining the best surgical treatment algorithm remains controversial. Mild to moderate duodenal trauma is currently managed via primary repair and simple surgical techniques. However, severe injuries have required complex surgical techniques without significant favorable outcomes and a consequential increase in mortality rates. This article aims to delineate the experience in the surgical management of penetrating duodenal injuries via the creation of a practical and effective algorithm that includes basic principles of damage control surgery that sticks to the philosophy of "Less is Better". Surgical management of all penetrating duodenal trauma should always default when possible to primary repair. When confronted with a complex duodenal injury, hemodynamic instability, and/or significant associated injuries, the default should be damage control surgery. Definitive reconstructive surgery should be postponed until the patient has been adequately resuscitated and the diamond of death has been corrected.

Resumen El trauma de duodeno comúnmente se produce por un trauma penetrante que puede asociarse a lesiones vasculares y de órganos adyacentes. En el manejo quirúrgico se recomienda realizar un reparo primario o el empleo de técnicas quirúrgicas simples. Sin embargo, el abordaje de lesiones severas del duodeno es un tema controversial. Anteriormente, se han descrito técnicas como la exclusión pilórica o la pancreatoduodenectomía con resultados no concluyentes. El presente artículo presenta una propuesta del manejo de control de daños del trauma penetrante de duodeno, a través, de un algoritmo de cinco pasos. Este algoritmo plantea una solución para el cirujano cuando no es posible realizar el reparo primario. El control de daños del duodeno y su reconstrucción depende de una toma de decisiones respecto a la porción del duodeno lesionada y el compromiso sobre el complejo pancreatoduodenal. Se recomiendan medidas rápidas para contener el daño y se proponen vías de reconstrucción duodenal diferente a las clásicamente descritas. Igualmente, la probabilidad de complicaciones como fistula duodenales es considerable, por lo que proponemos, que el manejo de este tipo de fistulas de alto gasto se aborde por medio de una laparostomía retroperitoneal (lumbotomía). El abordaje del trauma penetrante de duodeno se puede realizar a través del principio "menos es mejor".

Epidemiological profile of chest trauma and predictive factors for length of hospital stay in a hospital in Southern Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Thoracic trauma is one of the most common types, corresponding to 10% of the traumas admitted in emergency services. OBJECTIVE: To analyse epidemiologic aspects of patients diagnosed with chest trauma in a hospital at the south of Brazil and its predictive factor for prolonged length of stay. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort involving patients who were victims of chest trauma. They were described by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) from S20 to S29 admited in a regional hospital in Southern Brazil, from January 2008 to December 2018. The analysed variables were: sex, age, ICD, type of trauma, complication, need for intensive care unit (ICU), mechanical ventilation (MV) and oxygen therapy (O2), scores on Injury Severity Score (ISS) and Thoracic Trauma Severity Score (TTSS) and outcomes length of stay and death. RESULTS: 121 patients were evaluated, with median age 47.0 (35-0-58.5) years, where 84.3% being of them were male. Blunt trauma had a higher prevalence with 85.1%, with the most frequent complication being spine fractures (30.4%), followed by rib fractures (23.2%) and pneumothorax (16.8%). There was need of ICU in 14%, use of O2 in 30.6% and need of MV in 5.8%. The median length of stay was 6.0 (4.0-10.5), and death as an outcome was found in only 1.7%. Relying on the TTSS, the median (p25-p75) found was 3.0 (2.0-5.0) points and the ISS score was 4.0 (0.0-9.0). If observing patients with a length of stay ≥ 6 days, there were an association with the female gender, need of ICU, O2 and MV, ISS scores, and TTSS scores in the categories who involved pleural commitment and minor PaO2/FiO2. CONCLUSION: Most of the victims were male young adults with low mortality. The TTSS and ISS were found to be adequate predictors of prolonged length of stay.

Individual and contextual factors associated with bicyclist injury severity in traffic incidents between bicyclists and motorists in Chile.

Bicyclists are vulnerable road users who risk incurring severe injuries from traffic incidents involving motorists. However, the prevalence of severe bicycle injuries varies across countries and is not well-documented in Latin American countries. Studies from developed countries outside of Latin America have shown that individual and contextual factors are associated with severe injuries incurred by bicyclists in road traffic incidents with motorists, but it is not clear whether these factors are the same as those incurred by Latin American bicyclists. Moreover, most studies on bicyclist-motorist traffic incidents have treated injury severity as a binary variable for analysis although injuries range widely in severity. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of bicycle injuries from incidents between motorists and bicyclists in Chile and examine the associations between individual and contextual factors and bicyclist injury severity, treated as an ordinal outcome variable, in these incidents. Data on road traffic incidents between bicyclists and motorists from the 2016 Traffic Accident of Bicycle Riders and Consequences database of the Chilean Transport Ministry were analysed. Multilevel mixed-effects ordinal regression models were used to examine associations. In total, 81.2 % of 4093 traffic incidents between bicyclists and motorists resulted in nonfatal injuries to bicyclists and another 2.3 % resulted in fatalities. Most incidents involved collisions (84.3 %), and most were due to a motorist being distracted while driving (50.4 %). Severe bicyclist injuries were more likely when the incident involved a stationary cyclist who was struck, a collision between a moving bicycle and a moving motor vehicle, or an overturning motor vehicle striking a bicyclist (p < 0.001). Other factors included the motorist driving under the influence of alcohol (p = 0.05), the incident taking place in a mid-size community (p = 0.04), the incident occurring between 7:00 pm and 4:59 am (p < 0.01), and the injured bicyclist being under 18 years or 45+ years of age (p < 0.05). These findings suggest the need for educational programs that promote safe driving behaviour in the presence of bicyclists, better enforcement of laws and higher penalties for distracted or drunk driving, and provision of high-quality exclusive bicyclist infrastructure to address the vulnerability of the youngest and oldest bicyclists on shared roads, particularly in mid-size communities, and to provide better lighting on bikeways for evening bicycling, to reduce the high incidence of severe bicyclist injuries in motorist-bicyclist incidents.

Predictors of mortality of trauma patients admitted to the ICU: a retrospective observational study☆.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Worldwide, trauma is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. The aim of the present study is to identify the predictors of mortality of trauma patients requiring Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted in the ICU of our institution in Greece during a six-year period (2010-215). RESULTS: Among 326 patients, trauma was caused by road traffic accidents in .5%, followed by falls (21.1%) and violence (7.4%). Thirty-day mortality was 27.3%. Multivariate analysis showed that higher New Injury Severity Score (NISS), severe head/neck injury, acute kidney injury, septic shock and hemorrhagic shock were significantly associated with mortality while higher Revised Injury Severity Classification, version II (RISC II) and the administration of enteral nutrition were associated with survival. NISS showed the higher accuracy in predicting 30-day mortality followed by RISC II, while scores based only in physiological variables had lower predictive ability. CONCLUSIONS: Increased mortality was strongly associated with the severity of the injury upon admission. Traumatic brain injury, septic shock and acute kidney injury have also been found among the strongest predictors of mortality. NISS can be considered as a statistically superior score in predicting mortality of severely injured patients.