La lectura en el aula en dos asignaturas de la escuela secundaria: un estudio comparativo / Reading in the classroom in two secondary school subjects: a comparative study / La lecture en classe dans deux enseignements du secondaire: une étude comparative / A leitura na sala de aula em duas disciplinas do ensino médio: um estudo comparativo

Resumen: Este trabajo se propone un análisis comparativo de las actividades de lectura en dos asignaturas del primer año de la educación secundaria argentina: Prácticas del Lenguaje (PDL) y Ciencias Sociales (CS). Se grabaron en audio ocho clases, cuatro de cada uno de los espacios curriculares. Se analizaron de acuerdo con propuestas teóricas preexistentes que permiten segmentar las observaciones en diferentes unidades, caracterizar los tipos y funciones de lecturas y las estrategias promovidas. En las sesiones de PDL fue más frecuente la lectura como actividad típica de aula y se realizó poniendo en juego mayor variedad de estrategias que en CS. La lectura colectiva genuina mental predominó en PDL, mientras que en CS prevaleció la lectura por parte de las profesoras con comentarios. Los resultados permiten introducir reflexiones relativas a las intervenciones docentes en materia de lectura según la asignatura escolar y los distintos desafíos que supone su enseñanza.

Abstract: This study aims to perform a comparative analysis of reading activities in two first-year subjects of secondary school in Argentina: Prácticas del Lenguaje (PDL) [Language and Literature (LAL)] and Ciencias Sociales (CS) [Social Studies (SS)]. Eight lessons were audio-recorded, four from each study area. They were analyzed in accordance with pre-existing theoretical proposals, which made it possible to segment the observations into different units, characterize the types and functions of readings and the strategies promoted. In Language and Literature, reading was a more frequent classroom activity and was carried out with a greater variety of strategies than in Social Studies. Genuine mental collective reading prevailed in Language and Literature, whereas teachers' reading with comments prevailed in Social Studies. The results lead to reflections on different teaching interventions in reading practices according to the school subject and the different challenges involved in teaching them.

Résumé : Cet article propose une analyse comparative des activités de lecture dans deux enseignements de la première année de l'enseignement secondaire argentin : Pratiques du langage (PDL) et Sciences sociales (CS). Huit classes ont été enregistrées en audio, quatre de chacun des espaces du programme. On a analysé selon des propositions théoriques préexistantes qui permettent de segmenter les observations en différentes unités, caractériser les types et fonctions de lectures et les stratégies promues. Dans les sessions PDL, la lecture fût plus fréquente comme activité typique de la classe et elle s'est réalisée en utilisant une plus grande variété de stratégies que dans CS. La véritable lecture collective mentale prédomina en PdL, mais en CS c'est la lecture par les enseignants avec des commentaires qui a prévalu. Les résultats permettent d'introduire des réflexions sur les interventions pédagogiques concernant la lecture selon l'enseignement scolaire, et les différents enjeux que leur enseignement comporte.

Resumo: Este trabalho propõe uma análise comparativa das atividades de leitura em duas disciplinas do primeiro ano do ensino médio argentino: Prática de Linguagem (PDL) e Ciências Sociais (CS). Gravaram-se em áudio oito aulas, quatro de cada um dos espaços curriculares. Analisaram-se de acordo com as propostas teóricas preexistentes as quais permitem segmentar as observações em diferentes unidades, caracterizar os tipos e funções de leituras e as estratégias promovidas. Nas sessões de PDL foi mais frequente a leitura como atividade típica de sala de aula e se realizou investindo a maior variedade de estratégias que nas CS. A leitura coletiva genuína mental predominou na PDL, enquanto que nas CS prevaleceu a leitura por parte das professoras com comentários. Os resultados permitem introduzir reflexões relativas às intervenções docentes em matéria de leitura segundo a disciplina escolar, e os distintos desafios que supõe seu ensino.

The impact of lecture playback speeds on concentration and memory.

BACKGROUND: The information required to be learned and retained by medical students has continued to increase over the years. The stress that medical students face has already been highlighted in several studies, however, this in combination with a post-pandemic educational system subsequently generated a shift in medical education towards asynchronous streaming of daily lectures as part of the curriculum with variable playback speed options. METHODS: This paper aims to study the effectiveness of playback speeds, principally that of 1.5x and 2x playback speeds. One objective of this study is to analyze the existing literature regarding how playback speeds may impact learning, and to highlight the need for additional research. It has become apparent that there is not enough literature to support the role that playback speeds have in concentration and/or long-term memory retention in medical students. Due to this lack of information on the topic, this paper additionally highlights a study conducted on second year medical students at one university to assess the associations that may exist between lecture playback speeds of 1.5x and 2x and concentration and long-term retention of memory. RESULTS: Based on the data collected, it was found that there was no significant difference in student concentration or long-term memory retention with regards to lecture playback speeds. CONCLUSIONS: Although more studies are needed to better understand the topic, it is the current recommendation of the authorial team that students are free to watch medical school lectures at their preferred speed without worry of changes in learning ability.

Comparação entre metodologias de simulação e ensino tradicional nas práticas de educação permanente com enfermeiros / Comparación entre metodologías de simulación y enseñanza tradicional en prácticas de educación permanente con enfermeras / Comparison between simulation methodologies and traditional teaching in permanent education practices with nurses

Objetivo: comparar os efeitos entre a metodologia de simulação e a aula tradicional na aquisição de conhecimentos de enfermeiros sobre a Necessidade Humana Básica de Oxigenação. Método: estudo transversal mediante atividades de Educação Permanente com metodologia de simulação e ensino tradicional com dois grupos de enfermeiros. Realizou-se quatro oficinas em três etapas: pré-teste; simulação ou aula expositiva; pós-teste. Definiu-se para normalidade dos dados o teste Kolmogorov Smirnov, para comparação das médias de acertos, os testes t de Student ou Wilcoxon, e nível de confiança de <0,05. Resultados: a amostra total alcançou maior média de acertos no pós-teste em todas as oficinas, sendo iguais nas de Tubo Orotraqueal e Traqueostomia. O primeiro grupo alcançou maior média de acertos nas oficinas sobre Oxigenoterapia e Oximetria, e o segundo, na oficina sobre Aspiração de Vias Aéreas. Conclusão: não se pôde inferir qual metodologia promoveu maior aquisição de conhecimento entre os grupos.

Objetivo: comparar los efectos entre la metodología de simulación y la clase tradicional en la adquisición de conocimientos de enfermería sobre la Necesidad Humana Básica de Oxigenación. Método: estudio transversal a través de actividades de Educación Permanente con metodología de simulación y enseñanza tradicional con dos grupos de enfermeras. Se celebraron cuatro talleres en tres etapas: pre-prueba; clase de simulación o exhibición; Prueba. La prueba de Kolmogorov Smirnov se definió para la normalidad de los datos, para la comparación de las medias de las respuestas correctas, las pruebas t de Student o Wilcoxon y el nivel de confianza de <0.05. Resultados: la muestra total alcanzó un mayor promedio de respuestas correctas en el post-test en todos los talleres, siendo la misma en los de Tubo Orotracqueal y Traqueostomía. El primer grupo alcanzó un promedio más alto de respuestas correctas en los talleres de Oxigenoterapia y Oximetría, y el segundo en el taller de Aspiración de Vía Aérea. Conclusión: no fue capaz de inferir qué metodología promovió una mayor adquisición de conocimientos entre los grupos.

Objective: to compare the effects between the simulation methodology and the traditional class in the acquisition of nurses' knowledge about the Basic Human Need for Oxygenation. Method: cross-sectional study through Permanent Education activities with simulation methodology and traditional teaching with two groups of nurses. Four workshops were held in three stages: pre-test; simulation or exhibition class; Test. The Kolmogorov Smirnov test was defined for normality of the data, for comparison of the means of correct answers, the Student or Wilcoxon t-tests, and the confidence level of <0.05. Results: the total sample reached a higher average of correct answers in the post-test in all workshops, being the same in those of Orotracheal Tube and Tracheostomy. The first group reached a higher average of correct answers in the workshops on Oxygen therapy and Oximetry, and the second in the workshop on Airway Aspiration. Conclusion: it was not able to infer which methodology promoted greater knowledge acquisition among the groups.

Leitura de textos literários como subversão à linguagem do poder / Literary text reading like subversion of the language of power

Este ensaio propõe apontamentos sobre as especificidades da leitura de textos literários como experiência potencialmente formadora de novos sentidos para o leitor e subversiva à linguagem do poder, com seus discursos normatizados e normatizadores do cotidiano. Foi realizada uma revisão narrativa de literatura sobre a temática, e dividiu-se este texto em quatro eixos centrais: o primeiro, em que se apresenta algumas concepções sobre literatura, texto literário e leitura literária; o segundo, em que se discorre sobre a leitura individual e de escuta, partindo do pressuposto de que tal modalidade possibilita ao leitor uma experiência criativa e crítica a partir da produção de sentidos derivada do encontro com o texto. Este ponto encontra-se intimamente relacionado ao terceiro, a leitura literária como experiência; e por fim, apresentam-se interpretações sobre a leitura literária como experiência de subversão à palavra de ordem e à linguagem do poder. Tal diálogo nos levou a concluir que a leitura literária pode representar uma resistência às naturalizações do instituído cotidiano, uma vez que ela se revela como um âmbito de produção de singularidades, instigando no leitor a interrogação sobre o mundo concreto ao seu redor e seus discursos hegemônicos.(AU)

This essay proposes notes on the specificities of reading literary texts as an experience, potentially forming new meanings for the reader, and subversive to the language of power, with its normative and normative discourses of daily life. To this end we conducted a narrative literature review on the subject, and divided this text into four central axes: in the first, we present some conceptions about literature, literary text and literary reading; in the second, we discuss about individual and listening reading, assuming that such modality allows the reader a creative and critical experience from the production of meanings derived from the encounter with the text. This point is closely related to the third, literary reading as an experience; and finally, we present interpretations about literary reading as an experience of subversion of the watchword and the language of power. This dialogue led us to conclude that literary reading may represent a resistance to the naturalizations of the daily institute, because it reveals itself as a scope for the production of singularities, prompting the reader to question the concrete world around him and his hegemonic discourses.(AU)

Este ensayo propone notas sobre las especificidades de la lectura de textos literarios como una experiencia que potencialmente forma nuevos significados para el lector y que es subversiva al lenguaje del poder, un lenguage con discursos normalizados y normalizadores de la vida cotidiana. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura narrativa sobre el tema, y ​​este texto se dividió en cuatro ejes centrales: el primero, en el que se presentan algunas concepciones sobre la literatura, el texto literario y la lectura literaria; el segundo, en que se discute la lectura y la escucha individual, a partir de la suposición de que esta modalidad permite al lector una experiencia creativa y crítica a partir de la producción de significados derivados de su encuentro con el texto. Este punto está muy relacionado con el tercero, la lectura literaria como experiencia; y finalmente, las interpretaciones de la lectura literaria se presentan como una experiencia de subversión a la orden y al lenguaje del poder. Este diálogo nos llevó a concluir que la lectura literaria puede representar una resistencia a las naturalizaciones en el cotidiano, pues se revela como un ámbito de producción de singularidades, e instiga al lector a cuestionar el mundo concreto que le rodea y sus discursos hegemónicos.(AU)

The Weekly Study Meeting in Psychiatry of the Institute of Psychiatry - Federal University of Rio de Janeiro: 70-years of culture and scientific dissemination / O Encontro Semanal do Centro de Estudos do Instituto de Psiquiatria da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro: 70 anos de divulgação cultural e científica

OBJECTIVE: To describe the history of creation, development, and topics covered by the Study Center of the Institute of Psychiatry of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (CE ­ IPUB/UFRJ) over its 70 years. METHODS: Research in newspapers of the Hemeroteca Brasileira Digital, internal documents of IPUB/UFRJ, and interviews with eyewitnesses of the functioning of the CE. RESULTS: The Study Center has been operating on an uninterrupted basis for 70 years, every week. 472 events have been identified since the founding of the CE, but numerous other meetings have taken place. The findings were described in three major groups: 1. Academic meetings in the first half of the 20th century and insertion of the CE in the history of IPUB; 2. Topics discussed and presentations; 3. Changes in periodicity and format. CONCLUSIONS: The CE produces cultural and scientific dissemination continuously since its foundation. The type and format of events have changed over time, adapting to the needs of their community, but always serving as an important beacon for the training of specialists in mental health, dissemination of research, and tendencies about psychiatry worldwide, Latin America, and Brazil.

OBJETIVO: Descrever a história da criação e do desenvolvimento e os temas abordados pelo Centro de Estudos do Instituto de Psiquiatria da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (CE ­ IPUB/UFRJ) ao longo de seus 70 anos. MÉTODOS: Pesquisa em jornais da Hemeroteca Brasileira Digital, documentos internos do IPUB/UFRJ e entrevistas com testemunhas oculares do funcionamento do CE. RESULTADOS: O Centro de Estudos funciona de maneira ininterrupta há 70 anos, semanalmente. Desde sua fundação, 472 eventos foram identificados, mas outros inúmeros encontros ocorreram. Os achados foram divididos e descritos em três grandes grupos: 1. Encontros acadêmicos na primeira metade do século XX e inserção do CE na história do IPUB; 2. Temas debatidos e apresentações; 3. Mudanças de periodicidade e formato. CONCLUSÕES: O CE produz divulgação cultural e científica continuamente desde sua fundação. O tipo e o formato dos eventos mudaram ao longo do tempo, adaptando-se às necessidades de sua comunidade, mas sempre servindo como um importante farol para a formação de especialistas em saúde mental e divulgação de pesquisas, apresentando as tendências da psiquiatria mundial, latino-americana e brasileira.

Da relação entre prosódia e compreensão leitora: considerações teóricas, metodológicas e controvérsias / On the relationship between prosody and reading comprehension: theoretical, methodological and controversial considerations / Relación entre prosodia y comprensión lectora: consideraciones teóricas, metodológicas y controvertidas / Sur la relation entre la prosodie et la compréhension en lecture: considérations théoriques, méthodologiques et controversées

Resumo Este artigo, de natureza teórico-metodológica, discute a relação entre prosódia e compreensão leitora a partir de dois enfoques. O primeiro trata dos diferentes recursos metodológicos adotados na investigação dessa complexa relação, e o segundo versa sobre a controvérsia existente quanto à maneira como se configura essa relação. Reflexões como essas permitem aprofundar o conhecimento acerca das características dos diferentes recursos metodológicos adotados na investigação de dado fenômeno, assim como contribuem para esclarecer controvérsias em determinado campo do conhecimento, como é o caso da relação entre prosódia e compreensão leitora, tema ainda aberto a muitas interpretações. As discussões tomam por base pesquisas realizadas com crianças matriculadas no ensino fundamental.

Abstract This theoretical and methodological study discusses the relationship between prosody and reading comprehension from two different approaches: 1) the different methodological resources adopted to investigate this complex relationship; 2) the existing controversy on how this relationship is configured. Reflections such as these allow for an in-depth knowledge on the characteristics of the different methodological resources used to study a given phenomenon and to clarify controversies in certain fields of knowledge, such as the prosody-reading comprehension relationship, a topic still open to different interpretations. The discussions presented here are based on research carried out with elementary school children.

Resumen Este artículo, de carácter teórico-metodológico, analiza la relación entre la prosodia y la comprensión lectora desde dos enfoques. El primer enfoque aborda los diferentes recursos metodológicos adoptados en la investigación de esta compleja relación, mientras que el segundo plantea la controversia existente sobre cómo se configura esta relación. Estas reflexiones nos permiten profundizar nuestro conocimiento acerca de las características de diferentes recursos metodológicos adoptados en la investigación de un fenómeno dado; también contribuye a esclarecer controversias en determinados campos del conocimiento, como la relación entre prosodia y comprensión lectora, tema que aún permanece abierto a diversas interpretaciones. Las discusiones que aquí se presentan están basadas en investigaciones realizadas con niños de escuela primaria.

Résumé Cet étude théorico-méthodologique traite de la relation entre la prosodie et la compréhension en lecture à partir de deux approches différentes: 1) les différentes ressources méthodologiques adoptées pour étudier cette relation complexe; 2) la controverse existante sur la façon dont cette relation est configurée. De telles réflexions permettent d'approfondir la connaissance des caractéristiques des différentes ressources méthodologiques adoptées pour étudier un phénomène donné et de clarifier les controverses dans certains domaines de savoir, comme la relation prosodie-compréhension en lecture, un sujet encore ouvert à différentes interprétations. Les discussions présentées ici sont basées sur des recherches menées auprès d'enfants de l'école primaire.

Evaluation of performance and perception of learning in teaching human anatomy: traditional method vs constructivist method / Evaluación del rendimiento y la percepción del aprendizaje en la enseñanza de la anatomía humana: método tradicional versus método constructivista

The aim of the present study was to analyze the performance and perception of learning in relation to the Traditional Method (TM) and Constructivist Method (CM) in the teaching of Human Anatomy. The sample consisted of 76 students of the Physical Education course of the State University of Londrina, randomly distributed into two groups: TM and CM. The TM group received theoretical-expository and practical classes. The CM group was taken to the laboratory for practical classes and the participants of this class were allocated in up to seven per work table. Didactic materials and cadaveric parts were made available for consultation. After both intervention methods, the groups performed an evaluation on the studied content. The following week, a crossover was performed between the groups and, after the intervention, all participants were again evaluated. Before being given the outcome of their evaluations, participants were asked to answer questions about their perception of learning in relation to the above-mentioned methods. After the analysis, it was verified that the TM group obtained better results in the tests when compared to the CM group. In addition, according to students' perceptions, TM also favored learning more than CM. Therefore, it was evidenced in the present study that the traditional method was more favorable both for the quantitative performance and learning perception of the participants.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar el rendimiento y la percepción del aprendizaje en relación con el Método Tradicional (MT) y el Método Constructivista (MC) en la enseñanza de la Anatomía Humana. La muestra consistió en 76 estudiantes del curso de Educación Física de la Universidad Estatal de Londrina, distribuidos aleatoriamente en dos grupos: MT y MC. El grupo MT recibió clases teórico-expositivas y prácticas. El grupo MC fue llevado al laboratorio para clases prácticas y los participantes de esta clase fueron asignados en hasta siete por mesa de trabajo. Los materiales didácticos y las piezas cadavéricas se pusieron a disposición para consulta. Después de ambos métodos de intervención, los grupos realizaron una evaluación del contenido estudiado. La semana siguiente, se realizó un cruce entre los grupos y, después de la intervención, todos los participantes fueron evaluados nuevamente. Antes de recibir el resultado de sus evaluaciones, se les pidió a los participantes que respondieran preguntas sobre su percepción del aprendizaje en relación con los métodos mencionados anteriormente. Después del análisis, se verificó que el grupo MT obtuvo mejores resultados en las pruebas en comparación con el grupo MC. Además, según las percepciones de los estudiantes, MT también favoreció el aprendizaje más que MC. Por lo tanto, se evidenció en el presente estudio que el método tradicional era más favorable tanto para el rendimiento cuantitativo como para la percepción del aprendizaje de los participantes.

Leer, comprender y aprender en la escuela secundaria: enfoques y perspectivas / Lire, comprendre et apprendre à l'école secondaire: approches et perspectives / Ler, compreender e aprender na educação secundária: abordagens e perspectivas / Reading, understanding and learning in secondary education: approaches and perspectives

Resumen En la escolaridad, el aprendizaje a partir de los textos, es fundamental para la inclusión real de los estudiantes. Se describe el sistema educativo argentino en el nivel secundario de enseñanza junto con los desafíos lingüístico-cognitivos en relación al aprendizaje que dicho contexto supone. Asimismo, se conceptualiza el proceso mediante el cual los alumnos aprenden a partir de textos disciplinares que se tornan progresivamente más complejos conforme avanzan en su trayecto escolar. Para completar dicho propósito se desarrollan diferentes líneas teóricas. En primer lugar, se presentan los hallazgos de la psicolingüística cognitiva que han permitido caracterizar las demandas y el procesamiento implicados en la lectura y la comprensión lectora. Seguidamente, se retoma el enfoque de la psicología histórico-cultural, que reposiciona los procesos interactivos-discursivos y los artefactos culturales que median el proceso de alfabetización. Por último, se exponen los constructos de habilidades claves de lenguaje académico y de alfabetización disciplinar, que desde un punto de vista cognitivo-funcional, contribuyen a entender las demandas lingüísticas que supone el contexto escolar o académico.

Résumé Au niveau, apprendre à partir des textes est fondamental pour l'inclusion réelle des éleves. Le système éducatif argentin est décrit dans le niveau de l'enseignement secondaire ainsi que les défis linguistiques et cognitifs en relation avec l'apprentissage que suppose ledit contexte. De même, il est conceptualisé le processus par lequel les élèves apprennent à travers les textes disciplinaires qui deviennent progressivement plus complexes à mesure que les premiers progressent dans leur parcours scolaire. Afin de compléter cet objectif, de différentes lignes théoriques sont développées. Tout d'abord, se sont les résultats de la psycholinguistique cognitive permettant de caractériser les demandes et le traitement impliqués pendant la lecture et la compréhension ecrite qui sont présentés. Ensuite est repris l'accent de la psychologie historico-culturelle qui repositionne les processus interactifs discursifs et les artefacts culturels qui interviennent dans le processus d'alphabétisation. Enfin sont exposées les constructions des compétences clés du langage académique et de l'alphabétisation des disciplines qui dans la perspective cognitive-fonctionnelle contribuent à la compréhension des exigences linguistiques posées par le contexte scolaire ou universitaire.

Resumo Na escola, a aprendizagem a partir dos textos é fundamental para a inclusão real dos alunos. O sistema educacional argentino é descrito no nível secundário de educação juntamente com os desafios linguístico-cognitivos em relação à aprendizagem que o dito contexto supõe. Da mesma forma, é conceituado o processo mediante o qual os alunos aprendem a partir de textos disciplinares que se tornam progressivamente mais complexos enquanto progridem em sua trajetória escolar. Diferentes linhas teóricas são desenvolvidas para atingir este objetivo. Em primeiro lugar, são apresentadas as descobertas da psicolinguística cognitiva que permitiram a caracterização das demandas e do processamento envolvidos na leitura e compreensão da leitura. Logo, a abordagem da psicologia histórico-cultural é retomada, que reposiciona os processos interativos-discursivos e os artefatos culturais que medeiam o processo de alfabetização. Para terminar, os construtos das principais habilidades chave da linguagem acadêmica e da alfabetização disciplinar são expostas, aquelas que do ponto de vista cognitivo-funcional contribuem para compreender as demandas linguísticas que o contexto escolar ou acadêmico pressupõe.

Abstract In school, learning from texts is essential for achieving students' real inclusion. The Argentine educational system is described in the secondary level of education along with the linguistic-cognitive challenges in relation to the learning this context supposes. Likewise, it is conceptualized the process by which students learn from subject matter-specific texts that become increasingly more complex as they advance through their academic career. Different theoretical perspectives are developed for this purpose. First, we will present the findings of cognitive psycholinguistics that have made it possible to describe the requirements and processes involved in reading and comprehending texts. Then, a cultural-historical psychology approach is taken up, repositioning speech-interactive processes and cultural machanisms that mediate the literacy process. Finally, we will list the core academic language skills and disciplinary literacy constructs that, from a functional-cognitive viewpoint, contribute to the understanding of the linguistic demands implied in an academic context.

Dental trauma education intervention as a positive influence among undergraduate students.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of dental trauma educational intervention among undergraduate students of a Federal University in Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Students (n = 125) enrolled in the dentistry (n = 70), nursing (n = 33), and speech therapy (n = 22) courses were invited to attend a dental trauma lecture and also to answer a questionnaire about their confidence in managing crown fracture and tooth avulsion, before (T0) and immediately after (T1) the lecture. McNemar's test (P < 0.05) with logistic regression compared the answers between the courses. RESULTS: Female gender (78.4%) aged from 18 to 22 years (73.6%) predominated among all the participants. Dentistry students scored higher correct answers (54.3%) in T0 when compared to nursing (12%) and speech therapy (9%) students, concerning the storage medium for tooth fragment transportation. Likewise, few dentistry students (22.9%) and no nursing and speech therapy students knew about the ideal storage medium for an avulsed tooth when immediate replantation was unviable. After educational intervention, a significant improvement was found between T0 and T1 (P < 0.001) for all courses, mainly regarding tooth avulsion with almost 100% of correct answers. Furthermore, logistic regression demonstrated that dentistry students had three times more knowledge absorption than nursing and speech therapy ones. CONCLUSIONS: The educational intervention demonstrated a significant positive impact regarding the knowledge of dental trauma emergency management among health students. Accordingly, it is essential to spread this information among health professionals to save teeth, especially in cases of avulsion.

Intervenção fonológica em escolares de risco para dislexia: revisão de literatura / Phonologic intervention in school kids on risk of dyslexia: Literature review

A meta do presente estudo foi, por meio de uma revisão de literatura, sistematizar pesquisas já realizadas sobre a contribuição de instruções fônicas na capacidade em desenvolver a consciência fonológica por intermédio do trabalho interventivo, auxiliando na aquisição das habilidades necessárias para o aprendizado da leitura e escrita em escolares de risco para dislexia. Empregou-se a pesquisa literária pela análise de artigos publicados em revistas científicas com referência à temática de intervenção fonológica em escolares de risco para dislexia. Os resultados dos estudos demonstraram que o treino de instrução fônica dá suporte ao desenvolvimento da leitura e escrita em crianças de risco para dislexia.

The goal of the present study was to systematize, by a literature review, researches previously done about the contribution of phonic instructions in the capacity of developing the phonologic consciousness by interventional work, assisting the acquirement of necessary skills to learn lecture and writing in school kids on risk of dyslexia. The literature review consisted in analyzing articles that were published in scientific journals, which referred to the thematics of phonologic intervention in school kids on risk of dyslexia. The results of the study inferred that the phonic instruction training gives support to the development of lecture and writing in kids on risk of dyslexia.

Leitura literária, experiência e formação do indivíduo: reflexões a partir da crítica de Adorno / Lecture littéraire, expérience et formation de l'individu: réflexions à partir de la critique de Adorno / Lectura literaria, experiencia y formación del individuo: reflexiones a partir de la crítica de Adorno / Literary reading, experience and education: reflections from Adorno's critique

O objetivo deste artigo é discutir as relações entre a leitura de livros de literatura e a formação cultural do indivíduo [Bildung], partindo das contribuições críticas de Theodor Adorno. Esta discussão é norteada pelas seguintes perguntas: Como a leitura de livros participa da formação do indivíduo (ou da semiformação)? Qual o papel da experiência estética para a análise da obra literária? Como a semiformação pode comprometer esta experiência? Para conduzir essa reflexão, recupero alguns conceitos e categorias estéticas utilizados por Adorno, como aqueles de experiência, esquema e análise imanente, bem como pesquisas sociológicas do autor capazes de contribuir para uma caracterização da experiência de leitura. Sob essa perspectiva, proponho uma reflexão acerca dos problemas que envolvem a leitura de livros e a formação cultural do indivíduo no contexto atual.

Le but de cet article est de discuter de la relation entre la lecture de livres littéraires et la formation culturelle de l'individu [Bildung], sur la base des contributions critiques de Theodor Adorno. Cette discussion est guidée par les questions suivantes :Comment la lecture des livres contribue à la formation de l'individu (ou de la semi-formation) ? Quel est le rôle de l'expérience esthétique pour l'analyse de l'œuvre littéraire? Comment la semi-formation, à son tour, peut affecter cette expérience ?Pour mener à bien cette réflexion, je récupère certains concepts et catégories esthétiques utilisés par Adorno, comme ceux d'expérience, schéma et analyse immanente, aussi bien des recherches sociologiques de l'auteur en mesure de contribuer à une caractérisation de l'expérience de lecture. Dans cette perspective, je propose une réflexion sur les problèmes concernant la lecture de livres et la formation culturelle de l'individu dans le contexte actuel.

El propósito de este artículo es discutir sobre la relación entre la lectura de libros de literatura y la formación cultural del individuo [Bildung], basándose en las contribuciones críticas de Theodor Adorno. Esta discusión se guía por las siguientes preguntas: ¿Dé que manera el hecho de leer libros contribuye a la formación del individuo (o de la pseudocultura)? ¿Cuál es el papel de la experiencia estética para el análisis de la obra literaria? ¿Cómo la pseudocultura, a su vez, puede afectar esta experiencia? Para llevar a cabo esta reflexión, recupero algunos conceptos y categorías estéticas utilizados por Adorno, como los de experiencia, esquema y análisis inmanente, así como la investigación sociológica que puede contribuir a una caracterización de la experiencia de lectura. Desde esta perspectiva, propongo una reflexión sobre los problemas que afectan a la lectura de libros y la formación cultural del individuo en el contexto actual.

The aim of this paper is to discuss the relationship between reading literary books and education [Bildung] inspired by Theodor Adorno's critical contributions. This discussion is guided by the following questions: How does reading books contribute to a cultural education (or pseudoculture)? What is the role of the aesthetic experience in the analysis of a literary work? How might a frame of pseudoculture jeopardize this experience? To guide this examination, I have called upon some of the concepts and aesthetic categories used by Adorno, such as experience, schema, and immanent analysis, as well as his sociological investigations that may contribute to understanding the reading experience. From this perspective, I present some comments on the problems involving reading books and the education of the individual in the current context.

The strategic use of lecture recordings to facilitate an active and self-directed learning approach.

BACKGROUND: New learning technologies have the capacity to dramatically impact how students go about learning and to facilitate an active, self-directed learning approach. In U. S. medical education, students encounter a large volume of content, which must be mastered at an accelerated pace. The added pressure to excel on the USMLE Step 1 licensing exam and competition for residency placements, require that students adopt an informed approach to the use of learning technologies so as to enhance rather than to detract from the learning process. The primary aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of how students were using recorded lectures in their learning and how their study habits have been influenced by the technology. METHODS: Survey research was undertaken using a convenience sample. Students were asked to voluntarily participate in an electronic survey comprised of 27 closed ended, multiple choice questions, and one open ended item. The survey was designed to explore students' perceptions of how recorded lectures affected their choices regarding class participation and impacted their learning and to gain an understanding of how recorded lectures facilitated a strategic, active learning process. RESULTS: Findings revealed that recorded lectures had little influence on students' choices to participate, and that the perceived benefits of integrating recorded lectures into study practices were related to their facilitation of and impact on efficient, active, and self-directed learning. CONCLUSIONS: This study was a useful investigation into how the availability of lecture capture technology influenced medical students' study behaviors and how students were making valuable use of the technology as an active learning tool.

Previsiones e imprevisiones la víspera y el mismo día de las exposiciones científicas orales / Predictions and unexpected events on the eve and the same day of the oral scientific expositions

Para garantizar una exposición verbal exitosa, es muy sensato tomar en cuenta algunos aspectos que pudieran atentar contra la consecución del principal objetivo, tanto antes (comidas o bebidas, desplazamientos, tipo de local y postura) como durante su ejecución (puntualidad, saludo, uso de usted o tú como tratamiento de cortesía y otros), las discusiones y las imprevisiones (visitantes inesperados, errores lingüísticos, lagunas mentales, movimientos involuntarios y repentinos, percances y misceláneas), pues solo así será posible, la mayoría de las veces, llevar a feliz término una disertación.

To guarantee a successful verbal exposition, it is very sensible to take into account some aspects that could attempt against the attainment of the main objective, either before (meals or drinks, displacements, type of place and attitude) or during their performance (punctuality, greeting, use of you or you in a polite way as courtesy treatment and others), the discussions and the unexpected events (unexpected guests, linguistic errors, mental lagoons, involuntary and sudden movements, accidents and miscellany), because just this way it will be possible, most of the times, take a lecture to a happy term.

Monitoreo con indicadores biológicos de rápida lectura de las autoclaves de CEYE de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Tecnológica de México / Rapid-lecture biological indicators´monitoring of CEYE (SAPC) autoclaves of the School of Dentistry of the Technological University of Mexico (UNITEC)

Objetivo: Monitorear la eficacia de las autoclaves y realizar la validación rutinaria de los ciclos de esterilización. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, transversal, cualitativo y prospectivo de tres autoclaves de la Central de Equipos y Esterilización de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Tecnológica de México, incluyéndose 96 biocargas no quirúrgicas y quirúrgicas, de mayo del 2012 hasta abril del 2015. Se realizó una determinación mensual, según lo marca la NOM-013-SSA2-1994 modificación 2006, utilizando indicadores biológicos de rápida lectura (1292 3 M Attest®). La eficacia de la esterilización se definió como la aniquilación biológica producida en estos indicadores, y se realizó a través de un lector óptico automático (3 M Attest 290®), después de tres horas. En todas las lecturas se incluyó un testigo positivo. Resultados: Se obtuvieron resultados negativos en las lecturas de los indicadores biológicos utilizados en las autoclaves, obteniéndose 100% de eficacia en el proceso de esterilización en las biocargas quirúrgicas y no quirúrgicas. Todos los testigos fueron positivos. Conclusiones: Se corroboró la eficacia de las autoclaves de la Central de Equipos y Estirilización de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Tecnológica de México, cumpliendo con la Norma establecida por la Secretaría de Salud.

Objective: To monitor autoclave effectiveness and conduct routine validation of sterilization cycles. Material and methods: An observational, cross-sectioned, qualitative and prospective study of three Sterilization and Packing Center autoclaves of the Technological University of Mexico of the School of Dentistry was conducted. The study included 96 surgical and non-surgical packs, and spanned the period from May 2012 to April 2015. Monthly assessments were conducted, according to Official Mexican Norm stipulation number NOM-013-SSA2-1994, modification 2006, using rapid lecture biological indicators (1292 3 M Attest™). Sterilization efficiency was determined as biological annihilation elicited in these indicators. Effectiveness assessment was conducted after three hours with an automatic optic reader (3 M Attest 290™). A positive witness was included in all readings. Results: Negative results were obtained in biological indicators readings used in autoclaves. A 100% effectiveness was achieved in sterilization processes of surgical and non surgical packs. All witnesses were positive. Conclusions: The effectiveness of Sterilization and Packing Center autoclaves of the Technological University of Mexico of the School of Dentistry was corroborated. The Norm established by the Mexican Health Ministry was complied with.

Reflexiones sobre metodología y didáctica de impartición de la conferencia en el ciclo clínico de la educación médica superior / Reflections on the methodology and didactics for giving lectures in the clinical cycle of the higher medical education

Partiendo de algunas imprecisiones encontradas en el personal docente de menos experiencia y opiniones de estudiantes se pretende dar asesoría metolodológica en la preparación de una conferencia. La conferencia no solo es parte de las formas organizativas del proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje de pregrado en las Ciencias Médicas, sino que permite llevar un tema determinado a un evento tanto científico como pedagógico. Se abordan reflexiones en cuanto a su aplicación en el ciclo clínico.

On the basis of some deficiencies observed in less experienced teaching staff and of students' opinions, this paper was aimed at providing some methodological advisory support for the preparation of lectures. Lecture is not only part of the organizational modalities of the teaching-learning process of undergraduate medical education but also allows presenting a particular topic in either scientific or pedagogic events. It additionally address some reflections on the application of lecture in the clinical cycle.

Satisfação, Percepção de Aprendizagem e Desempenho em Vídeo aula e Aula Expositiva / Satisfaction, Perceived Learning and Performance in Video Lesson andLecture

Educadores têm se perguntado sobre estratégias adequadas para interagir com uma geração de alunos que tem acesso a modernos meios de comunicação liderados pela Internet. Este estudo comparou dois grupos de alunos de graduação,um exposto a uma aula expositiva (AE, n=81) e o outro a uma vídeo-aula (VA, n=60), avaliando o desempenho (DES) em pré e pós-testes, satisfação(SAT) e percepção de aprendizagem (PA). Foram analisadas correlações entre SAT e PA e entre ambase o DES. Houve melhora de DES (teste de Wilcoxon)de ambos os grupos, sem diferença entre eles (testede Mann-Whitney); os alunos ficaram satisfeitos e expressaram boa percepção de aprendizagem(teste de Qui-Quadrado); houve correlação entre SAT e PA, e as correlações entre SAT e DES e entre PA e DES foram significativas, porém baixas (teste de correlação de Spearman). Conclui-se que VAe AE são adequadas e promovem aprendizado dos alunos que se sentiram satisfeitos e com a percepção de que aprenderam o conteúdo. Sugere seque as metodologias possam ser utilizadas pelo professor de forma complementar, ressaltando a importância da construção de diálogos que sintonizem metodologias clássicas de ensino, como a aula expositiva, com novas tecnologias, como a vídeo-aula, que possam ser utilizadas com fins educacionais.

Educators have been wondering about the mostappropriate strategies to interact with a generationof students who has access to modern means ofcommunication, led by the Internet. This studycompared two groups of undergraduate students,one exposed to a lecture (L, n=81) and the otherto a video lesson (VL, n=60) through performanceevaluation (PER) in pre- and post-tests, satisfaction(SAT) and perceived learning (PL). The correlationsbetween SAT and PL and between both and PER wereanalyzed. The data showed an improvement of PER(Wilcoxon test) in both groups, without differencebetween them (Mann-Whitney test); both groups ofstudents were satisfied and perceived good sense oflearning (Chi-Square test); there was a correlationbetween SAT and PL and the correlation between SATand DES and between DES and PA were significant,but low (Spearman test). In conclusion, L and VL areappropriate and promote learning and the studentsfelt satisfied and with the perception that theylearned the content of the subject. It is suggestedthat both methodologies can be used by the teacheras a reinforcement and in a complementary manner,emphasizing the importance of constructing dialogicbridges able to match classical teaching methodssuch as lecturing with new technologies, as the videolesson, that can be used for educational purposes.

A comparison of two forms of teaching instruction: video vs. live lecture for education in clinical periodontology.

INTRODUCTION: This crossover controlled study aimed to compare the knowledge and skill attained by third-year dental students in three clinical exercises in the discipline of periodontology through video and live lecture instruction. METHODS: Students (n = 35) segregated into two group either viewed a video or attended a live lecture repeated over three clinical teaching sessions. Pre-test and post-test written assessments were completed and comparisons between video and live lecture done (analysis of variance, P < 0.05). Students were assessed on clinic by a simple checklist. A questionnaire was administered after all three sessions to determine preferences and opinions on video and live lecture. RESULTS: For the combined three sessions, both video (n = 48) and live lecture (n = 47) groups attained similar mean pre-test scores. The mean post-test score was statistically significantly greater (P = 0.049) for the live lecture (74.9%, SD 14.9) compared to the video group (68.6%, SD 16.3). All students attained clinical proficiency via the simple checklist. In adding to their clinical skill, more students favoured video (97%) vs. live lecture (78.8%). Most students (97%) favoured a future combination of video and lecture. DISCUSSION: While students were deemed clinically competent via a simple checklist, the live lecture group performed better than the video group via the in-depth post-test assessment. Students had a preference for video and would like it integrated in the lecture rather than act as a substitute for the lecture. CONCLUSION: The use of video alone in clinical periodontology training may have limitations unless supplemented by appropriate learning activities.

Organización didáctico-metodológica de la conferencia como sistema integrado en la unidad curricular de Morfofisiología Humana I / Didactic / methodological organization of the lecture as an integrated system in the course design for Human Morphology I

Pocas referencias aparecen publicadas en relación con la organización didáctico-metodológica de la estructura de una conferencia como forma organizativa docente. Dada la necesidad de preparación de los facilitadores docentes del nuevo modelo de formación en la carrera de Medicina, con la implementación de la disciplina Morfofisiología Humana se realizó un estudio cualitativo en los 3 policlínicos docentes universitarios del municipio de Sancti Spíritus en el período comprendido de enero de 2009 a octubre de 2010, con el objetivo de organizar los componentes estructurales de una videoconferencia orientadora como un sistema integrado. Es una estructura necesaria para suplir la preparación de los docentes en el escenario policlínico en su carácter de instrucción, que contempló la orientación del contenido, incluido el tratamiento didáctico de los objetivos formativos y su direccionamiento a otras formas de enseñanza, el proceso de integración y el trabajo independiente para el aprendizaje partiendo de problemas de salud propios de la comunidad. Como resultados fundamentales se logró elaborar una propuesta de estructura organizada donde se plantean las relaciones entre los diferentes componentes en forma de sistema y caracterizada por determinados parámetros que permitieron su validación por criterio de expertos

Few references are published in relation to the didactic/methodological organization of a lecture as an organizational form of teaching. Because of the need to prepare the teaching facilitators in the new formation model in the medical studies, a study was conducted after the implementation of the Human Morphology Discipline in three university teaching polyclinics in Sancti Spiritus municipality from January 2009 to October 2010 with the aim of organizing the structural components of video conferencing as an integrated system. It is a necessary structure to substitute teachers preparation in the polyclinic as a teaching scenario in its instructive character that considered content orientation, including didactic treatment of the formative objectives and their direction other forms of teaching, integration process and independent work, as important facts for learning from the own community health problems. As main results, a proposal for an organized structure was prepared which presents the relation among different system's components characterized by determined parameters that allowed its validation by experts' criteria

La investigación histórica desde la óptica de la Historia como ciencia y como disciplina académica / The historical researching under the scope of history as a science and as an academic discipline

Los profesionales de la salud deben ponderar el papel de la Historia en el proceso formativo en las ciencias de la salud, porque juega un papel fundamental como fuente imprescindible para la formación ideológica y profesional de sus educandos. Se realizó la preparación de una conferencia pre evento con vistas al fórum estudiantil de Historia, los eventos municipales patriótico-militar y juvenil martiano en la Filial de Ciencias Médicas "Lidia Doce Sánchez" en el curso escolar 2010-2011; con el propósito de argumentar por qué la investigación histórica debe realizarse desde la óptica de la Historia como ciencia y como disciplina académica. La conferencia fue preparada por un grupo de profesores con una formación de base heterogénea para significar el valor de la Historia para cualquier profesional independientemente de su especialidad. La preparación de la actividad fue catalogada de excelente por un grupo de especialistas en ciencias sociales.

The health professionals should ponder the role of History in the formative process of the health sciences, because it plays an important role in the ideological and professional formation of the students. A pre-event lecture was prepared in Sagua medical college, for the History forum of the students, the municipality events about José Marti by youngsters and the patriotic-military event, in the academic year 2010-2011, with the objective to state why the historical research works should be done under the scope of history as a science and as an academic discipline. The lecture was prepared by a group of professors who have a heterogeneous formation to stand out the value of History for all professionals regardless the specialty they have. The preparation of this activity was considered as excellent by a group of social sciences specialists.