Identification and Molecular Characterization of Clogmia (Telmatoscopus) albipunctatus (Drain Fly) Larva in a Rare Case of Urinary Myiasis in a Domestic Dog in India.

PURPOSE: The study aimed to identify Clogmia (Telmatoscopus) albipunctata larva recovered from the urinary tract of a four-year-old female Siberian Husky dog in India using morphological assessment and molecular techniques. METHODS: Larval specimen obtained from the dog urine underwent preliminary morphological assessments followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to selectively amplify segments of the Cytochrome b (Cytb), NADH1 genes, and the tRNA-Ser gene within mitochondrial DNA. Species identification was achieved through sequence analysis of the amplified product and subsequent phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS: Larva recovered from dog urine underwent morphological examination, revealing notable features characteristic of Clogmia genus. The primers targeting the mitochondrial DNA gene region of fly larva, amplified a distinct product of approximately 788 bp. Integration of morphological and molecular biology techniques confirmed the identification of the C. albipunctata larva in the dog urinary tract. CONCLUSION: This study elucidates the initial molecular evidence of C. albipunctata presence in a four-year-old female Siberian Husky dog exhibiting symptoms of haematuria and frequent micturition in India. It reveals an instance of a domestic dog in India contracting a C. albipunctata larva infection in its urinary tract, emphasizing the importance of clinical vigilance towards this infection.

Human urinary myiasis due to larvae of Telmatoscopus (Clogmia) Albipunctata in Morocco: A case report.

This is the first case of urinary myiasis in the Morocco region caused by Clogmia albipunctata. Also known as Telmatoscopus albipunctata, is a fly species in the Psychodidae family. These flies thrive in unsanitary environments like bathrooms and sewers. Transmission occurs when flies lay eggs on moist surfaces such as urogenital discharge. The larvae hatch and can traverse the urethra, entering the bladder. Clogmia albipunctata larvae and adults decompose organic matter and pose health risks as vectors of pathogens and allergens. In our case, larvae were discharged through urine by a 46-year-old female cleaner from a low socioeconomic background who presented with intermittent emission of worms in her urine. She had mild hypogastric tenderness and a history of lower urinary tract symptoms without fever. Initially misdiagnosed with cystitis, her symptoms persisted, leading to the discovery of small, mobile vermiform organisms in her urine. Living in fly-infested conditions, she had no recent travel or medical history. Urine analysis confirmed the presence of Clogmia albipunctata larvae, diagnosing urinary myiasis. Treated with ivermectin and hydration, her symptoms resolved within a week. A follow-up cystoscopy showed no larvae, confirming a complete cure.

"A rare case of bladder myiasis mimicking radiation cystitis-A first case report".

Patients diagnosed with cancer post-treatment are prone to have recurrent disease. Regular follow-up of these patients enables early recognition and treatment. A tissue diagnosis before starting treatment is imperative to avoid misdiagnosis and management. Given their immunosuppression, maintaining good nutrition, body hygiene, and clean surroundings is essential to prevent the most common urinary tract infection to rare urinary myiasis infection. Cochliomyia hominivorax, Chrysomya bezziana, and Wohlfahrtia magnifica are the most prevalent flies causing myiasis in human beings. Risk factors for urinary myiasis are open or untreated wounds and debris around the genital area. Specific flies, ticks, and mosquitoes are responsible for myiasis in tropical or subtropical countries, when it is usually not transmitted from human to human. Flies lay their eggs near the urethra, and the larvae hatch and migrate to the bladder. Increased urinary frequency, haematuria, and lower abdominal pain are the most commonly found presenting symptoms. Simple preventive measures can avoid these complications. So, prevention is better than cure.

Antennal transcriptome analysis reveals sensory receptors potentially associated with host detection in the livestock pest Lucilia cuprina.

BACKGROUND: Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) is the main causative agent of flystrike of sheep in Australia and New Zealand. Female flies lay eggs in an open wound or natural orifice, and the developing larvae eat the host's tissues, a condition called myiasis. To improve our understanding of host-seeking behavior, we quantified gene expression in male and female antennae based on their behavior. METHODS: A spatial olfactometer was used to evaluate the olfactory response of L. cuprina mated males and gravid females to fresh or rotting beef. Antennal RNA-Seq analysis was used to identify sensory receptors differentially expressed between groups. RESULTS: Lucilia cuprina females were more attracted to rotten compared to fresh beef (> fivefold increase). However, males and some females did not respond to either type of beef. RNA-Seq analysis was performed on antennae dissected from attracted females, non-attracted females and males. Transcripts encoding sensory receptors from 11 gene families were identified above a threshold (≥ 5 transcript per million) including 49 ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABCs), two ammonium transporters (AMTs), 37 odorant receptors (ORs), 16 ionotropic receptors (IRs), 5 gustatory receptors (GRs), 22 odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), 9 CD36-sensory neuron membrane proteins (CD36/SNMPs), 4 chemosensory proteins (CSPs), 4 myeloid lipid-recognition (ML) and Niemann-Pick C2 disease proteins (ML/NPC2), 2 pickpocket receptors (PPKs) and 3 transient receptor potential channels (TRPs). Differential expression analyses identified sex-biased sensory receptors. CONCLUSIONS: We identified sensory receptors that were differentially expressed between the antennae of both sexes and hence may be associated with host detection by female flies. The most promising for future investigations were as follows: an odorant receptor (LcupOR46) which is female-biased in L. cuprina and Cochliomyia hominivorax Coquerel, 1858; an ABC transporter (ABC G23.1) that was the sole sensory receptor upregulated in the antennae of females attracted to rotting beef compared to non-attracted females; a female-biased ammonia transporter (AMT_Rh50), which was previously associated with ammonium detection in Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, 1830. This is the first report suggesting a possible role for ABC transporters in L. cuprina olfaction and potentially in other insects.

Influence of Soil Type and Moisture on Pupal Development of Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) at Two Different Temperatures.

The present study investigates the developmental process of Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) pupae and their dependency on soil composition, moisture levels, and temperature changes. This research holds implications for forensic and veterinary applications, providing crucial insights for estimating minimum postmortem intervals and managing myiasis-causing flies in diverse environments. Specifically, the study explores the impact of five moisture content levels in loam and sandy soils (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%) on the pupal development of Ch. rufifacies under two distinct constant temperature regimes (24 ± 1 °C and 30 ± 1 °C). A significant correlation was observed between soil type and temperature regarding the time required to complete the pupal stages; however, moisture had no significant impact. Larvae exhibited varying survival rates across the two temperatures and five moisture levels in the two types of soils, particularly under extremely lower moisture conditions (0%) at 30 ± 1 °C, failing to progress to the pupariation stage. Additionally, growth parameters such as pupal length and width of the fully formed puparia were significantly impacted by temperature, soil type, and moisture level. Adult head width was systematically measured across different moisture levels and soil types, revealing distinct temperature-dependent responses. Furthermore, a sex-specific analysis highlighted that female Ch. rufifacies consistently displayed larger head widths and higher emergence rates compared to their male counterparts. This research enhances our understanding of the intricate interrelationship among three environmental variables: soil type, moisture level, and temperature, elucidating their collective impact on the pupation processes of dipterans.

A case report of female vaginal myiasis.

Introduction and importance: Myiasis, a rare affliction, is distinguished by the infestation of human organs by larvae of the Diptera species. Although myiasis is commonly observed in the skin, eyes, ears, and nasopharynx, the occurrence of human genital myiasis is infrequent. Instances of vulvar and prolapsed uterus myiasis have been previously documented. Case presentation: In this study, the authors present a case of vaginal myiasis in a young female residing in the warm and humid climate of south China. The treatment approach involved manual extraction of the maggots and vaginal irrigation with a 0.01% potassium permanganate solution for 7 days. As 1 month followed up, she was cured and then changed residence, and the vaginal myiasis was not recurrence. Clinical discussion: In reported myiasis cases, mechanical extraction of maggots, debridement of necrotic tissue, and irrigation with antiseptic solutions, such as 1% ivermectin solution in propylene glycol were the treatment of myiasis. In this case, a low-concentration solution of potassium permanganate, serving as an oxidizing agent, was utilized as a vaginal douching agent, and had a good effect. Conclusion: Vaginal infestation of maggots likely occurred due to unsanitary intercourse in a suitable environment, removal of maggots and vaginal irrigation with low-concentration solution of potassium permanganate may be an effective therapy.

Myiasis Encountered in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity: A Case Report.

Myiasis is a rare parasitic condition, caused by fly larvae infesting human tissues. Its consequences can be severe, as deafness, blindness, extensive tissue loss, and even death can occur due to the infestation. We present a case of myiasis in a 62-year-old Pakistani woman with advanced well-differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) undergoing palliative chemotherapy. The patient presented with an extensive, necrotic lesion in the submental and submandibular region infested with live larvae. Management included mechanical removal over three sessions and ivermectin. Once all the larvae were eradicated, the patient was referred to the plastic surgery department for reconstruction. This case report highlights the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion for myiasis in patients with OSCC, particularly those with extensive ulcerated lesions. Educating at-risk individuals and healthcare providers on myiasis and the importance of wound hygiene is crucial for reducing the burden of this preventable complication.

Myiasis as a Vector for Bacteremia: A Unique Case of Helcococcus kunzii and Ignatzschineria ureiclastica/larvae Polymicrobial Bacteremia from Myiasis.

Detection of Helcococcus kunzii and Ignatzschineria ureiclastica/larvae has been made possible by recent advancements in microbiologic diagnostics. We report the first described case of polymicrobial bacteremia secondary to these two unique pathogens, and only the third case of I. ureiclastica/larvae bacteremia described in the United States. Myiasis has historically been thought of as an infestation. This case adds to the growing body of evidence that myiasis is potentially a vector for bacteria, and bacteremia, and the potential for the spread of other vector-borne diseases.

Bilateral Ophthalmomyiasis Externa of Lid by Musca domestica: A Rare Presentation.

A case of severe blepharoconjunctivitis in the last three weeks diagnosed the slit lamp as external ophthalmomyiasis. On ocular examination, numerous pupae were present on the lid margins, firmly adhering to the lid lashes bilaterally. All of them were removed mechanically under topical anesthesia. They were 67 in number. Healing occurred without any complications. In such cases of blepharoconjunctivitis, physicians should consider the possibility of ophthalmomyiasis externa, especially in places where high numbers of livestock are found. Otherwise, there is a chance of missing the diagnosis, which can be met with a more serious condition called ophthalmomyiasis interna.

Scrotal Myiasis in a Child Due to Cordylobia anthropophaga.

Human myiasis is caused by the invasion of tissue or organs by maggots of certain dipterous flies. The present case is of an eight-year-old boy complaining of painful swelling in the scrotum with localized discharge. A maggot was removed and sent to a specialized laboratory for identification. The case was diagnosed as a scrotal myiasis caused by Cordylobia anthropophaga. The wound was cleaned with antiseptics, then antibiotic treatment was applied. Two days later, the wound healed completely. All previously documented cases of scrotal myiasis were associated with Dermatobia hominis. We document here the first case of scrotal myiasis in children caused by C. anthropophaga, and the necessity to raise awareness of myiasis among health professionals.

Dissecting the Effects of Cephenemyia stimulator on the Olfactory Turbinates and Nasopharynx of Roe Deers (Capreolus capreolus).

Nasopharyngeal myiasis in European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) is a pathological condition caused by the larval stages of Cephenemyia stimulator, a fly from the Oestridae family. These larvae reside in the host's upper respiratory tract for months, inducing significant tissue damage and clinical symptoms. The lifecycle of Cephenemyia stimulator is complex, involving three larval stages before maturation into adult flies, with each stage contributing to the progressive pathology observed in the host. Despite their prevalence, the histopathological effects of these larvae in the nasal and nasopharyngeal cavities have been understudied. Our study fills this knowledge gap by providing a detailed histopathological analysis of the affected tissues, using various staining techniques to reveal the extent and nature of the damage caused by these parasitic larvae. This histopathological examination reveals significant alterations within the nasopharyngeal mucosa and nasal cavity, including erythematous changes, mucosal metaplasia, fibrosis, and tissue necrosis. Parasitic cysts and eosinophilic infiltration further characterize the impact of the infestation, compromising not only the mucosal integrity but also potentially the olfactory function of the affected animals. This research is crucial for understanding the impact of myiasis on both the health and olfactory capabilities of roe deer populations and could have significant implications for wildlife management and conservation.

The epidemiology and clinical features of the neglected myiasis: A pilot surveillance study from Oman.

BACKGROUND: Myiasis is a neglected disease, characterized by ill-defined diagnostics and management protocols. Published epidemiological and clinical studies of myiasis are still scarce, although several countries, such as Oman, have reported a few cases over the past 30 years. This study explores the epidemiological profile and clinical characteristics of myiasis in South Batinah Governorate (SBG), Oman. METHODOLOGY: A prospective surveillance study was conducted in SBG from 1st November 2018 to 31st October 2019. Clinical and epidemiological data were collected using a pre-designed reporting form for suspected and confirmed cases. RESULTS: A total of 188 cases were reported, of which 81.4% were male. One-third of cases were 11-20 years old, and a quarter reported exposure inside house. The rate of exposure was 16 per 10000 in Nakhal and Wadi Mawel. About 57% patients reported multiple re-exposure. Almost 60% of patients developed nasal or oral myiasis, 25% developed myiasis in the eye, and 4% in the ear. The most common respiratory symptoms were cough (83%), runny nose (48%), and foreign body sensation (35%). Over 50% of patients with eye exposures had redness, pain, and itchiness. Most patients (89.3%) kept animals at homes. Many cases occurred between December 2018 and April 2019, with almost one-third of exposures occurring at 5 p.m. Re-exposure likelihood for patients residing in Nakhal and Wadi Mawel was high; OR = 2.49 (95% CI 1.14-5.45), with OR = 3.59 (95% CI 1.37-9.39) for 11-20-year-olds and, OR = 3.01 (95% CI 1.07-8.42) for patients ≥ 31 years. CONCLUSION: The myiasis exposure rate is high in certain areas and age groups, which is most likely associated with animal-related activities. The disease has a significant impact upon people's health in SBG. Therefore, urgent active-surveillance and clinical studies are warranted to explore possible preventive measures and treatment options. Adopting one health approach could offer an effective strategy for preventing myiasis in human and animal populations.

[A case of intestinal myiasis in a bedridden elderly patient].

A 75-year-old man with type 2 diabetes and a history of previous empyema surgery was admitted to our hospital due to difficulty moving caused by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and dehydration. During the first two days of hospitalization, intestinal myiasis was diagnosed after maggots were found in his diapers. After the maggots disappeared, he developed a fever, prompting antibiotic therapy for a suspected secondary infection, resulting in clinical improvement. Despite thorough home cleaning, no flies or maggots were found, and the source of infection and the fly species remained unknown. Recent reports suggest a higher prevalence of myiasis among the elderly, even with overall improvement in hygiene. While myiasis is typically mild, it is a condition that requires consideration in an aging society. Myiasis is a disease that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of the elderly, especially in people who are bedridden or frail.

Tracheostomy wound myiasis in a patient with hypoxic encephalopathy.

•Tracheostomy wound myiasis is rarely observed in unconscious and immobile patients.•Maggots in the vicinity of the tracheostomy site should be closely monitored.•Controlling myiasis in hospitals requires fly control and patient fluid management.

First record of Psorophora ferox (Diptera: Culicidae) infested with eggs of Dermatobia hominis (Diptera: Cuterebridae), in Ucayali: Peru.

INTRODUCTION: Dermatobia hominis belongs to the Cuterebridae family, Diptera order; These flies inhabit tropical regions where they are called "fly of death" since the larvae are capable of causing lesions in domestic animals, wild animals including humans, the adult females of D. hominis capture other dipteran to oviposit their eggs on them (phoresis), when hematophagous mosquitoes land on an animal and / or human in order to feed on their blood, the eggs hatch and the larvae immediately penetrate the skin where they will develop to later abandon the host, then in the soil and / or other moist substrate the pupal stage develops, finally new adult flies will emerge from the pupae. OBJECTIVE: The primary goal of the present study was to determine as first record, the presence of Psorophora ferox infested with eggs of Dermatobia hominis, Peru. METHODOLOGY: The present study was carried out in an area of the private reserve "El Vencedor", located within the city of Pucallpa, Ucayali Region-Perú. The area is characterized by being humid tropical, with an average temperature of 26ºC and humidity of 92%, while the annual precipitation is approximately 1570 mm3. The capture method was carried out with the help of a hand net type "butterfly" or also called Jama. RESULTS: A total of 668 mosquitoes of different species were collected, the most abundant being Psorophora albigenu and Psorophora ferox, which represented 88.72% and the least abundant was Culex coronator and Uranotaenia apicalis with 0.15% of the total sample collected. CONCLUSIONS: Within these specimens it was captured a mosquito of the species Ps. ferox with the presence of 8 eggs of D. hominis, of which 3 would have hatched, while in the remaining 5, the larvae would remain inside the eggs.

Cerebral Myiasis, An Unexpected Intraoperative Finding - A Case Report and Systematic Review.

Postoperative complications, exemplified by surgical site infections, are commonplace in the realm of daily surgical interventions. Conversely, certain infectious entities, such as cerebral myiasis (CM), are distinctly rare. This report elucidates the clinical presentation of a 74-year-old female afflicted with a CSF fistula, within the context of a preceding surgical microvascular decompression employing a suboccipital craniotomy approach. Notably, the course of evaluation and treatment unveiled an intraoperative manifestation of severe CM. This case report underscores the critical significance of prompt identification, precise diagnostic elucidation, and comprehensive multidisciplinary management to optimize patient outcomes in instances of CM. Furthermore, a systematic literature review on CM supplements this report, contributing to the understanding of this infrequent complication.

Psychodid flies and their implicated role in human myiasis and pseudomyiasis.

Several psychodid flies are commonly associated with human-inhabited environments and have been increasingly implicated in cases of human myiasis. However, the basic biology of psychodid larvae is not well-suited for survival in the human intestinal or urogenital tract, making true, prolonged myiasis unlikely. In this review, we performed a systematic literature review of published cases of purported myiasis caused by psychodid flies, their identification, associated clinical findings, and treatment. We also discuss the anatomy and lifecycle of psychodid flies in relation to their purported ability to use human tissue as a nutritive source and survive in the human alimentary or urogenital tracts. Based on the range of non-specific and varied reported clinical manifestations, lack of observed collections, life cycle patterns of psychodid flies, the mechanics of their mouthparts, and breathing requirements, we conclude that most cases likely represent incidental findings, or in rare cases possibly pseudomyiasis, rather than true myiasis, and provide recommendations for clinical evaluation and reporting so that disease misclassification and unnecessary therapy do not occur.

A Case of Myiasis Caused by Cordylobia anthropophaga (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in an Italian Traveler Returning from Senegal.

PURPOSE: Myiases are infestations of human and animal tissues by fly larvae. These conditions are widespread in tropical countries and travelers in those areas are at risk of becoming infested. Although Cordylobia anthropophaga (Blanchard & Berenger-Feraud, 1872) is one of the most common myiasis-causing species, few high-quality images and molecular sequences are available for this fly. We present a case of C. anthropophaga infestation in an Italian patient returning from Senegal, with the aim of increasing both visual and molecular data for this species. METHODS: After removal, the larva was determined following standardized morphological keys and photographed under a digital microscope. Molecular characterization of the Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) was performed using universal primers. RESULTS: The general appearance, the structural organization of the cephalic region, of the cephaloskeleton, and of the posterior tracheal spiracles suggested that the causative agent of the myiasis was a third instar larva of C. anthropophaga. The morphological data are further supported by the molecular data: the COI sequence showed high levels of identity with the already published verified COI sequences of C. anthropophaga. CONCLUSION: We provide high-quality morphological and molecular data useful for the identification of larvae of C. anthropophaga. We highlight that myiasis might be common in Senegal and better data about its prevalence in travelers and in the endemic countries are needed to understand the burden of this condition.