First record of Dioctophyme renale (Goeze, 1782) in the pampas fox (Lycalopex gymnocercus, Fischer, 1814) (Carnivora: Canidae).

Dioctophyme renale (Goeze 1782) has not previously been reported in the pampas fox (Lycalopex gymnocercus) (Fisher 1814), the most abundant canid of southern South America. A wild adult pampas fox female was found dead due to unknown causes in Santa Fe province, Argentina. Post-mortem examination revealed three red worms measuring 10, 11 and 15 cm long, each with an approximate width of 5 mm. All of them were found free in the abdominal cavity. The worms were all male and were identified through morphological examination and molecular analysis as D. renale. No worm was found in the kidneys. This study reports the first case of dioctophymatosis in the pampas fox in Argentina, increasing the range of wild aberrant host species infected by the giant kidney worm in the Neotropical region.

Pampas fox (Lycalopex gymnocercus) of the Argentine Pampas as intermediate host for Neospora caninum.

The Pampas fox (Lycalopex gymnocercus) is the most abundant wild canid from South America. This wild canid inhabits grasslands, open woodlands, and areas highly modified by extensive ranching and agricultural activities. We aimed to evaluate Neospora caninum infection in tissues from the Pampas fox from Argentina. A total of 41 free-living Pampas foxes were sampled in rural areas located in the Humid Pampas region, Argentina. Brain tissue and different muscles were assessed by histologic and molecular methods. No N. caninum cysts were observed in brain and muscle tissue samples analyzed by histology and immunohistochemistry. Molecular N. caninum identification from brain tissue was based on amplification by PCR of Nc-5 gene and ITS1 rRNA fragments and subsequent sequencing. The presence of N. caninum DNA was 74% (23/31) for the Nc-5 gene and was confirmed by a second ITS1 PCR in 55% (17/31) of the brain tested. Thirteen ITS1 consensus sequences were obtained, and all have a 99.58-100% similarity with N. caninum reference sequences. Only 4% (1/23) of muscles samples analyzed were positive for the Nc-5 gene of N. caninum. This study demonstrated a high prevalence of N. caninum DNA in brain from free-ranging Pampas fox of the Pampa Argentine, thus confirming that this wild canid is a wide distributed intermediate host.

Multidrug Resistance in Enterococci Isolated From Wild Pampas Foxes (Lycalopex gymnocercus) and Geoffroy's Cats (Leopardus geoffroyi) in the Brazilian Pampa Biome.

Enterococci are ubiquitous microorganisms present in various environments and within the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and other animals. Notably, fecal enterococci are suitable indicators for monitoring antimicrobial resistance dissemination. Resistant bacterial strains recovered from the fecal samples of wild animals can highlight important aspects of environmental disturbances. In this report, we investigated antimicrobial susceptibility as well as resistance and virulence genes in fecal enterococci isolated from wild Pampas foxes (Lycalopex gymnocercus) (n = 5) and Geoffroy's cats (Leopardus geoffroyi) (n = 4) in the Brazilian Pampa biome. Enterococci were isolated from eight out of nine fecal samples and Enterococcus faecalis was identified in both animals. However, E. faecium and E. durans were only detected in Pampas foxes, while E. hirae was only detected in Geoffroy's cats. Antimicrobial susceptibility analysis showed resistance to rifampicin (94%), erythromycin (72.6%), ciprofloxacin/norfloxacin (40%), streptomycin (38%), and tetracycline (26%). The high frequency of multidrug-resistant enterococci (66%) isolated in this study is a matter of concern since these are wild animals with no history of therapeutic antibiotic exposure. The tetM/tetL and msrC/ermB genes were detected in most tetracycline- and erythromycin-resistant enterococci, respectively. The gelE, ace, agg, esp, and clyA virulence genes were also detected in enterococci. In conclusion, our data suggest that habitat fragmentation and anthropogenic activities in the Pampa biome may contribute to high frequencies of multidrug-resistant enterococci in the gut communities of wild Pampas foxes and Geoffroy's cats. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of antimicrobial-resistant enterococci in the Pampa biome.

Aspectos anatomopatológicos e imuno-histoquímicos de cinomose em graxains / Anatomopathological and immunohistochemical aspects of distemper virus in crab-eating-foxes and pampa-foxes

Background: Distemper is a contagious disease with worldwide distribution, which is caused by a single-stranded RNAvirus of the genus Morbillivirus. The Crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) and the Pampas fox (Lycalopex gymnocercus), wildcanids commonly found in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, are highly susceptible to the disease. Distemper virus infection oftenshows a multisystemic presentation. Central nervous system lesions are frequently reported, and may lead to death of wild canids.Distemper virus infection affecting these species has been cited by several studies; nonetheless, case descriptions involving theCrab-eating fox and the Pampas fox are infrequent. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to describe the anatomopathological and immunohistochemical aspects of distemper in the referred species, aiming to assist with the diagnosis of the disease.Materials, Methods & Results: A retrospective study was performed, and the necropsy reports of Crab-eating foxes and Pampasfoxes admitted to SPV-UFRGS from 2010 to 2016 were reviewed. Necropsy reports were revised in order to obtain information related to the clinical history and anatomopathological findings, and cases compatible with distemper were selected. Dataregarding the affected species, sex, approximate age, origin and clinical signs were compiled and analyzed. Selected histologicalsections of brain and cerebellum were submitted for immunohistochemistry (IHC) for monoclonal antibody canine distempervirus. In the studied period, 20 animals of the referred species were subjected to necropsy, of which four were diagnosed withdistemper as a cause of death. Of the affected animals, two were female and two were male. Three were juvenile and one wasan adult animal. Clinical signs reported included myoclonia, opisthotonos, forelimb paresis and nystagmus. No significant grosschanges were noted. Histopathological findings were restricted to the central nervous system...

Aspectos anatomopatológicos e imuno-histoquímicos de cinomose em graxains / Anatomopathological and immunohistochemical aspects of distemper virus in crab-eating-foxes and pampa-foxes

Background: Distemper is a contagious disease with worldwide distribution, which is caused by a single-stranded RNAvirus of the genus Morbillivirus. The Crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) and the Pampas fox (Lycalopex gymnocercus), wildcanids commonly found in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, are highly susceptible to the disease. Distemper virus infection oftenshows a multisystemic presentation. Central nervous system lesions are frequently reported, and may lead to death of wild canids.Distemper virus infection affecting these species has been cited by several studies; nonetheless, case descriptions involving theCrab-eating fox and the Pampas fox are infrequent. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to describe the anatomopathological and immunohistochemical aspects of distemper in the referred species, aiming to assist with the diagnosis of the disease.Materials, Methods & Results: A retrospective study was performed, and the necropsy reports of Crab-eating foxes and Pampasfoxes admitted to SPV-UFRGS from 2010 to 2016 were reviewed. Necropsy reports were revised in order to obtain information related to the clinical history and anatomopathological findings, and cases compatible with distemper were selected. Dataregarding the affected species, sex, approximate age, origin and clinical signs were compiled and analyzed. Selected histologicalsections of brain and cerebellum were submitted for immunohistochemistry (IHC) for monoclonal antibody canine distempervirus. In the studied period, 20 animals of the referred species were subjected to necropsy, of which four were diagnosed withdistemper as a cause of death. Of the affected animals, two were female and two were male. Three were juvenile and one wasan adult animal. Clinical signs reported included myoclonia, opisthotonos, forelimb paresis and nystagmus. No significant grosschanges were noted. Histopathological findings were restricted to the central nervous system...(AU)

Ancylostoma (Ancylostoma) buckleyi (Nematoda: Ancylostomatidae): new wild host and distribution expansion / Ancylostoma (Ancylostoma) buckleyi (Nematoda: Ancylostomatidae): novo hospedeiro salvagem e expansão de distribuição

Abstract Here we report the occurrence of Ancylostoma (Ancylostoma) buckleyi (Le Roux and Biocca, 1957) (Nematoda: Ancylostomatidae) in the small intestine of Pampas foxes (Lycalopex gymnocercus) (Mammalia: Canidae). This fox is the most abundant native carnivore in southern South America, where it inhabits grasslands, open woodlands and areas highly modified by extensive ranching and agricultural activities. Material from 80 foxes in rural areas of southern Buenos Aires province, Argentina was examined. The intestinal tracts were carefully removed from each carcass and subsequently isolated by ligatures (pylorus and rectum). Examination of the intestinal content was performed using the sedimentation and counting technique. Four foxes (5%) were found to be parasitized with adult specimens of A. buckleyi. This is the first report of Ancylostoma (A.) buckleyi in Argentina and adds L. gymnocercus as new host of this nematode species.

Resumo O presente estudo relata a ocorrência de Ancylostoma (Ancylostoma) buckleyi (Le Roux and Biocca, 1957) (Nematoda: Ancylostomatidae) no intestino delgado do Graxaim do campo (Lycalopex gymnocercus) (Mammalia: Canidae). Essa raposa é o carnívoro nativo mais abundante no sul da América do Sul, onde habita nas pastagens, florestas abertas e áreas altamente modificadas pelas atividades pecuária extensiva e agrícola. Material de 80 raposas, em áreas rurais do sul da província de Buenos Aires, Argentina, foi examinado. Os tratos intestinais foram cuidadosamente removidos de cada carcaça e, posteriormente, isolados por ligaduras (piloro e reto). O exame do conteúdo intestinal foi realizado, utilizando-se a técnica de sedimentação e contagem. Quatro raposas (5%) foram encontradas parasitadas com espécimes adultos de A. buckleyi. O estudo registra, pela primeira vez, a ocorrência de Ancylostoma (A.) buckleyi na Argentina e adiciona L. gymnocercus como novo hospedeiro dessa espécie de nematoides.

Ancylostoma (Ancylostoma) buckleyi (Nematoda: Ancylostomatidae): new wild host and distribution expansion / Ancylostoma (Ancylostoma) buckleyi (Nematoda: Ancylostomatidae): novo hospedeiro salvagem e expansão de distribuição

Here we report the occurrence of Ancylostoma (Ancylostoma) buckleyi (Le Roux and Biocca, 1957) (Nematoda: Ancylostomatidae) in the small intestine of Pampas foxes (Lycalopex gymnocercus) (Mammalia: Canidae). This fox is the most abundant native carnivore in southern South America, where it inhabits grasslands, open woodlands and areas highly modified by extensive ranching and agricultural activities. Material from 80 foxes in rural areas of southern Buenos Aires province, Argentina was examined. The intestinal tracts were carefully removed from each carcass and subsequently isolated by ligatures (pylorus and rectum). Examination of the intestinal content was performed using the sedimentation and counting technique. Four foxes (5%) were found to be parasitized with adult specimens of A. buckleyi. This is the first report of Ancylostoma (A.) buckleyi in Argentina and adds L. gymnocercus as new host of this nematode species.(AU)

O presente estudo relata a ocorrência de Ancylostoma (Ancylostoma) buckleyi (Le Roux and Biocca, 1957) (Nematoda: Ancylostomatidae) no intestino delgado do Graxaim do campo (Lycalopex gymnocercus) (Mammalia: Canidae). Essa raposa é o carnívoro nativo mais abundante no sul da América do Sul, onde habita nas pastagens, florestas abertas e áreas altamente modificadas pelas atividades pecuária extensiva e agrícola. Material de 80 raposas, em áreas rurais do sul da província de Buenos Aires, Argentina, foi examinado. Os tratos intestinais foram cuidadosamente removidos de cada carcaça e, posteriormente, isolados por ligaduras (piloro e reto). O exame do conteúdo intestinal foi realizado, utilizando-se a técnica de sedimentação e contagem. Quatro raposas (5%) foram encontradas parasitadas com espécimes adultos de A. buckleyi. O estudo registra, pela primeira vez, a ocorrência de Ancylostoma (A.) buckleyi na Argentina e adiciona L. gymnocercus como novo hospedeiro dessa espécie de nematoides.(AU)

Comparison of the Lumbosacral Plexus Nerves Formation in Pampas Fox (Pseudalopex gymnocercus) and Crab-Eating Fox (Cerdocyon thous) in Relationship to Plexus Model in Dogs.

In this study, the spinal nerves that constitute the lumbosacral plexus (LSP) were dissected in two species of South American wild canids (pampas fox-Pseudalopex gymnocercus, and crab-eating fox-Cerdocyon thous). The nerves origin and distribution in the pelvic limb were examined and compared with the LSP model of the dog described in the literature. The LSP was formed by whole ventral branches of L5 at L7 and S1, and a contribution of a one branch from S2, divided in three trunks. The trunk formed by union from L5-6 and S1 was divided into the cranial (cutaneus femoris lateralis nerve) medial (femoralis nerve) and lateral branches (obturatorius nerve). At the caudal part of the plexus, a thick branch, the ischiadicus plexus, was formed by contributions from L6-7 and S1-2. This root gives rise to the nerve branches which was disseminated to the pelvic limb (nerves gluteus cranial and gluteus caudal, cutaneus femoris caudalis and ischiadicus). The ischiadicus nerve was divided into fibularis communis and tibialis nerves. The tibialis nerve emits the cutaneus surae caudalis. The fibularis communis emits the cutaneus surae lateralis, fibularis superficialis and fibularis profundus. The pudendus nerve arises from S2 with contributions of one branch L7-S1 and one ramus of the cutaneus femoris lateralis. Still, one branch of S2 joins with S3 to form the rectales caudales nerve. These data provides an important anatomical knowledge of a two canid species of South American fauna, besides providing the effective surgical and clinical care of these animals.

Topografia da intumescência lombar e do cone medular em Lycalopex gymnocercus (G. Fischer, 1814) / Topography of the lumbar intumescense and medullary conus in Lycalopexgymnocercus (G. Fischer, 1814)

Objetivou-se com este estudo descrever a topografia da intumescência lombar e do cone medular da medula espinhal dograxaim-do-campo (Lycalopex gymnocercus) a fim de estabelecer uma base anatômica para procedimentos de anestesia epiduralnesta espécie, bem como fornecer dados para estudos comparativos em neuroanatomia animal. Para tal, foram utilizados cincoespécimes, quatro machos e uma fêmea, recolhidos mortos em rodovias da mesorregião sudoeste do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil,e então fixados e conservados em solução de formaldeído. As macrodissecções e exames radiográficos digitais permitiramobservar que a intumescência lombar mediu, em média, 31,40 ± 5,09 mm e ocupou o espaço sobre as vértebras L4 e L5 (80%;n =4) e entre L5 e L6 (20%; n = 1), sendo relativamente pequena se comparada a outras espécies carnívoras. O cone medularrevelou dimensões alongadas típicas de canídeos de menor porte. Seu comprimento médio foi 68,28 ± 8,36mm e sua esqueletopiademonstrou base sobre a vértebra L5 e ápice sobre a S3 em quatro indivíduos; em um único espécime a base situou-se sobreL6 e o ápice sobre Cd1. O comprimento do cone medular teve forte correlação positiva com o comprimento rostrossacral (r =0,8324). Os achados sugerem que a introdução da agulha para fins de anestesia epidural no Lycalopex gymnocercus seja maissegura no espaço sacrocaudal.

The aim of this study was to describe the topography of the lumbar intumescence and medullary conus in the spinal cord of thepampas fox (Lycalopex gymnocercus), in order to establish anatomical basis for epidural anesthesia procedures in this species,as well as to give data for neuroanatomical comparative studies in animals. For this purpose, five specimens, four males andone female, collected dead from road kills at the southwest region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, were embalmed and conservedin formaldehyde solution. Macrodissections and digital radiographs revealed that lumbar intumescence has an average lengthof 31.40 ± 5,09 mm, lies over L4 and L5 vertebrae and appears relatively shorter in comparison to other carnivore species. Themedullary conus has an elongated dimension which seemed to be typical for smaller canids and an average length of 68.28 ± 8,36mm. Its skeletopy exhibited a basis over L5 and an apices over S3 vertebrae in four specimens; in one individual the basis wasover L6 and the apices over Cd1. The findings suggest that needle puncture for epidural anesthesia in Lycalopex gymnocercus issafer if done at the sacrocaudal space.

Topografia da intumescência lombar e do cone medular em Lycalopex gymnocercus (G. Fischer, 1814) / Topography of the lumbar intumescense and medullary conus in Lycalopexgymnocercus (G. Fischer, 1814)

Objetivou-se com este estudo descrever a topografia da intumescência lombar e do cone medular da medula espinhal dograxaim-do-campo (Lycalopex gymnocercus) a fim de estabelecer uma base anatômica para procedimentos de anestesia epiduralnesta espécie, bem como fornecer dados para estudos comparativos em neuroanatomia animal. Para tal, foram utilizados cincoespécimes, quatro machos e uma fêmea, recolhidos mortos em rodovias da mesorregião sudoeste do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil,e então fixados e conservados em solução de formaldeído. As macrodissecções e exames radiográficos digitais permitiramobservar que a intumescência lombar mediu, em média, 31,40 ± 5,09 mm e ocupou o espaço sobre as vértebras L4 e L5 (80%;n =4) e entre L5 e L6 (20%; n = 1), sendo relativamente pequena se comparada a outras espécies carnívoras. O cone medularrevelou dimensões alongadas típicas de canídeos de menor porte. Seu comprimento médio foi 68,28 ± 8,36mm e sua esqueletopiademonstrou base sobre a vértebra L5 e ápice sobre a S3 em quatro indivíduos; em um único espécime a base situou-se sobreL6 e o ápice sobre Cd1. O comprimento do cone medular teve forte correlação positiva com o comprimento rostrossacral (r =0,8324). Os achados sugerem que a introdução da agulha para fins de anestesia epidural no Lycalopex gymnocercus seja maissegura no espaço sacrocaudal.(AU)

The aim of this study was to describe the topography of the lumbar intumescence and medullary conus in the spinal cord of thepampas fox (Lycalopex gymnocercus), in order to establish anatomical basis for epidural anesthesia procedures in this species,as well as to give data for neuroanatomical comparative studies in animals. For this purpose, five specimens, four males andone female, collected dead from road kills at the southwest region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, were embalmed and conservedin formaldehyde solution. Macrodissections and digital radiographs revealed that lumbar intumescence has an average lengthof 31.40 ± 5,09 mm, lies over L4 and L5 vertebrae and appears relatively shorter in comparison to other carnivore species. Themedullary conus has an elongated dimension which seemed to be typical for smaller canids and an average length of 68.28 ± 8,36mm. Its skeletopy exhibited a basis over L5 and an apices over S3 vertebrae in four specimens; in one individual the basis wasover L6 and the apices over Cd1. The findings suggest that needle puncture for epidural anesthesia in Lycalopex gymnocercus issafer if done at the sacrocaudal space.(AU)

Nefrectomia videolaparoscópica em Graxaim-do-campo (Pseudalopex gymnocercus) com displasia renal / Laparoscopic nephrectomy in Pampas fox (Pseudalopex gymnocercus) with renal dysplasia

Graxains-do-campo habitam o centro-leste da América do Sul, desde o sudeste do Brasil e leste da Bolívia. A displasia renal compreende um espectro de anomalias e é frequentemente relatada em cães de diversas raças, sendo a maioria dos relatos achados de necropsia. A maior parte das doenças renais congênitas nos cães apresenta caráter progressivo, portanto o tratamento é limitado e direcionado a fim de retardar a progressão da doença renal estabelecida. No presente relato é descrita a realização de nefrectomia laparoscópica em graxaim-do-campo (Pseudalopex gymnocercus) com displasia renal. Suspeitou-se de doença no rim direito por meio de ultrassonografia e urografia excretora. Para o procedimento cirúrgico foram utilizados três portais (10, 10, 5mm), endoscópio rígido de 10mm/0(0) e clipes para hemostasia dos vasos renais. A técnica cirúrgica utilizada neste canídeo selvagem foi semelhante à usada em cão doméstico, devido à escassez de relatos em cirurgias em graxaim e a inexistência de descrições de nefrectomia videolaparoscópica em graxaim-do-campo. O animal foi acompanhado por um período de 30 dias pós-cirurgia sem a ocorrência de complicações. O presente relato demonstra que a técnica proposta foi adequada para a realização de nefrectomia videolaparoscópica em Graxaim-do-campo...

Pampas fox (Pseudalopex gymnocercus) inhabits east-central South America, from southern Brazil to eastern Bolivia. The renal dysplasia comprises a spectrum of abnormalities and is often reported in dogs of various breeds; but this disease reports involve mostly necropsy findings. Congenital renal diseases in dogs have a progressive character, so that treatment is limited and directed to retard the disease. This report describes a laparoscopic nephrectomy in pampas fox with renal dysplasia. Right kidney disease was suspected by ultrasound and intravenous urography. For the surgical procedure we used three portal accesses (10, 10, 5mm), rigid endoscope 10mm/0(0) and clips for hemostasis of the renal vessels. Due the absence of reports of laparoscopic nephrectomy in pampas fox and scarcity of surgical techniques for this species, the operative technique used was similar to that used in the domestic dog. The pampas fox was monitored for 30 days after surgery without the occurrence of complications. This report demonstrates that the proposed technique is appropriate to perform laparoscopic nephrectomy in pampas fox...

Nefrectomia videolaparoscópica em Graxaim-do-campo (Pseudalopex gymnocercus) com displasia renal / Laparoscopic nephrectomy in Pampas fox (Pseudalopex gymnocercus) with renal dysplasia

Graxains-do-campo habitam o centro-leste da América do Sul, desde o sudeste do Brasil e leste da Bolívia. A displasia renal compreende um espectro de anomalias e é frequentemente relatada em cães de diversas raças, sendo a maioria dos relatos achados de necropsia. A maior parte das doenças renais congênitas nos cães apresenta caráter progressivo, portanto o tratamento é limitado e direcionado a fim de retardar a progressão da doença renal estabelecida. No presente relato é descrita a realização de nefrectomia laparoscópica em graxaim-do-campo (Pseudalopex gymnocercus) com displasia renal. Suspeitou-se de doença no rim direito por meio de ultrassonografia e urografia excretora. Para o procedimento cirúrgico foram utilizados três portais (10, 10, 5mm), endoscópio rígido de 10mm/0(0) e clipes para hemostasia dos vasos renais. A técnica cirúrgica utilizada neste canídeo selvagem foi semelhante à usada em cão doméstico, devido à escassez de relatos em cirurgias em graxaim e a inexistência de descrições de nefrectomia videolaparoscópica em graxaim-do-campo. O animal foi acompanhado por um período de 30 dias pós-cirurgia sem a ocorrência de complicações. O presente relato demonstra que a técnica proposta foi adequada para a realização de nefrectomia videolaparoscópica em Graxaim-do-campo.(AU)

Pampas fox (Pseudalopex gymnocercus) inhabits east-central South America, from southern Brazil to eastern Bolivia. The renal dysplasia comprises a spectrum of abnormalities and is often reported in dogs of various breeds; but this disease reports involve mostly necropsy findings. Congenital renal diseases in dogs have a progressive character, so that treatment is limited and directed to retard the disease. This report describes a laparoscopic nephrectomy in pampas fox with renal dysplasia. Right kidney disease was suspected by ultrasound and intravenous urography. For the surgical procedure we used three portal accesses (10, 10, 5mm), rigid endoscope 10mm/0(0) and clips for hemostasis of the renal vessels. Due the absence of reports of laparoscopic nephrectomy in pampas fox and scarcity of surgical techniques for this species, the operative technique used was similar to that used in the domestic dog. The pampas fox was monitored for 30 days after surgery without the occurrence of complications. This report demonstrates that the proposed technique is appropriate to perform laparoscopic nephrectomy in pampas fox.(AU)