Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Argentinian Propolis of Four Species of Stingless Bees.

The chemical composition of propolis of four species of stingless bees (SLBs) from Argentina was determined, and its antibacterial and anticancer activity was evaluated on selected types of microbes and cancer cell lines. Volatile secretions of all propolis samples are formed by 174 C2-C15 organic compounds, mainly mono- and sesquiterpenes and their derivatives. The chromatograms of ether extracts showed 287 peaks, of which 210 were identified. The most representative groups in the extracts of various propolis samples were diterpenoids (mainly resin acids), triterpenoids and phenolic compounds: long-chain alkenyl phenols, resorcinols and salicylates. The composition of both volatile and extractive compounds turned out to be species-specific; however, in both cases, the pairwise similarity of the propolis of Scaptotrigona postica and Tetragonisca fiebrigi versus that of Tetragona clavipes and Melipona quadrifasciata quadrifasciata was observed, which indicated the similarity of the preferences of the respective species when choosing plant sources of resin. The composition of the studied extracts completely lacked flavonoids and phenolcarboxylic acids, which are usually associated with the biological activity and medicinal properties of propolis. However, tests on selected microbial species and cancer cell lines showed such activity. All propolis samples tested against Paenibacillus larvae, two species of Bacillus and E. coli showed biofilm inhibition unrelated to the inhibition of bacterial growth, leading to a decrease in their pathogenicity. Testing the anticancer activity of ether extracts using five types of cell cultures showed that all four types of propolis studied inhibit the growth of cancer cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Propolis harvested by T. clavipes demonstrated the highest cytotoxicity on all tested cell lines.

Betalain plant sources, biosynthesis, extraction, stability enhancement methods, bioactivity, and applications.

Betalains are plant pigments with functional properties used mainly as food dyes. However, they have been shown to be unstable to different environmental factors. This paper provides a review of (1) Betalain plant sources within several plant families such as Amaranthaceae, Basellaceae, Cactaceae, Portulacaceae, and Nyctaginaceae, (2) The biosynthesis pathway of betalains for both betacyanins and betaxanthins, (3) Betalain extraction process, including non-conventional technologies like microwave-assisted, ultrasound-assisted, and pulsed electrical field extraction, (4) Factors affecting their stability, mainly temperature, water activity, light incidence, as well as oxygen concentration, metals, and the presence of antioxidants, as well as activation energy as a mean to assess stability, and novel food-processing technologies able to prevent betalain degradation, (5) Methods to increase shelf life, mainly encapsulation by spray drying, freeze-drying, double emulsions, ionic gelation, nanoliposomes, hydrogels, co-crystallization, and unexplored methods such as complex coacervation and electrospraying, (6) Biological properties of betalains such as their antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antitumoral, and anti-inflammatory activities, among others, and (7) Applications in foods and other products such as cosmetics, textiles and solar cells, among others. Additionally, study perspectives for further research are provided for each section.

Impact of replacing fish meal by a mixture of different plant protein sources on the growth performance in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) diets / Impacto da substituição de farinha de peixe por uma mistura de diferentes fontes de proteínas vegetais sobre o desempenho de crescimento nas dietas de Tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus L)

Abstract The present study aimed to assess the appropriate level of replacement of fish meal (FM) with alternative plant sources in the feed fed to Oreochromis niloticus to evaluate the growth performance. Three isoproteinious (40% crude protein) diets were prepared from different ingredients viz., fish meal, corn gluten meal, wheat gluten meal, and bagasse kenna meal. O. niloticus showed a maximum increase in weight as 9.70, 11.09, 8.53 and 8.32 g during the 2nd, 2nd, 3rd and 2nd fortnight with feeding treatment A, B, C and D, respectively. The growth performance of the fish in terms of weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio were found to be significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the fish fed with 20% replacement of fishmeal in diet B. The worst growth performance was observed in fish fed with commercial diet, designated as diet D. It was concluded that the fish meal can be replaced up to 20 percent with other plant protein sources without any negative impact on fish health. The replacement of fish meal with local plant sources (corn gluten meal, wheat gluten meal, soybean meal and bagasse kenna mix) will not only be beneficial to achieve better growth performance in O. niloticus, it will be a value addition as well.

Resumo O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o nível adequado de substituição de farinha de peixe (FM) com fontes alternativas de plantas na alimentação alimentada a Oreochromis niloticus para avaliar o desempenho do crescimento. Três dietas isoproteiniosas (proteína de 40% de proteína bruta) foram preparadas a partir de diferentes ingredientes, como farinha de peixe, farinha de glúten de milho, farinha de glúten de trigo e farinha de bagaço de bagaço. O. niloticus apresentou um aumento máximo de peso como 9,70, 11,09, 8,53 e 8,32 g durante a 2ª, 2ª, 3ª e 2ª quinzena com o tratamento de alimentação A, B, C e D, respectivamente. O desempenho de crescimento do peixe em termos de ganho de peso, taxa de crescimento específico, razão de conversão alimentar e relação de eficiência protéica foi significativamente maior (P <0,05) nos peixes alimentados com 20% de reposição de farinha de peixe na dieta B. O pior O desempenho do crescimento foi observado em peixes alimentados com dieta comercial, designados como dieta D. Concluiu-se que a farinha de peixe pode ser substituída até 20 por cento com outras fontes de proteína vegetal sem qualquer impacto negativo na saúde dos peixes. A substituição da farinha de peixe por fontes locais de plantas (farelo de milho, farinha de glúten de trigo, farelo de soja e mistura de bagaço de bagaço) não só será benéfica para obter melhor desempenho de crescimento em O. niloticus, também será uma adição de valor.

Impact of replacing fish meal by a mixture of different plant protein sources on the growth performance in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L. ) diets / Impacto da substituição de farinha de peixe por uma mistura de diferentes fontes de proteínas vegetais sobre o desempenho de crescimento nas dietas de Tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus L. )

The present study aimed to assess the appropriate level of replacement of fish meal (FM) with alternative plant sources in the feed fed to Oreochromis niloticus to evaluate the growth performance. Three isoproteinious (40% crude protein) diets were prepared from different ingredients viz., fish meal, corn gluten meal, wheat gluten meal, and bagasse kenna meal. O. niloticus showed a maximum increase in weight as 9.70, 11.09, 8.53 and 8.32 g during the 2nd, 2nd, 3rd and 2nd fortnight with feeding treatment A, B, C and D, respectively. The growth performance of the fish in terms of weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio were found to be significantly (P 0.05) higher in the fish fed with 20% replacement of fishmeal in diet B. The worst growth performance was observed in fish fed with commercial diet, designated as diet D. It was concluded that the fish meal can be replaced up to 20 percent with other plant protein sources without any negative impact on fish health. The replacement of fish meal with local plant sources (corn gluten meal, wheat gluten meal, soybean meal and bagasse kenna mix) will not only be beneficial to achieve better growth performance in O. niloticus, it will be a value addition as well.(AU)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o nível adequado de substituição de farinha de peixe (FM) com fontes alternativas de plantas na alimentação alimentada a Oreochromis niloticus para avaliar o desempenho do crescimento. Três dietas isoproteiniosas (proteína de 40% de proteína bruta) foram preparadas a partir de diferentes ingredientes, como farinha de peixe, farinha de glúten de milho, farinha de glúten de trigo e farinha de bagaço de bagaço. O. niloticus apresentou um aumento máximo de peso como 9,70, 11,09, 8,53 e 8,32 g durante a 2ª, 2ª, 3ª e 2ª quinzena com o tratamento de alimentação A, B, C e D, respectivamente. O desempenho de crescimento do peixe em termos de ganho de peso, taxa de crescimento específico, razão de conversão alimentar e relação de eficiência protéica foi significativamente maior (P 0,05) nos peixes alimentados com 20% de reposição de farinha de peixe na dieta B. O pior O desempenho do crescimento foi observado em peixes alimentados com dieta comercial, designados como dieta D. Concluiu-se que a farinha de peixe pode ser substituída até 20 por cento com outras fontes de proteína vegetal sem qualquer impacto negativo na saúde dos peixes. A substituição da farinha de peixe por fontes locais de plantas (farelo de milho, farinha de glúten de trigo, farelo de soja e mistura de bagaço de bagaço) não só será benéfica para obter melhor desempenho de crescimento em O. niloticus, também será uma adição de valor.(AU)

Impact of replacing fish meal by a mixture of different plant protein sources on the growth performance in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) diets

Abstract The present study aimed to assess the appropriate level of replacement of fish meal (FM) with alternative plant sources in the feed fed to Oreochromis niloticus to evaluate the growth performance. Three isoproteinious (40% crude protein) diets were prepared from different ingredients viz., fish meal, corn gluten meal, wheat gluten meal, and bagasse kenna meal. O. niloticus showed a maximum increase in weight as 9.70, 11.09, 8.53 and 8.32 g during the 2nd, 2nd, 3rd and 2nd fortnight with feeding treatment A, B, C and D, respectively. The growth performance of the fish in terms of weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio were found to be significantly (P 0.05) higher in the fish fed with 20% replacement of fishmeal in diet B. The worst growth performance was observed in fish fed with commercial diet, designated as diet D. It was concluded that the fish meal can be replaced up to 20 percent with other plant protein sources without any negative impact on fish health. The replacement of fish meal with local plant sources (corn gluten meal, wheat gluten meal, soybean meal and bagasse kenna mix) will not only be beneficial to achieve better growth performance in O. niloticus, it will be a value addition as well.

Resumo O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o nível adequado de substituição de farinha de peixe (FM) com fontes alternativas de plantas na alimentação alimentada a Oreochromis niloticus para avaliar o desempenho do crescimento. Três dietas isoproteiniosas (proteína de 40% de proteína bruta) foram preparadas a partir de diferentes ingredientes, como farinha de peixe, farinha de glúten de milho, farinha de glúten de trigo e farinha de bagaço de bagaço. O. niloticus apresentou um aumento máximo de peso como 9,70, 11,09, 8,53 e 8,32 g durante a 2ª, 2ª, 3ª e 2ª quinzena com o tratamento de alimentação A, B, C e D, respectivamente. O desempenho de crescimento do peixe em termos de ganho de peso, taxa de crescimento específico, razão de conversão alimentar e relação de eficiência protéica foi significativamente maior (P 0,05) nos peixes alimentados com 20% de reposição de farinha de peixe na dieta B. O pior O desempenho do crescimento foi observado em peixes alimentados com dieta comercial, designados como dieta D. Concluiu-se que a farinha de peixe pode ser substituída até 20 por cento com outras fontes de proteína vegetal sem qualquer impacto negativo na saúde dos peixes. A substituição da farinha de peixe por fontes locais de plantas (farelo de milho, farinha de glúten de trigo, farelo de soja e mistura de bagaço de bagaço) não só será benéfica para obter melhor desempenho de crescimento em O. niloticus, também será uma adição de valor.

Effects of Replacement of Fishmeal with other Alternative Plant Sources in the Feed on Proximate Composition of Muscle, Liver and Ovary in Tilapia (Oreochromis nioloticus)

ABSTRACT The major objective of this experiment was to assess the effect of alternate plant protein sources as a replacement for fish meal in feed on the proximate composition of muscle, liver and tissue in Oreochromis niloticus. O. niloticus of average size (average Weight 45.00±1.25 g, total length 13.28±1.42 cm) were stocked in 100 L glass aquarium. Fish were fed with three experimental feeds (A, B and C) and reference commercial feed (D) for 16 weeks. Feed A, B and C was prepared from four different plant sources and fish meal (40 % crude protein). Fish were fed at the rate 3 % of body weight daily. It has been observed that tilapia fed with feed B in which 20 % fish meal was replaced compared to feed C with other plant sources of protein, had shown significantly higher total protein in their muscle compared to diet other experimental and commercial feeds. In O. niloticus minimum lipid content was recorded in fish fed with diet B compared to A, C and commercial feed. It has been concluded that 20-40% level of fish meal can be replaced in the diet of fish without having any impact on growth and chemical composition of muscle.

Impact of replacing fish meal by a mixture of different plant protein sources on the growth performance in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) diets

Abstract The present study aimed to assess the appropriate level of replacement of fish meal (FM) with alternative plant sources in the feed fed to Oreochromis niloticus to evaluate the growth performance. Three isoproteinious (40% crude protein) diets were prepared from different ingredients viz., fish meal, corn gluten meal, wheat gluten meal, and bagasse kenna meal. O. niloticus showed a maximum increase in weight as 9.70, 11.09, 8.53 and 8.32 g during the 2nd, 2nd, 3rd and 2nd fortnight with feeding treatment A, B, C and D, respectively. The growth performance of the fish in terms of weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio were found to be significantly (P 0.05) higher in the fish fed with 20% replacement of fishmeal in diet B. The worst growth performance was observed in fish fed with commercial diet, designated as diet D. It was concluded that the fish meal can be replaced up to 20 percent with other plant protein sources without any negative impact on fish health. The replacement of fish meal with local plant sources (corn gluten meal, wheat gluten meal, soybean meal and bagasse kenna mix) will not only be beneficial to achieve better growth performance in O. niloticus, it will be a value addition as well.

Resumo O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o nível adequado de substituição de farinha de peixe (FM) com fontes alternativas de plantas na alimentação alimentada a Oreochromis niloticus para avaliar o desempenho do crescimento. Três dietas isoproteiniosas (proteína de 40% de proteína bruta) foram preparadas a partir de diferentes ingredientes, como farinha de peixe, farinha de glúten de milho, farinha de glúten de trigo e farinha de bagaço de bagaço. O. niloticus apresentou um aumento máximo de peso como 9,70, 11,09, 8,53 e 8,32 g durante a 2ª, 2ª, 3ª e 2ª quinzena com o tratamento de alimentação A, B, C e D, respectivamente. O desempenho de crescimento do peixe em termos de ganho de peso, taxa de crescimento específico, razão de conversão alimentar e relação de eficiência protéica foi significativamente maior (P 0,05) nos peixes alimentados com 20% de reposição de farinha de peixe na dieta B. O pior O desempenho do crescimento foi observado em peixes alimentados com dieta comercial, designados como dieta D. Concluiu-se que a farinha de peixe pode ser substituída até 20 por cento com outras fontes de proteína vegetal sem qualquer impacto negativo na saúde dos peixes. A substituição da farinha de peixe por fontes locais de plantas (farelo de milho, farinha de glúten de trigo, farelo de soja e mistura de bagaço de bagaço) não só será benéfica para obter melhor desempenho de crescimento em O. niloticus, também será uma adição de valor.

Activity of digestive enzymes and growth parameters of juvenile jundiá (Rhandia quelen) fed linseed meal in nature and demucilaged / Atividade de enzimas digestivas e parâmetros de crescimento de juvenis de jundiá (Rhamdia quelen) alimentados com farelo de linhaça in natura e demucilada

This study was conducted out to evaluate the effect of partial replacement of animal protein (PBOA) for crude protein demucilaged linseed meal (PBFLD) and in nature (PBFL) in the diet of jundiá on growth parameters and digestive enzyme. The treatments were: control diet; 17%FL (linseed meal in nature):17% replacement of the PBOA by PBFL; 17%FLD (demucilaged linseed meal):17% replacement PBFLD by PBOA and 35%FLD: 35% replacement PBFLD by PBOA. Over seven week, 240 juvenile jundiá (14.49 ± 1.85 g) were reared in water recirculation system and fed to apparent satiation three times a day. At the end experimental parameters were evaluated for growth, carcass, chemical composition in whole fish and digestive enzymes. The fish fed control diet had best levels of feed conversion (p 0.05), however the remainder of the growth parameters were not altered by the inclusion of FL and FLD. There were no significant differences in hepatosomatic relation (RHS) and digestivosomatic relation (RDS). Diet 35%FLD had a lower intestinal quotient (QI), moisture content and higher carcass fat, total fat deposited and activity of the enzyme trypsin. It can be concluded that the FLD and FL can be used as a substitute of meat meal to the diets in juvenile jundia feed as an alternative source and cost.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da substituição parcial da proteína de origem animal (PBOA) pela proteína bruta dos farelos de linhaça demucilada (PBFLD) e in natura (PBFL) na dieta de jundiás, sobre parâmetros de crescimento e enzimáticos digestivos. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: dieta controle; 17%FL (farelo de linhaça in natura): 17% substituição da PBOA pela PBFL; 17%FLD (farelo de linhaça demucilada): 17% substituição da PBOA pela PBFLD e 35%FLD: 35% de substituição da PBOA pela PBFLD. Durante sete semanas, 240 juvenis de jundiá (14,49±1,85 g) foram criados em sistema de recirculação de água e alimentados até a saciedade aparente três vezes ao dia. Ao final do experimento foram avaliados parâmetros de crescimento, carcaça, composição centesimal no peixe inteiro e enzimas digestivas. Os peixes alimentados com a dieta controle apresentaram melhores valores de conversão alimentar (p 0,05), no entanto, o restante dos parâmetros de crescimento não foram alterados pela inclusão dos FL e FLD. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas para relação hepatosomática (RHS) e relação digestivosomática (RDS). A dieta 35%FLD apresentou menor quociente intestinal (QI), teor de umidade e maior teor de gordura da carcaça, gordura total depositada e atividade da enzima tripsina. Pode-se concluir que os FL e FLD podem ser usados como substitutos da farinha de carne

Activity of digestive enzymes and growth parameters of juvenile jundiá (Rhandia quelen) fed linseed meal in nature and demucilaged / Atividade de enzimas digestivas e parâmetros de crescimento de juvenis de jundiá (Rhamdia quelen) alimentados com farelo de linhaça in natura e demucilada

This study was conducted out to evaluate the effect of partial replacement of animal protein (PBOA) for crude protein demucilaged linseed meal (PBFLD) and in nature (PBFL) in the diet of jundiá on growth parameters and digestive enzyme. The treatments were: control diet; 17%FL (linseed meal in nature):17% replacement of the PBOA by PBFL; 17%FLD (demucilaged linseed meal):17% replacement PBFLD by PBOA and 35%FLD: 35% replacement PBFLD by PBOA. Over seven week, 240 juvenile jundiá (14.49 ± 1.85 g) were reared in water recirculation system and fed to apparent satiation three times a day. At the end experimental parameters were evaluated for growth, carcass, chemical composition in whole fish and digestive enzymes. The fish fed control diet had best levels of feed conversion (p 0.05), however the remainder of the growth parameters were not altered by the inclusion of FL and FLD. There were no significant differences in hepatosomatic relation (RHS) and digestivosomatic relation (RDS). Diet 35%FLD had a lower intestinal quotient (QI), moisture content and higher carcass fat, total fat deposited and activity of the enzyme trypsin. It can be concluded that the FLD and FL can be used as a substitute of meat meal to the diets in juvenile jundia feed as an alternative source and cost.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da substituição parcial da proteína de origem animal (PBOA) pela proteína bruta dos farelos de linhaça demucilada (PBFLD) e in natura (PBFL) na dieta de jundiás, sobre parâmetros de crescimento e enzimáticos digestivos. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: dieta controle; 17%FL (farelo de linhaça in natura): 17% substituição da PBOA pela PBFL; 17%FLD (farelo de linhaça demucilada): 17% substituição da PBOA pela PBFLD e 35%FLD: 35% de substituição da PBOA pela PBFLD. Durante sete semanas, 240 juvenis de jundiá (14,49±1,85 g) foram criados em sistema de recirculação de água e alimentados até a saciedade aparente três vezes ao dia. Ao final do experimento foram avaliados parâmetros de crescimento, carcaça, composição centesimal no peixe inteiro e enzimas digestivas. Os peixes alimentados com a dieta controle apresentaram melhores valores de conversão alimentar (p 0,05), no entanto, o restante dos parâmetros de crescimento não foram alterados pela inclusão dos FL e FLD. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas para relação hepatosomática (RHS) e relação digestivosomática (RDS). A dieta 35%FLD apresentou menor quociente intestinal (QI), teor de umidade e maior teor de gordura da carcaça, gordura total depositada e atividade da enzima tripsina. Pode-se concluir que os FL e FLD podem ser usados como substitutos da farinha de carne