Embarazo ectópico en cicatriz de cesárea: reporte de un caso

La gestación extrauterina se denomina embarazo ectópico, esta es una emergencia obstétrica del primer trimestre, que cada vez está teniendo una incidencia mayor. Una de las localizaciones en las que se pueden generar estas gestaciones es la cicatriz de cesárea previa, lo cual supone un reto para el ginecólogo tratante debido a su dificultad diagnóstica y opciones terapéuticas. Se reporta el caso de una paciente de 37 años que ingresó por el servicio de emergencia con 6 semanas de amenorrea, y con el antecedente de 2 cesáreas. Se le realizó un legrado uterino que se complicó y terminó en la realización de una histerectomía. El embarazo ectópico en cicatriz de cesárea es raro, sin embargo, es importante pensar en esta opción diagnóstica en gestantes con sangrado en el primer trimestre con antecedente de cesárea para poder buscar signos ecográficos en la evaluación.

Extrauterine gestation is called ectopic pregnancy, this is an obstetric emergency of the first trimester, which is having an increasing incidence. One of the locations in which these pregnancies can be generated is the scar from a previous cesarean section, which is a challenge for the treating gynecologist due to its diagnostic difficulty and therapeutic options. We report the case of a 37-year-old patient who was admitted to the emergency service with 6 weeks of amenorrhea, and with a history of 2 cesarean sections. She underwent a uterine curettage that was complicated and ended in a hysterectomy. Ectopic pregnancy in cesarean section scar is rare, however, it is important to consider this diagnostic option in pregnant women with bleeding in the first trimester with a history of cesarean section to be able to look for ultrasound signs in the evaluation.

Embarazo ectópico abdominal con feto vivo en el Hospital Provincial de Bié, Angola / Abdominal ectopic pregnancy with a live fetus in Bié Provincial Hospital, Angola

El embrión, en condiciones normales, es concebido en la trompa y migra al útero. Un pequeño porcentaje que no llega a completar esta migración, se convierte en embarazo ectópico. Se presentó el caso de un embarazo ectópico abdominal con feto vivo; paciente femenina de 32 años de edad, multigesta con 4 partos eutócicos a término. A las 37 semanas de edad gestacional se remitió al Hospital Provincial de Bié por presentar dolor abdominal difuso, de moderada intensidad, que se exacerbaba con los movimientos fetales. Se realizó la cesárea, se encontró un embarazo ectópico abdominal con feto vivo y placenta implantada en fondo uterino, epiplón y colon transverso. Se dejó placenta in situ para un posterior seguimiento.

The embryo, under normal conditions, is conceived into the fallopian tube and migrates to the uterus. A small percentage of the embryos that do not complete this migration become an ectopic pregnancy. We present a 32-year-old female patient with multiple gestation pregnancies and 4 normal term deliveries who had an abdominal ectopic pregnancy with a live fetus. She was referred to Bié Provincial Hospital at 37 weeks' gestation due to diffuse abdominal pain of moderate intensity, which was exacerbated by fetal movements. A cesarean section was performed; an abdominal ectopic pregnancy with a live fetus and the placenta implanted in the uterine fundus, omentum, and transverse colon was found. The placenta was left in situ for further follow-up.

Tissue concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor is not related to the depth of trophoblastic invasion in ampullary pregnancies-A pilot study.

Introduction: The factors that modulate trophoblastic invasion into the tubal wall remain uncertain. Moreover, it is known that the concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is increased in cases of deeper trophoblastic invasion in the fallopian tubes. Objective: This study aimed to assess if there is a correlation between VEGF tissue expression and the depth of trophoblastic infiltration into the tubal wall in patients with ampullary pregnancy. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in patients with a diagnosis of tubal pregnancy in the ampullary region who underwent salpingectomy. Inclusion criteria were spontaneously conceived singleton pregnancies, diagnosis of tubal pregnancy in the ampullary region, and radical surgical treatment. A lack of agreement regarding the location of the tubal pregnancy and impossibility of either anatomopathological or tissue VEGF analysis were the exclusion criteria. Histologically, trophoblastic invasion into the tubal wall was classified as grade I when limited to the tubal mucosa, grade II when it reached the muscle layer, and grade III when it comprised the full thickness of the tubal wall. A total of 42 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were selected to participate in the study. Eight patients were excluded. After surgery, tissue VEGF expression was measured by immunohistochemistry and the point counting technique. Results: Histological analysis revealed that eight patients had stage I tubal infiltration, seven had stage II, and 19 had stage III. The difference between the percentage of VEGF expression in the trophoblastic tissue was not significant in relation to the degree of trophoblastic invasion (p = 0.621) (ANOVA). Trophoblastic tissue VEGF showed no statistical difference for prediction of both degrees of trophoblastic invasion (univariate multinomial regression). Conclusion: The depth of trophoblastic penetration into the tubal wall in ampullary pregnancies is not associated with tissue VEGF expression.

Tratamiento del embarazo ectópico no complicado con inyección local de metotrexato / Management of uncomplicated ectopic pregnancy with local injection of methotrexate

Resumen OBJETIVO: Describir la experiencia en la atención de pacientes con embarazo ectópico no complicado con una inyección local de metotrexato guiada por ecografía. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y de serie de casos llevado a cabo del 1 de enero del 2021 al 28 de febrero del 2022 en el Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal, Lima, Perú. Las participantes tuvieron embarazo ectópico no complicado, tratado con inyección local de metotrexato guiada por ecografía. Los datos se obtuvieron de los registros en las historias clínicas. El análisis estadístico se procesó en el programa SPSS 19. RESULTADOS: Se registraron 222 casos de embarazo ectópico y se aplicaron 11 inyecciones locales con metotrexato guiadas por ecografía. De acuerdo con su localización 4 embarazos fueron tubáricos, 1 cervical y 6 en cicatriz de cesárea. La edad promedio de las embarazadas fue de 34.5 años. El promedio de semanas de embarazo fue de 7. La concentración inicial de b-hCG fue de 42812.55 mU/mL. El tamaño promedio del saco gestacional fue de 22.8 mm. El tamaño medio de los embriones fue de 7.81 mm. Se detectó actividad cardiaca embrionaria en 10 casos que recibieron una inyección intratorácica de cloruro de potasio hasta que no se evidenció el latido cardiaco. Un solo caso recibió una dosis sistémica adicional de metotrexato. Otro caso resultó con hemoperitoneo, por rotura de embarazo ectópico luego de la inyección local. CONCLUSIONES: La inyección local de metotrexato, guiada por ecografía, es una alternativa a otras técnicas quirúrgicas aplicadas para tratar pacientes con embarazo ectópico no complicado, con indicación quirúrgica.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To describe the experience in the care of patients with uncomplicated ectopic pregnancy with ultrasound-guided local injection of methotrexate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective, descriptive, case series study conducted from January 1, 2021 to February 28, 2022 at the Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal, Lima, Peru. Participants had uncomplicated ectopic pregnancy treated with ultrasound-guided local injection of methotrexate. Data were obtained from medical records. Statistical analysis was processed in SPSS 19. RESULTS: 11 ultrasound-guided local methotrexate injections were performed. According to their location 4 pregnancies were tubal, 1 cervical and 6 in cesarean scar. The average age of the pregnant women was 34.5 years. The average number of weeks of pregnancy was 7. The initial b-hCG concentration was 42812.55 mU/mL. The mean gestational sac size was 22.8 mm. The mean embryo size was 7.81 mm. Embryonic cardiac activity was detected in 10 cases that received an intrathoracic injection of potassium chloride until no heartbeat was evident. A single case received an additional systemic dose of methotrexate. Another case resulted in hemoperitoneum, due to rupture of ectopic pregnancy after local injection. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound-guided local injection of methotrexate is an alternative to other surgical techniques applied to treat patients with uncomplicated ectopic pregnancy with surgical indication.

[Ectopic pregnancy on uterine scar from cesarean section] / Embarazo ectópico sobre cicatriz uterina por cesárea.

Ectopic pregnancy is defined as the implantation of the fertilized egg outside the uterine cavity. About 95% of ectopic pregnancies are located in the tube. Non-tubal forms, in particular on the scar of a cesarean section, are a very rare entity whose early diagnosis and treatment are essential to avoid serious complications and preserve fertility.

El embarazo ectópico se define como la implantación del óvulo fecundado fuera de la cavidad uterina. Alrededor del 95% de los embarazos ectópicos se localizan en la trompa. Las formas no tubáricas, en concreto sobre la cicatriz de una cesárea, son una entidad muy poco frecuente cuyo diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz son imprescindibles para evitar complicaciones graves y preservar la fertilidad.

Gravidez ectópica em cicatriz de cesárea: série de casos com três possibilidades terapêuticas diferentes / Cesarean scar pregnancy: case series with three different types of management

A gestação ectópica em cicatriz de cesariana prévia é um evento iatrogênico raro, que vem crescendo junto com o aumento das taxas de cesariana. Ela não exi- be manifestação clínica específica, o que dificulta o diagnóstico e não apresenta tratamento preconizado, embora esteja associada a grandes complicações obsté- tricas como hemorragia incoercível, acretismo placentário e rotura uterina. Dessa forma, o presente artigo relata três casos clínicos em que diferentes tratamentos foram propostos, objetivando discutir algumas possibilidades terapêuticas como a aspiração manual intrauterina (AMIU) associada com o uso de metotrexato, lapa- roscopia e laparotomia, comparando os resultados encontrados.(AU)

Ectopic cesarean scar pregnancy is a rare iatrogenic event, which has been increase with growing in the percentage of cesarean delivery. It does not exhibit specific cli- nical manifestation, making diagnosis difficult and does not have yet recommended treatment, although is associated with major obstetrics complication such incoer- cible hemorrhage, abnormally invasive placenta and uterine rupture. Therefore, the present article reports three clinical cases witch different types of management, ai- ming discuss some possibilities such intrauterine manual aspiration after systemic methotrexate, laparoscopy or laparotomy surgical, comparing results.(AU)

Protocolo Brasileiro para Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis 2020: doença inflamatória pélvica / Brazilian Protocol for Sexually Transmitted Infections 2020: pelvic inflammatory disease / Protocolo Brasileño para Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual 2020: enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica

O tema doença inflamatória pélvica está contemplado no Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas para Atenção Integral às Pessoas com Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis, publicado pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil em 2020. A doença inflamatória pélvica é a infecção aguda do trato genital superior feminino decorrente da ascensão canalicular de microrganismos cervicovaginais endógenos e, principalmente, os de transmissão sexual. Entre os agentes etiológicos envolvidos, destacam-se Chlamydia trachomatis e Neisseria gonorrhoeae. As sequelas mais importantes são dor pélvica crônica, infertilidade e gravidez ectópica. O diagnóstico clínico apresenta-se como a abordagem prática mais importante. O tratamento com antibióticos deve ser iniciado imediatamente diante da suspeição clínica. Descrevem-se orientações para gestores e profissionais de saúde sobre testes diagnósticos, tratamento preconizado, seguimento, aconselhamento, notificação, manejo de parcerias sexuais e de populações especiais. Com a maior disponibilidade da técnica de biologia molecular no Brasil, recomenda-se o rastreio de C. trachomatis e N. gonorrhoeae como estratégia preventiva da doença.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease is a topic included in the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections, published by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in 2020. Pelvic inflammatory disease is an acute infection of the upper female genital tract due to canalicular spread of endogenous cervicovaginal microorganisms, in particular sexually transmitted organisms. Standing out among the etiological agents involved are Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The most important sequels are chronic pelvic pain, infertility and ectopic pregnancy. Clinical diagnosis is the most important practical approach. Antibiotic treatment should start immediately upon clinical suspicion. The article contains guidance for health service managers and health professionals on diagnostic tests, treatment, follow-up, counseling, notification, handling of sexual partnerships and special populations. In view of increased availability of the molecular biology technique in Brazil, C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae screening is recommended as a disease prevention strategy.

El tema de la enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica está incluido en el Protocolo Clínico y Directrices Terapéuticas para la Atención Integral para Personas con Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual, publicado por el Ministerio de Salud de Brasil en 2020. La enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica es una infección aguda del tracto genital superior femenino resultante del ascenso canalicular de microorganismos cervicovaginales endógenos y, principalmente, los de transmisión sexual. Entre los agentes etiológicos involucrados, se destacan Chlamydia trachomatis y Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Las secuelas más importantes son: dolor pélvico crónico, infertilidad y embarazo ectópico. El diagnóstico clínico es el enfoque práctico más importante. El tratamiento con antibiótico debe iniciarse inmediatamente ante la sospecha clínica. Se describen pautas para gestores y profesionales de la salud sobre pruebas de diagnóstico, tratamiento, seguimiento, asesoramiento, notificación, manejo de parejas sexuales y poblaciones especiales. Con la mayor disponibilidad de la técnica de biología molecular, se recomienda el cribado de C. trachomatis y N. gonorrhoeae como estrategia preventiva para la enfermedad.

Protocolo Brasileiro para Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis 2020: doença inflamatória pélvica / Brazilian Protocol for Sexually Transmitted Infections 2020: pelvic inflammatory disease / Protocolo Brasileño para Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual 2020: enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica

Resumo O tema doença inflamatória pélvica está contemplado no Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas para Atenção Integral às Pessoas com Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis, publicado pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil em 2020. A doença inflamatória pélvica é a infecção aguda do trato genital superior feminino decorrente da ascensão canalicular de microrganismos cervicovaginais endógenos e, principalmente, os de transmissão sexual. Entre os agentes etiológicos envolvidos, destacam-se Chlamydia trachomatis e Neisseria gonorrhoeae. As sequelas mais importantes são dor pélvica crônica, infertilidade e gravidez ectópica. O diagnóstico clínico apresenta-se como a abordagem prática mais importante. O tratamento com antibióticos deve ser iniciado imediatamente diante da suspeição clínica. Descrevem-se orientações para gestores e profissionais de saúde sobre testes diagnósticos, tratamento preconizado, seguimento, aconselhamento, notificação, manejo de parcerias sexuais e de populações especiais. Com a maior disponibilidade da técnica de biologia molecular no Brasil, recomenda-se o rastreio de C. trachomatis e N. gonorrhoeae como estratégia preventiva da doença.

Abstract Pelvic Inflammatory Disease is a topic included in the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections, published by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in 2020. Pelvic inflammatory disease is an acute infection of the upper female genital tract due to canalicular spread of endogenous cervicovaginal microorganisms, in particular sexually transmitted organisms. Standing out among the etiological agents involved are Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The most important sequels are chronic pelvic pain, infertility and ectopic pregnancy. Clinical diagnosis is the most important practical approach. Antibiotic treatment should start immediately upon clinical suspicion. The article contains guidance for health service managers and health professionals on diagnostic tests, treatment, follow-up, counseling, notification, handling of sexual partnerships and special populations. In view of increased availability of the molecular biology technique in Brazil, C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae screening is recommended as a disease prevention strategy.

Resumen El tema de la enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica está incluido en el Protocolo Clínico y Directrices Terapéuticas para la Atención Integral para Personas con Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual, publicado por el Ministerio de Salud de Brasil en 2020. La enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica es una infección aguda del tracto genital superior femenino resultante del ascenso canalicular de microorganismos cervicovaginales endógenos y, principalmente, los de transmisión sexual. Entre los agentes etiológicos involucrados, se destacan Chlamydia trachomatis y Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Las secuelas más importantes son: dolor pélvico crónico, infertilidad y embarazo ectópico. El diagnóstico clínico es el enfoque práctico más importante. El tratamiento con antibiótico debe iniciarse inmediatamente ante la sospecha clínica. Se describen pautas para gestores y profesionales de la salud sobre pruebas de diagnóstico, tratamiento, seguimiento, asesoramiento, notificación, manejo de parejas sexuales y poblaciones especiales. Con la mayor disponibilidad de la técnica de biología molecular, se recomienda el cribado de C. trachomatis y N. gonorrhoeae como estrategia preventiva para la enfermedad.

Embarazo ectópico cervical. A propósito de dos casos / Cervical ectopic pregnancy. Report of two cases

Antecedentes. El embarazo ectópico cervical es la implantación del embrión en la zona de revestimiento del canal endocervical. Representa menos del 1% de todos los embarazos ectópicos. Reporte de Caso: Reportamos dos pacientes que acuden a consulta de emergencia por sangrado transvaginal. El diagnóstico de embarazo ectópico cervical fue realizado por ecografía transvaginal (7 y 8 semanas de gestación). Se inició tratamiento con metotrexato (paciente de 28 años) y metotrexato-ácido folínico (paciente de 35 años). Debido al aumento de la hormona gonadotropina coriónica humana se decidió realizar una histerectomía abdominal (paciente de 28 años) y curetaje-cerclaje cervical tipo McDonald (paciente de 35 años). No hubo complicaciones posteriores a la cirugía en ambas pacientes. Conclusiones: El tratamiento del embarazo ectópico cervical es controversial. Se debe elegir la terapia más apropiada para preservar la fertilidad y evitar complicaciones como la hemorragia.

Background. Cervical ectopic pregnancy is the implantation of the embryo in the lining of the endocervical canal lining. It represents less than 1% of all ectopic pregnancies. Case description: We report two patients who come to the emergency room for transvaginal bleeding. The diagnosis of cervical ectopic pregnancy was made by transvaginal ultrasound (7- and 8-weeks' gestation). Treatment was started with methotrexate (28-year-old patient) and methotrexatefolinic acid (35-year-old patient). Due to the increase in human chorionic gonadotropin hormone, it was decided to perform an abdominal hysterectomy (28-year-old patient) and McDonald-type cervical curettagecerclage (35-year-old patient). There were no complications after surgery in both patients. Conclusions: The treatment of cervical ectopic pregnancy is controversial. The most appropriate therapy should be chosen to preserve fertility and avoid complications such as bleeding.

Um caso raro de gravidez ectópica tubária bilateral espontânea / A rare case of spontaneous ectopic bilateral tubal pregnancy

Ectopic pregnancy occurs when the fertilized ovum implantation happens outside the uterus, and it is not rarely associated with maternal death. Tubal ectopic pregnancy is the most common form of ectopic pregnancy and the bilateral form is very rare. Performing an early diagnosis is difficult in most cases and if usually happens during surgery. The purpose of this paper is to describe a case of spontaneous bilateral tubal ectopic pregnancy and its particularities.

Embarazo ectópico abdominal a término con feto vivo en mujer angolana adulta joven / Term ectopic abdominal pregnancy with live fetus in young adult Angolan woman

RESUMEN Introducción: el embarazo ectópico abdominal es una anomalía excepcional que representa el 1 % de los embarazos ectópicos; se asocia con alta morbilidad y mortalidad materna y fetal. El riesgo de mortalidad materna es de siete a ocho veces mayor que el de un embarazo ectópico tubario y 90 veces mayor que el de un embarazo intrauterino. Presentación del caso: paciente angolana adulta joven con un embarazo ectópico abdominal diagnosticado al término del embarazo. Se trató con éxito mediante cesárea con extracción del feto vivo y sin complicaciones. No se extrajo la placenta por encontrarse implantada al Meso intestinal y se aplicó tratamiento con metrotexate posterior a la intervención quirúrgica. Conclusiones: el embarazo abdominal es una enfermedad de difícil diagnóstico a pesar de los avances tecnológicos. Por lo que el sistema de salud debe establecer estrategias y programas educativos accesibles, dirigidos a la población femenina que tengan sospecha de embarazo ectópico. Una vez diagnosticado el embarazo abdominal, debe interrumpirse, a menos que la edad de gestación sea avanzada. El manejo de la placenta debe ser individualizado.

ABSTRACT Introduction: abdominal ectopic pregnancy is an exceptional abnormality representing 1% of ectopic pregnancies; it is associated with high maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. The risk of maternal mortality is seven to eight times greater than a tubal ectopic pregnancy and 90 times greater than an intrauterine pregnancy. Case report: young adult Angolan patient with an ectopic abdominal pregnancy diagnosed at the end of pregnancy; successfully treated by caesarean section with live, uncomplicated extraction of the fetus. Removal of the placenta was not attempted as it was implanted in the mesointestinal structure; undergoing treatment with methotrexate after the surgery. Conclusions: abdominal pregnancy is a complex disease to be diagnosed despite technological advances. Therefore, the health system must establish accessible educational strategies and programs aimed at taking care of female population suspected of ectopic pregnancy. Once an abdominal pregnancy has been diagnosed, it should be interrupted, except the gestational age is advanced. The management of the placenta should be individualized.

Ectopic pregnancy in left ovary and contralateral uterine tube diagnosed one week apart in In Vitro Fertilization with donor eggs: Case report.

Bilateral ectopic pregnancy is a rare clinical condition with an estimated prevalence of 1/200 000 in spontaneous pregnancies. Studies have found that In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) is related to ectopic pregnancy independently, but the incidence of tubal disease in the donor egg recipient population is thought to be significantly lower than in the standard IVF population. We report the case of a patient participating in the egg-sharing program, who was diagnosed with ovarian ectopic pregnancy, treated with surgery. After one week, she was diagnosed with tubal ectopic pregnancy in the contralateral tube. The clinician should be aware that the treatment of one ectopic pregnancy does not preclude the occurrence of a second ectopic pregnancy in the same patient and should pay attention to the intra-operatory inspection of both side fallopian tubes in any ectopic pregnancy case. Routine ultrasound after ectopic pregnancy treatment may be reasonable, especially in high risk patients.

Embarazo ectópico cervical: diagnóstico preciso y enfoque de manejo médico. Reporte de caso / Ectopic Cervical Pregnancy ­ Precise Diagnosis and Medical Management Approach. Case Report

El embarazo ectópico cervical es una condición exótica. Su diagnóstico y manejo plantean un desafío importante, dada su asociación con desenlaces maternos graves. La sospecha clínica y la juiciosa aplicación de los criterios diagnósticos permiten establecer modalidades de terapia conservativa. Este artículo reporta un caso de embarazo ectópico cervical con diagnóstico de imágenes de ultrasonido y resonancia nuclear magnética en el que se administró tratamiento con metotrexato. El seguimiento clínico, de los exámenes paraclínicos y de ultrasonido mostraron la resolución completa de la condición. Se revisan aspectos relacionados con el diagnóstico y tratamiento.

Cervical ectopic pregnancy is an exotic condition. Its diagnosis and management pose a major challenge given its association with serious maternal outcomes. The clinical suspicion and the judicious application of the diagnostic criteria allow for conservative therapy modalities. In this article, a case of cervical ectopic pregnancy is reported to diagnostic ultrasound imaging and nuclear magnetic resonance in which treatment with Methotrexate was administered. Clinical follow-up of the laboratory test and ultrasound showed complete resolution of the condition. Aspects related to the diagnosis and treatment are reviewed.

Cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy: invasion of the bladder wall detected by magnetic resonance imaging.

Although cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy continues to be the rarest form of ectopic pregnancy, its incidence is increasing because of the worldwide increase in the number of cesarean deliveries. If the diagnosis is delayed, there is a high risk of severe hemorrhage and death, whereas early diagnosis can minimize the complications associated with the condition. Here, we report a case in which invasion of the bladder wall was identified by magnetic resonance imaging.

Gestação em cicatriz de cesariana é a forma mais rara de gravidez ectópica, mas com aumento devido ao maior número de cesarianas. O diagnóstico tardio pode provocar hemorragia grave, com risco de morte, mas se precoce pode reduzir as complicações. Relatamos um caso com invasão da parede da bexiga, provocando hematúria, e que foi demonstrada pela ressonância magnética.

Cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy: invasion of the bladder wall detected by magnetic resonance imaging / Gravidez ectópica em cicatriz de cesariana: invasão da parede vesical detectada pela ressonância magnética

Abstract Although cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy continues to be the rarest form of ectopic pregnancy, its incidence is increasing because of the worldwide increase in the number of cesarean deliveries. If the diagnosis is delayed, there is a high risk of severe hemorrhage and death, whereas early diagnosis can minimize the complications associated with the condition. Here, we report a case in which invasion of the bladder wall was identified by magnetic resonance imaging.

Resumo Gestação em cicatriz de cesariana é a forma mais rara de gravidez ectópica, mas com aumento devido ao maior número de cesarianas. O diagnóstico tardio pode provocar hemorragia grave, com risco de morte, mas se precoce pode reduzir as complicações. Relatamos um caso com invasão da parede da bexiga, provocando hematúria, e que foi demonstrada pela ressonância magnética.

Embarazo heterotópico espontáneo. Reporte de caso / Heterotopic spontaneous pregnancy. Report of case

Fundamento. La combinación de un embarazo intrauterino con uno extrauterino se conoce como embarazo heterotópico, esta es una patología poco reportada cuando se presenta en forma espontánea (1 caso cada 20 000 o 30 000 embarazos). Objetivo: Reportar un caso la infrecuencia de la forma en que se presenta la combinación de los dos embarazos y la emergencia de cuando uno está roto. Presentation of the case: Paciente de 26 años de edad, con el antecedente de tres gestaciones previas (tres partos a término); presentó una historia de amenorrea de tres meses asociada a dolor hipogástrico de 24 horas de evolución. Al examen físico tenía la TA de 90/50 mHg, el pulso de 120 pulsaciones por minutos, frialdad y sudoración, la temperatura axilar de 36,4 °C. Su abdomen estaba levemente distendido, blando, depresible, con ruidos hidroaéreos, sensible a la palpación profunda en hipogastrio y en fosa ilíaca derecha con Blumberg negativo. Se le realizó una laparotomía exploradora con el diagnóstico presuntivo de embarazo ectópico derecho, y se observó en ésta un hemoperitoneo de 500 ml, útero, ovario y trompa izquierdas normales. Se le realizó una ecografía que informó un embarazo intrauterino de primer trimestre, que al momento de la cirugía tenía una edad gestacional estimada de 15 semanas. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico del embarazo heterotópico no es fácil definirlo debido a las diversas manifestaciones clínicas y a la existencia del embarazo intrauterino que continúa; se debe tener en cuenta que la ecografía es un pilar importante en el diagnóstico e identificación temprana de esta patología.

Background: The combination of an intra-uterine pregnancy with an extra uterine one is known as heterotopic pregnancy, this is a pathology little reported when it is presented in an spontaneous form (1 case each 20 000 or 30 000 pregnancies). Objective: To report a case the seldomness in the way in that it is presented the combination of the two pregnancies and the emergency of when one is broken. Report of case: Patient of 26 years old, with the antecedent of three previous pregnancies (three childbirths to term);she presented a history of a three months amenorrhea associated to hypogastria pain of 24 hours of evolution. To the physical exam she had the TA of 90/50 mHg, the pulse of 120 pulsations for minutes, indifference and sweating, the axillary temperature of 36, 4 °C. Her abdomen was slightly loosened, soft, depressive, with noises hydro air, sensitive to the deep palpation in hypogastrium and in grave right iliac with negative Blumberg. It was carried out an exploratory laparotomy with the presumptive diagnosis of right ectopic pregnancy, and it was observed in this a hemoperitoneum of 500 ml, uterus, lefts ovary and trumpet normal. It was carried out an ultrasound that informed an intra-uterine pregnancy of first trimester that had an estimated gestational age of 15 weeks at the moment of the surgery. Conclusions: The diagnosis of the heterotopic pregnancy is not easy to define due the diverse clinical manifestations and the existence of the intra-uterine pregnancy that continues; it should be kept in mind that the ultrasound is an important pillar in the diagnosis and early identification of this pathology.

Interventional radiology and endovascular surgery in the treatment of ectopic pregnancies / Radiologia intervencionista e cirurgia endovascular no tratamento das prenhezes ectópicas

The advent of interventional radiology enabled remarkable advances in diagnosis and treatment of several situations in obstetrics and gynecology. In the field of obstetrics, these advances include temporary occlusion of the iliac arteries to the management of placenta accreta and/or prior, arteriovenous fistulas after embolization of uterine curettage and management of ectopic uterine and extra-uterine pregnancies. The non-tubal ectopic pregnancy, either cervical, abdominal, ovarian or in a cesarean scar, often represents major therapeutic challenge, especially when exists a desire to maintain fertility. Despite the systemic methotrexate therapy and surgical resection of the ectopic gestational sac be the most used therapeutic options, the interventionist approach of non-tubal ectopic pregnancies, direct injection of methotrexate in the gestational sac and intra-arterial chemoembolization of uterine arteries constitute in the currently literature viable, safe, effective modalities with low morbidity, shorter hospital stay, and rapid clinical recovery. Because of little variety of materials used, and the increase in training of specialists in the area, the radiological intervention as a treatment option in ectopic pregnancies is financially viable and present considerable accessibility in the world and at most of Brazilian medical centers.

O advento da radiologia intervencionista tornou possível avanços notáveis no diagnóstico e no tratamento de diversas situações, na área de ginecologia e obstetrícia. No campo da obstetrícia, esses avanços incluem oclusão temporária das artérias hipogástricas para o manejo de placenta acreta e/ou prévia, embolização de fístulas arteriovenosas após curetagem uterina e manejo de prenhezes ectópicas uterinas e extrauterinas. A gravidez ectópica não tubária, seja cervical, abdominal, ovariana ou na cicatriz de cesárea, muitas vezes representa grande desafio terapêutico, principalmente quando há desejo de manutenção da fertilidade. As opções terapêuticas mais utilizadas para o tratamento de prenhez ectópica não tubária, são: terapia sistêmica com metotrexato e ressecção cirúrgica do saco gestacional ectópico; porém a abordagem intervencionista com injeção direta de metotrexato no saco gestacional ou quimiembolização intra-arterial das artérias uterinas, apresentam-se na literatura recente, como modalidades terapêuticas viáveis, seguras, eficazes, com baixa morbidade, menor tempo de internação e rápida recuperação clínica. Devido ao diminuto arsenal de materiais utilizados e à crescente formação de especialistas na área, a intervenção radiológica, como opção de tratamento nas prenhezes ectópicas, é financeiramente viável e apresenta acessibilidade considerável no mundo e na maioria do centros médicos brasileiros.

Gravidez ectópica em cicatriz de cesárea: uma complicação emergente / Cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy: an emerging complication

Entre as complicações de longo prazo da operação cesariana, destacam-se o acretismo placentário (placenta acreta, increta e percreta) e, mais recentemente, a implantação embrionária na cicatriz uterina de cesárea prévia. A denominada gravidez ectópica em cicatriz de cesárea persiste como um evento pouco divulgado em função da sua raridade; porém, apresenta incidência crescente devido principalmente ao aumento global das taxas de cesariana. Os atrasos no diagnóstico e no tratamento podem resultar em ruptura uterina, hemorragia grave, necessidade de histerectomia e elevada mortalidade materna. Dessa forma, os objetivos principais na condução dos casos de gravidez ectópica em cicatriz de cesárea devem incluir o diagnóstico ultrassonográfico precoce e acurado e a prevenção de hemorragias graves, além da preservação da fertilidade. Entretanto, devido à sua raridade, ainda não há consenso acerca da melhor forma de tratamento dessa complicação.(AU)

Among the long-term complications of cesarean section stand out the pathologically adherent placenta (accreta, increta and percreta) and, more recently, the embryonic implantation in the uterine scar from previous cesarean. The so-called cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy remains a little known event due to its rarity. But it shows increasing incidence due mainly to the overall increase in cesarean rates. The delay in diagnosis and treatment can result in uterine rupture, severe hemorrhage, need for hysterectomy and high maternal mortality. Thus, the main objectives in the management of cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy should include early and accurate ultrasound diagnosis and prevention of severe blood loss, and the preservation of fertility. However, due to its rarity, there is no consensus about the best treatment for this complication.(AU)

Factores de riesgo asociados al embarazo ectópico / Risk Factors Associated with Ectopic Pregnancy

Fundamento: el embarazo ectópico se ha duplicado en la mayor parte de los países industrializados y representa una de las principales causas de muerte materna. Objetivo: identificar factores de riesgo que predisponen al embarazo ectópico.Métodos: estudio de casos y controles realizado en un universo de 132 pacientes del Municipio Habana del Este, operadas de embarazo ectópico en el Hospital Dr. Luís Díaz Soto desde el 2009 al 2011. Se escogió una muestra al azar de 66 pacientes que constituyó el grupo estudio; se contó con otro grupo control de igual cantidad de pacientes no operadas de embarazo ectópico en dicho período. Se analizaron variables relacionadas con factores de riesgo sociodemográficos, ginecobstétricos y quirúrgicos, conducta sexual y hábito de fumar. Se empleó la media, desviación estándar, porcentaje, test de Student, estadígrafo chi cuadrado y odds ratio. Resultados: el embarazo ectópico fue más frecuente en mujeres de color de piel blanca, entre 25 y 34 años de edad; el antecedente de enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica, endometriosis, tres o más abortos provocados, así como la historia de infertilidad, embarazo ectópico previo, inicio precoz de las relaciones sexuales, múltiples compañeros sexuales y el empleo de dispositivos intrauterinos fueron factores predisponentes para el embarazo ectópico; no así la escolaridad, ocupación, paridad, apendicectomía y cirugía tubárica previa, ni tabaquismo.Conclusiones: existen múltiples factores de riesgo que predisponen al embarazo ectópico y que contribuyen al incremento de la morbimortalidad materna, muchos de los cuales son susceptibles de ser modificados desde la atención primaria de salud.

Background: ectopic pregnancy has doubled in most industrialized countries and it is a major cause of maternal death. Objective: to identify risk factors predisposing to ectopic pregnancy. Methods: a case-control study was conducted in a universe of 132 patients from the municipality of Eastern Havana, operated on for ectopic pregnancy at the Dr. Luís Díaz Soto Hospital from 2009 to 2011. A random sample of 66 patients was selected to compose the study group; there was other control group with the same number of patients who didn’t undergo surgery for ectopic pregnancy in this period. Variables analyzed were related to sociodemographic, obstetric and gynecological and surgical risk factors, as well as sexual behavior and smoking. The mean, standard deviation, percentage, Student’s t test, chi-square statistic and odds ratio were used. Results: ectopic pregnancy was more common in white women aged 25 to 34 years; history of pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis, three or more induced abortions, infertility, previous ectopic pregnancy, early onset of sexual intercourse, multiple sexual partners and use of intrauterine devices were predisposing factors for ectopic pregnancy; unlike the education level, occupation, amount of deliveries, appendectomy and prior tubal surgery, or smoking. Conclusions: there are multiple risk factors leading to ectopic pregnancy and contributing to increased maternal morbidity and mortality; many of them can be modified in the primary health care.

Tratamento conservador da gravidez ectópica em cicatriz de cesárea: relato de caso / Conservative management of ectopic pregnancy in cesarean scar: case report

A implantação da gravidez na cicatriz de cesárea é considerada uma forma rara de gestação ectópica com uma alta taxa de morbidade e mortalidade. Este tipo de gestação ectópica pode causar complicações graves, em função dos riscos de ruptura e hemorragia volumosa, que pode resultar em histerectomia e comprometimento do futuro reprodutivo da mulher. Reportamos um caso de uma gestação ectópica em cicatriz de cesárea em uma mulher de 28 anos que foi tratada com sucesso com a combinação de três métodos: metotrexate, embolização da artéria uterina e curetagem guiada por ultrassom. Dessa forma foi preservada sua fertilidade.

Implantation of a pregnancy within a cesarean delivery scar is considered to be the rarest form of ectopic pregnancy, with a high morbidity and mortality. Pregnancy in a cesarean delivery scar may cause catastrophic complications which may result in hysterectomy and compromise the reproductive future of a woman. We report an ectopic pregnancy in cesarean scar case in a 28-year old pregnant woman that was treated with success with the association between three treatment modalities (methotrexate, uterine artery embolization and curettage) and preserve her fertility.