Viral Diagnosis in Psittacine Birds: A Scientometric and Systematic Review of 47 Years.

The first reports of viruses in psittacine birds date back to the early 1970s. Here, we elucidate the differences among these previous studies and the advances achieved. The objective of this study was to carry out a comprehensive review using both scientometric and systematic methods to analyze the evolution of published studies on viruses in psittacine birds up to 2022. The search descriptors "virus", "diagnosis", and "Psittaciformes" were used to find the articles of interest for this study. A total of 118 articles were manually selected, and the scientometric data were organized using the software VOSviewer® version 1.6.18. The present review revealed that: (i) on average, 2.5 articles/year on the diagnosis of viral infection in psittacine birds were published since 1975; (ii) the most productive research groups are concentrated in three countries: Australia, the United States, and Germany; (iii) the most important virus in psittacine birds is the Circovirus, which causes psittacine beak and feather disease; (iv) the diagnostic method of choice is polymerase chain reaction (PCR); and (v) the most studied psittacine birds were those in the Psittacidae family that were kept in captivity.

Patterns of cytonuclear discordance and divergence between subspecies of the scarlet macaw (Ara macao) in Central America.

The scarlet macaw, Ara macao, is a neotropical parrot that contains two described subspecies with broadly discrete geographical distributions. One subspecies, A. m. macao, is found from South America north into southwestern Costa Rica, while the second subspecies, A. m. cyanoptera, is found from eastern Costa Rica north into central Mexico. Our previous research using mitochondrial data to examine phylogeographical divergence across the collective range of these two subspecies concluded that they represent distinct evolutionary entities, with minimal contemporary hybridization between them. Here we further examine phylogenetic relationships and patterns of genetic variation between these two subspecies using a dataset of genetic markers derived from their nuclear genomes. Our analyses show clear nuclear divergence between A. m. macao and A. m. cyanoptera in Central America. Collectively however, samples from this region appear genetically more similar to one another than they do to the examined South American (Brazilian) A. m. macao sample. This observation contradicts our previous assessments based on mitochondrial DNA analyses that A. m. macao in Central and South America represent a single phylogeographical group that is evolutionarily distinct from Central American A. m. cyanoptera. Nonetheless, in agreement with our previous findings, ongoing genetic exchange between the two subspecies appears limited. Rather, our analyses indicate that incomplete lineage sorting is the best supported explanation for cytonuclear discordance within these parrots. High-altitude regions in Central America may act as a reproductive barrier, limiting contemporary hybridization between A. m. macao and A. m. cyanoptera. The phylogeographic complexities of scarlet macaw taxa in this region highlight the need for additional evolutionary examinations of these populations.

Detection of aves polyomavirus 1 (APyV) and beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) in exotic and native Brazilian Psittaciformes.

There are several viral diseases in captive birds. Aves polyomavirus 1 (APyV) and beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) are among the most important in Psittaciformes. The occurrence of these agents has been widely described in various parts of the world; however, little is known about these viruses in South America. APyV and BFDV can cause high morbidity with feather alterations and even mortality. Other variable symptoms could appear depending on the host's age and taxonomic group. The aim of this study was to detect APyV and BFDV in samples of captive exotic and native Psittaciformes in Brazil. Samples from 120 birds with clinical signs compatible with APyV and/or BFDV were examined. In total, 57 (47.5%) positive birds were found, of which 21 (17.5%) had APyV and 41 (34.17%) had BFDV. Five animals (4.17%) presented concurrent infection. Phylogenetic analysis showed a divergent APyV strain and a diversity of Brazilian BFDV strains. Our study shows that these viruses are present at a significant frequency in captive exotic and native Psittaciformes in Brazil. This study also highlights the need for constant epidemiologic surveillance to preserve bird biodiversity with a focus on endangered Psittaciformes species.

Prevalence of endo and enctoparasites in psittaciformes raised in the state of Espirito Santo / Prevalência de endo e ectoparasitos em psittaciformes criados no estado do Espírito Santo

Birds are affected by many parasites, and at wildlife animals are less vulnerable to the changes caused by parasitism, nevertheless in captivity their vulnerability may increase by different factors, including precarious hygiene and management. Birds of the order Psittaciformes frequently live together with people, and it may causes health and environment threats. Then, the objective of the current study was to accomplish parasitological exams in captive Psittaciformes birds aiming to know their parasitological fauna, and evaluate the results with the type of management and the environment where they are, to adopt appropriate prophylaxis measures. This work was authorized by the Ethics Commission in the Use of Animals at UFES from Alegre, and by the Biodiversity Information and Authorization System (SISBIO) of ICMBio. There were analyzed 200 birds of four breedings in Espírito Santo state, being that 63 couple of cockatiels are from domestic breedings in the county of Alegre and 74 individuals of parrots from the Zoo Park da Montanha Zoo, in Marechal Floriano. The fecal samples were collected and processed by the Simple Fluctuation Centrifugal technique in parasitology lab of HOVET-UFES, and the parrots and cockatiels’ feathers were analyzed in the stereomicroscope. The environment and heath aspects where the birds were living were analyzed. The obtained data were summarized by descriptive statistics. The parasites found were Eimeria sp., with a frequency of 9,52% and the lice Neopsittaconirmus sp., with frequency of 4,76% in cockatiels; Capillaria sp. and Ascaridia sp. with a frequency of 75,6 % and 39%, respectively, in parrots, which 36,5% are mixed infection (Capillaria sp. e Ascaridia sp.). It was also found the mite Neorthydelasma sp. with a frequency of 73,3% in mutualism with parrots. The prophylactic and control recommendations were made based on the results of this study and on the...

As aves são acometidas por diversos parasitos e, na natureza são menos suscetíveis às alterações causadas pelo parasitismo, todavia em cativeiros a susceptibilidade às infecções e infestações pode aumentar por diversos fatores, como por higiene e manejo precários. As aves da ordem Psittaciformes possuem um convívio frequente com pessoas, podendo impor riscos ambientais e sanitários. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi conhecer as espécies de endo e ectoparasitos presentes em criações de aves pertencentes a ordem Psittaciformes em dois municípios do Espírito Santo, além de relacionar os resultados com o tipo de manejo e ambiente em que as aves se encontram, para que os proprietários adotem medidas adequadas de profilaxia. Este trabalho foi autorizado pela Comissão de Ética no Uso de Animais da UFES de Alegre, e pelo Sistema de Autorização e Informação em Biodiversidade (SISBIO) do ICMBio. Foram analisadas 200 aves de quatro criações no estado do Espírito Santo, sendo 63 casais de calopsitas de criações domésticas no município de Alegre e 74 indivíduos de espécies de psitacídeos do Zoológico Zoo Park da Montanha, em Marechal Floriano. As fezes foram recolhidas e processadas pela técnica de Centrífugo Flutuação Simples no laboratório de Parasitologia do HOVET-UFES, e as penas e penugens das calopsitas e psitacídeos foram analisadas em estereomicroscópio. Foram analisados o ambiente e os aspectos sanitários aos quais as aves eram submetidas. Os dados obtidos foram sumarizados por estatística descritiva. Os parasitos encontrados foram Eimeria sp., com 9,52% de frequência e o piolho Neopsittaconirmus sp., com 4,76% de frequência em calopsitas, Capillaria sp. e Ascaridia sp, com 75,6 % e 39% de frequência, respectivamente, em psitacídeos, e destes, 36,5% são de infecção mista (Capillaria sp. e Ascaridia sp.). Foi encontrado também o ácaro...

Prevalence of endo and enctoparasites in psittaciformes raised in the state of Espirito Santo / Prevalência de endo e ectoparasitos em psittaciformes criados no estado do Espírito Santo

Birds are affected by many parasites, and at wildlife animals are less vulnerable to the changes caused by parasitism, nevertheless in captivity their vulnerability may increase by different factors, including precarious hygiene and management. Birds of the order Psittaciformes frequently live together with people, and it may causes health and environment threats. Then, the objective of the current study was to accomplish parasitological exams in captive Psittaciformes birds aiming to know their parasitological fauna, and evaluate the results with the type of management and the environment where they are, to adopt appropriate prophylaxis measures. This work was authorized by the Ethics Commission in the Use of Animals at UFES from Alegre, and by the Biodiversity Information and Authorization System (SISBIO) of ICMBio. There were analyzed 200 birds of four breedings in Espírito Santo state, being that 63 couple of cockatiels are from domestic breedings in the county of Alegre and 74 individuals of parrots from the Zoo Park da Montanha Zoo, in Marechal Floriano. The fecal samples were collected and processed by the Simple Fluctuation Centrifugal technique in parasitology lab of HOVET-UFES, and the parrots and cockatiels feathers were analyzed in the stereomicroscope. The environment and heath aspects where the birds were living were analyzed. The obtained data were summarized by descriptive statistics. The parasites found were Eimeria sp., with a frequency of 9,52% and the lice Neopsittaconirmus sp., with frequency of 4,76% in cockatiels; Capillaria sp. and Ascaridia sp. with a frequency of 75,6 % and 39%, respectively, in parrots, which 36,5% are mixed infection (Capillaria sp. e Ascaridia sp.). It was also found the mite Neorthydelasma sp. with a frequency of 73,3% in mutualism with parrots. The prophylactic and control recommendations were made based on the results of this study and on the...(AU)

As aves são acometidas por diversos parasitos e, na natureza são menos suscetíveis às alterações causadas pelo parasitismo, todavia em cativeiros a susceptibilidade às infecções e infestações pode aumentar por diversos fatores, como por higiene e manejo precários. As aves da ordem Psittaciformes possuem um convívio frequente com pessoas, podendo impor riscos ambientais e sanitários. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi conhecer as espécies de endo e ectoparasitos presentes em criações de aves pertencentes a ordem Psittaciformes em dois municípios do Espírito Santo, além de relacionar os resultados com o tipo de manejo e ambiente em que as aves se encontram, para que os proprietários adotem medidas adequadas de profilaxia. Este trabalho foi autorizado pela Comissão de Ética no Uso de Animais da UFES de Alegre, e pelo Sistema de Autorização e Informação em Biodiversidade (SISBIO) do ICMBio. Foram analisadas 200 aves de quatro criações no estado do Espírito Santo, sendo 63 casais de calopsitas de criações domésticas no município de Alegre e 74 indivíduos de espécies de psitacídeos do Zoológico Zoo Park da Montanha, em Marechal Floriano. As fezes foram recolhidas e processadas pela técnica de Centrífugo Flutuação Simples no laboratório de Parasitologia do HOVET-UFES, e as penas e penugens das calopsitas e psitacídeos foram analisadas em estereomicroscópio. Foram analisados o ambiente e os aspectos sanitários aos quais as aves eram submetidas. Os dados obtidos foram sumarizados por estatística descritiva. Os parasitos encontrados foram Eimeria sp., com 9,52% de frequência e o piolho Neopsittaconirmus sp., com 4,76% de frequência em calopsitas, Capillaria sp. e Ascaridia sp, com 75,6 % e 39% de frequência, respectivamente, em psitacídeos, e destes, 36,5% são de infecção mista (Capillaria sp. e Ascaridia sp.). Foi encontrado também o ácaro...(AU)

Cytometric blood phenotyping in free-living white-eyed parakeet (Psittacara leucophthalmus) / Fenotipagem citométrica do sangue de maritacas jovens de vida-livre (Psittacara leucophthalmus)

This study aimed at performing cytometric phenotyping of the blood samples from free-living, young white-eyed parakeets (Psittacara leucophthalmus), stained with 3,3-dihexyloxacarbocyanine [DiOC6(3)]. DiOC6(3)-stained whole blood samples from 19 free-living, young white-eyed parakeets were analyzed by flow cytometry and cell types were distinguished by their typical fluorescence in blue laser channel (FL-1) and SSC (side scatter). It was possible to differentiate erythrocytes (58.3±13.6) from leukocytes (32.4±13.1) and some of the leucocyte subpopulations: lymphocytes/thrombocytes (29.7±7.7), monocytes (30.6±8.5), and granulocytes (5.9-26). However, lymphocytes and thrombocytes could not be sorted in the plots. Our study determined that the predominant population in white-eyed parakeet (P. leucophthalmus) was lymphocytes, thrombocytes, and monocytes in the leucocytes gates in comparison to the granulocyte population. The cytometry method and use of DiOC6(3) stain was available for parakeets blood samples and can be studied and applied to other species of parrots.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo realizar a fenotipagem citométrica com 3,3-di-hexiloxacarbocianina [DiOC6 (3)] de amostras de sangue de maritacas jovens de vida-livre (Psittacara leucophthalmus). As amostras de sangue total, coradas com DiOC6(3) de 19 maritacas de vida livre, foram analisadas por citometria de fluxo e os tipos de células foram distinguidos por sua fluorescência típica no canal laser azul (FL-1) e SSC (dispersão lateral). Foi possível diferenciar eritrócitos (58,3±13,6) de leucócitos (32,4±13,1) e algumas subpopulações de leucócitos: linfócitos/trombócitos (29,7±7,7), monócitos (30,6±8,5) e granulócitos (5,9-26), entretanto, linfócitos e trombócitos não puderam ser diferenciados em duas populações distintas. Nosso estudo determinou que a população predominante P. leucophthalmus foi mononuclear agranulocítica em comparação com a taxa de aquisição da população granulocítica. A metodologia de citometria de fluxo com uso da coloração de DiOC6(3) foi aplicável a amostras sanguíneas das maritacas e pode ser estudado e aplicado para outras espécies de psitacídeos.(AU)

Cytometric blood phenotyping in free-living white-eyed parakeet (Psittacara leucophthalmus)

ABSTRACT: This study aimed at performing cytometric phenotyping of the blood samples from free-living, young white-eyed parakeets (Psittacara leucophthalmus), stained with 3,3-dihexyloxacarbocyanine [DiOC6(3)]. DiOC6(3)-stained whole blood samples from 19 free-living, young white-eyed parakeets were analyzed by flow cytometry and cell types were distinguished by their typical fluorescence in blue laser channel (FL-1) and SSC (side scatter). It was possible to differentiate erythrocytes (58.3±13.6) from leukocytes (32.4±13.1) and some of the leucocyte subpopulations: lymphocytes/thrombocytes (29.7±7.7), monocytes (30.6±8.5), and granulocytes (5.9-26). However, lymphocytes and thrombocytes could not be sorted in the plots. Our study determined that the predominant population in white-eyed parakeet (P. leucophthalmus) was lymphocytes, thrombocytes, and monocytes in the leucocytes gates in comparison to the granulocyte population. The cytometry method and use of DiOC6(3) stain was available for parakeets blood samples and can be studied and applied to other species of parrots.

RESUMO: Este estudo teve como objetivo realizar a fenotipagem citométrica com 3,3-di-hexiloxacarbocianina [DiOC6 (3)] de amostras de sangue de maritacas jovens de vida-livre (Psittacara leucophthalmus). As amostras de sangue total, coradas com DiOC6(3) de 19 maritacas de vida livre, foram analisadas por citometria de fluxo e os tipos de células foram distinguidos por sua fluorescência típica no canal laser azul (FL-1) e SSC (dispersão lateral). Foi possível diferenciar eritrócitos (58,3±13,6) de leucócitos (32,4±13,1) e algumas subpopulações de leucócitos: linfócitos/trombócitos (29,7±7,7), monócitos (30,6±8,5) e granulócitos (5,9-26), entretanto, linfócitos e trombócitos não puderam ser diferenciados em duas populações distintas. Nosso estudo determinou que a população predominante P. leucophthalmus foi mononuclear agranulocítica em comparação com a taxa de aquisição da população granulocítica. A metodologia de citometria de fluxo com uso da coloração de DiOC6(3) foi aplicável a amostras sanguíneas das maritacas e pode ser estudado e aplicado para outras espécies de psitacídeos.

Cytometric blood phenotyping in free-living white-eyed parakeet (Psittacara leucophthalmus) / Fenotipagem citométrica do sangue de maritacas jovens de vida-livre (Psittacara leucophthalmus)

This study aimed at performing cytometric phenotyping of the blood samples from free-living, young white-eyed parakeets (Psittacara leucophthalmus), stained with 3,3-dihexyloxacarbocyanine [DiOC6(3)]. DiOC6(3)-stained whole blood samples from 19 free-living, young white-eyed parakeets were analyzed by flow cytometry and cell types were distinguished by their typical fluorescence in blue laser channel (FL-1) and SSC (side scatter). It was possible to differentiate erythrocytes (58.3±13.6) from leukocytes (32.4±13.1) and some of the leucocyte subpopulations: lymphocytes/thrombocytes (29.7±7.7), monocytes (30.6±8.5), and granulocytes (5.9-26). However, lymphocytes and thrombocytes could not be sorted in the plots. Our study determined that the predominant population in white-eyed parakeet (P. leucophthalmus) was lymphocytes, thrombocytes, and monocytes in the leucocytes gates in comparison to the granulocyte population. The cytometry method and use of DiOC6(3) stain was available for parakeets blood samples and can be studied and applied to other species of parrots.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo realizar a fenotipagem citométrica com 3,3-di-hexiloxacarbocianina [DiOC6 (3)] de amostras de sangue de maritacas jovens de vida-livre (Psittacara leucophthalmus). As amostras de sangue total, coradas com DiOC6(3) de 19 maritacas de vida livre, foram analisadas por citometria de fluxo e os tipos de células foram distinguidos por sua fluorescência típica no canal laser azul (FL-1) e SSC (dispersão lateral). Foi possível diferenciar eritrócitos (58,3±13,6) de leucócitos (32,4±13,1) e algumas subpopulações de leucócitos: linfócitos/trombócitos (29,7±7,7), monócitos (30,6±8,5) e granulócitos (5,9-26), entretanto, linfócitos e trombócitos não puderam ser diferenciados em duas populações distintas. Nosso estudo determinou que a população predominante P. leucophthalmus foi mononuclear agranulocítica em comparação com a taxa de aquisição da população granulocítica. A metodologia de citometria de fluxo com uso da coloração de DiOC6(3) foi aplicável a amostras sanguíneas das maritacas e pode ser estudado e aplicado para outras espécies de psitacídeos.(AU)

Introducción a la cardiología de psitaciformes / Introduction to the cardiology of psitaciformes / Introdução à cardiologia de psitaciformes

Resumen Para la detección de enfermedades cardíacas en psitaciformes, existen muchos factores que dificultan su diagnóstico, sumado a que generalmente los signos de un loro cardiópata no son específicos y el examen físico del sistema cardiovascular es limitado. Los métodos diagnósticos más frecuentes como la radiología, el electrocardiograma o la ecocardiografía pueden complicarse por: el tamaño reducido de algunas especies, las altas frecuencias cardíacas y los escasos valores de referencia. A pesar de ello, es necesario realizar estas pruebas para obtener un diagnóstico ajustado de la patología cardíaca. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo compilar la información existente sobre la cardiología en psitaciformes mediante sus estudios complementarios para ampliar y facilitar la práctica clínica con estas importantes herramientas diagnósticas y así familiarizar al profesional veterinario en el estudio de la fisiología y patologías del sistema cardiovascular en estas aves.

Abstract For the detection of heart diseases in psittaciforms, there are many factors that make their diagnosis difficult, in addition to the fact that the signs of a cardiac parrot are generally not specific and the physical examination of the cardiovascular system is limited. The most frequent diagnostic methods such as radiology, electrocardiogram, or echocardiography can be complicated by: the small size of some species, high heart rates, and low reference values. Despite this, it is necessary to perform these tests to obtain an adjusted diagnosis of cardiac pathology. The present work aims to compile the existing information on cardiology in psittaciforms through its complementary studies to expand and facilitate clinical practice with these important diagnostic tools and thus familiarize the veterinary professional in the study of the physiology and pathologies of the cardiovascular system in these birds.

Resumo Para a detecção de cardiopatias em psitaciformes, muitos são os fatores que dificultam seu diagnóstico, além do fato de que geralmente os sinais de um papagaio cardíaco não são específicos e o exame físico do aparelho cardiovascular é limitado. Os métodos diagnósticos mais comuns, como radiologia, eletrocardiografia ou ecocardiografia, podem ser complicados por: o tamanho pequeno de algumas espécies, altas frequências cardíacas e baixos valores de referência. Apesar disso, é necessário realizar esses exames para obter um diagnóstico preciso de doença cardíaca. O objetivo deste trabalho é compilar as informações existentes sobre cardiologia em psitaciformes por meio de estudos complementares para ampliar e facilitar a prática clínica com essas importantes ferramentas diagnósticas e, assim, familiarizar o profissional veterinário no estudo da fisiologia e patologias do sistema cardiovascular nestes pássaros.

Global trends of habitat destruction and consequences for parrot conservation.

Human advance on natural habitats is a major cause of biodiversity loss. This transformation process represents a profound change in wooded environments, disrupting original communities of flora and fauna. Many species are highly dependent on forests, especially parrots (Psittaciformes) with almost a third of their species threatened by extinction. Most parrot species occur in tropical and subtropical forests, and given the forest dependence of most species, this is the main reason why habitat loss has been highlighted as the main threat for the group. Such habitat loss acts in synergy with other important threats (e.g., logging and poaching), which become especially problematic in certain developing countries along tropical latitudes. In this study, we used available information on parrot distributions, species traits, IUCN assessment, habitat loss and timber extraction for different periods, and distribution of protected areas, to determine conservation hotspots for the group, and analyze potential changes in the conservation status of these species. We detected four conservation hotspots for parrots: two in the Neotropics and two in Oceania, all of them facing different degrees of threat in regard of current habitat loss and agricultural trends. Our results suggest that the future of the group is subject to policymaking in specific regions, especially in the northeastern Andes and the Atlantic Forest. In addition, we predicted that agricultural expansion will have a further negative effect on the conservation status of parrots, pushing many parrot species to the edge of extinction in the near future. Our results have conservation implications by recommending protected areas in specific parrot conservation hotspots. Our recommendations to mitigate conservation risks to this group of umbrella species would also benefit many other coexisting species as well.

Prevalence of Aves Polyomavirus 1 and Beak and Feather Disease Virus From Exotic Captive Psittacine Birds in Chile.

Avian polyomavirus disease and psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) are both contagious viral diseases in psittacine birds with similar clinical manifestations and characterized by abnormal feathers. To determine the prevalence of Aves polyomavirus 1 (APyV) and beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) in captive, exotic psittacine birds in Chile, feathers from 250 psittacine birds, representing 17 genera, were collected and stored during the period 2013-2016. Polymerase chain reaction testing was used to detect APyV and BFDV were detected in feather bulb samples. The results indicated that 1.6% (4/250) of the samples were positive for APyV, 23.2% (58/250) were positive to BFDV, and 0.8% (2/250) were positive to both APyV and BFDV. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of APyV and BFDV prevalence in captive, exotic psittacine birds in South America. Analysis of 2 Chilean partial sequences of the gene encoding agnoprotein 1a (APyV) and the replication-associated protein (BFDV) extends the knowledge of genomic variability for both APyV and BFDV isolates and their spectrum of hosts. No geographical marker was detected for the local isolates.

Leiomyosarcoma in a cockatiel / Leiomiossarcoma em calopsita

Cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) are exotic birds thatoriginated from Australia.Because of their beauty and learning ability, they are one of the most popular pet birds among the Psittaciformes. The objective of this study was to report a case of leiomyosarcoma on the humeral musculature of the left wing of a cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus). The animal was admitted to the Wildlife Rehabilitation Center (NURFS-CETAS) of the Universidade Federal de Pelotas withswelling in the humeral region of the left wing. During surgery, the animal died and was transferred to the Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico, Faculdade de Veterinária (LRD-UFPel). During histopathological evaluation (hematoxylin and eosin routine technique) of the tumor, spindle neoplastic cells were observed, arranged in interlaced bundles amongst degenerate and normal muscle fibers. Using immunohistochemistry, neoplastic cells were positively immunostained for vimentin and alpha smooth muscle actin. Based on of clinical-pathological and immunohistochemical findings, leiomyosarcoma was diagnosed.(AU)

As calopsitas (Nymphicus hollandicus) são aves exóticas originárias da Austrália. Devido a beleza e capacidade de aprendizado são uma das principais aves utilizadas como animal de companhia. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar um caso de leiomiossarcoma, na musculatura umeral da asa esquerda de uma calopsita. O animal deu entrada no Núcleo de Reabilitação da Fauna Silvestre (NURFS-CETAS) da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), por apresentar aumento de volume na região umeral da asa esquerda. Durante o procedimento cirúrgico o animal veio a óbito, sendo encaminhado ao Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico, Faculdade de Veterinária (LRD-UFPel). Na avaliação histopatológica (Técnica de rotina Hematoxilina e Eosina) da massa tumoral foram observadas células neoplásicas fusiformes, arranjadas em feixes entrelaçados, em meio a fibras musculares degeneradas e normais. Na imunohistoquímica verificou-se imunomarcação positiva das células neoplásicas para vimentina e alfa actina, de músculo liso. Diante dos achados clínico-patológicos e imunohistoquímicos determinou-se o diagnóstico de leiomiossarcoma. O diagnóstico definitivo deste neoplasma requer analise imunohistoquímica.(AU)

Detection and molecular characterization of Giardia spp. in captive Psittaciformes in Brazil.

This study aimed to perform the detection and molecular characterization of Giardia spp. in Psittaciformes from the Southern and Southeastern regions of Brazil. Fecal samples were obtained from 359 adult exotic captive Psittaciformes belonging to 13 genera, randomly selected from 33 aviaries located in the Southern and Southeastern regions of Brazil during a bird exhibition at the 2015 Ornithological Championship of the Ornithological Federation of Brazil (FOB). Nested polymerase chain reaction targeting the small subunit rRNA gene identified Giardia spp. in 93/359 (25.9%) fecal samples and 25/33 (75.8%) aviaries. Genetic sequencing identified G. psittaci in 12 birds from six genera. Zoonotic Giardia species was not detected in fecal samples from Psittaciformes.

Haemoproteus minutus is highly virulent for Australasian and South American parrots.

BACKGROUND: Haemoproteus and Plasmodium species are widespread avian blood parasites. Several Plasmodium species are known for their high virulence and have caused significant declines in naïve bird populations. The impact of closely related Haemoproteus parasites is largely unknown. Recently we reported a lethal disease in two parrot aviaries caused by Haemoproteus parasites. RESULTS: Here we show that the causative pathogen Haemoproteus minutus is responsible for further 17 lethal outbreaks in parrot aviaries in Denmark, Germany and Great Britain. All affected parrots are endemic to Australasia and South America. We sequenced the cytochrome b gene from megalomeront-infected muscle tissue of 21 parrots and identified the two lineages TUPHI01 and TURDUS2 as causative agents, commonly naturally infecting the common blackbird (Turdus merula) and the song thrush (Turdus philomelos), respectively, in the Palaearctic. No intraerythrocytic parasite stages were found in any of the parrots. We failed to detect H. minutus in invasive Indian ring-necked parakeets (Psittacula krameri) in Germany. Together this suggests that abortive infections with two virulent lineages of H. minutus are lethal for naïve parrot species from Australasia and South America. We asked whether we could detect H. minutus in New Zealand, where its Turdus hosts were introduced in the 1800s. We therefore tested invasive blackbirds and song thrushes, and the co-existing endemic red-fronted parakeet (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae) population on three New Zealand islands. No Haemoproteus spp. DNA was detected in all blood samples, indicating absence of transmission. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show that captive parrots in Europe are threatened by two lineages of an otherwise benign parasite of Turdus spp. Aviary collections of parrots should be protected from Culicoides spp. vectors in Europe. Animal trade and climate changes extending the current vector and parasite distribution have to be considered as potential risk factors for the introduction of the disease in naïve parrot populations.

Leiomyosarcoma in a cockatiel / Leiomiossarcoma em calopsita

ABSTRACT: Cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) are exotic birds thatoriginated from Australia.Because of their beauty and learning ability, they are one of the most popular pet birds among the Psittaciformes. The objective of this study was to report a case of leiomyosarcoma on the humeral musculature of the left wing of a cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus). The animal was admitted to the Wildlife Rehabilitation Center (NURFS-CETAS) of the Universidade Federal de Pelotas withswelling in the humeral region of the left wing. During surgery, the animal died and was transferred to the Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico, Faculdade de Veterinária (LRD-UFPel). During histopathological evaluation (hematoxylin and eosin routine technique) of the tumor, spindle neoplastic cells were observed, arranged in interlaced bundles amongst degenerate and normal muscle fibers. Using immunohistochemistry, neoplastic cells were positively immunostained for vimentin and alpha smooth muscle actin. Based on of clinical-pathological and immunohistochemical findings, leiomyosarcoma was diagnosed.

RESUMO: As calopsitas (Nymphicus hollandicus) são aves exóticas originárias da Austrália. Devido a beleza e capacidade de aprendizado são uma das principais aves utilizadas como animal de companhia. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar um caso de leiomiossarcoma, na musculatura umeral da asa esquerda de uma calopsita. O animal deu entrada no Núcleo de Reabilitação da Fauna Silvestre (NURFS-CETAS) da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), por apresentar aumento de volume na região umeral da asa esquerda. Durante o procedimento cirúrgico o animal veio a óbito, sendo encaminhado ao Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico, Faculdade de Veterinária (LRD-UFPel). Na avaliação histopatológica (Técnica de rotina Hematoxilina e Eosina) da massa tumoral foram observadas células neoplásicas fusiformes, arranjadas em feixes entrelaçados, em meio a fibras musculares degeneradas e normais. Na imunohistoquímica verificou-se imunomarcação positiva das células neoplásicas para vimentina e alfa actina, de músculo liso. Diante dos achados clínico-patológicos e imunohistoquímicos determinou-se o diagnóstico de leiomiossarcoma. O diagnóstico definitivo deste neoplasma requer analise imunohistoquímica.

Eimeria psittacarae n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeiriidae) from white-eyed parakeets Psittacara leucophthalmus (Müller, 1776) (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae) kept for rehabilitation and reintroduction in the Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, Southeastern Brazil.

A new species of coccidia (Protozoa: Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) found parasitizing the white-eyed parakeet Psittacara leucophthalmus (Müller, 1776) in Brazil is described. Eimeria psittacarae n. sp. has oocysts that are ellipsoidal, 34.8 × 24.3 µm, with smooth, bilayered wall, ~1.7 µm thick. Micropyle present. Oocyst residuum absent, but one or two polar granules are present. Sporocysts are elongate ellipsoidal, 19.2 × 9.7 µm. Stieda body knob-like and sub-Stieda body rounded. Sporocyst residuum is composed of granules that appear to be membrane-bounded. Sporozoites are vermiform with one refractile body and a nucleus. This is the sixth description of an eimeriid coccidium parasitizing a New World psittacine.

Chromosome Painting in Neotropical Long- and Short-Tailed Parrots (Aves, Psittaciformes): Phylogeny and Proposal for a Putative Ancestral Karyotype for Tribe Arini.

: Most Neotropical Psittacidae have a diploid number of 2n = 70, and a dichotomy in chromosome patterns. Long-tailed species have biarmed macrochromosomes, while short-tailed species have telo/acrocentric macrochromosomes. However, the use of chromosome painting has demonstrated that karyotype evolution in Psittacidae includes a high number of inter/intrachromosomal rearrangements. To determine the phylogeny of long- and short-tailed species, and to propose a putative ancestral karyotype for this group, we constructed homology maps of Pyrrhura frontalis (PFR) and Amazona aestiva (AAE), belonging to the long- and short-tailed groups, respectively. Chromosomes were analyzed by conventional staining and fluorescent in situ hybridization using whole chromosome paints of Gallus gallus and Leucopternis albicollis. Conventional staining showed a karyotype with 2n = 70 in both species, with biarmed macrochromosomes in PFR and telo/acrocentric chromosomes in AAE. Comparison of the results with the putative avian ancestral karyotype (PAK) showed fusions in PFR of PAK1p/PAK4q (PFR1) and PAK6/PAK7 (PFR6) with a paracentric inversion in PFR6. However, in AAE, there was only the fusion between PAK6/7 (AAE7) with a paracentric inversion. Our results indicate that PFR retained a more basal karyotype than long-tailed species previously studied, and AAE a more basal karyotype for Neotropical Psittacidae analyzed so far.

Molecular diagnosis of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from Psittaciformes of illegal wildlife trade / Diagnóstico molecular de Escherichia coli diarreiogênicas isoladas de Psittaciformes do tráfico ilegal de animais silvestres

Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) are considered one of the major causes of human diarrhea in developing countries. Some studies have pointed wild birds as important reservoirs for these pathogens. However, scarce species from the Psittaciformes order have been investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of DEC strains in Psittaciformes from illegal wildlife trade. A total of 78 E. coli strains isolated from cloacal swab samples of 167 Psittaciformes in the Ceará State, Brazil, were evaluated regarding the presence of the following DEC virulence genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR): eaeA and bfpA genes (Enteropathogenic E. coli - EPEC); stx1 and stx2 (Shiga toxin-producing E. coli - STEC); estA and eltB (Enterotoxigenic E. coli - ETEC); ipaH (Enteroinvasive E. coli - EIEC); aatA and aaiC (Enteroaggregative E. coli - EAEC). Positive strains for eaeA and bfpA genes were considered typical EPEC, while strain positive exclusively for the eaeA gene were classified as atypical EPEC. The eaeA gene was identified in 20 E. coli strains and bfpA in 22 isolates. In addition, 11 and 9 belonged to tEPEC and aEPEC, respectively. No strain was positive for stx1 or stx2. A total of 47 (60.3%) strains and a total of 136 birds (81.4%) were negative for the remaining DEC pathotypes investigated. In conclusion, psittacine from illegal wildlife trade in Ceará State, Brazil, presented a relevant prevalence of typical and atypical EPEC, potentially playing a role as reservoirs of DEC strains in the environment. Thus, proper control measures must be adopted to block the spread of these pathogens.(AU)

Escherichia coli diarreiogênicas (DEC) são consideradas uma das causas mais importantes de diarreia em países em desenvolvimento. Alguns estudos têm apontado aves silvestres como importantes reservatórios destes patógenos, entretanto, poucas espécies da ordem Psittaciformes têm sido investigada. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a presença de cepas de E. coli diarreiogênicas em Psittaciformes do tráfico de animais silvestres. Um total de 78 amostras de E. coli isoladas de suabes cloacais provenientes de 167 de Psittaciformes do Ceará, Brasil, foram avaliadas quanto a presença dos seguintes genes de virulência DEC por meio de reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR): eaeA e bfpA (E. coli Enteropatogênica - EPEC); stx1 e stx2 (E. coli produtora de Shiga - STEC); estA e eltB (E. coli Enterotoxigênica - ETEC); ipaH (E. coli Enteroinvasiva - EIEC); aatA e aaiC (E. coli Enteroagregativa - EAEC). As cepas positivas para os genes eaeA e bfpA foram consideradas EPEC típicas, enquanto que as positivas exclusivamente para o gene eaeA foram classificadas como EPEC atípicas. O gene eaeA foi identificado em 20 cepas de E. coli e o gene bfpA em 22 dos isolados. Adicionalmente, 11 e 9 cepas foram classificadas como EPEC típicas e atípicas, respectivamente. Nenhuma cepa foi positiva para os genes stx1 e stx2. Um total de 47 cepas (60,3%) e um total de 136 aves (81,4%) foram negativas para os demais patotipos DEC pesquisados. Em conclusão, psitacídeos provenientes do tráfico de aves silvestres do estado do Ceará, Brasil, apresentaram relevante prevalência de EPEC típicas e atípicas, potencialmente participando como reservatórios de cepas DEC no ambiente. Portanto, medidas de controle devem ser adotadas para inibir a disseminação destes patógenos.(AU)

Molecular diagnosis of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from Psittaciformes of illegal wildlife trade / Diagnóstico molecular de Escherichia coli diarreiogênicas isoladas de Psittaciformes do tráfico ilegal de animais silvestres

Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) are considered one of the major causes of human diarrhea in developing countries. Some studies have pointed wild birds as important reservoirs for these pathogens. However, scarce species from the Psittaciformes order have been investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of DEC strains in Psittaciformes from illegal wildlife trade. A total of 78 E. coli strains isolated from cloacal swab samples of 167 Psittaciformes in the Ceará State, Brazil, were evaluated regarding the presence of the following DEC virulence genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR): eaeA and bfpA genes (Enteropathogenic E. coli - EPEC); stx1 and stx2 (Shiga toxin-producing E. coli - STEC); estA and eltB (Enterotoxigenic E. coli - ETEC); ipaH (Enteroinvasive E. coli - EIEC); aatA and aaiC (Enteroaggregative E. coli - EAEC). Positive strains for eaeA and bfpA genes were considered typical EPEC, while strain positive exclusively for the eaeA gene were classified as atypical EPEC. The eaeA gene was identified in 20 E. coli strains and bfpA in 22 isolates. In addition, 11 and 9 belonged to tEPEC and aEPEC, respectively. No strain was positive for stx1 or stx2. A total of 47 (60.3%) strains and a total of 136 birds (81.4%) were negative for the remaining DEC pathotypes investigated. In conclusion, psittacine from illegal wildlife trade in Ceará State, Brazil, presented a relevant prevalence of typical and atypical EPEC, potentially playing a role as reservoirs of DEC strains in the environment. Thus, proper control measures must be adopted to block the spread of these pathogens.(AU)

Escherichia coli diarreiogênicas (DEC) são consideradas uma das causas mais importantes de diarreia em países em desenvolvimento. Alguns estudos têm apontado aves silvestres como importantes reservatórios destes patógenos, entretanto, poucas espécies da ordem Psittaciformes têm sido investigada. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a presença de cepas de E. coli diarreiogênicas em Psittaciformes do tráfico de animais silvestres. Um total de 78 amostras de E. coli isoladas de suabes cloacais provenientes de 167 de Psittaciformes do Ceará, Brasil, foram avaliadas quanto a presença dos seguintes genes de virulência DEC por meio de reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR): eaeA e bfpA (E. coli Enteropatogênica - EPEC); stx1 e stx2 (E. coli produtora de Shiga - STEC); estA e eltB (E. coli Enterotoxigênica - ETEC); ipaH (E. coli Enteroinvasiva - EIEC); aatA e aaiC (E. coli Enteroagregativa - EAEC). As cepas positivas para os genes eaeA e bfpA foram consideradas EPEC típicas, enquanto que as positivas exclusivamente para o gene eaeA foram classificadas como EPEC atípicas. O gene eaeA foi identificado em 20 cepas de E. coli e o gene bfpA em 22 dos isolados. Adicionalmente, 11 e 9 cepas foram classificadas como EPEC típicas e atípicas, respectivamente. Nenhuma cepa foi positiva para os genes stx1 e stx2. Um total de 47 cepas (60,3%) e um total de 136 aves (81,4%) foram negativas para os demais patotipos DEC pesquisados. Em conclusão, psitacídeos provenientes do tráfico de aves silvestres do estado do Ceará, Brasil, apresentaram relevante prevalência de EPEC típicas e atípicas, potencialmente participando como reservatórios de cepas DEC no ambiente. Portanto, medidas de controle devem ser adotadas para inibir a disseminação destes patógenos.(AU)