RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Recent studies have addressed the role of structures other than the basal ganglia in the pathophysiology of craniocervical dystonia (CCD). Neuroimaging studies have attempted to identify structural abnormalities in CCD but a clear pattern of alteration has not been established. We performed whole-brain evaluation using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to identify patterns of gray matter (GM) changes in CCD. METHODS: We compared 27 patients with CCD matched in age and gender to 54 healthy controls. VBM was used to compare GM volumes. We created a two-sample t-test corrected for subjects' age, and we tested with a level of significance of p < 0.001 and false discovery rate (FDR) correction (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Voxel-based morphometry demonstrated significant reductions of GM using p < 0.001 in the cerebellar vermis IV/V, bilaterally in the superior frontal gyrus, precuneus, anterior cingulate and paracingulate, insular cortex, lingual gyrus, and calcarine fissure; in the left hemisphere in the supplementary motor area, inferior frontal gyrus, inferior parietal gyrus, temporal pole, supramarginal gyrus, rolandic operculum, hippocampus, middle occipital gyrus, cerebellar lobules IV/V, superior, and middle temporal gyri; in the right hemisphere, the middle cingulate and precentral gyrus. Our study did not report any significant result using the FDR correction. We also detected correlations between GM volume and age, disease duration, duration of botulinum toxin treatment, and the Marsden-Fahn dystonia scale scores. CONCLUSION: We detected large clusters of GM changes chiefly in structures primarily involved in sensorimotor integration, motor planning, visuospatial function, and emotional processing.
RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on the symptoms of a patient with primary segmental dystonia (PSD). METHOD: 1200 TMS pulses at a frequency of 1Hz, over the premotor cortex, with an intensity of 90 percent of the motor threshold (MT), using an eight-shaped coil; a total of 5 sessions were carried out. RESULTS: A reduction of 50 percent in the neck subset of the Burke, Fahn and Marsden torsion dystonia scale (BFM) was observed in our patient. CONCLUSION: The reduction in the BFM scale supports the concept that rTMS of the premotor cortex may reduce specific motor symptoms in PSD.
OBJETIVO: Investigar o efeito da estimulação magnética transcraniana repetitiva (EMTr) de baixa freqüência nos sintomas de um paciente com distonia segmentar primária (DSP). MÉTODO: 1200 pulsos a uma freqüência de 1Hz, sobre o córtex pré-motor, a uma intensidade de 90 por cento do limiar motor (LM), usando uma bobina em forma de 8. Foram realizadas 5 sessões. RESULTADOS: Uma redução de 50 por cento no sub-item "pescoço" na escala de distonia de torção de Burke, Fahn e Marsden (BFM) foi observada no paciente em questão. CONCLUSÃO: A redução na escala BFM corrobora a idéia de que a EMTr sobre o córtex pré-motor pode reduzir sintomas motores específicos na DSP.