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BACKGROUND: Hybrids are expected to show greater phenotypic variation than their parental species, yet how hybrid phenotype expression varies with genetic distances in closely-related parental species remains surprisingly understudied. Here, we investigate pelage and morphometric trait variation in anthropogenic hybrids between four species of Brazilian Callithrix marmosets, a relatively recent primate radiation. Marmoset species are distinguishable by pelage phenotype and morphological specializations for eating tree exudates. In this work, we (1) describe qualitative phenotypic pelage differences between parental species and hybrids; (2) test whether significant quantitative differences exist between parental and hybrid morphometric phenotypes; and (3) determine which hybrid morphometic traits show heterosis, dysgenesis, trangression, or intermediacy relative to the parental trait. We investigated cranial and post-cranial morphometric traits, as most hybrid morphological studies focus on the former instead of the latter. Finally, we estimate mitogenomic distances between marmoset species from previously published data. RESULTS: Marmoset hybrid facial and overall body pelage variation reflected novel combinations of coloration and patterns present in parental species. In morphometric traits, C. jacchus and C. penicillata were the most similar, while C. aurita was the most distinct, and C. geoffroyi trait measures fell between these species. Only three traits in C. jacchus x C. penicillata hybrids showed heterosis. We observed heterosis and dysgenesis in several traits of C. penicillata x C. geoffroyi hybrids. Transgressive segregation was observed in hybrids of C. aurita and the other species. These hybrids were also C. aurita-like for a number of traits, including body length. Genetic distance was closest between C. jacchus and C. penicillata and farthest between C. aurita and the other species. CONCLUSION: We attributed significant morphometric differences between marmoset species to variable levels of morphological specialization for exudivory in these species. Our results suggest that intermediate or parental species-like hybrid traits relative to the parental trait values are more likely in crosses between species with relatively lesser genetic distance. More extreme phenotypic variation is more likely in parental species with greater genetic distance, with transgressive traits appearing in hybrids of the most genetically distant parental species. We further suggest that fewer developmental disturbances can be expected in hybrids of more recently diverged parental species, and that future studies of hybrid phenotypic variation should investigate selective pressures on Callithrix cranial and post-cranial morphological traits.
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Callithrix , Hibridación Genética , Fenotipo , Animales , Callithrix/anatomía & histología , Callithrix/genética , Masculino , Femenino , Brasil , Vigor Híbrido/genética , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
Monitoring the invasive exotic species and their effect on native fauna is fundamental for their effective control. The objective of this research is to evaluate the spatiotemporal distribution and overlap of medium-large-sized fauna in El Palmar National Park, Argentina, to consider potential negative interactions between native and exotic species. Camera traps were distributed in 27 sites between 2017 and 2019. Spatial and temporal overlap was estimated for every pair of exotic-native taxa. With 2673 camera days, two exotic and seven native taxa were recorded. All species were distributed along the extension of the National Park but in different numbers of sites. Exotic axis deer (Axis axis) was recorded in all sites but one, and exotic wild boar (Sus scrofa) occurred at only one-third of the sites surveyed. The occurrence of native mammals ranged between 26% (Geoffroy's cat, Leopardus geoffroyi) and 67% (capybara, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris). Spatial overlap between native and exotic species was high overall and was higher in winter when species moved over larger areas to look for limited resources. Except for greater rhea (Rhea americana), which was diurnal, all species had crepuscular or nocturnal patterns. Both exotic species had an intermediate/high overlap in their activity pattern with almost all native species, including some species with similar diets, but the hours of their maximum activities did not strictly coincide. However, the existence of differences in the exotic species' activity patterns compared to their patterns in other areas where they inhabit could indicate segregation in daily activity to relax competition.
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Objective: To determine gender gaps in Emeritus researchers in Colombia. Methods: Oaxaca-Blinder-Kitakagwa decomposition model, correcting the sample selection bias with the inclusion of Mills' inverse ratio (Heckman's Lambda) through an ordered probit model. Data: Information available in the ScienTI Platform - Colombia during the period 2015-2021. Results: The results show that the gender gap between female and male researchers is 5.8%. To achieve Emeritus status, one must be over 65 years old, and the possibility of achieving Emeritus status is 5.1% higher for female researchers than for their male counterparts. These differences can be explained by the time constraints that female researchers face in being productive, as they spend more time than male researchers on caregiving responsibilities, either due to motherhood or the care of other dependent family members. Conclusions: The results obtained allow us to affirm that there is a gender gap in scientific research in Colombia in the Emeritus research category in the calls for proposals for the period 2015-2021. Moreover, the existing gap cannot be explained by factors associated with attributes of education and academic productivity that are part of the regulatory requirements, insofar as not being explained by them, it evidences the existence of discrimination against women researchers to access the highest research category.
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Investigadores , Colombia , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto , Anciano , Factores SexualesRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Obesity is a global health problem, and its connection with social and environmental factors is well-established. Social factors, such as urban segregation, may impact obesity through various mechanisms, including food and physical activity environments, as well as social norms and networks. This multilevel study aims to examine the effect of socio-economic residential segregation of Latin American cities on the obesity of individuals within those cities. METHODS: We analyzed data from national surveys for a total of 59,340 individuals of 18-70 years of age, conducted in 156 cities across Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico between 2007 and 2013. We adjusted two-level linear mixed models for body mass index (BMI) stratified by sex and country, controlling for age, educational level and poverty. Separate models were built for dissimilarity and isolation segregation indices. RESULTS: The relationships between segregation indices and BMI were mostly not statistically significant, and in some cases, they were opposite to what was expected. The only significant relationships were observed in Colombian men, using the dissimilarity index (-7.5 [95% CI: -14.4, -0.5]) and in Colombian women, using the isolation index (-7.9 [95% CI: -14.1, -1.7]). CONCLUSIONS: While individual-level factors cannot fully explain differences among people in the same city, segregation indices may help. However, we found that in some cases, the relationship between BMI and segregation indices is opposite to what is expected based on prior literature. This should be considered in examining the phenomenon. Further research on obesogenic environments in segregated neighborhoods could provide valuable evidence.
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Índice de Masa Corporal , Ciudades , Obesidad , Características de la Residencia , Segregación Social , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto , Adolescente , Anciano , Adulto Joven , América Latina , Características de la Residencia/estadística & datos numéricos , Obesidad/epidemiología , Factores Socioeconómicos , Colombia , Segregación ResidencialRESUMEN
Chile has experienced a substantial immigration boom in the last 10 years. The urban areas of this nation present high levels of residential segregation, represented in its main city, Santiago. This article presents results of an exploratory analysis of the relationship between residential segregation, immigration rate by educational institutions and changes in school performance. Based on the generation of clusters characterized by cultural, social, economic and symbolic capital, an analysis of the changes in school performance in those schools that received the greatest number of migrants is generated.
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Background: Studying how the bull sharks aggregate and how they can be driven by life history traits such as reproduction, prey availability, predator avoidance and social interaction in a National Park such as Cabo Pulmo, is key to understand and protect the species. Methods: The occurrence variability of 32 bull sharks tracked with passive acoustic telemetry were investigated via a hierarchical logistic regression model, with inference conducted in a Bayesian framework, comparing sex, and their response to temperature and chlorophyll. Results: Based on the fitted model, occurrence probability varied by sex and length. Juvenile females had the highest values, whereas adult males the lowest. A strong seasonality or day of the year was recorded, where sharks were generally absent during September-November. However, some sharks did not show the common pattern, being detected just for a short period. This is one of the first studies where the Bayesian framework is used to study passive acoustic telemetry proving the potential to be used in further studies.
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Teorema de Bayes , Estaciones del Año , Tiburones , Animales , Tiburones/fisiología , Femenino , Masculino , California , TelemetríaRESUMEN
We conducted a spatial and temporal analysis of housing patterns in Mexico City by utilizing an extensive database of 16,000 prices for flats and houses, covering the period from 2000 to 2022. Our findings reveal a striking trend: The average housing prices have quadrupled over a 20-y period, without considering inflation. In contrast, the per capita labor income of Mexican citizens has declined relative to inflation. As a result, the average family encountered four times greater challenges in accessing housing in 2015 as compared to 2005. Furthermore, our research demonstrates that areas that have undergone significant gentrification or super-gentrification contribute to a widespread increase in land value on neighboring zones, leading to the emergence of clusters of highly expensive neighborhoods.
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The mechanisms underlying racial inequities in uncontrolled hypertension have been limited to individual factors. We investigated racial inequities in uncontrolled hypertension and the explanatory role of economic segregation in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). All 3897 baseline participants with hypertension (2008-2010) were included. Uncontrolled hypertension (SBP ≥ 140 mmHg or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg), self-reported race (White/Brown/Black people), and neighborhood economic segregation (low/medium/high) were analyzed cross-sectionally. We used decomposition analysis, which describes how much a disparity would change (disparity reduction; explained portion) and remain (disparity residual; unexplained portion) upon removing racial differences in economic segregation (i.e., if Black people had the distribution of segregation of White people, how much we would expect uncontrolled hypertension to decrease among Black people). Age- and gender-adjusted prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension (39.0%, 52.6%, and 54.2% for White, Brown, and Black participants, respectively) remained higher for Black and Brown vs White participants, regardless of economic segregation. Uncontrolled hypertension showed a dose-response pattern with increasing segregation levels for White but not for Black and Brown participants. After adjusting for age, gender, education, and study center, unexplained portion (disparity residual) of race on uncontrolled hypertension was 18.2% (95% CI 13.4%; 22.9%) for Black vs White participants and 12.6% (8.2%; 17.1%) for Brown vs White participants. However, explained portion (disparity reduction) through economic segregation was - 2.1% (- 5.1%; 1.3%) for Black vs White and 0.5% (- 1.7%; 2.8%) for Brown vs White participants. Although uncontrolled hypertension was greater for Black and Brown vs White people, racial inequities in uncontrolled hypertension were not explained by economic segregation.
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Hipertensión , Segregación Residencial , Adulto , Humanos , Brasil/epidemiología , Estudios Longitudinales , Población Blanca , Población Negra , Grupos RacialesRESUMEN
Abstract This paper analyzes ethno-racial residential segregation in two large metropolitan areas across the Global North and South: London (UK) and São Paulo (Brazil). Residential segregation is measured and mapped using global and local spatial segregation indices that portray different spatial dimensions across scales. To interpret results, the study adopted a relational approach that juxtaposes global figures and local variations of segregation, complementary dimensions of segregation (dissimilarity and exposure/isolation), multiple scales of segregation, and location patterns of different ethno-racial groups. Results indicate that London and São Paulo metropolitan regions have similar, although inverse, core-periphery patterns of ethno-racial segregation. The findings also revealed that segregation levels are higher for London than São Paulo across scales and dimensions, indicating that, against common assumptions, London is more ethno-racially segregated than São Paulo. These findings are discussed in the context of existing literature, exploring similarities and differences between ethno-racial segregation in the two metropolitan regions. The paper concludes with a discussion on the relevance of the comparative findings for segregation studies, and a reflection on future studies on urban segregation.
Resumo Este artigo analisa a segregação residencial do ponto de vista étnico-racial em duas grandes regiões metropolitanas localizadas no Sul e Norte Globais: Londres (Reino Unido) e São Paulo (Brasil). Utilizaram-se índices espaciais globais e locais para mapear e mensurar as diferentes dimensões espaciais e escalas da segregação étnico-racial nas duas metrópoles. O estudo adotou uma abordagem relacional para a interpretação dos resultados que justapõe resultados globais e variações locais da segregação, dimensões espaciais complementares (dissimilaridade e exposição/isolamento), múltiplas escalas geográficas e padrões de localização espacial dos diferentes grupos étnico-raciais. Os resultados indicam que as regiões metropolitanas de Londres e São Paulo apresentam padrões espaciais de segregação centro-periferia similares, mas inversos. Os resultados também relevaram que os níveis de segregação de Londres são mais altos do que os de São Paulo, indicando que contraintuitivamente Londres é mais segregada étnico-racialmente do que São Paulo. Esses resultados são discutidos no contexto da literatura, explorando as similaridades e diferenças entre as duas regiões metropolitanas. O artigo conclui com uma discussão sobre a relevância dos resultados e uma reflexão sobre a agenda futura para os estudos sobre a segregação urbana.
Resumen Este artículo analiza la segregación residencial desde un punto de vista étnico-racial en dos grandes regiones metropolitanas ubicadas en el Sur y el Norte Global: Londres (Reino Unido) y San Pablo (Brasil). Se usaron índices espaciales globales y locales para mapear y medir las diferentes dimensiones espaciales y escalas de la segregación étnico-racial en las dos metrópolis. El estudio adoptó un enfoque relacional para interpretar los resultados que yuxtapone resultados globales y variaciones locales de segregación, dimensiones espaciales complementarias (disimilaridad y exposición/aislamiento), múltiples escalas geográficas y patrones de ubicación espacial de diferentes grupos etnorraciales. Los resultados indican que las regiones metropolitanas de Londres y San Pablo presentan patrones espaciales similares, pero inversos, de segregación centro-periferia. Los resultados también revelaron que los niveles de segregación en Londres son más altos que en San Pablo, lo que indica que, contraintuitivamente, Londres está más segregada étnico-racialmente que San Pablo. Estos resultados se discuten en el contexto de la literatura, explorando las similitudes y diferencias entre las dos regiones metropolitanas. El artículo concluye con una discusión sobre la relevancia de los resultados y una reflexión sobre la agenda futura de estudios sobre segregación urbana.
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Factores Socioeconómicos , Segregación Social , Segregación Residencial , Remodelación Urbana , Áreas de Pobreza , Demografía , Inestabilidad de ViviendaRESUMEN
Resumo: O sono é influenciado por diversos fatores e é essencial para a saúde. O papel do contexto socioeconômico da vizinhança na saúde do sono foi estudado nos últimos anos, mas os resultados são inconsistentes. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a associação entre a segregação residencial socioeconômica e os problemas do sono. Utilizou-se dados da 2ª avaliação (2012-2014) de 9.918 servidores públicos participantes do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). A segregação residencial socioeconômica foi avaliada por meio da estatística Getis-Ord Local Gi*, e a duração e privação do sono, as queixas de insônia e a sonolência diurna foram obtidas por meio de entrevistas. Para as estimativas da odds ratio (OR), foram utilizados modelos de regressão logística binomial e multinomial. Em relação ao sono, 49% tinham curta duração e 3% longa duração, 23% relataram queixas de insônia, 45% relataram privação do sono, 42% relataram sonolência diurna e 48% relataram ≥ 2 problemas do sono. No modelo ajustado por variáveis demográficas e socioeconômicas, houve associação entre alta segregação residencial socioeconômica e duração curta do sono (OR = 1,22; IC95%: 1,07; 1,40), privação do sono (OR = 1,20; IC95%: 1,05; 1,37), sonolência diurna (OR = 1,17; IC95%: 1,03; 1,34) e ≥ 2 problemas associados do sono (OR = 1,24; IC95%: 1,08; 1,41). Indivíduos que vivem em vizinhanças com alta segregação residencial socioeconômica apresentam maior chance de terem curta duração, privação do sono, sonolência diurna e ≥ 2 problemas associados ao sono. Essas informações reforçam que políticas públicas para reduzir as desigualdades socioeconômicas podem contribuir para melhorar a saúde do sono da população.
Abstract: Several factors influence sleep, which is essential for health. While the role of neighborhood socioeconomic context on sleep health has been studied in recent years, results are inconsistent. The study aimed to investigate the association between socioeconomic residential segregation and sleep problems, using data from the second evaluation (2012-2014) of 9,918 public servants participating in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Socioeconomic residential segregation was assessed using the Getis-Ord Local Gi* statistic. Sleep duration and deprivation, complaints of insomnia, and daytime sleepiness were obtained through interviews. Binomial and multinomial logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR). Regarding sleep, 49% had short duration and 3% long duration, 23% reported complaints of insomnia, 45% sleep deprivation, 42% daytime sleepiness, and 48% reported ≥ 2 sleep problems. In the model adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic variables, there was an association between high socioeconomic residential segregation and short sleep duration (OR = 1.22; 95%CI: 1.07; 1.40), sleep deprivation (OR = 1.20; 95%CI: 1.05; 1.37), daytime sleepiness (OR = 1.17; 95%CI: 1.03; 1.34) and ≥ 2 associated sleep problems (OR = 1.24; 95%CI: 1.08; 1.41). Individuals living in neighborhoods with high socioeconomic residential segregation are more likely to have short sleep duration, sleep deprivation, daytime sleepiness, and ≥ 2 associated sleep problems. This information reinforces that public policy measures to reduce socioeconomic inequalities can improve the population's sleep health.
Resumen: El sueño se influye por varios factores y es esencial para la salud. Se estudió el papel del contexto socioeconómico del barrio en la salud del sueño en los últimos años, pero los resultados son inconsistentes. El objetivo del estudio fue investigar la asociación entre la segregación residencial socioeconómica y los problemas de sueño. Se utilizó datos de la 2ª evaluación (2012-2014) de 9918 servidores públicos participantes del Estudio Longitudinal de Salud del Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). Se evaluó la segregación residencial socioeconómica a través de la estadística Getis-Ord Local Gi*. La duración y privación del sueño, las quejas de insomnio y somnolencia diurna se obtuvieron a través de entrevista. Se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística binomial y multinominal para estimar el odds ratio (OR). Con respecto al sueño, el 49% tenía una duración corta y el 3% tenía una duración larga, el 23% relató quejas de insomnio, el 45% relató privación de sueño, el 42% relató somnolencia diurna y el 48% relató ≥ 2 problemas de sueño. En el modelo ajustado por variables demográficas y socioeconómicas, hubo una asociación entre la alta segregación residencial socioeconómica y la duración corta de sueño (OR = 1,22; IC95%: 1,07; 1,40), la privación de sueño (OR = 1,20; IC95%: 1,05; 1,37), la somnolencia diurna (OR = 1,17; IC95%: 1,03; 1,34) y ≥ 2 problemas asociados con el sueño (OR = 1,24; IC95%: 1,08; 1,41). Personas que viven en barrios con una alta segregación residencial socioeconómica presentan una mayor probabilidad de tener duración corta del sueño, privación de sueño, somnolencia diurna y ≥ 2 problemas asociados con el sueño. Estas informaciones resaltan que medidas de políticas públicas para reducir las desigualdades socioeconómicas pueden contribuir a mejorar la salud del sueño en la población.
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Tomando como eje la noción de plus de gozar propuesta por Jacques Lacan en su seminario De un Otro al otro, el presente trabajo aborda diferentes modos en que la serie de ciencia ficción noruega Beforeigners pone en escena modalidades de la segregación en una sociedad en la que predominan ideales como la tolerancia y la inclusión
Taking as its axis the notion of surplus jouissance [plus-de-jouir], proposed by Jacques Lacan in his seminar from an Other to the other, this paper addresses different ways in which the Norwegian science fiction series Beforeigners stages modalities of segregation in a society in which values such as tolerance and inclusion predominate
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Humanos , Diversidad Cultural , Interpretación Psicoanalítica , Segregación Residencial , Películas CinematográficasRESUMEN
The economic evaluation of mastitis control is challenging. The objective of this study was to perform the economic evaluation of mastitis control, under different intervention scenarios, quantifying the total cost of mastitis caused by S. aureus in Holstein cows in Argentina. A model was set for a dairy herd of Holstein cows endemically infected with S. aureus. A basic mastitis control plan including proper milking procedures, milking machine test, dry cow therapy, and treatment for clinical mastitis, was compared against other more complex and costly interventions, such as segregation and culling of chronically infected cows. Sensitivity analysis was performed by modifying the intramammary infection transition probabilities, economic parameters, and efficacy of treatment strategies. The basic mastitis control plan showed a median total cost of USD88.6/cow per year, which was close to the infected cows culling scenarios outputs. However, the segregation scenario was the most efficient, in which the total cost was reduced by about 50%. Such cost was more sensitive to probabilities and efficacy than the economic parameters. The model is flexible and can be customized by producers and veterinarians according to different control and herd settings.
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PURPOSE: To measure associations of area-level racial and economic residential segregation with severe maternal morbidity (SMM). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of births at two Philadelphia hospitals between 2018 and 2020 to analyze associations of segregation, quantified using the Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE), with SMM. We used stratified multivariable, multilevel, logistic regression models to determine whether associations of ICE with SMM varied by self-identified race or hospital catchment. RESULTS: Of the 25,979 patients (44.1% Black, 35.8% White), 1381 (5.3%) had SMM (Black [6.1%], White [4.4%]). SMM was higher among patients residing outside (6.3%), than inside (5.0%) Philadelphia (Pâ¯<â¯.001). Overall, ICE was not associated with SMM. However, ICErace (higher proportion of White vs. Black households) was associated with lower odds of SMM among patients residing inside Philadelphia (aOR 0.87, 95% CI: 0.80-0.94) and higher odds outside Philadelphia (aOR 1.12, 95% CI: 0.95-1.31). Moran's I indicated spatial autocorrelation of SMM overall (Pâ¯<â¯.001); when stratified, autocorrelation was only evident outside Philadelphia. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, ICE was not associated with SMM. However, higher ICErace was associated with lower odds of SMM among Philadelphia residents. Findings highlight the importance of hospital catchment area and referral patterns in spatial analyses of hospital datasets.
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Segregación Residencial , Humanos , Embarazo , Femenino , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Modelos Logísticos , Análisis Multinivel , MorbilidadRESUMEN
Selective attentional biases arising from one sensory modality manifest in others. The effects of visuospatial attention, important in visual object perception, are unclear in the auditory domain during audiovisual (AV) scene processing. We investigate temporal and spatial factors that underlie such transfer neurally. Auditory encoding of random tone pips in AV scenes was addressed via a temporal response function model (TRF) of participants' electroencephalogram (N = 30). The spatially uninformative pips were associated with spatially distributed visual contrast reversals ("flips"), through asynchronous probabilistic AV temporal onset distributions. Participants deployed visuospatial selection on these AV stimuli to perform a task. A late (~300 ms) cross-modal influence over the neural representation of pips was found in the original and a replication study (N = 21). Transfer depended on selected visual input being (i) presented during or shortly after a related sound, in relatively limited temporal distributions (<165 ms); (ii) positioned across limited (1:4) visual foreground to background ratios. Neural encoding of auditory input, as a function of visual input, was largest at visual foreground quadrant sectors and lowest at locations opposite to the target. The results indicate that ongoing neural representations of sounds incorporate visuospatial attributes for auditory stream segregation, as cross-modal transfer conveys information that specifies the identity of multisensory signals. A potential mechanism is by enhancing or recalibrating the tuning properties of the auditory populations that represent them as objects. The results account for the dynamic evolution under visual attention of multisensory integration, specifying critical latencies at which relevant cortical networks operate.
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Resumen Esta investigación tiene como objetivo capturar la segregación ocupacional y la discriminación salarial por género en la Universidad del Cauca, ubicada en el suroccidente colombiano, durante cuatro momentos en el tiempo (2005, 2010, 2015 y 2020). La metodología es cuantitativa e implementa en el primer caso el Índice de Karmel y MacLachlan (KM) y la descomposición de Kitagawa-Oaxaca-Blinder (KOB) en el segundo. Se utiliza información de datos panel en la descomposición KOB, lo que permite evaluar la evolución de la segregación en el tiempo. Las variables incluyen el género, el salario, la edad, los años de experiencia, el nivel de formación, los cargos administrativos, la unidad académica, entre otros. La información fue suministrada por la Vicerrectoría académica de la Universidad de forma totalmente anonimizada. Los resultados muestran evidencia de segregación ocupacional y discriminación salarial por género; a pesar de que en los últimos años ambas brechas se están cerrando levemente, el problema permanece. La segregación ocupacional ocurre aún en ocupaciones beta tradicionalmente ocupadas por las mujeres pese a la baja percepción de discriminación laboral por parte de las profesoras universitarias. En cuanto a las ocupaciones alfa, estas mantienen la hegemonía masculina. Las características observables hacen que existan diferencias en la modificación salarial entre profesores y profesoras, pero estas cada vez se hacen menos fuertes por el aumento en el nivel de formación y la disminución en el número de hijos e hijas. Existen factores discriminatorios no observados que mantienen la discriminación salarial femenina en respuesta a factores culturales arraigados en el patriarcado y tradicionalismo de la región donde se encuentra la universidad.
Abstract This research aims to capture occupational segregation and wage discrimination by gender in the University of Cauca, located in southwestern Colombia, during four periods (2005, 2010, 2015 y 2020). There are few studies in this direction, and the existing ones do not address it in depth, at least in emerging countries. In this sense, it is the first time it has been done for Colombian higher education institutions. The methodology is quantitative and it implements the Karmel and MacLachlan Index (KM) in the first case and the Kitagawa-Oaxaca-Blinder (KOB) decomposition in the second one. To deepen the analysis panel data information was used for the first time in the KOB decomposition for these issues, which allows evaluating the evolution of segregation over time. The variables analysed include gender, wage, age, years of experience, education level, administrative charges, and academic departments of origin, among others. The information used comes from the official data provided by the Administrative Office of the University of Cauca. This is characterized by being totally anonymous and by exclusively comprising full-time teachers, that is, those with an indefinite term contract. Temporal teachers and/or professors with a defined term contract are excluded, due to the volatility in the employment relationship, which would otherwise introduce noise into the analysis. In general, the information shows that alpha professions (better paid, with greater projection and public recognition) have been dominated in the last five years by professors; while beta professions (that is those with lower salaries, little projection and recognition) have been led by women. This preliminary result leads to consider that there is labor and/or wage segregation within this university. The estimates of the KM index showed, firstly, that all professions, both alpha and beta, have at least some segregation in the period analysed, since this is greater than zero. Second, segregation has been low and slightly decreasing over time for beta professions. In fact, it was 0.09 in 2005 and 0.072 in 2020. Third, for alpha professions, the index has been markedly increasing over time, which suggests that the proportion of female teachers who must change professions so that segregation from men was zero is increasing. Regarding wage discrimination, all the differences were negative, which shows that the average salaries of female teachers are lower than those of male teachers and therefore their difference is less than zero. Although the results are only statistically significant for the years 2011, 2014 and 2020, it can be highlighted that these differentials have been decreasing over time. In effect, it was -0.24 log-wage in 2005 and -0.051 log-wage in 2020. These results are partially in line with those obtained in the KM index. Occupational and salary segregation seems to have decreased slightly in recent years in this university, but it still exists. In the case of decomposition change, all the variations in the endowment are positive and significant but are characterized as decreasing, which indicates that changes in average wage differentials have been narrowing over time. The empirical evidence suggest that occupational segregation still occurs in beta professions traditionally occupied by women despite the low perception of job discrimination by university professors. As for alpha occupations, they maintain male hegemony. The observable characteristics mean that there are differences in the wage modification between male and female teachers, but this is becoming less strong due to the increase in the education level and the decrease in the number of children. There are unobserved discriminatory factors that maintain female wage discrimination in response to cultural factors rooted in the patriarchy and traditionalism of the region where the university is located.
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Sedimentation is a ubiquitous phenomenon across many fields of science, such as geology, astrophysics, and soft matter. Sometimes, sedimentation leads to unusual phenomena, such as the Brazil-nut effect, where heavier (granular) particles reside on top of lighter particles after shaking. We show experimentally that a Brazil-nut effect can be realized in a binary colloidal system of long-range repulsive charged particles driven purely by Brownian motion and electrostatics without the need for activity. Using theory, we argue that not only the mass-per-charge for the heavier particles needs to be smaller than the mass-per-charge for the lighter particles but also that at high overall density, the system can be trapped in a long-lived metastable state, which prevents the occurrence of the equilibrium Brazil-nut effect. Therefore, we envision that our work provides valuable insights into the physics of strongly interacting systems, such as partially glassy and crystalline structures. Finally, our theory, which quantitatively agrees with the experimental data, predicts that the shapes of sedimentation density profiles of multicomponent charged colloids are greatly altered when the particles are charge-regulating with more than one ion species involved. Hence, we hypothesize that sedimentation experiments can aid in revealing the type of ion adsorption processes that determine the particle charge and possibly the value of the corresponding equilibrium constants.
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Neuroimaging studies suggest that brain development mechanisms might explain at least some behavioural and cognitive attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. However, the putative mechanisms by which genetic susceptibility factors influence clinical features via alterations of brain development remain largely unknown. Here, we set out to integrate genomics and connectomics tools by investigating the associations between an ADHD polygenic risk score (ADHD-PRS) and functional segregation of large-scale brain networks. With this aim, ADHD symptoms score, genetic and rs-fMRI (resting-state functional magnetic resonance image) data obtained in a longitudinal community-based cohort of 227 children and adolescents were analysed. A follow-up was conducted approximately 3 years after the baseline, with rs-fMRI scanning and ADHD likelihood assessment in both stages. We hypothesised a negative correlation between probable ADHD and the segregation of networks involved in executive functions, and a positive correlation with the default-mode network (DMN). Our findings suggest that ADHD-PRS is correlated with ADHD at baseline, but not at follow-up. Despite not surviving for multiple comparison correction, we found significant correlations between ADHD-PRS and segregation of cingulo-opercular networks and DMN at baseline. ADHD-PRS was negatively correlated with the segregation level of cingulo-opercular networks but positively correlated with the DMN segregation. These directions of associations corroborate the proposed counter-balanced role of attentional networks and DMN in attentional processes. However, the association between ADHD-PRS and brain networks functional segregation was not found at follow-up. Our results provide evidence for specific influences of genetic factors on development of attentional networks and DMN. We found significant correlations between polygenic risk score for ADHD (ADHD-PRS) and segregation of cingulo-opercular networks and default-mode network (DMN) at baseline. ADHD-PRS was negatively correlated with the segregation level of cingulo-opercular networks but positively correlated with the DMN segregation.
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Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad , Conectoma , Niño , Adolescente , Humanos , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/diagnóstico por imagen , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/genética , Vías Nerviosas/diagnóstico por imagen , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Factores de Riesgo , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodosRESUMEN
Modeling experts have been continually researching the interplay of human mobility and COVID-19 transmission since the outbreak of the pandemic. They tried to address this problem and support the control of the pandemic spreading at the national or regional levels. However, these modeling approaches had little success in producing empirically verifiable results at the neighborhood level due to a lack of data and limited representation of low spatial scales in the models. To fill this gap, this research aims to present an agent-based model to simulate human mobility choices in the context of COVID-19, based on social activities of individuals in the neighborhood. We apply the VIABLE model to the decision-making process of heterogeneous agents, who populate the system's environment. The agents adapt their mobility and activities autonomously at each iteration to improve their well-being and respond to exposure risks. The study reveals significant temporal variations in mobility choices between the groups of agents with different vulnerability levels under the Covid-19 pandemic. Agents from the same group with similar economic backgrounds tend to select the same mobility patterns and activities leading to segregation at this low scale. We calibrated the model with a focus on Porto Alegre in Brazil.
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Abstract This article aims to analyze residential segregation by race (racial segregation) and income (economic segregation) in Brazil and explore its relationship with socioeconomic and socio-spatial factors. Residential segregation was assessed using the dissimilarity index based on the 2010 demographic census and considering urban census tracts since segregation is sociologically considered an urban problem. The results for racial segregation showed that it is more evident in cities in the South and Southeast of Brazil and mainly affects the self-declared black population. The approach used to calculate economic segregation involved examining the income level of different low-income groups. Therefore, we consider families that earned between 0 and 1 minimum wage as the group with the greatest social vulnerability. We did not find significant correlations between racial and income segregation indices with aspects such as urbanization (urban population size). Finally, we present the racial segregation indices stratifying families by income thresholds for the 27 Brazilian capitals and conclude that per capita household income is a preponderant factor for the segregation of the poorest, especially in families whose residents self-identify as black.
Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a segregação residencial por raça (segregação racial) e renda (segregação econômica) no Brasil e explorar sua relação com fatores socioeconômicos e socioespaciais. A segregação residencial foi avaliada pelo índice de dissimilaridade baseado no Censo Demográfico de 2010 e considerando setores censitários urbanos, uma vez que a segregação é entendida sociologicamente como um problema urbano. Os resultados mostram que a segregação racial é mais evidente nas cidades do Sul e Sudeste do Brasil, atingindo principalmente a população autodeclarada preta. A abordagem utilizada para calcular a segregação econômica envolveu examinar o nível de renda de diferentes grupos de baixa renda. Portanto, consideramos as famílias que ganham entre 0 e 1 salário mínimo - o grupo de maior vulnerabilidade social. Não encontramos correlações significativas entre os índices de segregação racial e de renda com fatores como a urbanização (tamanho da população urbana). Por fim, apresentamos os índices de segregação racial estratificando as famílias por faixas de renda para as 27 capitais brasileiras e concluímos que a renda domiciliar per capita é fator preponderante para a segregação dos mais pobres, principalmente nas famílias cujos moradores se autodeclaram pretos.
Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la segregación residencial por raza (segregación racial) y renta (segregación económica) en Brasil y explorar su relación con factores socioeconómicos y socioespaciales. La segregación residencial se evaluó utilizando el índice de disimilitud con base en el censo demográfico de 2010 y considerando las secciones censales urbanas ya que la segregación es considerada sociológicamente como un problema urbano. Los resultados para la segregación racial mostraron que esta es más evidente en ciudades del sur y del sudeste de Brasil y que afecta principalmente a la población autodeclarada negra. El enfoque usado para calcular la segregación económica implicó examinar el nivel de ingresos de diferentes grupos de bajos ingresos. Por lo tanto, consideramos que las familias que ganaban entre cero y un salario mínimo son el grupo con mayor vulnerabilidad social. No encontramos correlaciones significativas entre los índices de segregación racial y los de ingresos con factores como la urbanización (tamaño de la población urbana). Finalmente, presentamos los índices de segregación racial estratificando a las familias por umbrales de renta para las 27 capitales brasileñas y concluimos que la renta per cápita de los hogares es un factor preponderante para la segregación de los más pobres, en especial en las familias cuyos habitantes se autodeclaran negros.
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Humanos , Factores Socioeconómicos , Población Negra , Segregación Social , Inestabilidad de Vivienda , Segregación Residencial , Censos , Índice de Vulnerabilidad Social , Vulnerabilidad SocialRESUMEN
Background: Despite significant advancements in closing the global gender gap, there is still much progress to be made, particularly in the field of science and scientific research. Numerous studies have addressed this issue and identified a variety of factors that contribute to gender asymmetries in research. Methods: This study aimed to identify the determinants of gender gaps in scientific research present in the most cited studies of the past ten years as a first step towards closing these differences. Through a systematic literature review that incorporated the Proknow-C Knowledge Development Process and Constructivism methodology. Results: The results lead us to identify four dimensions to classify the determinants of the gaps in scientific research: academic supply, research policies, scientific production and researcher profile with their respective quantitative or qualitative indicators. Conclusions: As a potential basis for further modeling that offers greater analytical and correlational depth, as well as the identification of targeted strategies aimed at reducing gender gaps in research.