Abomasal impaction in a goat - surgical approach

Background: The abomasum is glandular and has a bagpipe shape, with a capacity of 1 to 2 liters. It has a very acidic content with a pH ranging from 1.5 to 3, and although disturbances in this organ are uncommon in small ruminants, abomasal emptying defect is probably the most common abomasal problem in goats. The etiology of an abomasal emptying defect is unknown, however, abomasal impaction is the main cause of this condition. Since this disorder is associated with poor prognosis and information in goats is scarce, the aim of this report is to describe the success of abomasotomy as a treatment for abomasal impaction in goats, as well as to describe the clinical and laboratory aspects of this disease. Case: A 8-month-old male Anglo-Nubian goat, weighing 33 kg, presented with apathy and decreased appetite for 4 days due to digestive disorder. According to history, the diet consisted of crushed hay ad libitum and 300 g of ration bran. Clinical findings were apathy, pale mucous membranes, ruminal hypomotility, decreased fecal output, tense abdomen with distention of the ventral quadrants and loss of rumen stratification. The increase in chloride ion concentration (67 mEq/L) observed in the ruminal fluid analysis was indicative of abomasal-ruminal reflux, compatible with metabolic acidosis, as well as the dense hyperechogenic content in the ventral field of the left and right abdomen corresponding to the location of the entire abomasum on transabdominal ultrasound. Thus, clinical, laboratory and ultrasound findings were indicative of impaction of the abomasum, and the goat underwent exploratory laparotomy through the left flank, which revealed a distended and compacted abomasum. Differently from reports in the literature, due to severe distension of the abomasum, abomasotomy through the right flank was chosen to reverse the condition, followed by constant monitoring and supportive therapy with antimicrobial and analgesic medication. The goat defecated normally on the second postoperative day, however, on auscultation, there was persistence of abomasal emptying failure, suggesting a situation of posterior functional stenosis. With the suspicion of type III vagal indigestion, the atropine test, along with radiographic examination of the chest and abdomen were performed, and did not reveal any changes. In order to restore abomasal motility, intensive therapy with prokinetic drugs (bromopride, metoclopramide and promethazine) was associated, and on the fifth day the animal returned to normal appetite, abomasal motility and fecal production. The goat was discharged after 14 days of intensive care with recommendations to provide good quality food and water. Discussion: Abomasal impaction is rarely reported in goats, commonly resulting in animal death before or even a few days after surgical correction. The diagnosis of abomasal impaction was based on clinical, laboratory and ultrasound findings, and should be differentiated from other diseases that progress with abdominal distention and gradual weight loss, such as functional stenosis; duodenal obstruction; vagal nerve disorder; abomasite; generalized peritonitis, and granuloma associated with Actinobacillus lignieresii. Surgical correction by right paralombar access associated with visceral emptying and supportive therapy of impaction abomasal was performed and considered successful, without relapses and secondary complications long-term.

Poisoning by Enterolobium contortisiliquum pods in calves showing photosensitization and digestive lesions / [Lesões digestivas e fotossensibilização em bezerros intoxicados pelas favas de Enterolobium contortisiliquum]

Este trabalho descreve um surto de rumenite e abomasite decorrente de sobrecarga de carboidratos em um rebanho de 238 bezerros, com idades entre 12 e 15 meses, causada pela ingestão dos frutos de Enterolobium contortisiliquum. As taxas de morbidade, mortalidade e letalidade foram de, respectivamente, 12,7%, 5,2% e 42,1%. Clinicamente, os bovinos apresentaram fotossensibilização, salivação e diarreia. Os achados de necropsia foram semelhantes nos dois bezerros necropsiados e consistiram de fotodermatite e rumenite ulcerativa multifocal, subaguda a crônica, e abomasite. A relevância deste relato é que, pela primeira vez, foi possível associar a ocorrência da rumenite devido à sobrecarga de carboidratos com a intoxicação espontânea por E. contortisiliquum em bovinos, confirmando achados anteriormente descritos em experimentos realizados com ovinos.(AU)

Poisoning by Enterolobium contortisiliquum pods in calves showing photosensitization and digestive lesions / [Lesões digestivas e fotossensibilização em bezerros intoxicados pelas favas de Enterolobium contortisiliquum]

Este trabalho descreve um surto de rumenite e abomasite decorrente de sobrecarga de carboidratos em um rebanho de 238 bezerros, com idades entre 12 e 15 meses, causada pela ingestão dos frutos de Enterolobium contortisiliquum. As taxas de morbidade, mortalidade e letalidade foram de, respectivamente, 12,7%, 5,2% e 42,1%. Clinicamente, os bovinos apresentaram fotossensibilização, salivação e diarreia. Os achados de necropsia foram semelhantes nos dois bezerros necropsiados e consistiram de fotodermatite e rumenite ulcerativa multifocal, subaguda a crônica, e abomasite. A relevância deste relato é que, pela primeira vez, foi possível associar a ocorrência da rumenite devido à sobrecarga de carboidratos com a intoxicação espontânea por E. contortisiliquum em bovinos, confirmando achados anteriormente descritos em experimentos realizados com ovinos.(AU)

Deslocamento de abomaso à esquerda em bovino: relato de caso / Displacement of abomaso to the left in bovine: case of report

O trabalho objetivou relatar um caso um caso de deslocamento de abomaso à esquerda em bovino. O deslocamento de abomaso é uma patologia multifatorial, que afeta principalmente bovinos de alta produção leiteira, podendo ocorrer por uma dieta associada a um manejo errático ou até mesmo pelo desencadeamento do parto, ou seja, fatores que estão ligados ao acúmulo de gás e/ou hipomotilidade abomasal. Essa enfermidade pode gerar diversos prejuízos econômicos aos produtores, devido à queda na produção leite e gastos com o tratamento, diante disso, é importante revisar a importância do deslocamento de abomaso à esquerda e relatar o caso clínico de um bovino com essa patologia. Para se chegar a um diagnóstico conclusivo, deve-se conhecer a fundo os sinais clínicos, além dos métodos de diagnóstico para confirmação, tendo como técnica preconizada a auscultação com percussão do 9º ao 12º espaço intercostal, onde pode ser auscultado um tilintar metálico, quando ainda houver dúvidas, realiza-se a laparotomia exploratória, confirmando ou não a suspeita. Tendo o diagnóstico conclusivo desta patologia, é realizado o tratamento, que pode ser terapêutico, intervenção física por rolamento ou intervenção cirúrgica.

This study aimed to report a case of a case of left abomasum displacement in cattle. The displacement of abomasum is a multifactorial pathology which affects cattle of high milk production and may occur due to a diet associated with erratic management or even by the birthing mechanism, that is, factors that are linked directly to the accumulation of gas or abomasal hypomotility. This illness can generate different kinds of economic losses to the producers due to a fall in milk production and expenses with treatments. In that case, the objective with this job is to review the importance of the displacement of abomasum to the left and report the clinic case of a bovine with this pathology. To reach a conclusive diagnosis, the clinical signs should be thoroughly known, beyond the methods of diagnosis to confirmation, having as characteristic technique, the auscultation, with percussion from the ninth to the twelfth intercostal space where it can be auscultated a metallic tinkling. When there are still doubts, is performed an exploratory laparotomy, then having the confirmation. When having the conclusive diagnosis of this pathology is performed the treatment, being therapeutic, physical intervention by rolling or chirurgical intervention.

Deslocamento de abomaso à esquerda em bovino: relato de caso / Displacement of abomaso to the left in bovine: case of report

O trabalho objetivou relatar um caso um caso de deslocamento de abomaso à esquerda em bovino. O deslocamento de abomaso é uma patologia multifatorial, que afeta principalmente bovinos de alta produção leiteira, podendo ocorrer por uma dieta associada a um manejo errático ou até mesmo pelo desencadeamento do parto, ou seja, fatores que estão ligados ao acúmulo de gás e/ou hipomotilidade abomasal. Essa enfermidade pode gerar diversos prejuízos econômicos aos produtores, devido à queda na produção leite e gastos com o tratamento, diante disso, é importante revisar a importância do deslocamento de abomaso à esquerda e relatar o caso clínico de um bovino com essa patologia. Para se chegar a um diagnóstico conclusivo, deve-se conhecer a fundo os sinais clínicos, além dos métodos de diagnóstico para confirmação, tendo como técnica preconizada a auscultação com percussão do 9º ao 12º espaço intercostal, onde pode ser auscultado um tilintar metálico, quando ainda houver dúvidas, realiza-se a laparotomia exploratória, confirmando ou não a suspeita. Tendo o diagnóstico conclusivo desta patologia, é realizado o tratamento, que pode ser terapêutico, intervenção física por rolamento ou intervenção cirúrgica.(AU)

This study aimed to report a case of a case of left abomasum displacement in cattle. The displacement of abomasum is a multifactorial pathology which affects cattle of high milk production and may occur due to a diet associated with erratic management or even by the birthing mechanism, that is, factors that are linked directly to the accumulation of gas or abomasal hypomotility. This illness can generate different kinds of economic losses to the producers due to a fall in milk production and expenses with treatments. In that case, the objective with this job is to review the importance of the displacement of abomasum to the left and report the clinic case of a bovine with this pathology. To reach a conclusive diagnosis, the clinical signs should be thoroughly known, beyond the methods of diagnosis to confirmation, having as characteristic technique, the auscultation, with percussion from the ninth to the twelfth intercostal space where it can be auscultated a metallic tinkling. When there are still doubts, is performed an exploratory laparotomy, then having the confirmation. When having the conclusive diagnosis of this pathology is performed the treatment, being therapeutic, physical intervention by rolling or chirurgical intervention.(AU)

Cardiac, energy and hormonal blood markers, and lactatemia in cows with displaced abomasum

Background: Displaced abomasum (DA) is a common and economically important disorder that affects dairy cattle. Nutritional factors and adaptive responses that occur in the peripartum play a central role in the pathogenesis. The measurement of blood metabolites represents a useful tool for monitoring and prognostic determination in affected animals. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate cardiac, energy and hormonal blood markers, lactatemia, and insulin sensitivity in cows diagnosed with right displaced abomasum (RDA) and left displaced abomasum (LDA), comparing them with each other. Materials, Methods & Results: Nineteen cases of abomasum displacement in cows were studied, including 9 cases of RDA and 10 cases of LDA. The diagnosis was established by means of physical examination and measurement of the concentration of chlorides in the ruminal fluid (> 30 mEq/L). After diagnosis, clinical-surgical therapeutic management was instituted. At the time of diagnosis (M1) and at the resolution of the case (M2), blood samples were collected to assess the variables: non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta hydroxybutyrate (βHB), L-lactate, creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), cardiac troponin I (cTnI), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose, insulin, and cortisol. In addition, insulin sensitivity was estimated using the Revised Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (RQUICKI) and RQUICKI-βHB. The means of the variables were compared, separating the effects of groups (RDA and LDA) and moments (M1 and M2), at the level of 5% probability. The concentrations of NEFA, CK-MB, L-lactate, glucose, insulin, and cortisol were higher at M1 and the RQUICKI and RQUICKI-βHB indices were lower at this moment. L-lactate, CK, and CK-MB were higher in the RDA group, while cTnI, βHB, and LDH did not present a group or moment effect. Cardiac markers correlated with the energy profile metabolites, L-lactate, and cortisol. Discussion: The high...

Evaluation of ventral laparoscopic abomasopexy using surgical staples associated with suture material in dairy cattle

Background: Displaced Abomasum is known for being on of the main illnesses that affect milking cows. Increase in diagnosis of this illness is due to advancement in diagnosis techniques. Increase in incidence of this illness can be explained by genetic selection of animals with high production, breed systems and changes to the diet with a higher level of protein. For laparoscopic treatment, several surgical changes were performed to optimize the procedure and thus achieve better results. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate applicability of the ventral laparoscopic abomasopexy technique, using surgical clamps attached to the suture thread, to milking cows.Materials, Methods & Results: Six adult cows were placed under anesthesia with isoflurane and placed in dorsal decubitus. Animals were kept with no water for 24 h and no food for 48 h. Four laparoscopic accesses were performed. The first one was created with the intention of inspecting the abdominal cavity and the remaining three for access of surgical instruments. Serous membrane of the abomasum was cauterized, combined with suture threads and placed at the greater abomasal curvature. The free part of suture threads was kept out of the abdominal cavity and after traction of the abomasum against the abdominal wall was tied to the skin. Ultrasound exam was performed for abdominal evaluation after abomasopexy. Anesthesia time and surgery time were recorded and analyzes through average and standard deviation (SD). The average anesthesia time recorded was 94 min (SD 14.63 min) and average surgery time was 51 min (SD 14.71 min). The fasting period was considered adequate, however all animals had to undergo intubation with orogastric tube to drain liquids and gas during the procedure. Four of the six animals had lineal adhesion. Three of the four animals that had adhesion did not keep the abomasum at the retroperitoneal area, however viscera movement was stopped in the abdominal cavity.[...]

Aspectos clínicos e laboratoriais de um bovino com deslocamento de abomaso à esquerda / Clinical and laboratory aspects of a bovine with left displacement of the abomasum

Background: Abomasal diseases of dairy cattle are mainly associated with stress conditions, nutritional disorders and metabolic disorders. Dairy cattle that develop left or right abomasal displacement generally lose their appetite and have 30 to 50% drop in milk production. The objective of this work is to report the clinical and laboratorial aspects of a high yielding Holstein cow suffering left abomasal displacement in Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil.Case: The cow was part of a research project of the Veterinary Faculty of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and was monitored weekly. The animal showed decreased milk production, anorexia, prostration, tremors, diarrhea, smelly metritis and a body score of 3 in a scale of 1-5. In the clinical examination, the animal presented respiratory rate of 26 movements per minute (RV: 26-35), heart rate of 71 beats per minute (RV: 48-84), body temperature of 38.5°C (RV: 38- 39.3), normocorate mucosa, moderate dehydration and no ruminal movements. In the abdominal auscultation the animal presented metallic sound in the left flank. Blood concentration of beta-hydroxybutyrate was 8.3 mmol/L (RV: < 1.2 mmol/L). The cow underwent surgery for correction of left abomasum displacement. After surgery, the animal showed improvement of the clinical condition and ate hay, pasture and silage. Feeding with concentrate was avoided for a week. The animal had satisfactory evolution, being monitored for more 4 weeks and afterward was discharge.Discussion: Genetic improvement in milk cattle has led to the selection of animals with higher milk production through the selection of animals with deeper body capacity, which may allow more space in the abdomen for abomasal movement. In the present case, clinical ketosis was confirmed through the presence of ketonuria and ketonemia.[...]

Evaluation of ventral laparoscopic abomasopexy using surgical staples associated with suture material in dairy cattle

Background: Displaced Abomasum is known for being on of the main illnesses that affect milking cows. Increase in diagnosis of this illness is due to advancement in diagnosis techniques. Increase in incidence of this illness can be explained by genetic selection of animals with high production, breed systems and changes to the diet with a higher level of protein. For laparoscopic treatment, several surgical changes were performed to optimize the procedure and thus achieve better results. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate applicability of the ventral laparoscopic abomasopexy technique, using surgical clamps attached to the suture thread, to milking cows.Materials, Methods & Results: Six adult cows were placed under anesthesia with isoflurane and placed in dorsal decubitus. Animals were kept with no water for 24 h and no food for 48 h. Four laparoscopic accesses were performed. The first one was created with the intention of inspecting the abdominal cavity and the remaining three for access of surgical instruments. Serous membrane of the abomasum was cauterized, combined with suture threads and placed at the greater abomasal curvature. The free part of suture threads was kept out of the abdominal cavity and after traction of the abomasum against the abdominal wall was tied to the skin. Ultrasound exam was performed for abdominal evaluation after abomasopexy. Anesthesia time and surgery time were recorded and analyzes through average and standard deviation (SD). The average anesthesia time recorded was 94 min (SD 14.63 min) and average surgery time was 51 min (SD 14.71 min). The fasting period was considered adequate, however all animals had to undergo intubation with orogastric tube to drain liquids and gas during the procedure. Four of the six animals had lineal adhesion. Three of the four animals that had adhesion did not keep the abomasum at the retroperitoneal area, however viscera movement was stopped in the abdominal cavity.[...](AU)

Aspectos clínicos e laboratoriais de um bovino com deslocamento de abomaso à esquerda / Clinical and laboratory aspects of a bovine with left displacement of the abomasum

Background: Abomasal diseases of dairy cattle are mainly associated with stress conditions, nutritional disorders and metabolic disorders. Dairy cattle that develop left or right abomasal displacement generally lose their appetite and have 30 to 50% drop in milk production. The objective of this work is to report the clinical and laboratorial aspects of a high yielding Holstein cow suffering left abomasal displacement in Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil.Case: The cow was part of a research project of the Veterinary Faculty of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and was monitored weekly. The animal showed decreased milk production, anorexia, prostration, tremors, diarrhea, smelly metritis and a body score of 3 in a scale of 1-5. In the clinical examination, the animal presented respiratory rate of 26 movements per minute (RV: 26-35), heart rate of 71 beats per minute (RV: 48-84), body temperature of 38.5°C (RV: 38- 39.3), normocorate mucosa, moderate dehydration and no ruminal movements. In the abdominal auscultation the animal presented metallic sound in the left flank. Blood concentration of beta-hydroxybutyrate was 8.3 mmol/L (RV: < 1.2 mmol/L). The cow underwent surgery for correction of left abomasum displacement. After surgery, the animal showed improvement of the clinical condition and ate hay, pasture and silage. Feeding with concentrate was avoided for a week. The animal had satisfactory evolution, being monitored for more 4 weeks and afterward was discharge.Discussion: Genetic improvement in milk cattle has led to the selection of animals with higher milk production through the selection of animals with deeper body capacity, which may allow more space in the abdomen for abomasal movement. In the present case, clinical ketosis was confirmed through the presence of ketonuria and ketonemia.[...](AU)

Hipocalcemia no deslocamento de abomaso de bovinos: estudo de 39 casos / Hypocalcemia in displacement the abomasum in cattle: study of 39 cases

Este estudo avaliou o status do cálcio sérico em 39 vacas com deslocamento de abomaso (DA), provenientes de 30 propriedades leiteiras selecionadas, na região de Campos Gerais no Paraná. O diagnóstico do deslocamento de abomaso foi realizado por percussão auscultatória, além dos sinais clínicos e informações da anamnese. Previamente ao procedimento cirúrgico, amostras de sangue foram coletadas para a mensuração dos níveis sanguíneos de cálcio, albumina, proteína e glicose. Como grupo controle, amostras de sangue foram coletadas de vacas hígidas que se encontravam em semelhante período de lactação. Das 39 vacas com deslocamento de abomaso, 35 apresentaram hipocalcemia e no grupo controle, apenas um animal. Concentrações sanguíneas de glicose e proteína foram inferiores nos animais com DA, quando comparados com animais do grupo controle.(AU)

This study evaluated the status of serum calcium in 39 Holstein cows with displacement of the abomasum (DA), from 30 dairy farms selected in the region of Campos Gerais, Paraná state, Brazil.. The diagnosis of abomasal displacement was performed by auscultation and percussion, besides the clinical signs and history information. Before surgery, blood samples were collected to measure blood levels of calcium, albumin, protein and glucose. As a control group, blood samples were collected from healthy cows that were in similar period of lactation. Of the 39 cows with abomasal displacement, 35 had hypocalcemia and in the control group only one cow. Blood glucose and protein concentrations were lower in the animals with DA when compared with the control group.(AU)

Hipocalcemia no deslocamento de abomaso de bovinos: estudo de 39 casos / Hypocalcemia in displacement the abomasum in cattle: study of 39 cases

This study evaluated the status of serum calcium in 39 Holstein cows with displacement of the abomasum (DA), from 30 dairy farms selected in the region of Campos Gerais, Paraná state, Brazil.. The diagnosis of abomasal displacement was performed by auscultation and percussion, besides the clinical signs and history information. Before surgery, blood samples were collected to measure blood levels of calcium, albumin, protein and glucose. As a control group, blood samples were collected from healthy cows that were in similar period of lactation. Of the 39 cows with abomasal displacement, 35 had hypocalcemia and in the control group only one cow. Blood glucose and protein concentrations were lower in the animals with DA when compared with the control group.(AU)

Este estudo avaliou o status do cálcio sérico em 39 vacas com deslocamento de abomaso (DA), provenientes de 30 propriedades leiteiras selecionadas, na região de Campos Gerais no Paraná. O diagnóstico do deslocamento de abomaso foi realizado por percussão auscultatória, além dos sinais clínicos e informações da anamnese. Previamente ao procedimento cirúrgico, amostras de sangue foram coletadas para a mensuração dos níveis sanguíneos de cálcio, albumina, proteína e glicose. Como grupo controle, amostras de sangue foram coletadas de vacas hígidas que se encontravam em semelhante período de lactação. Das 39 vacas com deslocamento de abomaso, 35 apresentaram hipocalcemia e no grupo controle, apenas um animal. Concentrações sanguíneas de glicose e proteína foram inferiores nos animais com DA, quando comparados com animais do grupo controle.(AU)

Experimental infection of calves with Haemonchus placei or Haemonchus contortus: Assessment of clinical, hematological and biochemical parameters and histopathological characteristics of abomasums.

The present study had the primary objective of evaluating clinical, hematological and biochemical parameters, as well as observing anatomical and histopathological characteristics of abomasums, from calves prime-infected with Haemonchus contortus or H. placei. Ten male Holstein newborns were subdivided in three groups (GI placebo; GII infected with H. contortus; GIII inoculated with H. placei). Eye mucosa staining was evaluated. Hematological and biochemical tests were performed on animals. The euthanasia of all ten experimental calves was performed on the 42nd day post-inoculation. Fragments were collected from each of all 10 abomasums for histopathological analysis. Discrete submandibular edema was diagnosed in animals from both infected groups (H. contortus or H. placei). However, there were no significant changes (P > 0.05) in the color of the ocular mucosa of calves from all three experimental groups across the entire experimental period. Hematological and biochemical changes diagnosed on animals could not be linked to infections by species of Haemonchus spp. Regarding histopathological exams, it was possible to diagnose hypertrophy, hyperplasia, binucleated cells, inflammatory infiltrate, multifocal hemorrhage and edema in abomasums from calves of both groups infected with H. placei and H. contortus. It can, thus, be concluded that not only are calves susceptible to infections by both Haemonchus species, but they can also present clinical changes and similar anatomic histopathological lesions independent of being infected by Haemonchus placei or Haemonchus contortus. These results reflect a negative effect on helminth control by mixed grazing between sheep and cattle, especially when using calves.

Deslocamento de abomaso à esquerda em bovinos de leite no sul de Minas Gerais – Relato de quatro casos / Left displaced abomasum in dairy catlle in the south of Minas Gerais: Report of four cases

Quatro animais da raça Holandesa, linhagem holstein, aproximadamente 500 kg, com idade entre 2,5 a 4 anos, mantidos em sistema intensivo de produção tipo free-stall, com disponibilidade de “cama”, água e alimentação ad libidum. Dos quatro animais acometidos, duas delas eram primíparas e as outras se encontravam em segunda e terceira lactações. Todos os animais foram submetidos a intervenção cirúrgica corretiva (abomasopexia) com acesso ao órgão através do flanco esquerdo. A dieta alimentar foi alterada visando reduzir a ingestão de alimento concentrado e aumentar a ingestão de alimento volumoso. Os animais submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico apresentaram adequada recuperação clínica.

Four animals Holstein breed, about 500 kg, aged 2.5 to 4 years old, kept in intensive production system free-stall type, with availability of "litter", food and water ad libitum. Of the four affected animals, two of them were primiparous and the others were in second and third lactations. All animals underwent corrective surgery (abomasopexy) with access through the left flank. The diet was changed to reduce the intake of concentrated food and increase the intake of roughage food. The animals underwent surgical treatment showed adequate clinical recovery.

Deslocamento de abomaso à esquerda em bovinos de leite no sul de Minas Gerais Relato de quatro casos / Left displaced abomasum in dairy catlle in the south of Minas Gerais: Report of four cases

Quatro animais da raça Holandesa, linhagem holstein, aproximadamente 500 kg, com idade entre 2,5 a 4 anos, mantidos em sistema intensivo de produção tipo free-stall, com disponibilidade de “cama”, água e alimentação ad libidum. Dos quatro animais acometidos, duas delas eram primíparas e as outras se encontravam em segunda e terceira lactações. Todos os animais foram submetidos a intervenção cirúrgica corretiva (abomasopexia) com acesso ao órgão através do flanco esquerdo. A dieta alimentar foi alterada visando reduzir a ingestão de alimento concentrado e aumentar a ingestão de alimento volumoso. Os animais submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico apresentaram adequada recuperação clínica. (AU)

Four animals Holstein breed, about 500 kg, aged 2.5 to 4 years old, kept in intensive production system free-stall type, with availability of "litter", food and water ad libitum. Of the four affected animals, two of them were primiparous and the others were in second and third lactations. All animals underwent corrective surgery (abomasopexy) with access through the left flank. The diet was changed to reduce the intake of concentrated food and increase the intake of roughage food. The animals underwent surgical treatment showed adequate clinical recovery. (AU)

Continuous and long term measurement of reticuloruminal pH in crossbreed dairy cows in Brazil by an indwelling and wireless data transmitting unit / Medidas contínuas e de longo prazo do pH retículo-ruminal em vacas leiteiras brasileiras por meio de uma unidade interna de transmissão de dados sem fio

O objetivo do presente experimento foi medir continuamente valores de pH e temperatura em vacas leiteiras usando uma unidade interna de transmissão de dados sem fio. Valores de pH retículo-ruminais foram medidos automaticamente a cada 600 segundos por um período de 50 dias em três vacas leiteiras Holandesas, no pós-parto recente. Valores de pH retículo-ruminais médios diferiram (P<0,05) entre as três vacas (5,69±0,20; 6,10±0,18; 5,99±0,15), assim como o tempo em minutos por dia (332; 23; 18) mantido abaixo de pH 5,5. A variação diurna de pH nas vacas 2 e 3 demonstrou um padrão circadiano e frequente, como consequência dos momentos de fornecimento da alimentação e da ingestão alimentar, respectivamente. Esse padrão diário não pode ser observado no padrão de pH da vaca 1. Os picos e os valores baixos de pH na vaca 1 eram aleatórios, sem relação evidente com os momentos de alimentação, e as amplitudes de pH eram igualmente desordenadas. O valor de pH retículo-ruminal permaneceu anormalmente baixo nesta vaca durante todo o período de observação, caracterizando uma acidose ruminal subaguda. A temperatura retículo-ruminal da vaca 1 foi mais baixa (38.8°C; 39.1°C; 39.0°C) e ela bebeu mais frequentemente por dia (9,5; 6,4; 7,0) quando comparada com as vacas 2 e 3 (P<0,05). O exame clínico revelou um deslocamento de abomaso à esquerda (DAE). Pela literatura consultada, este é o primeiro relato indicando um padrão de pH e temperatura em uma vaca com DAE.(AU)

Continuous and long term measurement of reticuloruminal pH in crossbreed dairy cows in Brazil by an indwelling and wireless data transmitting unit / Medidas contínuas e de longo prazo do pH retículo-ruminal em vacas leiteiras brasileiras por meio de uma unidade interna de transmissão de dados sem fio

O objetivo do presente experimento foi medir continuamente valores de pH e temperatura em vacas leiteiras usando uma unidade interna de transmissão de dados sem fio. Valores de pH retículo-ruminais foram medidos automaticamente a cada 600 segundos por um período de 50 dias em três vacas leiteiras Holandesas, no pós-parto recente. Valores de pH retículo-ruminais médios diferiram (P<0,05) entre as três vacas (5,69±0,20; 6,10±0,18; 5,99±0,15), assim como o tempo em minutos por dia (332; 23; 18) mantido abaixo de pH 5,5. A variação diurna de pH nas vacas 2 e 3 demonstrou um padrão circadiano e frequente, como consequência dos momentos de fornecimento da alimentação e da ingestão alimentar, respectivamente. Esse padrão diário não pode ser observado no padrão de pH da vaca 1. Os picos e os valores baixos de pH na vaca 1 eram aleatórios, sem relação evidente com os momentos de alimentação, e as amplitudes de pH eram igualmente desordenadas. O valor de pH retículo-ruminal permaneceu anormalmente baixo nesta vaca durante todo o período de observação, caracterizando uma acidose ruminal subaguda. A temperatura retículo-ruminal da vaca 1 foi mais baixa (38.8°C; 39.1°C; 39.0°C) e ela bebeu mais frequentemente por dia (9,5; 6,4; 7,0) quando comparada com as vacas 2 e 3 (P<0,05). O exame clínico revelou um deslocamento de abomaso à esquerda (DAE). Pela literatura consultada, este é o primeiro relato indicando um padrão de pH e temperatura em uma vaca com DAE.(AU)

Relationship between oxidative stress and pathological findings in abomasum of infected lambs by Haemonchus contortus.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the nitric oxide (NO) levels, and oxidative and antioxidant markers of lambs experimentally and naturally infected by Haemonchus contortus, and its relation to lesions in the abomasum. For experimental study, a total of 14 healthy lambs were divided into two groups with seven animals each. Group A represented the uninfected animals (control), and Group B was formed by infected animals with 15,000 larvae of H. contortus. Blood was collected on days 15, 45, and 75 post-infection (PI) to obtain serum for biochemical analysis: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), nitrite/nitrate (NOx), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP). Parasitological stool examination (eggs per gram of feces--EPG) was performed on days 15, 45, and 75 PI to verify the evolution of the infection. On day 15 PI EPG was negative, but on days 45 and 75 PI the EPG was positive for animals from Group B. In the three periods evaluated it was observed an increase of LDH levels in serum of lambs infected with gastrointestinal nematodes, but on the other hand NOx levels were reduced on the same periods in infected animals. The AOPP and FRAP levels did not differ between groups on days 15 and 45 PI, but increased significantly on day 75 PI in infected lambs. The same variables were studied in 10 lambs naturally infected with helminths, where more than 97% corresponded to H. contortus (hematocrit and EPG values were 18.8 ± 2.5% and 7120 ± 2940, respectively). Similar to the experimental study, the levels of NOx reduced, and the levels of LDH, FRAP, and AOPP increased in serum of this animal associated inflammatory infiltrate in the mucosa of the abomasum. Therefore, during the infection by H. contortus it was observed alterations in oxidative markers, indicators of cell lesion confirmed by histological examination of the abomasum, and consequently there were changes in antioxidant levels, with the purpose of cell protection. We also conclude that helminth infection interferes with the nitric oxide metabolism.

Deslocamento de abomaso à esquerda em bovino - relato de caso / Left abomasal displacement in cattle - case report

O deslocamento do abomaso caracteriza-se pela patologia mais frequente do trato gastro intestinal dos ruminantes, representa a principal causa de cirurgia abdominal em vacas de leite de alta produção, comumente diagnosticada no período pós-parto inicial.  Os fatores predisponentes são atribuídos às falhas no manejo nutricional na fase de transição, onde ocorre o fornecimento de dieta rica em energia, altamente fermentável e deficiente em fibras. Desta forma, os movimentos abomasais serão reduzidos, permitindo o acúmulo de gás no local, tendo como consequência, a distensão e o deslocamento do órgão. Descreve-se como principal sinal clínico a redução acentuada no volume de leite produzido. O diagnóstico é firmado através da anamnese somada ao exame clínico detalhado, que permite a auscultação de som metálico-timpânico no abomaso denominado ping. A intervenção cirúrgica faz-se necessária na maioria dos casos. Assim, o presente artigo objetiva descrever um caso de deslocamento de abomaso à esquerda em vaca de leite de alta produção na segunda semana pós-parto com sucesso terapêutico. Optou-se pelo tratamento cirúrgico aberto, mediante laparotomia pelo flanco esquerdo e abomasopexia. O procedimento clínico escolhido é uma técnica de fácil execução, rápido retorno à ordenha e baixo custo operacional, o que viabiliza a utilização deste em situações de campo.

Abomasal displacement is the most frequent disease of the gastrointestinal intestinal tract of ruminants. It is the leading cause of abdominal surgery in high producing dairy cows, and is commonly diagnosed in the early postnatal period. Predisposing factors are flaws in nutritional management during the transition phase, when a highly fermentable, energy-rich, and fiber-deficient diet is offered to the animals. Thus, abomasal movements are reduced, enabling gas accumulation, and resulting in distention and dislocation of this organ. The main clinical sign is a sharp reduction in the volume of milk produced. Diagnosis is confirmed by history, coupled with detailed clinical examination showing a metallic sound in abomasum, called "ping". Surgical intervention is necessary in most cases. The present study aims to describe a successful treatment for left abomasal displacement in cattle. Open surgical treatment by laparotomy on the left flank and abomasopexy were used. The clinical procedure chosen in this case is a simple technique, determining fast return to normal milking, and has low cost, enabling its use in field situations.

Deslocamento de abomaso à esquerda em bovino - relato de caso / Left abomasal displacement in cattle - case report

O deslocamento do abomaso caracteriza-se pela patologia mais frequente do trato gastro intestinal dos ruminantes, representa a principal causa de cirurgia abdominal em vacas de leite de alta produção, comumente diagnosticada no período pós-parto inicial.  Os fatores predisponentes são atribuídos às falhas no manejo nutricional na fase de transição, onde ocorre o fornecimento de dieta rica em energia, altamente fermentável e deficiente em fibras. Desta forma, os movimentos abomasais serão reduzidos, permitindo o acúmulo de gás no local, tendo como consequência, a distensão e o deslocamento do órgão. Descreve-se como principal sinal clínico a redução acentuada no volume de leite produzido. O diagnóstico é firmado através da anamnese somada ao exame clínico detalhado, que permite a auscultação de som metálico-timpânico no abomaso denominado ping. A intervenção cirúrgica faz-se necessária na maioria dos casos. Assim, o presente artigo objetiva descrever um caso de deslocamento de abomaso à esquerda em vaca de leite de alta produção na segunda semana pós-parto com sucesso terapêutico. Optou-se pelo tratamento cirúrgico aberto, mediante laparotomia pelo flanco esquerdo e abomasopexia. O procedimento clínico escolhido é uma técnica de fácil execução, rápido retorno à ordenha e baixo custo operacional, o que viabiliza a utilização deste em situações de campo.(AU)

Abomasal displacement is the most frequent disease of the gastrointestinal intestinal tract of ruminants. It is the leading cause of abdominal surgery in high producing dairy cows, and is commonly diagnosed in the early postnatal period. Predisposing factors are flaws in nutritional management during the transition phase, when a highly fermentable, energy-rich, and fiber-deficient diet is offered to the animals. Thus, abomasal movements are reduced, enabling gas accumulation, and resulting in distention and dislocation of this organ. The main clinical sign is a sharp reduction in the volume of milk produced. Diagnosis is confirmed by history, coupled with detailed clinical examination showing a metallic sound in abomasum, called "ping". Surgical intervention is necessary in most cases. The present study aims to describe a successful treatment for left abomasal displacement in cattle. Open surgical treatment by laparotomy on the left flank and abomasopexy were used. The clinical procedure chosen in this case is a simple technique, determining fast return to normal milking, and has low cost, enabling its use in field situations. (AU)