Acute Liver Infarct with a Superimposed Liver Abscess as a Consequence of Hypercoagulable State in a Patient with COVID-19 without Respiratory Manifestations.

COVID-19 infection has been associated, particularly in severely ill patients requiring hospitalization, with a hypercoagulable state. The case presented herein was a 66-year-old man with SARS-CoV-2 infection who did not have any respiratory symptoms. He presented with the following clinical manifestations: portal vein and hepatic artery thrombosis, liver infarction, and a superimposed abscess of the liver. In this case, early detection and the administration of anticoagulants and antibiotics led to a significant improvement within weeks of the diagnosis. We encourage physicians to be aware of COVID-19-associated hypercoagulable state and its potential complications, regardless of the acuity of the presentation or the absence of respiratory symptoms.

Liver abscess caused by Candida haemulonii var. vulnera. First case report in Peru.

BACKGROUND: Liver abscesses caused by Candida species are mainly found in immunocompromised hosts, associated with conditions (such as neutropenia and mucositis) that facilitate the spreading of microorganisms from the gastrointestinal tract. CASE REPORT: We present the case of a non-immunocompromised 72-year-old woman with a liver abscess caused by Candida haemulonii var. vulnera, in whom potential associated conditions could be polycystic kidney disease and renal replacement therapy. The patient experienced clinical resolution after percutaneous drainage and treatment with caspofungin. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first case reported in Peru of a liver abscess due to Candida haemulonii var. vulnera, a clinical presentation that has not been described previously. This finding should prompt us to establish active surveillance of causal agents of systemic candidiasis.

Liver abscess due to a fish bone injury: A case report and review of the literature.

There are several cases of liver abscesses caused by the ingestion of a foreign body, especially in the elderly. Fish bones or chicken bones are sharp foreign bodies that can migrate through the digestive tract to the liver parenchyma. We reported a 71-year-old man who presented to the emergency department with fever and epigastric pain. Computed tomography scan showed a liver abscess related to a long and sharp foreign body which is protruding from the left lobe of the liver. Systemic antibiotic treatment was initiated and later the foreign body was removed by laparoscopic surgery.

Existen numerosos casos publicados en la literatura que muestran abscesos hepáticos producidos por la ingestión de un cuerpo extraño, especialmente en ancianos. Los huesos de pollo, y con mayor frecuencia las espinas de pescado, pueden perforar el tubo digestivo y migrar hasta el parénquima hepático y originar un absceso. Reportamos el caso de un paciente de 71 años que acude a urgencias por dolor epigástrico y fiebre. Se realizó tomografía computarizada abdominal, que identificó un absceso hepático junto con un cuerpo extraño puntiforme que penetraba en el hígado. El paciente fue intervenido quirúrgicamente, realizando drenaje del absceso y retirada del cuerpo extraño mediante abordaje laparoscópico.

Morphological characteristics of liver abscesses according its etiology / Características morfológicas de los abscesos hepáticos según su etiología

Although infrequent in the diagnostics areas, liver abscesses are of significant relevance, which is related to the high morbidity and mortality figures they can cause if they are not detected and treated in time. Although multiple operational classifications are described, the one most recognized for its usefulness is that related to its causative agent (pyogenic or bacterial infection, hydatid origin or secondary to infected hydatidosis, and amoebic or by invasive amebiasis). The objective of this article was to generate a study report regarding the morphological characteristics of liver abscesses, characterizing them according to their etiology, as well as describing their study and the latest recommended treatments.

Los abscesos hepáticos son entidades nosológicas de baja frecuencia, pero de significativa relevancia, la que se relacionada con las elevadas cifras de morbilidad y mortalidad que pueden causar si no son detectados y tratados a tiempo. Si bien se describen múltiples clasificaciones operacionales, aquella más reconocida por su utilidad es la relacionada a su agente causal (piógenos o bacterianos, hidatídicos o secundarios a hidatidosis infectada, y amebianos o por amebiasis invasora). El objetivo de este artículo fue generar un documento de estudio respecto de las características morfológicas de los abscesos hepáticos, caracterizándolos de acuerdo con su etiología, así como describir su estudio y tratamiento recomendado de acuerdo con el estado del arte.

Microabscesos hepáticos en una paciente con síndrome antifosfolipidos. Reporte de caso / Liver microabscesses in a patient with antiphospholipid syndrome. Case report

Los abscesos hepáticos en la actualidad se siguen considerando un reto diagnóstico. Estos pueden dividirse en tres categorías principales según las condiciones subyacen­ tes: infecciosas, malignas e iatrogénicas. Incluyen aquellos secundarios a la extensión directa de una infección local, bacteriemia sistémica e infecciones intraabdominales procedente de la porta, Sin embargo, a lo largo de los años, con los estudios diagnósti­ cos la lista de factores de riesgo aumento, obligando a mas investigaciones para su en­ tendimiento; logrando su pronto reconocimiento y tratamiento eficaz con el fin de obtener buenos resultados. Se presenta un caso de femenino con antecedentes de sín­ drome antifosfolípidos con dolor abdominal asociado a intolerancia a la vía oral. Image­ nología abdominal muestra lesiones compatibles con microabscesos hepáticos siendo imposible la toma de muestra, requiriendo cubrimiento antibiótico de amplio espectro con resolución clínico radiológico completa. Tac de abdomen que muestra lesiones hepáticas múltiples con discreta colestasis intrahepática, lesiones compatibles con mi­ croabscesos múltiples.

Liver abscesses are currently still considered a diagnostic challenge. These can be divi­ ded into three main categories according to the underlying conditions: infectious, malig­ nant and iatrogenic. They include those secondary to the direct extension of a local infection, systemic bacteraemia and intra­abdominal infections from the portal, however, over the years, with diagnostic studies the list of risk factors increased, forcing more re­ search for its understanding; achieving its prompt recognition and effective treatment in order to obtain good results. A case of a female with a history of antiphospholipid syn­ drome with abdominal pain associated with oral intolerance is presented. Abdominal imaging shows lesions compatible with hepatic microabscesses, the sampling being im­ possible, requiring broad­spectrum antibiotic coverage with complete radiological clini­ cal resolution. Abdominal tac showing multiple liver lesions with discrete intrahepatic cholestasis, lesions compatible with multiple microabscesses.

Actinomicosis de pared abdominal con infiltración hepática simulando una neoplasia maligna: reporte de un caso / Abdominal wall actinomycosis with hepatic infiltration mimicking a malignant neoplasm: case report

La infección por Actinomices (actinomicosis), es una entidad poco frecuente y que puede crear dificultades diagnósticas y terapéuticas; principalmente cuando por su presentación se asemeja a neoplasias malignas. El objetivo de este estudio fue reportar un caso de actinomicosis de pared abdominal con infiltración hepática y revisar la evidencia existente. Se trata de una paciente sexo femenino, de 33 años de edad, sin antecedentes quirúrgicos ni de utilización de dispositivos intra-uterinos. Consultó por dolor abdominal y masa palpable a nivel epigástrico. Se estudió con imágenes, las que permitieron verificar una masa de pared abdominal con trayecto fistuloso al hígado. Se realizó una exéresis amplia de la lesión antes descrita. Una vez extirpado el espécimen, se fue a estudio histopatológico, que reveló gránulos de azufre consistentes con actinomices. La paciente evolució de forma satisfactoria, sin inconvenientes. Presentamos un caso poco común de actinomicosis de pared abdominal con infiltración hepática. Cuando se encuentra una gran masa intraperitoneal, la actinomicosis debe incluirse en el proceso de diagnóstico diferencial.

Actinomyces infection (actinomycosis) may create diagnostic conflicts and be confused with malignant neoplasms, especially in the abdomen. The objective of this study was to report a case of abdominal wall actinomycosis with hepatic infiltration, and review the existing evidence. Female patient, 33 years of age, with no surgical history or use of intra-uterine devices. She consulted for abdominal pain and palpable mass at the epigastrium. It was studied with images, which allowed verifying an abdominal wall mass with hepatic fistulae. A broad extirpation of the lesion was performed. The histological study revealed sulfur granules consistent with actinomyces. The patient has evolved satisfactorily, without problems; and is currently in treatment with amoxicillin. We present an unusual case of abdominal wall actinomycosis with hepatic infiltration that resulted in a difficult diagnosis. When a large intraperitoneal mass is found, actinomycosis needs to be included as a differential diagnoses.

Hepatosplenic abscesses in an immunocompetent child with cat-scratch disease from Peru.

BACKGROUND: Cat-scratch disease (CSD) is a zoonotic infection caused by Bartonella henselae and B. clarridgeiae. The typical manifestations of CSD include regional lymphadenitis and fever. However, CSD can have a wide variety of clinical manifestations that can lead to incorrect diagnoses and prolonged hospital stays. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case of a 3-year-old boy admitted to the pediatric service due to prolonged fever and abdominal pain. He received empirical antimicrobial treatment due to suspicion of infection. Abdominal ultrasound showed hepatosplenic abscesses. An IFA detected the presence of IgG antibodies against B. henselae (1:256). Patient was successfully treated with azithromycin and discharged after 7 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Hepatosplenic abscesses in CSD are rarely reported, particularly in immunocompetent children, with this, only 36 cases in PubMed, Web of Sciences and Scopus bibliographical databases. High rate of suspicion and serological tests availability are of utmost importance in order to detect it and treat it successfully and promptly.

Rotura hepática asociada a hipertensión arterial crónica y preeclampsia sobreañadida / Liver rupture associate with chronic hypertension and overadded preeclampsia

Se describe el caso clínico de una paciente de 29 años de edad con gestación de 24 semanas y antecedentes de hipertensión arterial crónica, que acudió al Servicio de Urgencias del Hospital Ginecoobstétrico Docente Tamara Bunke Bider de Santiago de Cuba, por presentar cifras tensionales elevadas, cefalea, epigastralgia y vómitos. Se diagnosticó una preeclampsia sobreañadida y, por los signos de agravamiento, se decidió efectuar laparotomía. Se halló hemoperitoneo y una rotura en lóbulo derecho hepático, de modo que se realizó taponamiento hepático, que luego se retiró. La paciente requirió cuidados intensivos en el Hospital Provincial Docente Clinicoquirúrgico Saturnino Lora Torres y la evaluación de un equipo multidisciplinario debido a la aparición de complicaciones: síndrome de insuficiencia respiratoria aguda, absceso de pared abdominal, absceso hepático y presunta trombosis ileofemoral. La evolución fue favorable y egresó viva.

The case report of a 29 year-old patient is described with a pregnancy of 24 weeks and a history of chronic hypertension, so that she went to the emergency Department of Tamara Bunke Bider Teaching Gynecological and Obstetrical Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, due to her high values, migraine, epigastralgia and vomits. A overadded preeclampsia was diagnosed and, because of the worsening signs, it was decided to make a laparotomy. A hemoperitoneo and a rupture in hepatic right lobe were found, thus, a hepatic tamponing was carried out which was then retired. The patient required intensive cares in Saturnino Lora Torres Teaching Clinical-Surgical Provincial Hospital and the evaluation of a multidisciplinary team due to the emergence of complications: acute respiratory failure syndrome, abdominal wall abscess, hepatic abscess and presumed ileofemoral thrombosis. Her clinical course was favorable and she was discharged alive.

Areas of research and clinical approaches to the study of liver abscess.

AIM: To analyze the research activity on liver abscess (LA) and identify the main topic clusters in the area. METHODS: We identified all documents using the medical subject heading "LA" indexed in the MEDLINE database between 2001 and 2015. We performed a descriptive bibliometric analysis, characterizing the evolution of scientific activity, the publication types of the documents, the document categories of clinical interest (case reports, clinical trials, evaluation studies, meta-analysis, observational studies, practice guidelines and validation studies) and the geographic distribution of the research. We also carried out an analysis of networks and research clusters in order to identify the main topic areas of research. RESULTS: Our search yielded a total of 1278 documents, showing a stable scientific production over the study period and a marked multidisciplinary nature. The research was dominated by case reports (65.9% of the documents analyzed). In terms of geographic distribution, researchers from the United States led in the number of signatures (n = 229), followed by those from Taiwan (n = 185), India (n = 145), Japan (n = 144), South Korea (n = 100), and China (n = 84). With regard to amebic LA, the top-producing countries were India and Mexico (n = 69 each), followed by the United States (n = 29). In the case of pyogenic LA, Taiwanese researchers led scientific production (n = 71), followed by the United States (n = 39) and China (n = 29). The most active areas of research in the field are diagnosis via computerized tomography scan, differential diagnosis with regard to liver cancer, treatment with antimicrobial agents, and Klebsiella infections (including bacteremia). CONCLUSION: Clinical case reports associated with diagnosis and treatment are the main topic of study, highlighting the importance of this document type in advancing knowledge.

[Toxic epidermal necrolysis and development of liver abscesses]. / Necrólisis epidérmica tóxica (NET) y desarrollo de abscesos hepáticos.

Pharmacologic hypersensitivities commonly express cutaneous manifestations, and the highest mortality is found in Stevens Johnson's syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, mostly associated with antibiotics and anticonvulsive drugs. Toxic epidermal necrolysis is related in 80% of cases to pharmacologic hypersensitivity and systemic consequences may be found; hepatic injury has been described, but the finding of liver abscesses has not been reported among common injuries. The case of a patient with a rapid development of multiple liver abscesses in the clinical setting of hypersensitivity due to lamotrigine and the discussion of probable etiologies and management is presented.

Presentación de un neonato con absceso hepático / Presentation of a Neonate with Liver Abscess

En el período neonatal el absceso hepático es infrecuente, generalmente es de mal pronóstico. Se presentó un neonato masculino, pretérmino tardío de buen peso, con un absceso hepático único que se diagnosticó clínica y ultrasonográficamente a los quince días de edad, secundario a un cateterismo venoso umbilical, realizado para una exanguineotransfusión debido a una isoinmunización RH. Se describió su evolución clínica, ultrasonográfica y la terapéutica antimicrobiana utilizada. No se realizó drenaje quirúrgico del absceso.(AU)

During neonatal period the liver abscess is not frequent, generally with bad prognosis. A male late preterm neonate of good weight, with one hepatic abscess, secondary to a venous umbilical catheterization was presented in this paper, which was diagnosed by ultrasound and clinical method after 15 days of age, performed for a blood exchange transfusion due to isoinmunization Rh. His clinical and untrasonographic evolution and the used antimicrobic therapy were described. The abscess surgical drain was not performed.(AU)

Absceso hepático piógeno por hueso de pescado: reporte de un caso / Pyogenic liver abscess due to fish bone: case report

Se informa el caso de un hombre residente en la ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia, quien consultó al servicio de urgencias del Hospital el Tunal de dicha ciudad por dolor abdominal progresivo de seis días de evolución, localizado en el cuadrante superior derecho, asociado a ictericia y fiebre, sin antecedentes relevantes. Al ingreso tenía deterioro marcado del estado general, por lo que requirió atención en la unidad de cuidados intesivos; se le hicieron estudios de imágenes diagnósticas que documentaron una colección multiseptada en el lóbulo hepático izquierdo, y un cuerpo extraño. En la laparotomía se encontró un hueso de pescado como causa del absceso. Con el drenaje y la terapia antibiótica la evolución fue favorable.

We report the case of a man who consulted the emergency department of Hospital el Tunal in Bogotá, Colombia, because of six days of progressive abdominal pain in the upper right quadrant, associated with jaundice and fever; there was no relevant information in his medical history. On admission he was found in poor general condition and required management in the intensive care unit; diagnostic imaging studies documented a multiseptate collection in the left hepatic lobe, and a foreign body. He was submitted to laparotomy in which a fish bone was found as the cause of the abscess. After drainage of the collection and with antibiotic therapy evolution was favorable.

[Bile duct lesions repaired with peritoneal tube grafts]. / Reparación de colédoco con autoinjerto de peritoneo.

BACKGROUND: A significant number of people suffer iatrogenic bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholescystectomy. Biliary-digestive bypass may be complicated by stenosis and biliary sepsis, affecting both quality of life and life expectancy. To avoid bypass synthetic grafts have been used, which are expensive. OBJECTIVE: Evaluating autologous implantation of peritoneus as alternative of bile duct repair. METHODS: Under general anesthesia, ten New Zealand adult rabbits were operated, common bile duct approached and sectioned underneath the cystic duct followed by a liver biopsy. An autologous graft was built of peritoneum and graft-bile duct proximal and distal end-to-end anastomosis done. Animals were followed-up by weekly bilirrubin and transferases. Rabbits were scheduled euthanized and a liver biopsy done for histological examinations. RESULTS: Autologous graft was easy to create and all rabbits survived. They did not develop jaundice or alterations in their normal habits. At necropsy, autologous grafts were removed and no signs of occlusion were noticed. Moderate short-term liver damage was observed but long-term damage was negligible. Bileoma and pyogenic liver abscess were observed in two animals, respectively. DISCUSSION: Our results favourably match well-known procedures used for bile duct repair, especially in cases of severe injury (Bismuth-Strasberg E1-3): it seems less complicated than biliary-digestive bypass, not as expensive as synthetic grafts, and much easier to build than human amnion graft. CONCLUSION: Interposing an autologous graft of peritoneum is an easy-to-create surgical procedure and circumferential bile duct injuries were adequately repaired.

Antecedentes: un número significativo de individuos sufrirá daño por iatrogenia del colédoco durante colecistectomías laparoscópicas. Las derivaciones bilio-digestivas pueden complicarse con estenosis y sepsis biliar y afectar la calidad y expectativa de vida. Para evitar la derivación se utilizan injertos sintéticos. Objetivo: evaluar el implante autólogo de peritoneo en la reparación de colédoco. Material y métodos: estudio experimental efectuado en 10 conejos Nueva Zelanda adultos a los que se les resecó un segmento del colédoco y para la reparación término-terminal de la vía biliar se construyó un neo-conducto con peritoneo parietal como auto-injerto. Se vigilaron con ontroles semanales de bilirrubinas y transaminasas. A la necropsia programada se estudió el segmento injertado, se realizó biopsia epática durante el procedimiento y la autopsia. Resultados: los animales no mostraron alteraciones en sus hábitos normales, la herida quirúrgica no tuvo complicaciones, no cursaron con ictericia y a la necropsia el segmento injertado se apreció totalmente integrado. En dos animales hubo como complicación un bilioma y un absceso hepático. El daño hepático observado inicialmente fue disminuyendo a lo largo del seguimiento. Discusión: nuestros resultados se equiparan con ventaja con los métodos conocidos de reparación de vías biliares, especialmente en lesiones severas (Bismuth-Strasberg E1-3). Adolece de las complicaciones de las derivaciones bilio-digestivas, no es caro como los injertos intéticos y es de mucho más fácil construcción que el injerto de amnios humano. Conclusiones: el auto-injerto de peritoneo es un procedimiento adecuado como alternativa para tratar lesiones circunferenciales de colédoco.

Abscesso hepático de origem hematogênica em paciente com febre de origem indeterminada / Hematogenic hepatic abscess in a patient presenting fever of unknown origin / Absceso hepático de origen hematogénico en paciente con fiebre de origen indeterminado

OBJETIVO: Descrever uma apresentação atípica de abscesso hepático em paciente pediátrico e realizar uma revisão da literatura no que diz respeito às diferenças observadas na etiopatogenia do quadro, quando considerados os países desenvolvidos e aqueles em desenvolvimento. DESCRIÇÃO DO CASO: Paciente de 13 anos, do sexo masculino, foi trazido ao pronto-socorro pediátrico devido à febre diária e à perda de peso, sem alterações ao exame físico. Na investigação realizada, o ultrassom abdominal evidenciou área heterogênea nodulariforme relativamente definida, compatível com abscesso hepático. Foi realizada drenagem cirúrgica e antibioticoterapia. No material da drenagem houve crescimento de Staphylococcus aureus sensível à oxacilina. COMENTÁRIOS: O caso demonstra a importância de o pediatra conhecer as principais causas da febre de origem indeterminada, saber desenvolver a abordagem investigativa e, frente ao diagnóstico de abscesso hepático, aferir a possibilidade de o agente etiológico ser o Staphylococcus aureus, principalmente quando houver relato de rotura da pele.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical presentation of an atypical liver abscess in the pediatric setting and to conduct a review of the literature concerning ethiopathogenic differences between developed and developing countries. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 13-year-old male patient was admitted to the emergency room due to daily fever and weight loss, without abnormalities in his physical examination. After undergoing an investigation, the patient was found to have a well-defined heterogeneous nodular area in the abdominal ultrasonography exam, which was compatible with liver abscess. He was subsequently submitted to surgical drainage and started on antibiotics. The drainage material culture turned positive to methicillin-sensible Staphylococcus aureus. COMMENTS: The present case report shows that the pediatrician needs to be aware of the common causes of fever of unknown origin in order to systematically develop an investigative approach. In face of the diagnosis of a liver abscess, the possibility of Staphylococcus aureus, especially with a previous history of skin rupture, should be considered.

OBJETIVOS: Describir una presentación atípica de absceso hepático en pacientes pediátricos y realizar una revisión de la literatura en lo que se refiere a las diferencias observadas en la etiopatogenia del cuadro, cuando considerados los países desarrollados y en desarrollo. DESCRIPCIÓN DEL CASO: Paciente de 13 años, varón, fue traído a la emergencia pediátrica debido a la fiebre diaria y pérdida de peso, sin alteraciones al examen físico. En la investigación realizada, el ultrasonido abdominal evidenció área heterogénea nodulariforme relativamente definida, compatible con absceso hepático. Se realizó drenaje quirúrgico y antibioticoterapia. En el material drenado hubo crecimiento de Staphylococcus aureus sensible a la oxacilina. COMENTARIOS: El caso demuestra la importancia del pediatra en conocer las principales causas de fiebre de origen indeterminado, en saber desarrollar un acercamiento investigativo y, frente al diagnóstico de absceso hepático, estimar la posibilidad de que el agente etiológico sea el Staphylococcus aureus, principalmente cuando haya relato de rotura de la piel.