Biochemical and histopathological effects of mobile phone radiation on the liver of Swiss albino mice

The electromagnetic radiation from the mobile phone is a subject of recent study because of the enormous increase in mobile phone use through-out the world. The objective of this experiment was therefore to investigate the biochemical and histopathological effects of mobile phone radiation on male Swiss albino mice’s liver. Male mice were categorized into three groups in this research: control group (A), exposed group for 40 minutes (B) and exposed group for 60 minutes (C). Experimental groups were exposed to radiation per day for 60 days from 4G connected mobile phones. The control group received no radiation. At the end of the radiation exposure, biochemical (alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST)) and histological tests were performed. The results indicated that there was significant (P < 0.05) increase in mean values of ALT and AST in both radiation-exposed groups of mice if com-pared to the control group. Histopathologically marked infiltration of mononuclear cellular aggregates were present surrounding the bile duct and hepatic artery in the liver of 60-minute-exposure group, whereas in 40-minute-exposure group con-gestion was observed in the portal vein and the central vein of the liver. The findings revealed and evidenced that mobile phone radiation has harmful effects on enzyme activity and liver tis

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Hepatotoxicity and renal toxicity induced by gamma-radiation and the modulatory protective effect of Ficus carica in male albino rats.

It is well-known that gamma radiation initiates generation of free radicals which prompting serious cellular damages in biological systems. In the present study, we investigated the role of Ficus carica, a natural antioxidant substance, in modulating changes in liver and kidney functions, antioxidant enzyme's gene expression, and apoptosis, in male albino rats exposed to gamma radiation. A total of 40 rats were used in this experiment and divided equally into 4 groups: Group 1, rats administered distilled H2O (Control); Group 2, rats administered F. carica; Group 3, rats irradiated; and Group 4, rats treated with F. carica and irradiated. Groups 3 and 4 were exposed to whole-body gamma radiations at a dose level of 8 Gy and with a dose rate of 0.762 Gy/min. F. carica was administered to rats by gavage, for 3 consecutive weeks, before exposure to radiation. Five rats were sacrificed from each group at intervals of 24 and 72 h after cessation of treatment. The results revealed marked increases in alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels in liver, a decrease in albumin level and increase in urea level in kidney. Irradiation resulted in cytotoxic effects as indicated by elevation in antioxidant enzyme's gene expression at 24 h, the opposite was observed at 72 h. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that cytochrome c and p53 expressions significantly increased following exposure to radiation. Oral administration of F. carica pre-irradiation as a natural product plays a modulatory protective and anti-apoptotic role against cells damaged by free radicals induced by whole-body irradiation.

Prevention of biochemical changes in gamma-irradiated rats by some metal complexes.

The formation of superoxide partially accounts for the well-known oxygen enhancement of radiation-induced biochemical changes and cell damage. Radioprotective effects of copper (II), manganese (IV) or vanadium (IV) complexes, of superoxide dismutase-mimetic activity, on body weight, survival rate and some biochemical parameters in pre-treated irradiated, untreated irradiated and treated non-irradiated female albino rats have been studied 24 h after whole body gamma-irradiation at a dose level of 6 Gy. Survival time, body weight, red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, percentage of hematocrit (Hct%), reduced glutathione (GSH), serum total protein, albumin, globulin (G), blood urea, creatinine and cholesterol were estimated, as well as the activities of blood superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutamate-oxaloacetic (GOT) and glutamate-pyruvic (GPT) transaminases, and alkaline phosphatase were assessed. A significant decline was shown in body weight, survival rate, the mean values of RBC and WBC counts, Hb and Hct percentages, and GSH concentration, as well as blood SOD activity, in whole body gamma-irradiated rats compared with the control non-irradiated rat group. The mean activity values of alkaline phosphatase, GOT and GPT, as well as the average values of blood urea, creatinine, total cholesterol, total protein and globulin were significantly elevated, while the average values of albumin and the albumin/globulin ratio were decreased in gamma-irradiated rats compared with the corresponding values of the normal control rat group. Pretreatment of rats with either manganese or vanadium complexes resulted in a significant increase in survival rate and body weight over that of the non-treated irradiated rat group. Pretreatment of rats with copper (II), manganese (IV) or vanadium (IV) complexes caused a significant increase in RBC and WBC counts, Hb concentration, HCt (%), GSH content and SOD activity in blood when compared to the irradiated rat group without treatment. The administration of copper (II), manganese (IV) or vanadium (IV) complexes prior to irradiation exposure resulted in a significant decrease in GOT and GPT activities in addition to blood urea, creatinine, cholesterol, globulin and total protein contents, while each complex exhibited a significant increase in plasma alkaline phosphatase, albumin, and the albumin/globulin ratio compared to the untreated irradiated rat group. Administration of vanadium (IV), manganese (IV) or copper (II) complexes in non-irradiated rats caused a significant increase in SOD activity without changing other biochemical parameters compared with the corresponding values of the normal control rat group. We conclude that these metallo-elements, particularly manganese (IV) and vanadium (IV) complexes of 2-methylaminopyridine, have radiation protection and radiation recovery. Furthermore, these metal complexes offer a new approach to overcome the pathological effects of ionizing radiation and suggest their use as a physiological approach to preventing or perhaps predominantly facilitating recovery from radiation injury.

Modulation of radiation-induced organs toxicity by cremophor-el in experimental animals.

Pharmacological and cytogenetic evaluations of the protective effects of polyethoxylated castor oil cremophor-EL (cremophor) against hepato, renal and bone marrow toxicity induced by gamma irradiation in normal rats were carried out. A single dose of irradiation (6 Gy) caused hepatic and renal damage manifested biochemically as an elevation in levels of serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferase as well as an increase in blood urea. Cremophor administration at a dose level of 50 microl kg-1 intravenously 1 day before exposure to irradiation (6 Gy) protected the liver and kidney as indicated by the recovery of levels of hepatic aminotransferase, urea and lipid profiles to normal values. Gamma irradiation of male rats caused a decrease in reduced glutathione and an increase in the oxidized form in rat-liver homogenate. A highly significant increase in the incidence of micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes and micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes was observed after irradiation exposure. The induced genotoxicity in the bone marrow cells was corrected by pretreatment with cremophor. The findings of this study suggest that cremophor pretreatment can potentially be used clinically to prevent irradiation-induced hepato, renal and bone marrow toxicity without interference with its cytotoxic activity.

[Functional interrelationships between dehydrogenases and transaminases in various regions of the rat brain as affected by small doses of gamma-radiation]. / Funktsional'nye vzaimootnosheniia mezhdu degidrogenazami i transaminazami v razlichnykh otdelakh golovnogo mozga krys pri deistvii malykh doz gamma-izlucheniia.

Wistar rats were exposed to 10, 20 and 40 sGy of gamma-irradiation. Maximal activity of 2-oxoglutarate- and succinate dehydrogenases, as well as of aspartate-2-oxoglutarate and pyruvate-2-oxoglutarate in the brain tissue was measured within 30 days after the exposure. Dehydrogenase activity was measured in the brain cortex, limbic system and in the cerebellum; transaminase activity was determined in the brain cortex, diencephalic zone and in the hypophysis. It was found that small doses of irradiation resulted in an oscillating increase of dehydrogenase activity with a decrease of the amplitude by the 30th day of the experiment. As the dose of irradiation increases, the periods of normal activity change into phases of inhibition of dehydrogenase action, the period of oscillations diminishes. Transaminase activity, as a rule, changes in a phase in a reversible manner as compared with dehydrogenase activity. These observations are discussed from the point of view of structural relations between these two systems in the intramitochondrial supramolecular structures, the so-called metabolons.

Enzimatic changes after partial hepatectomy plus low-energy helium laser radiation

O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar as alteraçöes enzimáticas em ratos submetidos a hepatectomia parcial (HP) mais radiaçäo hélio laser. Ratos Wistar machos foram estudados 24, 48 e 72 horas após HP. Os animais foram divididos em 3 grupos: animais submetidos a 70// de HP; animais submetidos a 70// de HP mais aplicaçäo de hélio laser; animais submetidos a cirurgia simulada (CS). Alanina aminotransferase (ALT) e aspartato aminotransferase (AST) estavam aumentadas somente 24 horas após 70// da HP mais radiaçöes laser quando comparados com os de 70// HP e CS. Logo, a radiaçäo hélio laser acelera a regeneraçäo hepatocitária em grandes alteraçöes da funçäo hepática com base dos níveis séricos de ALT e AST

Variation of transaminases and lactate dehydrogenase in irradiated Biomphalaria alexandrina snails.

Effect of ultraviolet and gamma radiations on the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LD) in Biomphalaria alexandrina snails, the specific intermediate host of schistosomiasis, was investigated. Changes in the electrophoretic pattern of LD in the species under study were also taken as a measured parameter and the effect of gamma-irradiation on the glutathione content in the haemolymph of the snails have been included.

[Effect of electromagnetic fields on the living body. II. Changes in alanine and aspartate aminotransferase activities in subcellular fractions of the liver of guinea pigs]. / Wplyw pola elektrycznego na organizm zywy. Cz. II. Zachowanie sie aktywnosci aminotransferazy alaninowej i asparaginianowej we frakcjach subkomórkowych watroby swinek morskich.

The 50 Hz frequency electric field was applied to guinea pigs at different times of the day. The electric field effects upon the alanine and asparagine aminotransferase in supernatant, mitochondrial and nuclear fractions of guinea pig liver were observed. The highest increase in alanine aminotransferase activity was observed in the mitochondrial fraction, whereas asparagine transferase exhibited the highest activity increase in the supernatant fraction. Those changes may be indicative of adverse effects of electric field upon the liver cell metabolism.

Increased serum enzyme activity in microwave-exposed rats.

Heat stable serum enzymes were studied in rats exposed to microwaves (2.45 GHz, 120 Hz amplitude modulated) 24 hr after a single 4-hr exposure or immediately after 3 and 10 exposures to 0.1 to 55 mW/cm2. In addition, stable colonic temperature at 41.5 degrees C for 30 min was maintained by microwave exposure in a group of five rats under barbiturate anesthesia. Alkaline phosphatase and lactic dehydrogenase did not increase as a result of microwave exposure. Increased serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) were noted in the 41.5 degrees C group 24 hr after exposure. A threshold body temperature for acute cellular injury after microwave exposure was demonstrated. The acute cellular injury could be in the liver. These mild elevations in the serum enzyme levels (mean +/- SE, GOT = 167 +/- 40 U/liter: GPT = 74 +/- 26 U/liter) indicated that the injuries were not accompanied by any significant sequelae in the rat. From this threshold and colonic temperature (41.5 degrees C for 30 min) in barbiturate-anesthetized, microwave-exposed rats, we derived a tentative threshold for the whole-body average absorption rate at 14 W/kg (70 mW/cm2 at 2.45 GHz for adult rats) for 4 hr. This tentative threshold is subject to changes by duration of exposure and by compounding variables influencing maintenance of body temperature.

[Functional status of perfused livers of irradiated rats]. / Funktsional'noe sostoianie perfuziruemoi pecheni obluchennykh krys.

Liver of X-ray irradiated rats /a dose of 18.06.10(-2) Ci per kg of body mass/, deprived of the body homeostatic influences, exhibited increased functional activity within the first day after irradiation: intensity of transamination was increased in mitochondria and supernatant as well as output of glucose and urea was elevated. Sensitivity to substrate stimulation of transamination and gluconeogenesis reactions was decreased in the liver within 3 days after irradiation.

[Effect of high frequency electromagnetic fields on the processes of transamination in the liver and small intestine tissues of rats]. / Izmenenie protsessov pereaminirovaniia v tkaniakh pecheni i tonkogo kishechnika krys pri deistvii vysokochastotnykh élektromagnitnykh polei.

The influence of electromagnetic waves of metrical and centimetrical range on the transaminoferases activity was studied in the liver and small intestine of 69 rats. The experiment shows that the activity of aspartate and alanine aminotransferases is dependent on the power and duration of the action. It is established that the action of both the short-wave 160 mA diathermy and 30 MW/cm2 microwaves for 20 min is accompanied by inhibition of the liver and small intestine aminotransferases activity. The 20 min action of 12 MW/cm2 microwaves induces an increase in the aminotransferases activity of the liver, small intestine and serum.

[Activity of several erythrocyte enzymes in chick embryos and chicks after gamma-irradiation]. / Aktivnost' nekotorykh fermentov éritrotsitov u kurinykh émbrinov i tsypliat posle gamma-oblucheniia.

After irradiation of chick embryos and chicks (1,000 rad), the activity of some erythrocyte enzymes undergoes significant changes. During the 1st day after irradiation of chick embryos, the activity of lactate dehydrogenase leucine aminopeptidase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase decreases. At the 3rd day, the decrease in the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase is also observed. In irradiated chicks, the activity of lactate dehydrogenase, leucine aminopeptidase and aldolase decreases within the 1st and the 3rd days, the decrease being most significant for the former two enzymes. At later period (10 and 15 days after irradiation), most significant decrease was found in the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The activity of the same enzymes in the blood plasma of irradiated embryos and chicks increases, the increase being most evident for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

[Effect of space flight and of the accompanying radiation on amino acid metabolism in the skeletal muscle of rats]. / Vliianie kosmicheskogo poleta i soputstvuiushchei radiatsii na aminokislotnyi obmen v skeletnoi myshtse u krys.

It was demonstrated that a combined effect of 20.5-day space flight and gamma-irradiation reduced the content of biologically important amino acids (methionine, phenylalanine, serine, aspartic and glutamic acids) and inhibited the activity of aspartate aminotransferase of sarcoplasmatic proteins in the quadriceps muscle of rats. Comparison of these data with the Cosmos-605 results and literature reports suggested that gamma-irradiation inhibited the synthetic processes in the skeletal muscle.