RESUMEN
The objective of this publication is to summarize "classical" and modern concepts of pathogenesis, clinical features of cisplatin ototoxicity, its screening, and prophylaxis. It is argued that pathogenesis of a cisplatin-induced injury to the inner ear shares common features with the ototoxic mechanisms of action of other pharmaceuticals even though it is characterized by certain important differences. The authors consider the mechanisms of ototropicity, specific cytochemical aspects of cisplatin cytotoxicity that aggravate risk factors, and genetic predisposition to the development of iatrogenic problems. The data are presented on monitoring and experimental aspects of otoprotection for the prevention of cisplatin-induced damage to the auditory analyzer.
Asunto(s)
Cisplatino , Pérdida Auditiva Sensorineural , Analizadores Neurales/efectos de los fármacos , Ligamento Espiral de la Cóclea/inervación , Factores de Edad , Antineoplásicos/efectos adversos , Antineoplásicos/farmacocinética , Cisplatino/efectos adversos , Cisplatino/farmacocinética , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Vías de Administración de Medicamentos , Pérdida Auditiva Sensorineural/inducido químicamente , Pérdida Auditiva Sensorineural/diagnóstico , Pérdida Auditiva Sensorineural/genética , Pérdida Auditiva Sensorineural/fisiopatología , Pruebas Auditivas/métodos , Humanos , Analizadores Neurales/fisiopatología , Órganos en Riesgo , Farmacogenética , Farmacovigilancia , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
In this article, five cases of odontogenous dysfunctions and musculoskeletal complaints are presented. A common finding in all patients of this study was that the presence of joint complaints was related to deficits in the corresponding muscular function. These deficits were determined by manual muscle tests as described by Kendall et al. [Muscles - Testing and Function, ed 4. Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins, 1993] and were eliminated immediately by a neural therapeutic test injection into the disturbed dental region. The therapy provided solely aimed to eliminate the odontogenous dysfunction. No other therapeutic measures were carried out with regard to the patients' respective muscle, tendon, or joint complaints.
Asunto(s)
Anestesia Local , Enfermedades Musculoesqueléticas/fisiopatología , Enfermedades Musculoesqueléticas/terapia , Enfermedades Dentales/fisiopatología , Enfermedades Dentales/terapia , Enfermedades del Nervio Trigémino/fisiopatología , Adolescente , Adulto , Enfermedad Crónica , Terapia Combinada , Femenino , Humanos , Contracción Isométrica/fisiología , Masculino , Tercer Molar/inervación , Fuerza Muscular/fisiología , Manipulaciones Musculoesqueléticas , Analizadores Neurales/fisiopatología , Extracción DentalAsunto(s)
Corteza Cerebral/fisiología , Corteza Cerebral/fisiopatología , Potenciales Evocados Somatosensoriales , Hemiplejía/fisiopatología , Células del Asta Posterior/fisiología , Células del Asta Posterior/fisiopatología , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Analizadores Neurales/fisiología , Analizadores Neurales/fisiopatología , Piel/inervaciónRESUMEN
Patients with first-rank symptoms (FRS) of schizophrenia do not experience all of their actions and personal states as their own. FRS may be associated with an impaired ability to correctly attribute an action to its origin. In the present study, we examined regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) with positron emission tomography during an action-attribution task in a group of patients with FRS. We used a device previously used with healthy subjects that allows the experimenter to modulate the subject's degree of movement control (and thus action attribution) of a virtual hand presented on a screen. In healthy subjects, the activity of the right angular gyrus and the insula cortex appeared to be modulated by the subject's degree of movement control of the virtual hand. In the present study, the schizophrenic patients did not show this pattern. We found an aberrant relationship between the subject's degree of control of the movements and rCBF in the right angular gyrus and no modulation in the insular cortex. The implications of these results for understanding pathological conditions such as schizophrenia are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Encéfalo/fisiopatología , Deluciones/fisiopatología , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador , Imagenología Tridimensional , Control Interno-Externo , Distorsión de la Percepción/fisiología , Desempeño Psicomotor/fisiología , Esquizofrenia/fisiopatología , Psicología del Esquizofrénico , Tomografía Computarizada de Emisión de Fotón Único , Interfaz Usuario-Computador , Adulto , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Mapeo Encefálico , Corteza Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Corteza Cerebral/fisiopatología , Deluciones/diagnóstico por imagen , Deluciones/psicología , Giro del Cíngulo/diagnóstico por imagen , Giro del Cíngulo/fisiopatología , Humanos , Masculino , Red Nerviosa/diagnóstico por imagen , Red Nerviosa/fisiopatología , Analizadores Neurales/diagnóstico por imagen , Analizadores Neurales/fisiopatología , Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico por imagenRESUMEN
For some time, dystonia has been seen as purely a motor disorder. Relatively novel concepts published approximately 10 years ago also presumed that in the development of dystonic dyskinesias, only motor behaviour was abnormal. Neurophysiological observations of various types of dystonic disorders, which were performed using sophisticated electromyography, polymyography, H-reflex examination, long-latency reflex, etc., as well as new insights into the behaviour of dystonia, have urged the inclusion of sensory (particularly somatosensory) mechanisms into the pathophysiological background of dystonia. The major role has been considered to be played by abnormal proprioceptive input by means of the Ia proprioceptive afferents, with the source of this abnormality found in the abnormal processing of muscle spindle afferent information. However, neurophysiological investigations have also provided evidence that the abnormality in the central nervous system is located not only at the spinal and subcortical level, but also at the cortical level; specifically, the cortical excitability and intracortical inhibition have been revealed as abnormal. This evidence was revealed by SEP recordings, paired transcranial magnetic stimulation recordings, and BP and CNV recordings. The current concept of dystonic movement connects the abnormal function of somatosensory pathways and somatosensory analysers with the dystonic performance of motor action, which is based on the abnormality of sensorimotor integration.
Asunto(s)
Corteza Cerebral/fisiopatología , Distonía/fisiopatología , Neuronas Motoras/fisiología , Husos Musculares/fisiopatología , Músculo Esquelético/inervación , Corteza Somatosensorial/fisiopatología , Distonía/diagnóstico , Electrodiagnóstico , Humanos , Analizadores Neurales/fisiopatología , Inhibición Neural/fisiología , Vías Nerviosas/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
A patient is reported on with isolated upbeating nystagmus with a linear slow phase in whom a solitary lesion, probably inflammatory, was detected radiologically in the dorsal paramedian caudal medulla, encompassing the most caudal of the perihypoglossal nuclei, the nucleus intercalatus of Staderini. The conjunction of a vestibular pattern of nystagmus with this focal lesion runs contrary to a previous suggestion that the nucleus intercalatus may act as a neural integrator for vertical conjugate eye movements.
Asunto(s)
Encefalopatías/diagnóstico , Mapeo Encefálico , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Bulbo Raquídeo/fisiopatología , Nistagmo Patológico/etiología , Adulto , Encefalopatías/fisiopatología , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Masculino , Bulbo Raquídeo/patología , Analizadores Neurales/fisiopatología , Nistagmo Patológico/patología , Nistagmo Patológico/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
We do not see the world as it is. Perception forms a subjective image of the world in a language that has proven to be adaptive to our interaction with the external world. Perception is mainly determined by current needs of the organism and goals of behavior. Sensory processing itself does not culminate in perception and is not essential for perception, since perception derives from representations of internal symbols and their features. The current stimulation of sensory organs does, however, constrain our perception. Perception might be less constrained by the external world in cases of (1) increased attention, (2) decreased sensory stimulation, or (3) facilitated formation of cortical associations between representations of expectations and internal symbols. Hallucinations are perceptions that are underconstrained by external sensory stimulation. Verbal hallucinations that allow the patient to infer about his self-image might constitute the core psychopathology in a subset of schizophrenia. Commenting and discussing voices might be perceived under the pressure of increased attention to environmental factors that relate to the patient's social fears and wishes. Secondarily, delusions about the possession of thoughts and disorders of self-experience may develop.
Asunto(s)
Alucinaciones/fisiopatología , Inhibición Psicológica , Modelos Psicológicos , Percepción/fisiología , Prueba de Realidad , Psicología del Esquizofrénico , Sensación/fisiología , Asociación , Atención/fisiología , Encéfalo/fisiopatología , Sueños/fisiología , Humanos , Analizadores Neurales/fisiopatología , Esquizofrenia/fisiopatología , Autoimagen , Percepción Social , Percepción del Habla/fisiología , Conducta Verbal/fisiologíaAsunto(s)
Encefalopatías/diagnóstico , Sistemas Especialistas , Analizadores Neurales/fisiopatología , Bulbo Olfatorio/fisiopatología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Encefalopatías/fisiopatología , Enfermedad Crónica , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Redes Neurales de la Computación , Diferencial Semántico , OlfatoRESUMEN
The results of studying an effect of microwaves on the different regions of visual analyzer are investigated. The morphofunctional changes at the light-optic and electron-microscopic levels are revealed. The changes involve not only peripheric area of visual analyzer but also its central regions. Some epidemiologic observations are indicative of: altered sizes of blind spot; decreased magnitudes of optic rheobase and chronaxy; color vision disorder; increased diastolic pressure in central artery of the retina. Study of bioelectrical activity of the retina enabled some investigators to make a conclusion about a reaction disorders occurring in the subcortical visual centers. It is noted that the animal studies not always explain unequivocally the microwave effects on the visual analyzer.
Asunto(s)
Ojo/efectos de la radiación , Microondas , Analizadores Neurales/efectos de la radiación , Animales , Catarata/etiología , Relación Dosis-Respuesta en la Radiación , Ojo/fisiopatología , Humanos , Microondas/efectos adversos , Analizadores Neurales/fisiopatología , Exposición Profesional/efectos adversos , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
The prolactin concentration in blood of 58 patients was measured during vestibular crisis and compensation of vestibular disorders. The results were compared with the clinical development of the disease and localization of vestibular problems. Patients with acute vestibular lesions at the central level of vestibular disorders showed a significant increase of prolactin concentrations that was higher than the concentrations in patients with the peripheral vestibular syndrome at the decompensation stage. Hyperprolactinemia during central vestibular dysfunction is viewed as a manifestation of dopamine deficiency of the tuberoinfundibular area. It is suggested that inadequacy of dopaminergic structures is one of the factors reducing adaptive and compensatory capabilities of the vestibular apparatus when its central compartments are injured.
Asunto(s)
Prolactina/metabolismo , Enfermedades Vestibulares/fisiopatología , Adulto , Audiometría , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Analizadores Neurales/fisiopatología , Prolactina/sangre , Factores Sexuales , Factores de Tiempo , Enfermedades Vestibulares/sangre , Enfermedades Vestibulares/diagnóstico , Vestíbulo del Laberinto/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
Research in laboratory and on-site conditions was performed to establish correlations between the visual analyzer's functional shifts in display operators, and the duration of work, the type of the screen used (coloured or non-coloured), the duration of the eyes, fixation on the screen, as well as sex related differences.
Asunto(s)
Astenopía/etiología , Terminales de Computador/normas , Ojo/inervación , Analizadores Neurales/fisiopatología , Enfermedades Profesionales/etiología , Baja Visión/etiología , Adulto , Bulgaria , Color , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores SexualesRESUMEN
Accommodation and binocular functions were examined after the earthquake of 1988 in 762 residents of Armenia who had not complained of their organ of vision before. Pseudo-myopia was detected in 30 percent of the examinees, concomitant strabismus in 4, and near-sight heterophoria in 4 percent. This permits a conclusion on the direct effect of an acute psychogenic stress during calamities on accommodation and binocular functions, particularly so in children.
Asunto(s)
Desastres , Analizadores Neurales/fisiopatología , Estrés Psicológico/fisiopatología , Trastornos de la Visión/etiología , Acomodación Ocular , Adulto , Armenia , Niño , Humanos , Hiperopía/etiología , Miopía/etiología , Estrabismo/etiologíaRESUMEN
The kinesthetic and acoustic analyzers were investigated in 62 enuretic and 50 healthy children. In patients, the sensitivity thresholds of the analyzers were substantially increased. The fall in function of the sensory sphere is a major pathogenetic factor of the disease.
Asunto(s)
Enuresis/fisiopatología , Sensación/fisiología , Adolescente , Umbral Auditivo/fisiología , Niño , Enfermedad Crónica , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades/diagnóstico , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades/fisiopatología , Enuresis/diagnóstico , Enuresis/etiología , Femenino , Audición/fisiología , Humanos , Cinestesia/fisiología , Masculino , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso/complicaciones , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso/diagnóstico , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso/fisiopatología , Analizadores Neurales/fisiopatología , Umbral Sensorial/fisiologíaRESUMEN
The absolute threshold of gustatory sensibility was studied in 100 patients with multiple sclerosis by means of applying gustatory irritants by the drop method. The patients showed an elevation of the threshold of gustatory sensation as compared with the healthy concerning sweet, salty, bitter. In 5 patients unstable loss loss of taste was the first symptom of the disease.
Asunto(s)
Esclerosis Múltiple/fisiopatología , Analizadores Neurales/fisiopatología , Gusto/fisiología , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Umbral Gustativo/fisiologíaRESUMEN
The suggested complex of the perimetric and electrophysiologic methods for the assessment of the function of the visual analyzer has helped detect diffuse involvement of the ocular system in clinically unilateral retrobulbar neuritis and define the incidence rate of involvement of the contralateral normal optic nerve. Prolongation of the latency of visual perception appears to be characteristic of retrobulbar neuritis and indicates the demyelinization of the nerve visual fibers.
Asunto(s)
Neuritis Óptica/diagnóstico , Percepción Visual , Adulto , Electrofisiología , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Analizadores Neurales/fisiopatología , Neuritis Óptica/fisiopatología , Factores de Tiempo , Pruebas del Campo VisualRESUMEN
The olfactory mucosa of laboratory male mice of lines C57BL/6 and AKR was stimulated by vapours of isovaleric acid and isoamylacetate of various concentrations. Study of electro-olfactography has demonstrated that mice of line C57BL/6 were insensitive to isovaleric acid of concentrations from 10(-5) to 10(-3) mol/l and remained normally sensitive to isoamylacetate. The mice of line AKR were sensitive to isovaleric acid of the same concentrations. The authors suggest using mice of these line as a model for investigations of the olfactory reception mechanisms.
Asunto(s)
Analizadores Neurales/fisiopatología , Trastornos del Olfato/genética , Mucosa Olfatoria/fisiopatología , Olfato/fisiología , Animales , Electrofisiología , Hemiterpenos , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos AKR , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Trastornos del Olfato/fisiopatología , Ácidos Pentanoicos , PentanolesRESUMEN
The state of and interrelations between the kinesthetic and visual sensitivity were studied in 70 patients and 24 normal subjects by using the technique of parallel-sequential sensometry suggested by A. V. Zavyalov. At 30 sec intervals at the constant baseline irritation, 16 thresholds of weight differentiation and 16 thresholds of brightness differentiation were registered. The results were subjected to the correlational and informational analysis. It was established that hyposensitivity of the sensory systems studied was accompanied with the weakening of direct and strengthening of the inverse optical-kinesthetic correlation, the absence of the functional predominance of the kinesthetic analyzer over the visual one, low orderliness of the parameters of the interanalyzer relationship and a sharp liability of the intersensory correlation to the effect of the heterosensory irritant. Changes in the systemic organization of the sensory sphere seem to be responsible for various cenesthopathies.
Asunto(s)
Hipocondriasis/psicología , Cinestesia , Psicología del Esquizofrénico , Percepción Visual , Adulto , Umbral Diferencial , Femenino , Humanos , Hipocondriasis/fisiopatología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Analizadores Neurales/fisiopatología , Esquizofrenia/fisiopatología , SíndromeRESUMEN
Models of nervous system function are presented that place particular emphasis on the roles in nervous system function of inhibitory neurons that liberate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as neurotransmitter. The nervous system is considered to be highly restrained, with inhibitory neurons acting like reins that serve to keep the neuronal "horses" from running away. In behavioral sequences, whether innate or learned, preprogrammed circuits are released to function at varying rates and in various combinations. This release is accomplished largely by the disinhibition of pacemaker neurons whose activities are under the control of tonically active inhibitory command neurons, many of which may use GABA as a transmitter. In addition to their restraining function, local circuit GABAergic neurons participate in feed-forward, feedback, surround, and presynaptic inhibition and in presynaptic facilitation. Information arriving from several sources is integrated in specialized analyzing regions, such as the cerebellar cortex, basal ganglia, and reticular nucleus of the thalamus. Monosynaptic inhibitory GABAergic outputs reflecting this analysis then play upon neural elements in the direct channels, making their activity optimally compatible temporally and spatially with that of neural elements elsewhere in the central nervous system. Seizures are prototypical of incoordination between inhibition and excitation. Major causes of seizures may be the loss of inhibitory GABAergic terminals at the site of focal cortical epilepsy or a disturbance in various aspects of GABAergic function.