RESUMEN
Clostridium butyricum (CB) can enhance antioxidant capacity and alleviate oxidative damage, but the molecular mechanism by which this occurs remains unclear. This study used enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 as a pathogenic model, and the p62-Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway and intestinal microbiota as the starting point to explore the mechanism through which CB alleviates oxidative damage. After pretreatment with CB for 15 d, mice were challenged with ETEC K88 for 24 h. The results suggest that CB pretreatment can dramatically reduce crypt depth (CD) and significantly increase villus height (VH) and VH/CD in the jejunum of ETEC K88-infected mice and relieve morphological lesions of the liver and jejunum. Additionally, compared with ETEC-infected group, pretreatment with 4.4×106 CFU/mL CB can significantly reduce malondialdehyde (MDA) level and dramatically increase superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels in the serum. This pretreatment can also greatly increase the mRNA expression levels of tight junction proteins and genes related to the p62-Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway in the liver and jejunum in ETEC K88-infected mice. Meanwhile, 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing revealed that Clostridium disporicum was significantly enriched after ETEC K88 challenge relative to the control group, while Lactobacillus was significantly enriched after 4.4×106 CFU/mL CB treatment. Furthermore, 4.4×106 CFU/mL CB pretreatment increased the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) contents in the cecum of ETEC K88-infected mice. Moreover, we found that Lachnoclostridium, Roseburia, Lactobacillus, Terrisporobacter, Akkermansia, and Bacteroides are closely related to SCFA contents and oxidative indicators. Taken together, 4.4×106 CFU/mL CB pretreatment can alleviate ETEC K88-induced oxidative damage through activating the p62-Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway and remodeling the cecal microbiota community in mice.
Asunto(s)
Antibiosis/inmunología , Infecciones Bacterianas/inmunología , Ciego/microbiología , Clostridium butyricum/inmunología , Escherichia coli Enterotoxigénica/inmunología , Estrés Oxidativo/inmunología , Proteínas/inmunología , Animales , Antibiosis/fisiología , Infecciones Bacterianas/genética , Infecciones Bacterianas/microbiología , Ciego/metabolismo , Clostridium butyricum/fisiología , Escherichia coli Enterotoxigénica/fisiología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/inmunología , Hemo-Oxigenasa 1/genética , Hemo-Oxigenasa 1/inmunología , Hemo-Oxigenasa 1/metabolismo , Yeyuno/inmunología , Yeyuno/metabolismo , Yeyuno/microbiología , Proteína 1 Asociada A ECH Tipo Kelch/genética , Proteína 1 Asociada A ECH Tipo Kelch/inmunología , Proteína 1 Asociada A ECH Tipo Kelch/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Microbiota/genética , Microbiota/inmunología , Microbiota/fisiología , Factor 2 Relacionado con NF-E2/genética , Factor 2 Relacionado con NF-E2/inmunología , Factor 2 Relacionado con NF-E2/metabolismo , Proteínas/genética , Proteínas/metabolismo , Proteína Sequestosoma-1/genética , Proteína Sequestosoma-1/inmunología , Proteína Sequestosoma-1/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/genética , Transducción de Señal/inmunología , Superóxido Dismutasa/genética , Superóxido Dismutasa/inmunología , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismo , PorcinosRESUMEN
Cow mastitis, which significantly lowers milk quality, is mainly caused by pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli. Previous studies have suggested that lactic acid bacteria can have antagonistic effects on pathogenic bacteria that cause mastitis. In the current study, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo alleviative effects of L. plantarum KLDS 1.0344 in mastitis treatment. In vitro antibacterial experiments were performed using bovine mammary epithelial cell (bMEC), followed by in vivo studies involving mastitis mouse models. In vitro results indicate that lactic acid was the primary substance inhibiting the E. coli pathogen. Meanwhile, treatment with L. plantarum KLDS 1.0344 can reduce cytokines' mRNA expression levels in the inflammatory response of bMEC induced by LPS. In vivo, the use of this strain reduced the secretion of inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-1ß, and TNF-α, and decreased the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO), and inhibited the secretion of p-p65 and p-IκBα. These results indicate that L. plantarum KLDS 1.0344 pretreatment can reduce the expression of inflammatory factors by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway, thus exerting prevent the occurrence of inflammation in vivo. Our findings show that L. plantarum KLDS 1.0344 has excellent properties as an alternative to antibiotics and can be developed into lactic acid bacteria preparation to prevent mastitis disease.
Asunto(s)
Escherichia coli/inmunología , Lactobacillus plantarum/inmunología , Glándulas Mamarias Animales/inmunología , Mastitis/inmunología , Animales , Antibiosis/inmunología , Bovinos , Células Cultivadas , Citocinas/inmunología , Citocinas/metabolismo , Células Epiteliales/inmunología , Células Epiteliales/metabolismo , Células Epiteliales/microbiología , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Escherichia coli/fisiología , Femenino , Inflamación/inmunología , Inflamación/metabolismo , Lactobacillus plantarum/fisiología , Lipopolisacáridos , Glándulas Mamarias Animales/metabolismo , Glándulas Mamarias Animales/microbiología , Mastitis/inducido químicamente , Mastitis/microbiología , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , FN-kappa B/inmunología , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/inmunologíaRESUMEN
The human skin microbiota forms a key barrier against skin pathogens and is important in modulating immune responses. Recent studies identify lactobacilli as endogenous inhabitants of healthy skin, while inflammatory skin conditions are often associated with a disturbed skin microbiome. Consequently, lactobacilli-based probiotics are explored as a novel treatment of inflammatory skin conditions through their topical skin application. This review focuses on the potential beneficial role of lactobacilli (family Lactobacillaceae) in the skin habitat, where they can exert multifactorial local mechanisms of action against pathogens and inflammation. On one hand, lactobacilli have been shown to directly compete with skin pathogens through adhesion inhibition, production of antimicrobial metabolites, and by influencing pathogen metabolism. The competitive anti-pathogenic action of lactobacilli has already been described mechanistically for common different skin pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Cutibacterium acnes, and Candida albicans. On the other hand, lactobacilli also have an immunomodulatory capacity associated with a reduction in excessive skin inflammation. Their influence on the immune system is mediated by bacterial metabolites and cell wall-associated or excreted microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). In addition, lactobacilli can also enhance the skin barrier function, which is often disrupted as a result of infection or in inflammatory skin diseases. Some clinical trials have already translated these mechanistic insights into beneficial clinical outcomes, showing that topically applied lactobacilli can temporarily colonize the skin and promote skin health, but more and larger clinical trials are required to generate in vivo mechanistic insights and in-depth skin microbiome analysis.
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Antibiosis/inmunología , Candida albicans/inmunología , Inflamación/inmunología , Lactobacillus/inmunología , Piel/inmunología , Staphylococcus aureus/inmunología , Antibiosis/fisiología , Adhesión Bacteriana/inmunología , Bacteriocinas/inmunología , Bacteriocinas/metabolismo , Candida albicans/fisiología , Humanos , Sistema Inmunológico/inmunología , Sistema Inmunológico/microbiología , Inflamación/microbiología , Lactobacillus/metabolismo , Lactobacillus/fisiología , Piel/microbiología , Piel/patología , Staphylococcus aureus/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Macrophages are professional phagocytic cells that play a critical role in initiating immune responses by presenting antigen and phagocytic clearance. The macrophages can be targeted for immunomodulation by beneficial microbes, such as probiotics. The aim of this study is to investigate the protective effect of Saccharomyces boulardii against Clostridium perfringens infection in avian macrophage cell line HD11. In this study, HD11 macrophages were prestimulated with S. boulardii for 6 h and then infected with C. perfringens for 3 h. Results showed that S. boulardii enhanced phagocytosis and bactericidal capacity against C. perfringens by HD11 cells. The S. boulardii effectively promoted the mRNA expression of CD80, CD83, and CD197 cell-surface molecules in C. perfringens-infected HD11 cells. Moreover, we found that prestimulation with S. boulardii reduced the mRNA expression of CD40, toll-like receptor [TLR] 4, and TLR15 induced by C. perfringens and thereby downregulated the mRNA expression of myeloid differentiation primary response 88, TNF receptor associated factor 6, nuclear factor kappa-B p65 subunit, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase genes in HD11 cells. The upregulation of cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and IL-10) and inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression in C. perfringens-infected HD11 cells were noticeably inhibited by S. boulardii pretreatment. Conclusively, these results might provide a new insight into the role of S. boulardii in regulating avian immune defense against C. perfringens invasion and immune escape.
Asunto(s)
Antibiosis , Infecciones por Clostridium , Clostridium perfringens , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Saccharomyces boulardii , Animales , Antibiosis/inmunología , Pollos , Infecciones por Clostridium/inmunología , Infecciones por Clostridium/microbiología , Infecciones por Clostridium/veterinaria , Inflamación/inmunología , Macrófagos/inmunología , Macrófagos/microbiología , Factor 88 de Diferenciación Mieloide/inmunología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/inmunología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/microbiología , Saccharomyces boulardii/inmunología , Receptor Toll-Like 4/inmunología , Receptores Toll-Like/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Polymicrobial communities are ubiquitous in nature, yet studying their interactions at the single-cell level is difficult. Thus, a microscopy-based method has been developed for observing interspecies interactions between two bacterial pathogens. The use of this method to interrogate interactions between a motile Gram-negative pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and a non-motile Gram-positive pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus is demonstrated here. This protocol consists of co-inoculating each species between a coverslip and an agarose pad, which maintains the cells in a single plane and allows for visualization of bacterial behaviors in both space and time. Furthermore, the time-lapse microscopy demonstrated here is ideal for visualizing the early interactions that take place between two or more bacterial species, including changes in bacterial species motility in monoculture and in coculture with other species. Due to the nature of the limited sample space in the microscopy setup, this protocol is less applicable for studying later interactions between bacterial species once cell populations are too high. However, there are several different applications of the protocol which include the use of staining for imaging live and dead bacterial cells, quantification of gene or protein expression through fluorescent reporters, and tracking bacterial cell movement in both single species and multispecies experiments.
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Antibiosis/inmunología , Análisis de la Célula Individual/métodosAsunto(s)
Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/fisiología , Intestinos/microbiología , Pulmón/microbiología , Microbiota/fisiología , Animales , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antibiosis/efectos de los fármacos , Antibiosis/inmunología , Humanos , Inmunidad Mucosa , Intestinos/inmunología , Pulmón/inmunología , Especificidad de ÓrganosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Although previous studies revealed the potential use of probiotics in the control of periodontitis, little is known about their interactions with gingival epithelial cells (GECs). Since GECs comprise the first defense in the subgingival microenvironment, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of probiotic lactobacilli and bifidobacteria strains on OBA-9 cells challenged with Porphyromonas gingivalis. METHODS: Immortalized human GECs (OBA-9) were challenged with live P. gingivalis (strains W83 and ATCC33277) and co-infected with one of 12 tested probiotic strains at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1:1000 for 2 hours. Bacterial adhesion and invasion were determined by antibiotic exclusion analysis and CFU counting. OBA-9 viability was assessed by MTT assay, and levels of inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1ß, and CXCL8) in the supernatants were determined by ELISA. The expression of genes encoding Toll-like receptors (TLR2, TLR4) was evaluated by RT-qPCR. RESULTS: Both strains of P. gingivalis were able to adhere and invade OBA-9 cells, with significant loss in cell viability, increase in the levels of TNF-α and IL-1ß, and upregulation of TLR4. However, co-infection with probiotics attenuated these effects in P. gingivalis challenged GECs. Most probiotics maintained OBA-9 viability and reduced pathogens adhesion and invasion. Furthermore, probiotics were able to adhere to GECs, which was enhanced for most strains in the presence of P. gingivalis. The synthesis of IL-1ß and TNF-α by P. gingivalis in challenged GECs was reduced in co-culture with most of the tested probiotics, whereas the secretion of CXCL8 increased, and TLR4 was downregulated. CONCLUSION: Probiotics can alter the interaction of GECs with P. gingivalis by modulating the pathogen's ability to adhere and invade these cells, as well as by regulating the innate immune response. Such properties are strain-specific and may indicate the most efficient probiotics to control periodontitis.
Asunto(s)
Antibiosis/inmunología , Bifidobacterium/fisiología , Células Epiteliales/inmunología , Células Epiteliales/microbiología , Encía/citología , Encía/inmunología , Inmunidad Innata , Lactobacillus/fisiología , Periodontitis/prevención & control , Periodontitis/terapia , Porphyromonas gingivalis/inmunología , Porphyromonas gingivalis/patogenicidad , Probióticos , Células Cultivadas , Microambiente Celular/inmunología , Humanos , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Interleucina-8/metabolismo , Periodontitis/inmunología , Periodontitis/microbiología , Porphyromonas gingivalis/metabolismo , Receptor Toll-Like 4/metabolismo , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMEN
Otitis media (OM) is one of the most common infectious diseases in children and the leading cause for medical consultations and antibiotic prescription in this population. The burden of disease associated with OM is greater in developing nations and indigenous populations where the associated hearing loss contributes to poor education and employment outcomes. Current treatment and prevention is largely focused on vaccination and antibiotics. However, rates of OM, particularly in indigenous populations, remain high. With growing concerns regarding antibiotic resistance and antibiotic-associated complications, an alternative, more effective treatment is required. Administration of probiotics, both locally and systemically have been investigated for their ability to treat and prevent OM in children. This review explores the theoretical bases of probiotics, successful application of probiotics in medicine, and their use in the treatment and prevention of OM. We conclude that local administration of niche-specific probiotic bacteria that demonstrates the ability to inhibit the growth of otopathogens in vitro shows promise in the prevention and treatment of OM and warrants further investigation.
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Otitis Media/terapia , Probióticos/uso terapéutico , Sistema Respiratorio/microbiología , Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Antibiosis/inmunología , Niño , Preescolar , Humanos , Lactante , Otitis Media/prevención & control , Sistema Respiratorio/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Selective pressure imposed by millions of years of relentless biological attack has led to the development of an extraordinary array of defense strategies in plants. Among these, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) stand out as one of the most prominent components of the plant immune system. These small and usually basic peptides are deployed as a generalist defense strategy that grants direct and durable resistance against biotic stress. Even though their name implies a function against microbes, the range of plant-associated organisms affected by these peptides is much broader. In this review, we highlight the advances in our understanding on the role of AMPs in plant immunity. We demonstrate that the capacity of plant AMPs to act against a large spectrum of enemies relies on their diverse mechanism of action and remarkable structural stability. The efficacy of AMPs as a defense strategy is evidenced by their widespread occurrence in the plant kingdom, an astonishing heterogeneity in host peptide composition, and the extent to which plant enemies have evolved effective counter-measures to evade AMP action. Plant AMPs are becoming an important topic of research due to their significance in allowing plants to thrive and for their enormous potential in agronomical and pharmaceutical fields.
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Péptidos Catiónicos Antimicrobianos/inmunología , Inmunidad de la Planta/genética , Antibiosis/inmunología , Péptidos Catiónicos Antimicrobianos/genética , Interacciones Huésped-Parásitos/inmunología , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Wolbachia pipientis is an insect endosymbiont known to limit the replication of viruses including dengue and Zika in their primary mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti. Wolbachia is being released into mosquito populations globally in a bid to control the diseases caused by these viruses. It is theorized that Wolbachia's priming of the insect immune system may confer protection against subsequent viral infection. Other hypotheses posit a role for competition between Wolbachia and viruses for host cellular resources. Using an A. aegypti cell line infected with Wolbachia, we tested the effects of targeting siRNAs against the major innate immune pathways on dengue virus loads. We show that while Wolbachia infection induces genes in the Toll, JAK/STAT and RNAi pathways, only reduced expression of RNAi leads to a rebound of dengue virus loads in Wolbachia-infected cells. The magnitude of the effect explained less than 10% of the total DENV load, demonstrating that blocking must be dependent on other factors in addition to the expression of RNAi. The findings bode well for the long-term stability of blocking given that immunity gene expression would likely be highly plastic and susceptible to rapid evolution.
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Virus del Dengue/inmunología , Mosquitos Vectores/inmunología , Interferencia de ARN/inmunología , Wolbachia/inmunología , Aedes/inmunología , Aedes/microbiología , Aedes/virología , Animales , Antibiosis/genética , Antibiosis/inmunología , Línea Celular , Virus del Dengue/genética , Virus del Dengue/fisiología , Expresión Génica/inmunología , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno/genética , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno/inmunología , Mosquitos Vectores/microbiología , Mosquitos Vectores/virología , Replicación Viral/genética , Replicación Viral/inmunología , Wolbachia/genética , Wolbachia/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Contact-dependent growth inhibition (CDI) is an important mechanism of intercellular competition between neighboring Gram-negative bacteria. CDI systems encode large surface-exposed CdiA effector proteins that carry a variety of C-terminal toxin domains (CdiA-CTs). All CDI(+) bacteria also produce CdiI immunity proteins that specifically bind to the cognate CdiA-CT and neutralize its toxin activity to prevent auto-inhibition. Here, the X-ray crystal structure of a CdiI immunity protein from Neisseria meningitidis MC58 is presented at 1.45 Å resolution. The CdiI protein has structural homology to the Whirly family of RNA-binding proteins, but appears to lack the characteristic nucleic acid-binding motif of this family. Sequence homology suggests that the cognate CdiA-CT is related to the eukaryotic EndoU family of RNA-processing enzymes. A homology model is presented of the CdiA-CT based on the structure of the XendoU nuclease from Xenopus laevis. Molecular-docking simulations predict that the CdiA-CT toxin active site is occluded upon binding to the CdiI immunity protein. Together, these observations suggest that the immunity protein neutralizes toxin activity by preventing access to RNA substrates.
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Toxinas Bacterianas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Toxinas Bacterianas/química , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/química , Neisseria meningitidis/química , Secuencias de Aminoácidos , Animales , Antibiosis/inmunología , Toxinas Bacterianas/inmunología , Inhibición de Contacto/inmunología , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Endorribonucleasas/química , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/inmunología , Expresión Génica , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Neisseria meningitidis/inmunología , Neisseria meningitidis/metabolismo , Unión Proteica , Estructura Secundaria de Proteína , Estructura Terciaria de Proteína , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/inmunología , Alineación de Secuencia , Homología Estructural de Proteína , Proteínas de Xenopus/química , Xenopus laevis/metabolismoRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to find out if selected lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains (antagonistic or nonantagonistic against H. pylori in vitro) would differ in their abilities to modulate the DCs maturation profiles reflected by their phenotype and cytokine expression patterns. Methods. Monocyte-derived DCs maturation was elicited by their direct exposure to the LAB strains of L. rhamnosus 900 or L. paracasei 915 (antagonistic and nonantagonistic to H. pylori, resp.), in the presence or absence of H. pylori strain cagA+. The DCs maturation profile was assessed on the basis of surface markers expression and cytokines production. Results. We observed that the LAB strains and the mixtures of LAB with H. pylori are able to induce mature DCs. At the same time, the L. paracasei 915 leads to high IL-10/IL-12p70 cytokine ratio, in contrast to L. rhamnosus 900. Conclusions. This study showed that the analyzed lactobacilli strains are more potent stimulators of DC maturation than H. pylori. Interestingly from the two chosen LAB strains the antagonistic to H. pylori-L. rhamnosus strain 900 has more proinflammatory and probably antibactericidal properties.
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Células Dendríticas/inmunología , Helicobacter pylori/inmunología , Lactobacillus/inmunología , Antibiosis/inmunología , Antígenos de Superficie/metabolismo , Citocinas/biosíntesis , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Humanos , Inmunofenotipificación , FenotipoRESUMEN
In industrialized countries bacterial intestinal infections are commonly caused by enteropathogenic Enterobacteriaceae. The interaction of the microbiota with the host immune system determines the adequacy of an appropriate response against pathogens. In this study we addressed whether the probiotic Bifidobacterium adolescentis is protective during intestinal Yersinia enterocolitica infection. Female C57BL/6 mice were fed with B. adolescentis, infected with Yersinia enterocolitica, or B. adolescentis fed and subsequently infected with Yersinia enterocolitica. B. adolescentis fed and Yersinia infected mice were protected from Yersinia infection as indicated by a significantly reduced weight loss and splenic Yersinia load when compared to Yersinia infected mice. Moreover, protection from infection was associated with increased intestinal plasmacytoid dendritic cell and regulatory T-cell frequencies. Plasmacytoid dendritic cell function was investigated using depletion experiments by injecting B. adolescentis fed, Yersinia infected C57BL/6 mice with anti-mouse PDCA-1 antibody, to deplete plasmacytoid dendritic cells, or respective isotype control. The B. adolescentis-mediated protection from Yersinia dissemination to the spleen was abrogated after plasmacytoid dendritic cell depletion indicating a crucial function for pDC in control of intestinal Yersinia infection. We suggest that feeding of B. adolescentis modulates the intestinal immune system in terms of increased plasmacytoid dendritic cell and regulatory T-cell frequencies, which might account for the B. adolescentis-mediated protection from Yersinia enterocolitica infection.
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Antibiosis/inmunología , Bifidobacterium/inmunología , Células Dendríticas/inmunología , Probióticos/administración & dosificación , Yersiniosis/prevención & control , Yersinia enterocolitica/crecimiento & desarrollo , Animales , Anticuerpos/efectos adversos , Peso Corporal , Células Dendríticas/citología , Células Dendríticas/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Inmunidad Innata , Inmunomodulación , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Bazo/citología , Bazo/inmunología , Linfocitos T Reguladores/citología , Linfocitos T Reguladores/inmunología , Yersiniosis/inmunología , Yersiniosis/microbiología , Yersinia enterocolitica/patogenicidadRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: In this paper, an attempt was made to evaluate the antibacterial potential of standard strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) producing bacteriocins of various classes, thus demonstrating various mechanisms of cell membrane damages against the Streptococcus agalactiae strains (Group B Streptococcus, GBS), depending on surface polysaccharides and surface alpha-like protein genes. MATERIALS/METHODS: Antimicrobial property of the strains of L. plantarum C 11, L. sakei DSMZ 6333, and L. lactis ATCC 11454 producing bacteriocins: JK and EF plantaricins, sakacin and nisin, respectively, against the GBS strains was evaluated. The chosen to the study GBS strains were represented by serotypes Ia, Ib, II, III, V and they had bca, epsilon, rib, alp2 or alp3 alpha-like protein genes. The experiment was conducted by means of suspension culture and the bacteria count was determined using the serial dilution method. RESULTS: A great ability of L. plantarum C 11 strain was proven to inhibit the GBS growth. The strain of L. sakei DSMZ 6333 did not demonstrate any ability to inhibit the growth of GBS, whereas L. lactis ATCC 11454 inhibited the growth of S. agalactiae indicator strains to a minor extent. Statistically significant differences were demonstrated between the GBS strains representing various serotypes against the antimicrobial activity of model LAB strains. The least sensitive to the activity of bacteriocins were the strains representing serotypes Ib and III, whereas the strains representing serotype II were the most sensitive. The sensitivity of the GBS strains to the antimicrobial activity of LAB was not dependent on alpha-like protein genes. DISCUSSION: Among the LAB standard strains producing bacteriocins, the strongest antimicrobial property was observed in the strain of L. plantarum C 11. Because of the generally known and verified strong antagonistic property of the strains of L. plantarum species against indicator bacteria, it is necessary to further pursue the research presented in this paper.
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Antibiosis/inmunología , Bacteriocinas/biosíntesis , Lactobacillus/inmunología , Lactobacillus/metabolismo , Streptococcus/inmunología , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Ácido Láctico , Lactobacillus/clasificación , Lactobacillus plantarum/inmunología , Proyectos Piloto , Embarazo , Especificidad de la Especie , Infecciones Estreptocócicas/inmunología , Infecciones Estreptocócicas/microbiología , Vaginitis/inmunología , Vaginitis/microbiologíaRESUMEN
The non-virulent Wolbachia strain wMel and the life-shortening strain wMelPop-CLA, both originally from Drosophila melanogaster, have been stably introduced into the mosquito vector of dengue fever, Aedes aegypti. Each of these Wolbachia strains interferes with viral pathogenicity and/or dissemination in both their natural Drosophila host and in their new mosquito host, and it has been suggested that this virus interference may be due to host immune priming by Wolbachia. In order to identify aspects of the mosquito immune response that might underpin virus interference, we used whole-genome microarrays to analyse the transcriptional response of A. aegypti to the wMel and wMelPop-CLA Wolbachia strains. While wMel affected the transcription of far fewer host genes than wMelPop-CLA, both strains activated the expression of some immune genes including anti-microbial peptides, Toll pathway genes and genes involved in melanization. Because the induction of these immune genes might be associated with the very recent introduction of Wolbachia into the mosquito, we also examined the same Wolbachia strains in their original host D. melanogaster. First we demonstrated that when dengue viruses were injected into D. melanogaster, virus accumulation was significantly reduced in the presence of Wolbachia, just as in A. aegypti. Second, when we carried out transcriptional analyses of the same immune genes up-regulated in the new heterologous mosquito host in response to Wolbachia we found no over-expression of these genes in D. melanogaster, infected with either wMel or wMelPop. These results reinforce the idea that the fundamental mechanism involved in viral interference in Drosophila and Aedes is not dependent on the up-regulation of the immune effectors examined, although it cannot be excluded that immune priming in the heterologous mosquito host might enhance the virus interference trait.
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Antibiosis/inmunología , Virus del Dengue/inmunología , Dengue/inmunología , Inmunidad Innata/fisiología , Wolbachia/fisiología , Aedes/genética , Aedes/inmunología , Aedes/microbiología , Aedes/virología , Animales , Antibiosis/genética , Dengue/genética , Dengue/microbiología , Virus del Dengue/fisiología , Drosophila melanogaster/genética , Drosophila melanogaster/inmunología , Drosophila melanogaster/microbiología , Drosophila melanogaster/virología , Femenino , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Inmunidad Innata/genética , Análisis por Micromatrices , Infecciones por Rickettsiaceae/genética , Infecciones por Rickettsiaceae/inmunología , Infecciones por Rickettsiaceae/microbiología , Infecciones por Rickettsiaceae/virología , Transducción de Señal/genética , Transducción de Señal/inmunología , Wolbachia/inmunologíaRESUMEN
The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) lipase-like protein PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT4 (PAD4) is essential for defense against green peach aphid (GPA; Myzus persicae) and the pathogens Pseudomonas syringae and Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. In basal resistance to virulent strains of P. syringae and H. arabidopsidis, PAD4 functions together with its interacting partner ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY1 (EDS1) to promote salicylic acid (SA)-dependent and SA-independent defenses. By contrast, dissociated forms of PAD4 and EDS1 signal effector-triggered immunity to avirulent strains of these pathogens. PAD4-controlled defense against GPA requires neither EDS1 nor SA. Here, we show that resistance to GPA is unaltered in an eds1 salicylic acid induction deficient2 (sid2) double mutant, indicating that redundancy between EDS1 and SID2-dependent SA, previously reported for effector-triggered immunity conditioned by certain nucleotide-binding-leucine-rich repeat receptors, does not explain the dispensability of EDS1 and SID2 in defense against GPA. Mutation of a conserved serine (S118) in the predicted lipase catalytic triad of PAD4 abolished PAD4-conditioned antibiosis and deterrence against GPA feeding, but S118 was dispensable for deterring GPA settling and promoting senescence in GPA-infested plants as well as for pathogen resistance. These results highlight distinct molecular activities of PAD4 determining particular aspects of defense against aphids and pathogens.
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Áfidos/fisiología , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/inmunología , Arabidopsis/parasitología , Hidrolasas de Éster Carboxílico/metabolismo , Peronospora/fisiología , Prunus/parasitología , Pseudomonas syringae/fisiología , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Animales , Antibiosis/inmunología , Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/microbiología , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/química , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Hidrolasas de Éster Carboxílico/química , Hidrolasas de Éster Carboxílico/genética , Resistencia a la Enfermedad/inmunología , Conducta Alimentaria , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Modelos Biológicos , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Enfermedades de las Plantas/inmunología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/prevención & control , Exudados de Plantas/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hojas de la Planta/microbiología , Hojas de la Planta/parasitología , Haz Vascular de Plantas/metabolismo , Haz Vascular de Plantas/microbiología , Haz Vascular de Plantas/parasitología , ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Celiac disease is a multifactorial disorder that involves interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Gluten proteins are responsible for the symptoms of celiac disease, but other environmental factors that influence the intestinal ecosystem, including the milk-feeding type and gastrointestinal infections, may also play a role. Moreover, intestinal dysbiosis, characterized by increased Gram-negative bacteria and reduced bifidobacteria, has been detected in celiac disease patients. This review summarizes current knowledge of the associations between the intestinal microbiota and celiac disease and its possible modes of action in pathogenesis. Deeper understanding of these interactions can help redefine how this disorder is investigated.
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Enfermedad Celíaca/microbiología , Bacterias Gramnegativas/inmunología , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/microbiología , Intestinos/microbiología , Metagenoma , Animales , Antibiosis/inmunología , Enfermedad Celíaca/dietoterapia , Enfermedad Celíaca/inmunología , Dietoterapia , Bacterias Gramnegativas/patogenicidad , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/complicaciones , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/dietoterapia , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/inmunología , Humanos , Tolerancia Inmunológica , Inmunidad Mucosa , Inflamación/microbiología , Intestinos/inmunología , Metagenoma/inmunología , Probióticos/administración & dosificación , Simbiosis/inmunología , VirulenciaRESUMEN
The over-replicating wMelPop strain of the endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis has recently been shown to be capable of inducing immune upregulation and inhibition of pathogen transmission in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. In order to examine whether comparable effects would be seen in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae, transient somatic infections of wMelPop were created by intrathoracic inoculation. Upregulation of six selected immune genes was observed compared to controls, at least two of which (LRIM1 and TEP1) influence the development of malaria parasites. A stably infected An. gambiae cell line also showed increased expression of malaria-related immune genes. Highly significant reductions in Plasmodium infection intensity were observed in the wMelPop-infected cohort, and using gene knockdown, evidence for the role of TEP1 in this phenotype was obtained. Comparing the levels of upregulation in somatic and stably inherited wMelPop infections in Ae. aegypti revealed that levels of upregulation were lower in the somatic infections than in the stably transinfected line; inhibition of development of Brugia filarial nematodes was nevertheless observed in the somatic wMelPop infected females. Thus we consider that the effects observed in An. gambiae are also likely to be more pronounced if stably inherited wMelPop transinfections can be created, and that somatic infections of Wolbachia provide a useful model for examining effects on pathogen development or dissemination. The data are discussed with respect to the comparative effects on malaria vectorial capacity of life shortening and direct inhibition of Plasmodium development that can be produced by Wolbachia.
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Anopheles/inmunología , Inmunidad Innata/genética , Plasmodium/crecimiento & desarrollo , Plasmodium/inmunología , Wolbachia/fisiología , Animales , Animales Modificados Genéticamente , Anopheles/microbiología , Anopheles/parasitología , Antibiosis/genética , Antibiosis/inmunología , Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles/métodos , Femenino , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/inmunología , Técnicas de Silenciamiento del Gen , Interacciones Huésped-Parásitos/genética , Interacciones Huésped-Parásitos/inmunología , Proteínas de Insectos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas de Insectos/genética , Proteínas de Insectos/fisiología , Malaria/inmunología , Malaria/prevención & control , Plasmodium/patogenicidad , Regulación hacia Arriba/genética , Wolbachia/genéticaRESUMEN
Routine childhood vaccination has affected frequency and bacteriology of acute otitis media (AOM) and acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS). Routine influenza vaccination moderately reduces AOM, and the Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine likely had a minor role in AOM and ABRS. The conjugated pneumococcal vaccine has drastically reduced invasive pneumococcal disease and caused a moderate decrease in AOM and, likely, ABRS. The vaccine serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae have been all but eliminated, but other serotypes have emerged as potential causes of invasive disease. Antibiotic resistance in pneumococcal disease seems to have decreased. A decrease in the overall prevalence of S. pneumoniae may have resulted in an increased incidence of Staphylococcus aureus as a pathogen in AOM and ABRS due to the concept of bacterial interference.
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Vacunas contra Haemophilus/uso terapéutico , Otitis Media/prevención & control , Rinitis/prevención & control , Sinusitis/prevención & control , Vacunas Estreptocócicas/uso terapéutico , Vacunación , Enfermedad Aguda , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Antibiosis/efectos de los fármacos , Antibiosis/inmunología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/efectos de los fármacos , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/inmunología , Haemophilus influenzae/inmunología , Humanos , Otitis Media/inmunología , Otitis Media/microbiología , Rinitis/inmunología , Rinitis/microbiología , Sinusitis/inmunología , Sinusitis/microbiología , Staphylococcus aureus/inmunología , Streptococcus pneumoniae/inmunologíaRESUMEN
In a previous study we determined that by-products of Lactobacillus plantarum inhibited pathogenicity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and is effective in the treatment of infected wounds. This study assesses the cytotoxic activity of acetic acid (AA), supernatants of L. plantarum and P. aeruginosa, with and without signal acyl-homoserine-lactones (AHL), and mixtures of both bacterial supernatants on human neutrophils. Cytotoxicity was determined through viability using trypan blue, apoptosis by Annexin V, necrosis by propidium iodide and intracellular pH by SNARF-1. We found that supernatants of L. plantarum caused less cytotoxicity than AA at the same extracellular pH (p<0.05). P. aeruginosa induced a remarkable drop in intracellular pH, which was independent of extracellular pH. This intracellular acidity was correlated with a significant decrease in viability and was higher than supernatants of AHL producing P. aeruginosa (p<0.05). When supernatants were mixed, the quantity of AHL diminished (p<0.001) and the cytotoxic effect induced by P.aeruginosa was ameliorated by L. plantarum supernatant (p<0.001 vs p<0.01). These results are in agreement with the inflammatory in vivo assays determined by intradermal inoculations in Balb/c mice. Our findings will be useful for the formulation of effective and inexpensive products to resolve infected chronic wounds in our hospitals.