RESUMEN
In addition to their pigment properties, the potential health benefits of anthocyanins have made them a subject of interest in recent years. This study aimed to obtain purified anthocyanin fractions from native Mexican black bean cultivars using Amberlite XAD-7 resin column and HPCCC and evaluate their anti-inflammatory properties using RAW 264.7 cells. The major anthocyanins in the purified anthocyanin fractions were delphinidin 3-glucoside (61.8%), petunidin 3-glucoside (25.2%), and malvidin 3-glucoside (12.2%). Purified anthocyanin fractions at 12.5 µg/mL effectively prevented LPS-induced ERK1/ERK2 phosphorylation and reduced the protein expression of COX-2 and mRNA expression of iNOS. Results showed that purified anthocyanin fractions have the potential to modulate the inflammatory response by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory mediators through the ERK1/ERK2 and NF-κB pathways. This study suggests that anthocyanins from black beans could be used as a natural strategy to help modulate inflammation-associated diseases.
Asunto(s)
Antocianinas , Antiinflamatorios , FN-kappa B , Extractos Vegetales , Antocianinas/farmacología , Antocianinas/química , Antocianinas/aislamiento & purificación , Ratones , Células RAW 264.7 , Animales , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Antiinflamatorios/química , Antiinflamatorios/aislamiento & purificación , FN-kappa B/genética , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , FN-kappa B/inmunología , Distribución en Contracorriente , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/inmunología , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Inflamación/metabolismo , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Ciclooxigenasa 2/genética , Ciclooxigenasa 2/metabolismo , Ciclooxigenasa 2/inmunología , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , México , Phaseolus/química , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/genética , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/metabolismoRESUMEN
Extraction of anthocyanins from Lycium ruthenicum Murr. (L. ruthenicum) is a notable challenge in food production, requiring methods that balance efficiency and safety. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis the extraction of anthocyanins by natural air drying (NAD), vacuum freeze drying (VFD), hot air drying (HAD), and vacuum microwave drying (MVD) combined with ultrasonic-assisted enzymolysis extraction (UAEE). The results demonstrated that the extraction yield and antioxidant activity of anthocyanins were significantly higher in VFD. This phenomenon can be attributed to the modification of raw material's microstructure, leading to an increased extraction yield of specific anthocyanins such as Cyanidin-3-galactoside, Delphinidin chloride, Cyanidin, and Petunidin. According to the pretreatment results, the extraction process of anthocyanins was further optimized. The highest yield (3.16 g/100 g) was obtained in following conditions: 0.24 % pectinase, 48 °C, solid:liquid = 1:21, and 21 min ultrasonic time. This study improves the commercial value and potential application of L. ruthenicum in food industry.
Asunto(s)
Antocianinas , Desecación , Lycium , Antocianinas/aislamiento & purificación , Antocianinas/química , Lycium/química , Desecación/métodos , Ondas Ultrasónicas , Fraccionamiento Químico/métodos , Antioxidantes/aislamiento & purificación , Antioxidantes/química , Poligalacturonasa , MicroondasRESUMEN
Anthocyanins, as the most critical water-soluble pigments in nature, are widely present in roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and fruit peels. Many studies have indicated that anthocyanins exhibit various biological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, hypoglycemic, vision protection, and anti-aging. Hence, anthocyanins are widely used in food, medicine, and cosmetics. The green and efficient extraction and purification of anthocyanins are an important prerequisite for their further development and utilization. However, the poor stability and low bioavailability of anthocyanins limit their application. Protein, one of the three essential nutrients for the human body, has good biocompatibility and biodegradability. Proteins are commonly used in food processing, but their functional properties need to be improved. Notably, anthocyanins can interact with proteins through covalent and non-covalent means during food processing, which can effectively improve the stability of anthocyanins and enhance their bioavailability. Moreover, the interactions between proteins and anthocyanins can also improve the functional characteristics and enhance the nutritional quality of proteins. Hence, this article systematically reviews the extraction and purification methods for anthocyanins. Moreover, this review also systematically summarizes the effect of the interactions between anthocyanins and proteins on the bioavailability of anthocyanins and their impact on protein properties. Furthermore, we also introduce the application of the interaction between anthocyanins and proteins. The findings can provide a theoretical reference for the application of anthocyanins and proteins in food deep processing.
Asunto(s)
Antocianinas , Antocianinas/química , Antocianinas/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Proteínas/aislamiento & purificación , Proteínas/química , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/aislamiento & purificación , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Disponibilidad Biológica , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Cyanidin-3-O-galactoside (Cy3-gal) is the most widespread anthocyanin that has been found to be applicable to nutraceutical and pharmaceutical ingredients. Nevertheless, the process of separation and purification, susceptibilities to heat, and pH inactivation present some limitations. In the present study, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) with an ultrasonic-assisted extraction method were briefly studied, and the recovery of Cy3-gal from Rhododendron arboreum was highlighted. The NADES, consisting of choline chloride and oxalic acid (1:1), was screened out as an extractant, and single-factor experiments combined with a two-site kinetic model were employed to describe the extraction process. Further, the work investigated ultrasound-assisted adsorption/desorption to efficiently purify Cy3-gal using macroporous resins. The optimal extraction conditions to attain maximum Cy3-gal yield was 30% water in a 50:1 (mL/g) solvent-to-sample ratio, 11.25 W/cm3 acoustic density, and 50% duty cycle for 16 min of extraction time. Under these conditions, the results revealed 23.07 ± 0.14 mg/g of Cy3-gal, two-fold higher than the traditional solvents. Furthermore, of the different resins used, Amberlite XAD-7HP showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher adsorption/desorption capacities (12.82 ± 0.18 mg/g and 10.97 ± 0.173 mg/g) and recovery (48.41 ± 0.76%) percent over other adsorbents. Experiments on the degrading behavior (40-80 °C) of the recovered Cy3-gal were performed over time, and the first-order kinetic model better explained the obtained data. In conclusion, the study asserts the use of ultrasonication with NADES and XAD-7HP resin for the improved purification of Cy3-gal from the crude extract.
Asunto(s)
Antocianinas , Extractos Vegetales , Rhododendron , Termodinámica , Cinética , Antocianinas/química , Antocianinas/aislamiento & purificación , Rhododendron/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Disolventes Eutécticos Profundos/química , Galactósidos/química , Galactósidos/aislamiento & purificación , Adsorción , Fraccionamiento Químico/métodosRESUMEN
Saffron (Crocus sativus) floral by-products are a source of phenolic compounds that can be recovered and used in the nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, or cosmetic industries. This study aimed to evaluate the phenolic compounds' extraction using green extraction techniques (GETs) in saffron floral by-products and to explore the influence of selected extraction techniques on the phytochemical composition of the extracts. Specifically, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), subcritical water extraction (SWE), and deep eutectic solvents extraction (DESE) were used. Phenolic compounds were identified with (HR) LC-ESI-QTOF MS/MS analysis, and the quantitative analysis was performed with HPLC-PDA. Concerning the extraction techniques, UAE showed the highest amount for both anthocyanins and flavonoids with 50:50% v/v ethanol/water as solvent (93.43 ± 4.67 mg/g of dry plant, dp). Among SWE, extraction with 96% ethanol and t = 125 °C gave the best quantitative results. The 16 different solvent mixtures used for the DESE showed the highest amount of flavonoids (110.95 ± 5.55-73.25 ± 3.66 mg/g dp), while anthocyanins were better extracted with choline chloride:butane-1,4-diol (16.0 ± 0.80 mg/g dp). Consequently, GETs can be employed to extract the bioactive compounds from saffron floral by-products, implementing recycling and reduction of waste and fitting into the broader circular economy discussion.
Asunto(s)
Crocus , Flores , Fenoles , Extractos Vegetales , Agua , Crocus/química , Fenoles/química , Fenoles/aislamiento & purificación , Fenoles/análisis , Extractos Vegetales/química , Agua/química , Flores/química , Disolventes Eutécticos Profundos/química , Solventes/química , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Flavonoides/aislamiento & purificación , Flavonoides/química , Flavonoides/análisis , Antocianinas/aislamiento & purificación , Antocianinas/química , Antocianinas/análisis , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Ondas UltrasónicasRESUMEN
Grape pomace is the main by-product obtained from wine production that is still enriched in bioactive compounds. Within a framework of waste/by-product reuse through a sustainable approach, various green methods were utilized in this work to recover anthocyanins from the pomace resulting from "Sangiovese" grape vinification. Ultrasound- and Microwave-Assisted Extractions (UAE and MAE) were coupled with the use of green solvents, such as acidified water, an ethanol/water mixture, and Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NaDES), and their efficacy was compared with that of a conventional method based on a methanol/acidified water mixture. The Total Anthocyanin Index ranged from 36.9 to 75.2 mg/g DW for UAE, and from 54.4 to 99.6 mg/g DW for MAE, while resulting in 47.1 mg/g DW for conventional extraction. A Design of Experiments (DoE) approach was applied to MAE, the most efficient technique. Temperature, time, and the solid-to-liquid ratio were set as X variables, while malvidin-3-O-glucoside content and antioxidant activity were used as response variables, measured by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detection (HPLC-DAD) and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, respectively. The correlation between temperature and time and the antioxidant activity of the extract was positive, while it was found to be negative when considering malvidin-3-O-glucoside concentration as a response variable. Thus, the optimal conditions in temperature, time and solid-to-liquid ratio were different depending on the chosen variable. The results underline the importance of selecting an accurate response when using the response surface methodology approach.
Asunto(s)
Antocianinas , Antioxidantes , Tecnología Química Verde , Microondas , Vitis , Antocianinas/química , Antocianinas/análisis , Antocianinas/aislamiento & purificación , Vitis/química , Tecnología Química Verde/métodos , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/análisis , Extractos Vegetales/química , Solventes/química , Vino/análisisRESUMEN
A dynamic compressed fluid-based separation process combining carbon dioxide and ethanol was explored to isolate portisins previously hemi-synthesized from blueberry surplus anthocyanins. The influence of process parameters such as pressure (100-500 bar), temperature (40-60 °C), and ethanol content in the compressed fluid mixture (20-50 wt%) on extraction yield, portisins yield, and portisins content in the extract was investigated. The two-step isolation process includes (1) a first step at 100 bar, 60 °C, and 20 wt% ethanol content in the compressed fluid mixture to remove the low polarity compounds; and (2) a second step at 500 bar, 40 °C, and 100 wt% ethanol to recover portisins, resulting in a 1.5-fold increase in portisins content. The performance of the two-step separation process was compared to centrifugal partitional chromatography and conventional reverse phase liquid chromatography already reported in terms of portisins content in the extract, process throughput, process efficiency, and total solvent used. The two-step separation process decreased the total solvent used, although with a decrease in the throughput and efficiency. Nevertheless, the choice of the best separation technology depends on the application, as these techniques result in different portisins purities. Overall, this study contributed to a scalable and more sustainable process for natural colorant production, specifically focusing on blue pigments, with several industrial applications.
Asunto(s)
Antocianinas , Arándanos Azules (Planta) , Extractos Vegetales , Arándanos Azules (Planta)/química , Antocianinas/aislamiento & purificación , Antocianinas/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Frutas/químicaRESUMEN
Jabuticaba peel, rich in antioxidants, offering health benefits. In this study, the extraction of phenolic compounds from jabuticaba peel using ultrasound-assisted (UA) and their subsequent concentration by nanofiltration (NF) employing a polyamide 200 Da membrane was evaluated. The UA extractions were conducted using the Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) 22 methodology, with independent variables extraction time (11.55 to 138 min) and temperature (16.87 to 53.3 °C), and fixed variables mass to ethanol solution concentration at pH 1.0 (1:25 g/mL), granulometry (1 mm), and ultrasonic power (52.8 W). The maximum concentrations obtained were 700.94 mg CE/100 g for anthocyanins, 945.21 mg QE/100 g for flavonoids, 133.19 mg GAE/g for phenols, and an antioxidant activity IC50 of 24.36 µg/mL. Key phenolic compounds identified included cyanidin-3-glucoside, delphinidin-3-glucoside, and various acids like syringic and gallic. NF successfully concentrated these compounds, enhancing their yield by up to 45%. UA and NF integrate for sustainable extraction.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes , Frutas , Fenoles , Extractos Vegetales , Fenoles/química , Fenoles/aislamiento & purificación , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Frutas/química , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/aislamiento & purificación , Filtración , Myrtaceae/química , Antocianinas/química , Antocianinas/aislamiento & purificación , Fraccionamiento Químico/métodosRESUMEN
Recently, deep eutectic solvents (DES) have been extensively researched as a more biocompatible and efficient alternative to conventional solvents for extracting pigments from natural resources. The efficiency of DES extraction for the anthocyanin and carotenoid can be enhanced by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and/or ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) techniques. Apart from the extraction efficiency, the toxicity and recovery of the pigments and their bioavailability are crucial for potential applications. A plethora of studies have explored the extraction efficiency, toxicity, and recovery of pigments from various natural plant-based matrices using DES. Nevertheless, a detailed review of the deep eutectic solvent extraction of natural pigments has not been reported to date. Additionally, the toxicity, safety, and bioavailability of the extracted pigments, and their potential applications are not thoroughly documented. Therefore, this review is designed to understand the aforementioned concepts in using DES for anthocyanin and carotenoid extraction.
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Antocianinas , Carotenoides , Disolventes Eutécticos Profundos , Tecnología Química Verde , Extractos Vegetales , Antocianinas/química , Antocianinas/aislamiento & purificación , Carotenoides/química , Carotenoides/aislamiento & purificación , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Disolventes Eutécticos Profundos/química , Fraccionamiento Químico/métodos , MicroondasRESUMEN
Efficient extraction of natural pigments is a key focus in enhancing the utilization of by-products for applications in the food industry. In this study, an enzymatic extraction method using Pectinex Ultra SP-L, Pectinex XXL, Novoshape, and Celluclast was used to investigate natural pigment production from the pomace of aronia, a commercially important plant. The method's performance was monitored using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection by measuring total and individual anthocyanin levels. Pectinex XXL (0.5%) yielded the highest total anthocyanin extraction (2082.41 ± 85.69 mg/100 g) in the single enzyme treatment, followed by Pectinex Ultra SP-L (0.05%), Celluclast (0.01%), and Novoshape (0.1%). Combining Pectinex XXL (0.25%) with Celluclast (0.01%) increased the extraction ratio of total anthocyanins (2 323.04 ± 61.32 mg/100 g) by â¼50.7% compared with that obtained using the solvent extraction method. This study demonstrated an effective enzymatic extraction method for application in the food industry.
Asunto(s)
Antocianinas , Técnicas de Química Analítica , Enzimas , Industria de Alimentos , Antocianinas/análisis , Antocianinas/aislamiento & purificación , Técnicas de Química Analítica/métodos , Enzimas/metabolismo , Colorantes de Alimentos/aislamiento & purificación , Industria de Alimentos/métodos , Photinia/química , Temperatura , TiempoRESUMEN
In aquatic settings, radioactive iodine from nuclear waste can exist as iodate (IO3-). This study explored the efficiency and mechanism of IO3- adsorption by minimally modified anthocyanin-based adsorbents. Pomegranate peels and mangosteen pericarps were selected from an initial screening test and could remove over 70% of 10 mg/L IO3-. The adsorbents yielded adsorption capacity (q) of 9.59 mg/g and 2.31 mg/g, respectively, at room temperature. At 5 °C, q values increased to 14.5 and 5.13 mg/g, respectively. Pomegranate peels showed superior performance, with approximately 4 times the anthocyanin content of mangosteen pericarps. Both adsorbents took 120 min to reach adsorption equilibrium, and no desorption was observed after 8 days (I-131 half-time). Confirmation of physisorption was indicated by the fit of the pseudo-first-order reaction model, negative entropy (exothermic), and negative activation energy (Arrhenius equation). IO3- inclusion was confirmed through adsorbent surface modifications in scanning electron microscope images, the increased iodine content post-adsorption in energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis, and alterations in peaks corresponding to anthocyanin-related functional groups in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy at 4564.54 eV showed that iodine was retained in the form of IO3-. Through the computational analysis, electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonds, and π-halogen interactions were deduced as mechanisms of IO3- adsorption by anthocyanin-based adsorbents. Anthocyanin-rich fruit wastes emerged as sustainable materials for eliminating IO3- from water.
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Antocianinas , Yodatos , Adsorción , Antocianinas/química , Antocianinas/aislamiento & purificación , Yodatos/química , Frutas/química , Radioisótopos de Yodo/química , Contaminantes Radiactivos del Agua/química , Purificación del Agua/métodosRESUMEN
Lycium ruthenicum Murr. fruit (LRF) is an edible berry known for its rich anthocyanin content. Our previous study has shown that LRF-derived anthocyanins have neuroprotective effects in rats, which may be due to their effective antioxidant activity. Therefore, this study performed online HPLC-DPPH screening as a bioactivity-guided method for the preparative separation of anthocyanins from LRF. Finally, the main fraction was isolated and identified as petunidin-3,5-O-diglucoside (Pn3G5G). Pn3G5G exhibited strong antioxidant capacity during DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenge assays. Furthermore, Pn3G5G exhibited protective effects on Nε-carboxymethyllysine (CML)-treated Neuro-2a cells by enhancing cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. CML-induced apoptosis was also reduced by Pn3G5G potentially by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation. More importantly, Pn3G5G significantly improved cognitive impairment, neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis in D-galactose-induced aging mice. The result suggests the development of Pn3G5G as a healthcare product or a potent dietary supplement with antioxidant and neuroprotective effects.
Asunto(s)
Antocianinas , Antioxidantes , Lycium , Neuronas , Fármacos Neuroprotectores , Animales , Masculino , Ratones , Envejecimiento , Antocianinas/química , Antocianinas/aislamiento & purificación , Antocianinas/farmacología , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/aislamiento & purificación , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Antioxidantes/fisiología , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Disfunción Cognitiva , Frutas/química , Galactosa/farmacología , Lycium/química , Memoria/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Enfermedades Neuroinflamatorias , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Neuronas/fisiología , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/química , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/aislamiento & purificación , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/farmacología , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
CONTEXT: Delphinidin-3-O-glucoside (DP) is a bioactive compound of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Malvaceae) (Roselle) calyces and exerts endothelial protection and lipid-lowering activities, which provided a basis for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the therapeutic effects of DP against atherosclerosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A rabbit model of atherosclerosis (AS) was established by 12 weeks of a high-fat diet (HFD). The rabbits were divided into five groups: control, AS, simvastatin (4 mg/kg), and two DP groups (10 and 20 mg/kg). After treatment with DP or simvastatin by oral gavage for 12 weeks, the lipid profiles were measured. Histopathological assessment of the aorta was performed by H&E staining. Oxidative stress and inflammation-related markers were analyzed by ELISA kit and real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS: DP (20 mg/kg) decreased serum TG (2.36 ± 0.66 vs. 4.33 ± 0.27 mmol/L for the AS group), TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C (all p < 0.05). DP (20 mg/kg) also reduced lipid levels in the liver and aorta. DP (20 mg/kg) down-regulated the mRNA levels of IL-6, VCAM-1, and NF-κB and up-regulated the mRNA levels of GSH-PX and SOD1. CONCLUSIONS: This study proved that DP alleviated the HFD-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in atherosclerosis rabbits. These results provided the scientific basis for developing novel therapies.
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Antocianinas/farmacología , Aterosclerosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Glucósidos/farmacología , Hibiscus/química , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales , Antocianinas/aislamiento & purificación , Aterosclerosis/patología , Dieta Alta en Grasa , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Glucósidos/aislamiento & purificación , Inflamación/patología , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , ConejosRESUMEN
In this paper, biological investigations and a high-resolution UPLC-PDA-ESI-qTOF-HRMS technique were employed for Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata f. rubra DC. (red cabbage) of the family Brassicaceae (Cruciferae), cultivated in Egypt, for the first time. The positive ionization mode is usually performed to identify anthocyanins. However, this technique cannot differentiate between anthocyanins and corresponding non-anthocyanin polyphenols. Thus, the negative ionization mode was also used, as it provided a series of characteristic ions for the MS analysis of anthocyanins. This helped in identifying five kaempferol derivatives for the first time in red cabbage, as well as nine-previously reported-anthocyanins. For the biological investigations, the acidified methanolic extract of fresh leaves and the methanolic extract of air-dried powdered leaves were examined for their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. The freshly prepared phenolic extract was proven to be more biologically potent. Statistical significance was determined for its anticancer activity in comparison with standard doxorubicin.
Asunto(s)
Antocianinas , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos , Brassica/química , Flavonoles , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Extractos Vegetales/química , Antocianinas/química , Antocianinas/aislamiento & purificación , Antocianinas/farmacología , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/química , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/aislamiento & purificación , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/farmacología , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Ensayos de Selección de Medicamentos Antitumorales , Egipto , Flavonoles/química , Flavonoles/aislamiento & purificación , Flavonoles/farmacología , Células HeLa , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Células MCF-7 , Neoplasias/metabolismoRESUMEN
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the major causes of blindness in elderly populations. However, the dry form of AMD has lack of effective treatments. The fruits of Aronia melanocarpa are rich in anthocyanins. In this study, the protective effects of aronia fruit extract on rat retina were investigated using a NaIO3-induced dry AMD model. Full-field electroretinograms (ERGs) showed that b-wave amplitudes were significantly decreased and the retina structures were disordered in the model. The extract treatment alleviated the injuries. The b-wave amplitudes increased 61.5% in Scotopic 0.01ERG, 122.0% in Photopic 3.0ERG, and 106.8% in Photopic 3.0 flicker; the retina structure disorder was improved with the thickness of outer nuclear layer increasing by 44.1%; and the malonaldehyde level was significantly reduced in extract-treated rat retinas compared to the model. The proteomics analysis showed the expressions of five crystallin proteins, α-crystallin A chain, ß-crystallin B2, ß-crystallin A3, α-crystallin B chain, and γ-crystallin S, which protect retina ganglion cells, were increased by 7.38-, 7.74-, 15.30-, 4.86-, and 9.14-fold, respectively, in the extract treatment compared to the control, which was also confirmed by immunoblotting. The results suggest that aronia fruit extract, probably due to its anthocyanins, could protect the rat retina by alleviating oxidative damages and by upregulating the crystallin proteins to protect its nerve system.
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Antocianinas/farmacología , Antocianinas/uso terapéutico , Frutas/química , Yodatos/efectos adversos , Degeneración Macular/prevención & control , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Photinia/química , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Retina/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Antocianinas/aislamiento & purificación , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Degeneración Macular/patología , Masculino , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Retina/patologíaRESUMEN
Anthocyanins from flowers of the butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) are promising edible blue food colorants. Food processing often faces extreme pHs and temperatures, which greatly affects the color and nutritional values of anthocyanins. This study explored the color, spectra, storage stability, and antioxidant properties of C. ternatea anthocyanin extract (CTAE) at different pHs. The color and absorption spectra of CTAEs at a pH of 0.5-13 were shown, with their underlying structures analyzed. Then, the storage stability of CTAEs were explored under a combination of pHs and temperatures. The stability of CTAE declines with the increase in temperature, and it can be stored stably for months at 4 °C. CTAEs also bear much resistance to acidic and alkaline conditions but exhibit higher thermal stability at pH 7 (blue) than at pH 0.5 (magenta) or pH 10 (blue-green), which is a great advantage in food making. Antioxidant abilities for flower extracts from the butterfly pea were high at pH 4-7, as assessed by DPPH free radical scavenging assays, and decreased sharply when the pH value exceeded 7. The above results provide a theoretical basis for the application of butterfly pea flowers and imply their great prospect in the food industry.
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Antocianinas , Clitoria/química , Flores/química , Depuradores de Radicales Libres , Extractos Vegetales/química , Antocianinas/química , Antocianinas/aislamiento & purificación , Depuradores de Radicales Libres/química , Depuradores de Radicales Libres/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Anthocyanins are the largest group of polyphenolic pigments in the plant kingdom. These non-toxic, water-soluble compounds are responsible for the pink, red, purple, violet, and blue colors of fruits, vegetables, and flowers. Anthocyanins are widely used in the production of food, cosmetic and textile products, in the latter case to replace synthetic dyes with natural and sustainable alternatives. Here, we describe an environmentally benign method for the extraction of anthocyanins from red chicory and their characterization by HPLC-DAD and UPLC-MS. The protocol does not require hazardous solvents or chemicals and relies on a simple and scalable procedure that can be applied to red chicory waste streams for anthocyanin extraction. The extracted anthocyanins were characterized for stability over time and for their textile dyeing properties, achieving good values for washing fastness and, as expected, a pink-to-green color change that is reversible and can therefore be exploited in the fashion industry.
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Antocianinas , Colorantes , Flores/química , Textiles , Antocianinas/química , Antocianinas/aislamiento & purificación , Cromatografía Liquida , Colorantes/química , Colorantes/aislamiento & purificación , Espectrometría de Masas en TándemRESUMEN
Mulberry fruits are rich sources of anthocyanins that exhibit beneficial biological activity. These anthocyanins become instable in an aqueous media, leading to their low bioavailability. In this study, a colloidal dispersion was produced by processing mulberry samples with hot-melt extrusion. In this process, hydrophilic polymer matrices were used to disperse the compound in an aqueous media. Mulberry samples were processed with hot-melt extrusion and in the presence of an ionization agent and sodium alginate to form mulberry-extrudate solid formulations. The particle size of mulberry-extrudate solid formulations decreased, while the total phenol content, the total anthocyanin content, and solubility increased. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) revealed that mulberry-extrudate solid formulations now contained new functional groups, such as -COOH group. We investigated whether mulberry-extrudate solid formulations had a positive impact on the stability of anthocyanins. The non-extrudate mulberry sample and mulberry-extrudate solid formulations were incubated with a simulated gastric fluid system and an intestinal fluid system. The number of released anthocyanins was determined with HPLC. We found that anthocyanins were released rapidly from non-extrudate mulberry extract. Mulberry-extrudate solid formulations contained a large number of available anthocyanins even after being incubated for 180 min in the intestinal fluid system. Thus, hot-melt extrusion enhanced water solubility and stability of anthocyanins with the prolonged release.
Asunto(s)
Antocianinas/aislamiento & purificación , Preparaciones de Acción Retardada/química , Frutas/química , Extracción Líquido-Líquido/métodos , Morus/química , Alginatos/química , Antocianinas/química , Materiales Biomiméticos/química , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Jugo Gástrico/química , Humanos , Interacciones Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Cinética , Tamaño de la Partícula , Fenoles/química , Fenoles/aislamiento & purificación , Solubilidad , Agua/químicaRESUMEN
Variability of secondary metabolites in edible (peel and pulp) and inedible (seeds) parts of three pitanga varieties, red, red-orange and purple, was investigated during the maturation process. Hydrolysable tannins, anthocyanins, and flavonoids were quantified by HPLC/DAD and carotenoids by absorbance. Peel/pulp showed greater complexity of constituents (carotenoids, anthocyanins, flavonoids, and hydrolysable tannins), while only tannins were identified in seeds, but in quantities of 10 to 100â times greater. The red-orange variety showed the highest levels of phenolic compounds in seeds and peel/pulp, except anthocyanins. The analysis of the principal response curves showed that the pitanga biotype has greater influence on metabolite variation than ripening stages. During peel/pulp maturation, a reduction in the levels of flavonoids and tannins contrasted with an increase in carotenoids and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside in all varieties, whereas in the seeds oenotheinâ B, the major tannin, increased up to 1.32â g/100â g fresh weight. Such marked differences between fruit parts demonstrate that the seeds in stages E3 and E4 are a source of hydrolysable tannins, compounds known for their antitumor activity, while peel/pulp of all varieties in the ripe stage provide natural antioxidants, such as carotenoids and flavonoids. Lastly, the purple biotype can be a rich source of the cyanidin-3-O-glucoside pigment a potent bioactive compound.
Asunto(s)
Antocianinas/aislamiento & purificación , Antioxidantes/aislamiento & purificación , Carotenoides/aislamiento & purificación , Eugenia/química , Flavonoides/aislamiento & purificación , Taninos/aislamiento & purificación , Antocianinas/química , Antioxidantes/química , Carotenoides/química , Flavonoides/química , Frutas/química , Estructura Molecular , Taninos/químicaRESUMEN
The development of nanomedicines to modulate the mitochondrial function is a great scientific challenge since mitochondrial dysfunction is a pathological hallmark of many chronic diseases, including degenerative brain pathologies like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. To address this challenge, the mitochondriotropic features of the elderberry anthocyanin-enriched extract (Sambucus nigra) were combined with the self-assembling properties of the membrane polar lipids from Codium tomentosum in an innovative SC-Nanophytosomes formulation. Membrane polar lipids, obtained by a new procedure as chlorophyll-free extract, are characterized by 26% of non-phosphorus polar lipids and 74% of phospholipids (dominated by anionic lipids) containing a high degree of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The anthocyanin-enriched extract is dominated by a mixture of four cyanidin-glycosides, representing about 86% of their phenolic content. SC-Nanophytosomes engineered with 600 µM algae membrane polar lipids and 0.5 mg/L of the anthocyanin-enriched extract are nanosized vesicles (diameter =108.74 ± 24.74 nm) with a negative surface charge (Zeta potential = -46.93 ± 6.63 mV) that exhibit stability during storage at 4 ºC. In vitro assays with SH-SY5Y cells showed that SC-Nanophytosomes have the competence to target mitochondria, improving the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I and II and preserving the mitochondrial membrane potential in the presence of rotenone. Additionally, SC-Nanophytosomes protect SH-SY5Y cells against the toxicity induced by rotenone or glutamate. Green-fluorescent labeled SC-Nanophytosomes were used to reveal that they are mainly internalized by cells via caveola-mediated endocytosis, escape from endosome and reach the cytoplasm organelles, including mitochondria. Overall, data indicate that SC-Nanophytosomes have the potential to support a mitochondria-targeted therapy for neurodegenerative diseases.