Breastfeeding Discontinuation Not Associated with Maternal Pregravid BMI But Associated with Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander Race in Hawaii and Puerto Rico WIC Participants.

Objectives This study investigated the association between maternal pregravid body mass index (BMI) and breastfeeding discontinuation at 4-6 months postpartum in Hawaii and Puerto Rico participants from the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). Methods A secondary data analysis was conducted from a text message-based intervention in WIC participants in Hawaii and Puerto Rico. The analysis included 87 women from the control group who initiated breastfeeding and whose breastfeeding status was known at the end of the study when infants were 4-6 months old. Pregravid BMI and breastfeeding discontinuation were assessed using questionnaires. Results The association between pregravid BMI and breastfeeding discontinuation was not significant in the unadjusted model or in the adjusted model. Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander (NHOPI) participants showed significantly increased odds of discontinuing breastfeeding (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 7.12; 95% CI 1.34, 37.97; p = .02) compared to all the other racial/ethnic participants, as did older women ages 32-39 years versus women who were 25-31 years old (AOR 4.21; 95% CI 1.13, 15.72; p = .03). Women who took vitamins while breastfeeding had decreased odds of discontinuing breastfeeding (AOR 0.15; 95% CI 0.05, 0.46; p = .0009). Conclusions for Practice Pregravid BMI was not significantly associated with breastfeeding discontinuation at 4-6 months postpartum in women from Hawaii and Puerto Rico WIC, but NHOPIs and women who were older had higher odds of discontinuing breastfeeding. The results of this study may inform strategies for breastfeeding promotion and childhood obesity prevention but should be further investigated in larger studies. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02903186.

Can a conditional cash transfer reduce teen fertility? The case of Brazil's Bolsa Familia.

In 2008, Brazil's conditional cash transfer program expanded to cover a wider range of ages. Poor families are now given stipends for their children's school attendance up to age seventeen, whereas prior the maximum age was fifteen. Using a nationally representative household survey, we estimate the impact of this policy on teen fertility with a triple difference analysis on the fertility outcomes of treated cohorts vs. non-treated cohorts based on income eligibility, age eligibility, and timing of program implementation. We find a three percentage point drop in fertility among eligible teens within five years of program implementation. This offsets the difference in fertility between poor and non-poor teens. The impact is concentrated in urban areas, with no program effects found in rural areas. We are able to replicate these findings using National Birth Registry Data.

THE MEXICAN POPULAR HEALTH INSURANCE: MYTHS AND REALITIES.

Universal health coverage (UHC) is today a dominant issue in the global health policy debate. The hegemonic proposal is UHC that recommends universal health insurance with an explicit service package and a payer-provider split with public and private managers. The Mexican Popular Health Insurance (PHI) is widely presented as a UHC success case to be followed. This article reviews critically its achievements after a decade of implementation. It shows that universal coverage has not been reached and about 30 million Mexicans are uninsured. Access to needed services is quite limited for PHI affiliates given the restrictions of the service package, which excludes common high-cost diseases, and the lack of health facilities. Public health expenditure has increased 0.36 percent of Gross National Product, favoring the PHI at the expense of public social security. These funds are, however, lower than legal specifications and the service package under-priced. Private health expenditure as a percentage of total expenditure has not varied much and PHI affiliates' out-of-pocket payment is larger than the whole PHI budget. There is no evidence of health impact. The Mexican health reform corresponds to neoclassic-neoliberal reorganization of society on the market principle. Although some of the PHI problems are particular to Mexico, it illustrates some of the overall flaws of the UHC model.

Is health of the aging improved by conditional cash transfer programs? Evidence from Mexico.

Conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs link public transfers to human capital investment in the hopes of alleviating current poverty and reducing its intergenerational transmission. Whereas nearly all studies of their effects have focused on youth, CCT programs may also have an impact on aging adults by increasing household resources or inducing changes in allocations of time of household members, which may be of substantial interest, particularly given the rapid aging of most populations. This article contributes to this underresearched area by examining health and work impacts on the aging for the best-known and most influential of these programs, the Mexican PROGRESA/Oportunidades program. For a number of health indicators, the program appears to significantly improve health, with larger effects for recipients with a greater time receiving benefits from the program. Most of these health effects are concentrated on women.

Conditional cash transfers to improve education and health: an ex ante evaluation of Red de Protección Social, Nicaragua.

Using baseline data from a randomized experiment, this article extends and tests in the context of health, the feasibility of a recently proposed reduced form approach to ex ante evaluations of social programs with an application to a conditional cash transfer program in Nicaragua. It uses a behavioural model to estimate the impact on preventive care utilization outcomes for children younger than 3 years. It validates the model with the results of the experiment and then simulates two alternate policy scenarios. The model performs well in predicting the health related outcomes and shows different results for the two sets of policy scenarios. In addition, simulations are also carried out for the school component of the cash transfer program.

A naturalização dos fenômenos sobrenaturais e a construção do cérebro possuído: um estudo da medicalização do transe e da possessão no século XIX / The Naturalization of Supernatural Phenomena and the Construction of the possessed brain: a study of trance and possession medicalization in nineteenth century

Este trabalho procura discutir o modo como os fenômenos sobrenaturais foram apropriados, pela ciência, no século XlX. a teoria do magnetismo animal, criada por Mesmer, com suas variadas interpretações por várias gerações de discípulos; a construção da teoria da hipnose, com a codificação da histeria abrindo definitivamente as portas das censuras acadêmicas; e a teoria da dissociação, criada no final daquele século, demonstram diferentes explicações fisicalistas que, muitas vezes, serviram para estabelecer distâncias entre um saber popular e o conhecimento de elites profissionais. A construção do cérebro possuído, no século XlX, apoiada na nosologia da histeria, codificada pela Escola de Salpêtrière, refletiu uma importante transformação social da época, em um processo de laicização da assistencia pública, fundamental para a afirmação da psiquiatria como disciplina nascente...

This study discusses the way supernatural phenomena were enfolded by science in nineteenth century. The theory of magnetism, created by Mesmer, and its different interpretations by generations of disciples; the theory of hypnosis with hysteria codification, opening the academic censure; and the dissociation theory, created at theend of the nineteenth century, had demonstrated different efforts of finding physicals explanations, which served, in most cases, to establish distances between folk knowledge and elites of professional knowledge. The construction of the “possessed” brain, in nineteenth century, based on the hysteria nosology of Salpêtrière School,reflected an important social transformation, at that time, in a laicization process of public assistance, and an affirmation of psychiatry as a nascent discipline. Nowadays, the codification of complex mental states as trance, spiritual possession, which inhabit superstitious and popular imagination, receive a nosologic entity status from official diagnostic classification in psychiatry. Brain is mostly the reference used in the hope ofsupernatural naturalization.

A nova experiência brasileira no combate à fome e à miséria / The new Brazilian experience against hunger and misery

O combate à fome e à miséria assume, no momento, um papel de destaque nos debates nacionais e torna-se prioridade no desenvolvimento das políticas governamentais e na açäo da cidadania. Governo e sociedade se esforçam para desencadear um amplo processo de mobilizaçäo social e de mudança de rumo no desenvolvimento do país. O objetivo é o de divulgar essa experiência. Mostra os números de brasileiros que passam fome, sua distribuiçäo no território nacional e a metodologia utilizada para tal dimensionamento. Apresenta os princípios que estäo norteando a açäo governamental no combate à fome e à miséria, as diretrizes gerais e principais linhas do plano. Identifica as principais açöes já desencadeadas pelo governo federal e os desafios que se apresentam para a sua implementaçäo

A higiene na sociedade brasileira da segunda metade do século XIX / The hygiene in the brazilian society of the second half of the nineteenth century

O presente ensaio focaliza o papel da Medicina, através da Hgiene, na construçäo da nova ordem na sociedade brasileira da segunda metade do século XIX, em decorrência das significativas mudanças econômicas, políticas e sociais, ocorridas no período em destaque. Utilizando-se dos discursos médicos extraidos, sobretudo, de artigos da Gazeta Médica da Bahia, é feito um diagnóstico do estado sanitário das cidades brasileiras e säo identificadas as propostas e as açöes da Higiene Pública, apresentadas e desenvolvidas na época. É, ainda, analisada a açäo educativa exercida pelos médicos, através da Higiene, visando assegurar a saúde da populaçäo brasileira, especialmente da classe dominante e a saúde das cidades

Guía del fondo beneficencia pública addenda / Guide of the public beneficence archive addenda

La guía addenda contiene listado y descripción sucinta de 1183 expedientes que proporcionan información varia del año 1753 al de 1944; básicamente y en lo general esta información es relativa a los servicios de asistencia social, médica y educativa que proporcionaba el Estado mexicano a través de la Beneficencia Pública, la Secretaría de la Asistencia Pública y de los establecimientos que estas instituciones tenían a su cargo; asimismo, la información es relativa a la administración y organización de la Beneficencia Pública. Conviene mencionar que la información contenida en esta guía es complementaria de las anteriores las cuales son señaladas en el índice bajo los conceptos de secciones

Guía de las secciones abastecimiento, legal y administrativa del fondo beneficencia pública en el Distrito Federal / Guide of providing, legal and administrative sections of the public beneficence in the Federal District archive

La guía de las secciones abastecimiento, legal y administrativa lista y describe sucintamente 2920 expedientes contenidos en 279 legajos, dichos documentos datan de 1877 a 1943 y se encuentran agrupados en siete series bajo los siguientes conceptos: * Sección abastecimiento: proveeduría (1877-1933), 749 expedientes en 104 legajos; almacén central de medicinas (1878-1934), 1049 expedientes en 98 legajos; departamento de abastecimiento (1933-1941), 66 expedientes en 19 legajos. * Sección legal: departamento legal (1918-1932), 267 expedientes en 16 legajos; departamento jurídico (1931-1943), 281 expedientes en 13 legajos. * Sección administrativa: construcción y conservación (1925-1940), 212 expedientes en 9 legajos; departamento administrativo (1929-1942), 296 expedientes en 20 legajos. La información que ofrecen estos papeles se refiere principalmente a la organización administrativa y a los negocios de la Beneficencia Pública

Guía de la sección tesorería y contabilidad del fondo beneficencia pública en el Distrito Federal / Guide of the teasurership and accounting section of the public beneficence in the Federal District archive

La guía de la sección tesorería y contabilidad proporciona un listado y descripción sucinta de 2886 expedientes contenidos en 154 legajos, mismos que datan de 1833 a 1942, los cuales se agrupan bajo los siguientes conceptos: Bienes y capitales (1833-1933), 1408 expedientes en 41 legajos. Parcialidades (1829-1892), 110 expedientes en 4 legajos. Lotería (1861-1936), 163 expedientes en 7 legajos. Tesorería (1861-1942), 1205 expedientes en 102 legajos. La información que ofrecen estos documentos es relativa a la organización y funcionamiento económico de la Beneficencia Pública

Guía de los establecimientos asistenciales del fondo beneficencia pública en el Distrito Federal / Guide of assistance stablishments of the public beneficence in the Federal District archive

La Guía de los Establecimientos Asistenciales proporciona un listado y descripción sucinta de 2,060 expedientes contenidos en 112 legajos, mismos que datan de 1859 a 1953, los cuales se agrupan bajo los siguientes conceptos: Hospicio de Pobres (1859-1943), 1,238 expedientes en 54 legajos. Casa de Niños Expósitos (1861-1942), 401 expedientes en 24 legajos. Asilo de Regeneración e Infancia (1897-1906), 2 expedientes en 1 legajo. Asilos Constitucionalistas (1914-1918), 115 expedientes en 4 legajos. Asilo de Mendigos (1920-1934), 50 expedientes en 4 legajos. Asilo Vicente García Torres (1931-1941), 15 expedientes en 2 legajos. Asilo Nicolás Bravo (1933-1940), 3 expedientes en 1 legajo. Casa Hogar (1930-1940), 28 expedientes en 2 legajos. Baños y Lavaderos Públicos (1909-1927), 43 expedientes en 3 legajos. Comedores Públicos (1915-1943), 61 expedientes en 6 legajos. Dormitorios Públicos (1917-1940), 84 expedientes en 9 legajos. La información que proporcionan estos documentos refiérese principalmente a los servicios de asistencia médica y social prestados por el Estado Mexicano, a través de la Beneficencia Pública, la Secretaría de la Asistencia Pública y los Establecimientos que estas Instituciones tenían a su cargo

Familia y asistencia social / Family and social assistance

La asistencia social no puede ser concebida como un sistema de instituciones públicas y privadas que por sí mismas pueden dar atención asistencial a la población necesitada, como una acción del Estado benefactor o de la filantropía que se preocupa por los indigentes, minusválidos y desvalidos; sino que es una problemática que atañe a la sociedad en su conjunto y a la que sólo con una movilización de todos los sectores o elementos y en todo el ámbito social es posible dar una respuesta a las demandas de la población necesitada. La única fuerza mediadora que es capaz y viable para participar en una estrategia de asistencia social, que pueda llevarse a todos los lugares donde haya desvalimiento, es la familia o las familias. Por tal motivo, la familia debe ser el objetivo central de la estrategia asistencial; de tal manera que la acción emprendida por el sistema institucional tenga por objeto, en primera instancia, capacitar y habilitar a los miembros de las familias, que reúnan determinadas condiciones, para atender a su propia gente desvalida. El presente trabajo se integra por los siguientes capítulos: 1.- La crisis social, el desvalimiento humano y la crítica asistencial: una pista. 2.- La crisis familiar como síntoma y proceso en el desvalimiento y conducta desviante. 3.- La familia en la estrategia de una asistencia social movilizadora de los agentes de promoción y servicios necesarios

Programa de accion social

Objetivos generales y especificos de la Subsecretartia de Accion Social de la Provincia del Chaco. Correspondencia entre programas nacionales y provinciales, presupuesto y actividades con descripcion de misiones y funciones y estimativa de costos para cada tipo de actividad como ser Centro de orientacion familiar, ancianidad y discapacitados y comedores infantiles