RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Biliary atresia (BA) is a neonatal fibro-inflammatory cholangiopathy with ductular reaction as a key pathogenic feature predicting poor survival. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are enriched in human liver and display multiple roles in liver diseases. We aimed to investigate the function of MAIT cells in BA. METHODS: First, we analyzed correlations between liver MAIT cell and clinical parameters (survival, alanine transaminase, bilirubin, histological inflammation and fibrosis) in two public cohorts of patients with BA (US and China). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and spearman correlation analysis were employed for survival data and other clinical parameters, respectively. Next, we obtained liver samples or peripheral blood from BA and control patients for bulk RNA sequencing, flow cytometry analysis, immunostaning and functional experiments of MAIT cells. Finally, we established two in vitro co-culture systems, one is the rhesus rotavirus (RRV) infected co-culture system to model immune dysfunction of human BA which was validated by single cell RNA sequencing and the other is a multicellular system composed of biliary organoids, LX-2 and MAIT cells to evaluate the role of MAIT cells on ductular reaction. FINDINGS: Liver MAIT cells in BA were positively associated with low survival and ductular reaction. Moreover, liver MAIT cells were activated, exhibited a wound healing signature and highly expressed growth factor Amphiregulin (AREG) in a T cell receptor (TCR)-dependent manner. Antagonism of AREG abrogated the proliferative effect of BA MAIT cells on both cholangiocytes and biliary organoids. A RRV infected co-culture system, recapitulated immune dysfunction of human BA, disclosed that RRV-primed MAIT cells promoted cholangiocyte proliferation via AREG, and further induced inflammation and fibrosis in the multicellular system. INTERPRETATION: MAIT cells exhibit a wound healing signature depending on TCR signaling and promote ductular reaction via AREG, which is associated with advanced fibrosis and predictive of low survival in BA. FUNDING: This work was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China grant (82001589 and 92168108), National Key R&D Program of China (2023YFA1801600) and by Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong (2020A1515110921).
Asunto(s)
Anfirregulina , Atresia Biliar , Células T Invariantes Asociadas a Mucosa , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Anfirregulina/metabolismo , Anfirregulina/genética , Conductos Biliares/metabolismo , Conductos Biliares/patología , Atresia Biliar/patología , Atresia Biliar/metabolismo , Atresia Biliar/inmunología , Biomarcadores , Técnicas de Cocultivo , Hígado/metabolismo , Hígado/patología , Hígado/inmunología , Células T Invariantes Asociadas a Mucosa/inmunología , Células T Invariantes Asociadas a Mucosa/metabolismoRESUMEN
Background: Biliary atresia (BA) is a childhood liver disease characterized by fibrous obstruction and obstruction of the extrahepatic biliary system and is one of the most common and serious biliary disorders in infants. Significant inflammation and fibrosis of the liver and biliary tract are the most prominent features, regardless of the initial damage to the BA. Abnormalities in innate or adaptive immunity have been found in human patients and mouse models of BA. We previously reported that children with BA had abnormal lipid metabolism, including free serum carnitine. Objective: To study gene and protein expression levels of the hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) signaling pathway and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in BA and BA fibrosis, and assess their clinical values. Methods: Low expression of PPARα and NR1H4 (FXR) in BA were validated in the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Functional differences were determined by gene set enrichment analysis based on of PPARα and NR1H4 expression. BA patients from GSE46960 were divided into two clusters by using consensus clustering according to PPARα, NR1H4, and SMAD3 expression levels, and immunoinfiltration analysis was performed. Finally, 58 cases treated in our hospital were used for experimental verification. (IHC: 10 Biliary atresia, 10 choledochal cysts; PCR: 10 Biliary atresia, 14 choledochal cysts; WB: 10 Biliary atresia, 4 choledochal cysts). Results: Bioinformatics analysis showed that the expression of PPARα, CYP7A1 and NR1H4 (FXR) in the biliary atresia group was significantly lower than in the control group. More BA-specific pathways, including TGFß signaling pathway, P53 signaling pathway, PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway, etc., are enriched in BA patients with low PPARα and NR1H4 expression. In addition, low NR1H4 expression is abundant in inflammatory responses, IL6/STAT3 signaling pathways, early estrogen responses, IL2 STAT5 signaling pathways, and TGFß signaling pathways. The TGFß signaling pathway was significant in both groups. According to the expression of PPARα, NR1H4 and SMAD3, a key node in TGFß pathway, BA patients were divided into two clusters using consensus clustering. In cluster 2, SMAD3 expression was high, and PPARα and NR1H4 expression were low. In contrast to cluster 1, immune cell infiltration was higher in cluster 2, which was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. The mRNA and protein levels of PPARα and NR1H4 in BA patients were lower than in the control group by immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis and real-time PCR. Conclusions: The downregulation of PPARα and NR1H4 (FXR) signaling pathway may be closely related to biliary atresia.
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Atresia Biliar , Hígado , PPAR alfa , Receptores Citoplasmáticos y Nucleares , Animales , Ácidos y Sales Biliares/inmunología , Atresia Biliar/genética , Atresia Biliar/inmunología , Niño , Quiste del Colédoco/genética , Quiste del Colédoco/metabolismo , Fibrosis , Humanos , Lactante , Hígado/inmunología , Ratones , PPAR alfa/genética , PPAR alfa/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas/metabolismo , Receptores Citoplasmáticos y Nucleares/genética , Receptores Citoplasmáticos y Nucleares/metabolismo , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta/metabolismoRESUMEN
Maternal seeding of the microbiome in neonates promotes a long-lasting biological footprint, but how it impacts disease susceptibility in early life remains unknown. We hypothesized that feeding butyrate to pregnant mice influences the newborn's susceptibility to biliary atresia, a severe cholangiopathy of neonates. Here, we show that butyrate administration to mothers renders newborn mice resistant to inflammation and injury of bile ducts and improves survival. The prevention of hepatic immune cell activation and survival trait is linked to fecal signatures of Bacteroidetes and Clostridia and increases glutamate/glutamine and hypoxanthine in stool metabolites of newborn mice. In human neonates with biliary atresia, the fecal microbiome signature of these bacteria is under-represented, with suppression of glutamate/glutamine and increased hypoxanthine pathways. The direct administration of butyrate or glutamine to newborn mice attenuates the disease phenotype, but only glutamine renders bile duct epithelial cells resistant to cytotoxicity by natural killer cells. Thus, maternal intake of butyrate influences the fecal microbial population and metabolites in newborn mice and the phenotypic expression of experimental biliary atresia, with glutamine promoting survival of bile duct epithelial cells.
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Atresia Biliar/inmunología , Atresia Biliar/terapia , Colestasis/metabolismo , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Conductos Biliares/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Células Epiteliales/metabolismo , Femenino , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Inflamación/metabolismo , Células Asesinas Naturales/inmunología , Hígado/lesiones , Hígado/metabolismo , Hígado/patología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , EmbarazoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The etiology of biliary atresia (BA) is not known and is likely multifactorial, including a genetic predisposition, a viral or environmental trigger, an aberrant autoimmune response targeting cholangiocytes, and unique susceptibilities of the neonatal bile ducts to injury. Damaged cholangiocytes may express neo self-antigens and elicit autoreactive T-cell-mediated inflammation and B-cell production of autoantibodies. The aim of this study was to discover autoantibodies in BA that correlated with outcomes. APPROACH AND RESULTS: An autoantigen microarray encompassing approximately 9,500 autoantigens was used to screen for serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) autoantibodies in patients with BA or other liver disease controls. Validation of candidate autoantibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on a second cohort of subjects (6-12 months following Kasai portoenterostomy) and correlations of autoantibodies with outcomes were performed (serum bilirubin levels and need for liver transplant in first 2 years of life). Mean anti-chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1), anti-delta-like ligand (DLL-4), and antisurfactant protein D (SFTPD) IgM autoantibodies in BA were significantly higher compared with controls, and IgM autoantibody levels positively correlated with worse outcomes. Immunofluorescence revealed cholangiocyte-predominant expression of CHI3L1, DLL-4, and SFTPD. The humoral autoantibody response was associated with C3d complement activation and T-cell autoimmunity, based on detection of cholangiocyte-predominant C3d co-staining and peripheral blood autoreactive T cells specific to CHI3L1, DLL-4 and SFTPD, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: BA is associated with cholangiocyte-predominant IgM autoantibodies in the first year after Kasai portoenterostomy. Anti-CHI3L1, anti-DLL-4, and anti-SFTPD IgM autoantibody correlations with worse outcomes and the detection of C3d on cholangioctyes and antigen-specific autoreactive T cells suggest that autoimmunity plays a role in the ongoing bile duct injury and progression of disease.
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Autoanticuerpos/inmunología , Conductos Biliares Extrahepáticos/inmunología , Atresia Biliar/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina M/inmunología , Conductos Biliares Extrahepáticos/citología , Atresia Biliar/cirugía , Línea Celular , Preescolar , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Femenino , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Portoenterostomía HepáticaRESUMEN
Biliary atresia (BA) is a severe cholangiopathy that leads to liver failure in infants, but its pathogenesis remains to be fully characterized. By single-cell RNA profiling, we observed macrophage hypo-inflammation, Kupffer cell scavenger function defects, cytotoxic T cell expansion, and deficiency of CX3CR1+effector T and natural killer (NK) cells in infants with BA. More importantly, we discovered that hepatic B cell lymphopoiesis did not cease after birth and that tolerance defects contributed to immunoglobulin G (IgG)-autoantibody accumulation in BA. In a rhesus-rotavirus induced BA model, depleting B cells or blocking antigen presentation ameliorated liver damage. In a pilot clinical study, we demonstrated that rituximab was effective in depleting hepatic B cells and restoring the functions of macrophages, Kupffer cells, and T cells to levels comparable to those of control subjects. In summary, our comprehensive immune profiling in infants with BA had educed that B-cell-modifying therapies may alleviate liver pathology.
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Atresia Biliar/inmunología , Atresia Biliar/terapia , Hígado/inmunología , Animales , Antígenos CD20/metabolismo , Linfocitos B/inmunología , Atresia Biliar/sangre , Atresia Biliar/tratamiento farmacológico , Biopsia , Receptor 1 de Quimiocinas CX3C/metabolismo , Muerte Celular , Línea Celular , Proliferación Celular , Transdiferenciación Celular , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios de Cohortes , Citotoxicidad Inmunológica , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G/metabolismo , Lactante , Inflamación/patología , Células Asesinas Naturales/inmunología , Macrófagos del Hígado/patología , Hígado/patología , Cirrosis Hepática/sangre , Cirrosis Hepática/complicaciones , Cirrosis Hepática/inmunología , Cirrosis Hepática/patología , Depleción Linfocítica , Linfopoyesis , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Fagocitosis , ARN/metabolismo , Rituximab/administración & dosificación , Rituximab/farmacología , Rituximab/uso terapéutico , Rotavirus/fisiología , Análisis de la Célula Individual , Células TH1/inmunología , Células Th17/inmunologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Biliary atresia (BA) is an inflammatory pediatric cholangiopathy with only surgical means for treatment. Many contributors to bile acid synthesis and transport have previously been reported to be downregulated in patients with BA; yet, the driving factors of the abnormal bile acid synthesis and transport in regard to BA have not been previously studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Wild type or Ig-α-/- mice were injected with salt solution (control) or rotavirus on day of life 0, and analyses were performed on day of life 14. The mRNA levels of bile acid transporters/nuclear receptors and liver microRNAs (miRNAs) were compared between groups. A mouse hepatocyte cell line was used to examine the effects of innate cytokines on miRNA levels and bile acid transporter/nuclear receptor expression and miRNAs on bile acid transporter/nuclear receptor expression. RESULTS: BA mice had significantly increased mRNA expression of innate cytokines and miRNAs known to bind bile acid transporters/nuclear receptors (miRNAs -22-5p, -34a-5p, and -222-3p) and decreased mRNA expression of bile acid transporters and nuclear receptors. In vitro, TNF-α and IL-1ß decreased BSEP and CYP7A1 while increasing miRNA-34a-5p and miRNA 222-3p. LXR, SHP, CYP7A1, NTCP, and MRP2 were decreased by miRNA-34a-5p, whereas miRNA-222-3p decreased NTCP and MRP4. TNF-α and IL-1ß increased expression of miRNAs 34a-5p and 222-3p and these miRNAs then decrease expression of multiple bile acid transporters and nuclear receptors. CONCLUSIONS: Loss of bile acid transporters increases hepatotoxicity via bile acid retention. Therapeutic agents that increase bile acid transport or nuclear receptor functioning should be investigated in BA.
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Ácidos y Sales Biliares/metabolismo , Atresia Biliar/inmunología , Colestasis/inmunología , Inflamación/genética , MicroARNs/metabolismo , Animales , Conductos Biliares/inmunología , Conductos Biliares/patología , Atresia Biliar/patología , Antígenos CD79/genética , Antígenos CD79/inmunología , Proteínas Portadoras/genética , Proteínas Portadoras/metabolismo , Línea Celular , Colestasis/patología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/inmunología , Hepatocitos/metabolismo , Humanos , Inflamación/complicaciones , Inflamación/inmunología , Hígado/citología , Hígado/inmunología , Hígado/patología , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/genética , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Noqueados , Receptores Citoplasmáticos y Nucleares/genética , Receptores Citoplasmáticos y Nucleares/metabolismoRESUMEN
Biliary atresia (BA), the most common cause of pediatric end-stage liver disease, results from fibroinflammatory obstruction of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts. The etiology of BA has been extensively studied, and inflammation and imbalanced immune system have been identified as the main pathogenesis of BA. B cells play roles in innate and adaptive immunity, but few studies have investigated the role of B cells in BA. This study aimed to elucidate the role of B cells in the development of BA. The percentage and numbers of total B cells (23.81 ± 11.14%ï¼P < 0.0001, 1.22 ± 0.67 × 109 L-1 , P = 0.0014) and immature B cells (25.33 ± 14.32%, P = 0.0013, 0.19 ± 0.20 × 109 L-1 , P < 0.0001) were significantly increased in the peripheral blood of patients with BA and the number of total B cells was positively correlated with gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase in the serum of BA. High C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8) levels were detected in the serum of patients with BA. As an important source of CXCL8, B cells from patients with BA secreted more CXCL8 into peripheral blood than those from control patients. Moreover, immature B cells can secrete more CXCL8 than mature B cells, and B cells secreted CXCL8 upon activation of the nuclear factor-κB pathway. Taken together, the results revealed that B cells have a strong ability to secrete CXCL8, which is associated with the pathogenesis of BA, and exert a proinflammatory effect on the development of BA.
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Linfocitos B/inmunología , Atresia Biliar , Interleucina-8/sangre , Atresia Biliar/inmunología , Niño , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Enfermedad Hepática en Estado Terminal , Humanos , Índice de Severidad de la EnfermedadRESUMEN
Biliary atresia (BA) is a devastating fibro-inflammatory disease characterized by the obstruction of extrahepatic and intrahepatic bile ducts in infants that can have fatal consequences, when not treated in a timely manner. It is the most common indication of pediatric liver transplantation worldwide and the development of new therapies, to alleviate the need of surgical intervention, has been hindered due to its complexity and lack of understanding of the disease pathogenesis. For that reason, significant efforts have been made toward the development of experimental models and strategies to understand the etiology and disease mechanisms and to identify novel therapeutic targets. The only characterized model of BA, using a Rhesus Rotavirus Type A infection of newborn BALB/c mice, has enabled the identification of key cellular and molecular targets involved in epithelial injury and duct obstruction. However, the establishment of an unleashed chronic inflammation followed by a progressive pathological wound healing process remains poorly understood. Like T cells, macrophages can adopt different functional programs [pro-inflammatory (M1) and resolutive (M2) macrophages] and influence the surrounding cytokine environment and the cell response to injury. In this review, we provide an overview of the immunopathogenesis of BA, discuss the implication of innate immunity in the disease pathogenesis and highlight their suitability as therapeutic targets.
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Atresia Biliar/inmunología , Atresia Biliar/patología , Inmunidad Innata/inmunología , Animales , Atresia Biliar/terapia , Atresia Biliar/virología , Colestasis/etiología , Colestasis/metabolismo , Citocinas , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Humanos , Inmunidad Humoral , Inflamación , Macrófagos/inmunología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Rotavirus/patogenicidad , Infecciones por RotavirusRESUMEN
Autoreactive B cells can promote autoimmunity through antigen presentation to autoreactive T cells, production of autoantibodies, generation of cytokines promoting T cell activation and differentiation, and inhibition of regulatory T cells and B cells. Here, the authors highlight studies pertaining to B cell mechanisms associated with disease pathogenesis and outcomes in autoimmune hepatitis and the immune-mediated cholangiopathies (primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and biliary atresia). The vast majority of investigations focus on autoantibodies and future research endeavors should include deciphering the role of the B cell in T cell activation (through antigen presentation, cytokine/chemokine production, and inhibition of regulation). Targeting B cell mechanisms in the treatment of autoimmune liver diseases is also highlighted.
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Linfocitos B/fisiología , Atresia Biliar/inmunología , Colangitis Esclerosante/inmunología , Hepatitis Autoinmune/inmunología , Cirrosis Hepática Biliar/inmunología , Animales , Presentación de Antígeno/inmunología , Células Presentadoras de Antígenos/inmunología , Células Presentadoras de Antígenos/metabolismo , Autoanticuerpos/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismo , HumanosRESUMEN
Biliary atresia (BA) is a neonatal cholestatic liver disease that is the leading cause of pediatric liver transplantation, however, the mechanism of disease remains unknown. There are two major forms of BA: isolated BA (iBA) comprises the majority of cases and is thought to result from an aberrant immune response to an environmental trigger, whereas syndromic BA (BASM) has associated malformations and is thought to arise from a congenital insult. To determine whether B cells in BA biliary remnants are antigen driven, we examined the immunoglobulin (Ig) repertoire of diseased tissue from each BA group. Deep sequencing of the Ig chain DNA was performed on iBA and BASM biliary remnants and lymph nodes obtained from the Childhood Liver Disease Research Network (ChiLDReN) repository. Statistical analysis of the Ig repertoire provided measures of Ig clonality and the Ig phenotype. Our data demonstrate that B cells infiltrate diseased iBA and BASM biliary remnant tissue. The Ig repertoires of iBA and BASM disease groups were oligoclonal supporting a role for an antigen-driven immune response in both sub-types. These findings shift the current understanding of BA and suggest a role for antigen stimulation in early iBA and BASM disease pathogenesis.
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Atresia Biliar/clasificación , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento/métodos , Inmunoglobulinas/genética , Linfocitos B/inmunología , Atresia Biliar/inmunología , Preescolar , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN/métodosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Biliary atresia (BA) is a neonatal obliterative cholangiopathy with high prevalence in south China. Accurate identification of BA among infants with obstructive jaundice is still difficult by noninvasive diagnostic tools. Th17 cells have been reported closely related with the development of BA, which suggest that Th17-associated cytokines were potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of BA patients. METHODS: In the training study, 76 infants who were divided into 2 groups, including BA group (nâ¯=â¯31) and non-BA jaundice group (nâ¯=â¯45). Clinical and routine laboratory data were collected from all subjects. Totally 25 Th17-associated cytokines were tested and compared between groups. The diagnostic value of each differential cytokine was evaluated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). The best potential diagnostic biomarker was further validated in a cohort including 68 jaundice infants from our partnering institution in a blinded fashion. RESULTS: Data from the training study showed that gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and clay stool would be helpful in the identification of BA patients in jaundice subjects. Th17-associated cytokines assay indicated that IL-17F, IL-10, macrophage inflammatory protein-3alpha (MIP3a), IL-22, IL-13, IL-33, IL-6, IL-17E, IL-27, IL-31, TNF-a and TNF-b were differentially expressed in BA patients, and the AUC of MIP3a was higher than other markers. MIP3a alone or combined with other laboratory data would significantly increase the diagnostic accuracy of BA. The diagnostic value of MIP3a was further confirmed in our validation study. CONCLUSION: MIP3a alone or combined with other laboratory data would significantly increase the diagnostic accuracy of BA.
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Atresia Biliar/diagnóstico , Atresia Biliar/patología , Quimiocina CCL20/análisis , Células Th17/inmunología , Atresia Biliar/inmunología , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Ictericia/diagnóstico , Hepatopatías/diagnóstico , Hepatopatías/patología , Masculino , gamma-Glutamiltransferasa/análisisRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Biliary atresia (BA) is the main indication for pediatric liver transplantation. The aim of this study is to correlate aspects of histological examinations of diagnostic hepatic biopsies for BA with the patients' clinical progression and successful addition to the liver transplant waitlist. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of all 108 BA cases treated at the Federal University of São Paulo (1998-2015). Demographic and clinical data were correlated with histological findings. A logistic regression was used for outcome analysis, while the Kaplan-Meier method was applied for survival analysis. RESULTS: There were 108 patients with BA, 68.5% of whom underwent Kasai surgery. Patients added to the transplant waitlist tended to undergo Kasai surgery at a later time (P = .035). Periductal lymphocytic infiltrate was correlated with the addition to the transplant waitlist, with an odds ratio of 3.92 (P = .033). Patients who developed ascites after surgery were more frequently added to the transplant waitlist (P = .05). CONCLUSION: Patients added to the transplant waitlist underwent Kasai surgery later than other patients. Periductal lymphocytic infiltrate in the diagnostic hepatic biopsy and ascites after Kasai surgery were associated with an increased likelihood of addition to the transplant waitlist.
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Atresia Biliar/inmunología , Atresia Biliar/patología , Trasplante de Hígado/métodos , Selección de Paciente , Listas de Espera , Conductos Biliares/inmunología , Conductos Biliares/patología , Atresia Biliar/cirugía , Biopsia , Preescolar , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Estimación de Kaplan-Meier , Hígado/inmunología , Hígado/patología , Modelos Logísticos , Linfocitos/inmunología , Masculino , Infiltración Neutrófila , Oportunidad Relativa , Estudios Retrospectivos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Biliary atresia (BA) is a neonatal T cell-mediated, inflammatory, sclerosing cholangiopathy. In the rhesus rotavirus (RRV)-induced neonatal mouse model of BA (murine BA), mice lacking B cells do not develop BA, and the lack of B cells is associated with loss of T-cell and macrophage activation. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism of B cell-mediated immune activation (antigen presentation versus cytokine production) in murine BA. Normal neonatal B cells in the liver are predominantly at pro-B and pre-B cellular development. However, BA mice exhibit a significant increase in the number and activation status of mature liver B cells. Adoptively transferred B cells into RRV-infected, B cell-deficient mice were able to reinstate T-cell and macrophage infiltration and biliary injury. Nonetheless, neonatal liver B cells were incompetent at antigen presentation to T cells. Moreover, 3-83 immunoglobulin transgenic mice, in which B cells only present an irrelevant antigen, developed BA, indicating a B-cell antigen-independent mechanism. B cells from BA mice produced a variety of innate and adaptive immune cytokines associated with immune activation. In vitro trans-well studies revealed that BA B cells secreted cytokines that activated T cells based on increased expression of T-cell activation marker cluster of differentiation 69. Conclusion: Neonatal liver B cells are highly activated in murine BA and contribute to immune activation through production of numerous cytokines involved in innate and adaptive immunity; this work provides increased knowledge on the capacity of neonatal B cells to contribute to an inflammatory disease through cytokine-mediated mechanisms, and future studies should focus on targeting B cells as a therapeutic intervention in human BA.
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Linfocitos B/metabolismo , Conductos Biliares/patología , Atresia Biliar/inmunología , Citocinas/metabolismo , Inmunidad Adaptativa/inmunología , Adolescente , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Linfocitos B/inmunología , Conductos Biliares/inmunología , Técnicas de Cultivo de Célula , Niño , Preescolar , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Citometría de Flujo , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Hígado/inmunología , Hígado/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Análisis de Secuencia de ARN , Bazo/inmunologíaAsunto(s)
Autoanticuerpos/inmunología , Autoantígenos/inmunología , Atresia Biliar/inmunología , Fosfopiruvato Hidratasa/inmunología , Piruvato Quinasa/inmunología , Adolescente , Adulto , Animales , Autoanticuerpos/sangre , Atresia Biliar/sangre , Niño , Preescolar , Humanos , Immunoblotting , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina M/sangre , Inmunoglobulina M/inmunología , Lactante , ConejosRESUMEN
AIM: To investigate the prevalence and clinical significance of autoimmune liver disease (ALD)-related autoantibodies in patients with biliary atresia (BA). METHODS: Sera of 124 BA patients and 140 age-matched non-BA controls were assayed for detection of the following autoantibodies: ALD profile and specific anti-nuclear antibodies (ANAs), by line-blot assay; ANA and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA), by indirect immunofluorescence assay; specific ANCAs and anti-M2-3E, by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Associations of these autoantibodies with the clinical features of BA (i.e., cytomegalovirus infection, degree of liver fibrosis, and short-term prognosis of Kasai procedure) were evaluated by Spearman's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: The overall positive rate of serum autoantibodies in preoperative BA patients was 56.5%. ALD profile assay showed that the positive reaction to primary biliary cholangitis-related autoantibodies in BA patients was higher than that to autoimmune hepatitis-related autoantibodies. Among these autoantibodies, anti-BPO was detected more frequently in the BA patients than in the controls (14.8% vs 2.2%, P < 0.05). Accordingly, 32 (25.8%) of the 124 BA patients also showed a high positive reaction for anti-M2-3E. By comparison, the controls had a remarkably lower frequency of anti-M2-3E (P < 0.05), with 6/92 (8.6%) of patients with other liver diseases and 2/48 (4.2%) of healthy controls. The prevalence of ANA in BA patients was 11.3%, which was higher than that in disease controls (3.3%, P < 0.05), but the reactivity to specific ANAs was only 8.2%. The prevalence of ANCAs (ANCA or specific ANCAs) in BA patients was also remarkably higher than that in the healthy controls (37.9% vs 6.3%, P < 0.05), but showed no difference from that in patients with other cholestasis. ANCA positivity was closely associated with the occurrence of postoperative cholangitis (r = 0.61, P < 0.05), whereas none of the autoantibodies showed a correlation to cytomegalovirus infection or the stages of liver fibrosis. CONCLUSION: High prevalence of autoantibodies in the BA developmental process strongly reveals the autoimmune-mediated pathogenesis. Serological ANCA positivity may be a useful predictive biomarker of postoperative cholangitis.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Anticitoplasma de Neutrófilos/sangre , Anticuerpos Antinucleares/sangre , Atresia Biliar/sangre , Colangitis Esclerosante/sangre , Hepatitis Autoinmune/sangre , Anticuerpos Anticitoplasma de Neutrófilos/inmunología , Autoantígenos/inmunología , Atresia Biliar/inmunología , Atresia Biliar/cirugía , Biomarcadores/sangre , Colangitis Esclerosante/inmunología , Citomegalovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/sangre , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/inmunología , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/virología , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Femenino , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente Indirecta , Hepatitis Autoinmune/inmunología , Humanos , Lactante , Cirrosis Hepática/sangre , Cirrosis Hepática/inmunología , Masculino , Portoenterostomía Hepática/efectos adversos , Portoenterostomía Hepática/métodos , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/sangre , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/epidemiología , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/etiología , Periodo Preoperatorio , Pronóstico , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
Biliary atresia (BA) is histologically characterized by a progressive, sclerosing cholangitis and the obstruction of extrahepatic bile ducts. In terms of the etiology and pathogenesis of BA, several viral infections consisting of dsRNA, including Reoviridae, have been implicated. Human biliary epithelial cells (BECs) possess an innate immune system consisting of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). BECs have negative regulatory mechanisms of TLR tolerance to avoid an excessive inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a TLR4 ligand; however, they lack the tolerance to poly(I:C) (a synthetic analog of viral dsRNA), a TLR3 ligand. Treatment with poly(I:C) induces the expression of the apoptosis-inducer TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), along with the antiviral molecule IFN-ß1, and reduces the viability of BECs by enhancing apoptosis. In response, surviving BECs increase their expression of various markers, including basic FGF [an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-inducer], S100A4 (a mesenchymal marker), and Snail (a transcriptional factor), and decrease that of epithelial markers such as CK19 and E-cadherin before undergoing EMT. Extrahepatic bile ducts in BA infants frequently show a lack of epithelial markers and an aberrant expression of vimentin, in addition to the enhancement of TRAIL and apoptosis. dsRNA viruses may directly induce apoptosis and EMT in human BECs as a result of the biliary innate immune response, supporting the notion that Reoviridae infections may be directly associated with the pathogenesis of cholangiopathies in BA.
Asunto(s)
Atresia Biliar , Colangitis Esclerosante , Colestasis Extrahepática , Inmunidad Innata , Atresia Biliar/complicaciones , Atresia Biliar/epidemiología , Atresia Biliar/inmunología , Colangitis Esclerosante/epidemiología , Colangitis Esclerosante/etiología , Colangitis Esclerosante/inmunología , Colestasis Extrahepática/epidemiología , Colestasis Extrahepática/etiología , Colestasis Extrahepática/inmunología , Salud Global , Humanos , Recién Nacido , MorbilidadRESUMEN
Biliary atresia is a devastating biliary disease of neonates that results in liver transplantation for the vast majority. The etiology of biliary atresia is unknown and is likely multifactorial, with components of genetic predisposition, environmental trigger and autoimmunity contributing to disease pathogenesis. This review highlights recent work related to investigations of disease pathogenesis in biliary atresia.
Asunto(s)
Autoinmunidad , Atresia Biliar , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Atresia Biliar/epidemiología , Atresia Biliar/genética , Atresia Biliar/inmunología , Salud Global , Humanos , Recién Nacido , MorbilidadRESUMEN
Biliary atresia (BA) is a unique cholestatic disease of newborns with a background of exaggerated immune response in the liver of unknown mechanism. Three hypotheses have been proposed; autoimmune type of cholangiopathy triggered by virus infection, graft-versus-host disease type of immune-mediated disease associated with maternal microchimerism and ductal plate malformation theory. Researchers on virus infection theory have experimentally explored immune process causing cholangiopathy on murine models of this disease, while in maternal microchimerism hypothesis were detected maternal cells in the BA patients' liver, of which roles are yet to be determined. Ductal plate malformation theory is an intriguing hypothesis in the sense that it suggests the onset of this disease is in the first trimester. This theory can be secondary to either one of these two immune-related insults. In this review, four unique points are focused; (1) the timing of onset, (2) hepatitis-like pathological picture, (3) heterogenous atrophy of the liver segments when advanced, and (4) swollen lymph nodes at the porta hepatis. These unique clinicopahtological aspects of this disease should be well explained by these hypotheses.
Asunto(s)
Atresia Biliar/inmunología , Inmunidad Celular , Hígado/inmunología , Humanos , Recién NacidoRESUMEN
Abstract Objectives: The objective of the present study is to evaluate whether IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10 are associated with nutritional status in patients with cirrhosis secondary to biliary atresia and compare to healthy controls. Methods: The parameters used for nutritional assessment were the standard deviation scores of height-for-age and of triceps skinfold thickness-for-age. The severity of cirrhosis was evaluated using the Child-Pugh score and PELD/MELD. Serum cytokines were measured using Cytometric Bead Array flow cytometry. Results: IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 were significantly higher in the cirrhosis group when compared with the control group (2.4 vs. 0.24 (p < 0.001), 0.21 vs. 0.14 (p = 0.007), and 0.65 vs. 0.36 (p = 0.004), respectively. IL-6 and IL-10 were positively correlated with disease severity (0.450 [p = 0.001] and 0.410; [p = 0.002], respectively). TNF-α did not show a significant correlation with disease severity (0.100; p = 0.478). Regarding nutritional evaluation, IL-6 was negatively correlated with the standard deviation score of height-for-age (−0.493; p < 0.001) and of triceps skinfold thickness-for-age (−0.503; p < 0.001), respectively. IL-10 exhibited a negative correlation with the standard deviation score of height-for-age (−0.476; p < 0.001) and the standard deviation score of triceps skinfold thickness-for-age (−0.388; p = 0.004). TNF-α did not show any significance in both anthropometric parameters (−0.083 (p = 0.555) and −0.161 (p = 0.253). Conclusion: The authors suggest that, in patients with cirrhosis secondary to biliary atresia, IL-6 could be used as a possible supporting biomarker of deficient nutritional status and elevated IL-10 levels could be used as a possible early-stage supporting biomarker of deteriorating nutritional status.
Resumo Objetivos: Avaliar se há associações entre a IL-6, o TNF-α, a IL-10 e a estado nutricional em pacientes com cirrose secundária a atresia biliar e comparar com controles saudáveis. Métodos: Os parâmetros usados na avaliação nutricional foram desvio padrão de estatura para a idade e espessura da prega cutânea do tríceps para a idade. A gravidade da cirrose foi avaliada por meio da classificação de Child-Pugh e do PELD/MELD. As citocinas no soro foram medidas por citometria de fluxo - técnica de Cytometric Bead Array. Resultados: A IL-6, o TNF-α e a IL-10 foram significativamente maiores no grupo de cirrose em comparação com o grupo de controle [2,4 em comparação com 0,24 (p < 0,001)], [0,21 em comparação com 0,14 (p = 0,007)] e [0,65 em comparação com 0,36 (p = 0,004)], respectivamente. A IL-6 e a IL-10 demonstraram correlação positiva com a gravidade da doença (0,450; p = 0,001) e (0,410; p = 0,002), respectivamente. O TNF-α não mostrou relevância na gravidade da doença (0,100; p = 0,478). Com relação à avaliação nutricional, a IL-6 demonstrou correlação negativa com o desvio padrão de estatura para a idade (−0,493; p < 0,001) e o desvio padrão de espessura da prega cutânea do tríceps para a idade (−0,503; p < 0,001), respectivamente. A IL-10 demonstrou correlação negativa com o desvio padrão de estatura para a idade (−0,476; p < 0,001) e o desvio padrão de espessura da prega cutânea do tríceps para a idade (−0,388; p = 0,004), respectivamente. O TNF-α não mostrou relevância em ambos os parâmetros antropométricos [(−0,083; p = 0,555); (−0,161; p = 0,253)]. Conclusão: Assim, sugerimos que, em pacientes com cirrose secundária a atresia biliar, IL-6 pode ser usado como um possível biomarcador de suporte do estado nutricional deficiente e níveis aumentados de IL-10 podem ser usados como um possível biomarcador de suporte, em fase inicial, de deterioração do estado nutricional.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Lactante , Preescolar , Niño , Atresia Biliar/sangre , Estado Nutricional , Interleucina-6/sangre , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/sangre , Interleucina-10/sangre , Cirrosis Hepática/sangre , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Atresia Biliar/complicaciones , Atresia Biliar/inmunología , Biomarcadores/sangre , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Evaluación Nutricional , Interleucina-6/inmunología , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/inmunología , Interleucina-10/inmunología , Cirrosis Hepática/etiología , Cirrosis Hepática/inmunologíaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: A proposed etiopathogenesis of biliary atresia (BA) involves T-cell-mediated inflammatory bile duct damage and progressive hepatic fibrosis. Pediatric surgeons often observe swelling of the hepatic hilar lymph nodes during the Kasai procedure. Given the importance of regulatory mechanisms in immune responses, the present study was designed to analyze the quantitative changes of regulatory T cells (T reg cells) in the hepatic hilar lymph nodes (hepatic hilar LNs) and peripheral blood (PB) in BA. METHODS: The hepatic hilar LNs and PB obtained during the Kasai procedure were analyzed by flow cytometry. The ratios of total and active Tregs to the total CD4+ cells in the PB and the hepatic hilar LNs were compared. RESULTS: In patients with BA, the ratios of both the total and active T reg cells in the hepatic hilar LNs were higher than those in the PB (total T reg cells: PB vs. LN; P < 0.001; active T reg cells: PB vs. LN; P = 0.001). In BA patients, the increase in the ratio of active T reg cells to the CD4 + cells in the LNs in comparison to the PB was greater than that in control patients. The ratio observed in the BA patients was almost double the ratio observed in the control patients. The median LN/PB ratio in the BA patients was 3.1, while that in controls was 1.6 (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: The present study showed that the ratios of both total T reg cells and active T reg cells were higher in the hepatic hilar lymph nodes of BA patients. This finding could shed light on the pathogenesis of BA.