RESUMEN
Inherited retinopathies are devastating diseases that in most cases lack treatment options. Disease-modifying therapies that mitigate pathophysiology regardless of the underlying genetic lesion are desirable due to the diversity of mutations found in such diseases. We tested a systems pharmacology-based strategy that suppresses intracellular cAMP and Ca2+ activity via G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) modulation using tamsulosin, metoprolol, and bromocriptine coadministration. The treatment improves cone photoreceptor function and slows degeneration in Pde6ßrd10 and RhoP23H/WT retinitis pigmentosa mice. Cone degeneration is modestly mitigated after a 7-month-long drug infusion in PDE6A-/- dogs. The treatment also improves rod pathway function in an Rpe65-/- mouse model of Leber congenital amaurosis but does not protect from cone degeneration. RNA-sequencing analyses indicate improved metabolic function in drug-treated Rpe65-/- and rd10 mice. Our data show that catecholaminergic GPCR drug combinations that modify second messenger levels via multiple receptor actions provide a potential disease-modifying therapy against retinal degeneration.
Asunto(s)
Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Reposicionamiento de Medicamentos , Retinitis Pigmentosa , Animales , Ratones , Perros , Retinitis Pigmentosa/tratamiento farmacológico , Retinitis Pigmentosa/genética , Mutación , Fosfodiesterasas de Nucleótidos Cíclicos Tipo 6/genética , Fosfodiesterasas de Nucleótidos Cíclicos Tipo 6/metabolismo , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/genética , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Ratones Noqueados , Amaurosis Congénita de Leber/tratamiento farmacológico , Amaurosis Congénita de Leber/genética , Bromocriptina/farmacología , Bromocriptina/uso terapéutico , cis-trans-Isomerasas/genética , cis-trans-Isomerasas/metabolismo , Humanos , Quimioterapia Combinada , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Células Fotorreceptoras Retinianas Conos/efectos de los fármacos , Células Fotorreceptoras Retinianas Conos/metabolismo , Células Fotorreceptoras Retinianas Conos/patología , Femenino , AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Degeneración Retiniana/tratamiento farmacológico , Degeneración Retiniana/genética , Masculino , Calcio/metabolismoRESUMEN
Dopamine (DA) D2-like receptors in both the central nervous system (CNS) and the periphery are key modulators of metabolism. Moreover, disruption of D2-like receptor signaling is implicated in dysglycemia. Yet, the respective metabolic contributions of CNS versus peripheral D2-like receptors, including D2 (D2R) and D3 (D3R) receptors, remain poorly understood. To address this, we developed new pharmacological tools, D2-like receptor agonists with diminished and delayed blood-brain barrier capability, to selectively manipulate D2R/D3R signaling in the periphery. We designated bromocriptine methiodide (BrMeI), a quaternary methiodide analog of D2R/D3R agonist and diabetes drug bromocriptine, as our lead compound based on preservation of D2R/D3R binding and functional efficacy. We then used BrMeI and unmodified bromocriptine to dissect relative contributions of CNS versus peripheral D2R/D3R signaling in treating dysglycemia. Systemic administration of bromocriptine, with unrestricted access to CNS and peripheral targets, significantly improved both insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in obese, dysglycemic mice in vivo. In contrast, metabolic improvements were attenuated when access to bromocriptine was restricted either to the CNS through intracerebroventricular administration or delayed access to the CNS via BrMeI. Our findings demonstrate that the coordinated actions of both CNS and peripheral D2-like receptors are required for correcting dysglycemia. Ultimately, the development of a first-generation of drugs designed to selectively target the periphery provides a blueprint for dissecting mechanisms of central versus peripheral DA signaling and paves the way for novel strategies to treat dysglycemia.
Asunto(s)
Bromocriptina , Agonistas de Dopamina , Receptores de Dopamina D2 , Transducción de Señal , Animales , Receptores de Dopamina D2/metabolismo , Receptores de Dopamina D2/agonistas , Bromocriptina/farmacología , Bromocriptina/uso terapéutico , Ratones , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Agonistas de Dopamina/farmacología , Agonistas de Dopamina/uso terapéutico , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Resistencia a la Insulina/fisiología , Glucemia/metabolismo , Glucemia/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Sistema Nervioso Central/metabolismo , Sistema Nervioso Central/efectos de los fármacos , Receptores de Dopamina D3/metabolismo , Receptores de Dopamina D3/agonistasRESUMEN
Introduction: There has been an increasing awareness of the effects of combining bromocriptine-QR with other medications for diabetes mellitus type 2. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of bromocriptine-QR as an adjunctive therapy for patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methodology: This systematic review is registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42022360326). Literature search was done via MEDLINE, NCBI, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Europe PMC and Cochrane Library databases. We included randomized controlled trials with participants 18 years old and above with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus. The primary outcome of interest is the efficacy and safety of bromocriptine-QR as an adjunctive therapy for glycemic control. Case reports, case series, reviews and animal studies were excluded. The risk of bias was reviewed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.4 and presented as a weighted mean difference and 95% confidence interval for changes from the baseline level. Results: Nine studies were included in the systematic review with a total of 2709 participants. The baseline HbA1c in the bromocriptine-QR group was 7.42% and 7.51% in the control group. The bromocriptine-QR group was favoured, outperforming the control group in terms of reducing hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c), with a statistically significant difference (weighted mean difference -0.6%; 95% CI [-0.83,-0.36]; p<0.00001). The most common side effects were nausea (33.75% vs 6.92%), fatigue (13.11% vs 5.94%), and headache (11.17% vs 6.87%). Conclusion: Administration of bromocriptine-QR at a dose range of 1.6 to 4.8 mg/day as an adjunctive therapy reduced HbA1c and FBG in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, there were also statistically greater odds of the occurrence of adverse events such as nausea, vomiting, and headache compared to controls.
Asunto(s)
Bromocriptina , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Control Glucémico , Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamiento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangre , Bromocriptina/uso terapéutico , Bromocriptina/administración & dosificación , Bromocriptina/efectos adversos , Control Glucémico/métodos , Control Glucémico/efectos adversos , Hipoglucemiantes/uso terapéutico , Hipoglucemiantes/administración & dosificación , Hipoglucemiantes/efectos adversos , Glucemia/efectos de los fármacos , Glucemia/metabolismo , Glucemia/análisis , Hemoglobina Glucada/análisis , Hemoglobina Glucada/metabolismo , Resultado del Tratamiento , Quimioterapia Combinada , Agonistas de Dopamina/uso terapéutico , Agonistas de Dopamina/efectos adversos , Agonistas de Dopamina/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
Dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) play crucial roles in regulating diverse physiological functions of the central nervous system and peripheral organs. D2Rs are also expressed in mammary glands. However, which cell types express D2Rs and whether they are involved in milk production remains unclear. The present findings revealed that D2Rs are expressed in the apical regions of the lateral membranes of mammary epithelial cells (MECs) in lactating mice. We also investigated the effects of the D2R agonist bromocriptine and/or antagonist domperidone on intracellular cAMP levels, milk protein production, and apoptosis in a lactation culture model of MECs that produce major milk components like lactating MECs in vivo. We found that bromocriptine decreased intracellular cAMP levels, whereas domperidone dose-dependently neutralized this effect. Bromocriptine also inhibited casein and lactoferrin production and suppressed activities of STAT5 and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs). Domperidone neutralized the inhibition of casein production as well as STAT5 and GR inactivation induced by bromocriptine. Furthermore, D2R activation by bromocriptine induced apoptosis and inactivated ERK, a signaling molecule responsible for promoting cell proliferation and survival. Domperidone attenuated ERK inactivation and apoptosis induced by bromocriptine. These findings suggest that D2Rs play regulatory roles in milk protein production and apoptosis in MECs.
Asunto(s)
Apoptosis , Bromocriptina , Domperidona , Células Epiteliales , Lactancia , Glándulas Mamarias Animales , Proteínas de la Leche , Receptores de Dopamina D2 , Animales , Femenino , Ratones , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Bromocriptina/farmacología , Células Cultivadas , AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Domperidona/farmacología , Células Epiteliales/metabolismo , Células Epiteliales/efectos de los fármacos , Lactancia/metabolismo , Glándulas Mamarias Animales/citología , Glándulas Mamarias Animales/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Leche/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Leche/genética , Receptores de Dopamina D2/metabolismo , Receptores de Dopamina D2/genética , Factor de Transcripción STAT5/metabolismoRESUMEN
Monogeneans are parasitic platyhelminths that can harm the health of farmed fish. Few treatments are available against monogeneans, and the incentive to develop new antiparasitic agents is similar or even lower than the incentive for neglected parasitic diseases in humans. Considering that searching for and developing new antimonogenean compounds may require enormous investments of time, money, and animal sacrifice, the use of a computer-guided drug repositioning approach is a reasonable alternative. Under this context, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of plumbagin and bromocriptine against adults and eggs of the monogenean Rhabdosynochus viridisi (Diplectanidae). Plumbagin is a phytochemical compound that has recently emerged as a potent antimonogenean; however, further investigation is required to determine its effects on different monogenean species. Bromocriptine was selected through a computational approach that included molecular docking analyses of 77 receptors of monogeneans (putative drug targets) and 77 ligands (putative inhibitors). In vitro experiments showed that bromocriptine does not exhibit mortality at concentrations of 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/L whereas plumbagin at 2 and 10 mg/L caused 100% monogenean mortality after 3 h and 30 min, respectively. The most effective concentration of plumbagin (10 mg/L) did not completely inhibit egg hatching. These findings underscore plumbagin as a highly effective agent against adult monogeneans and highlight the need for research to evaluate its effect(s) on fish. Although computational drug repositioning is useful for selecting candidates for experimental testing, it does not guarantee success due to the complexity of biological interactions, as observed here with bromocriptine. Therefore, it is crucial to examine the various compounds proposed by this method.
Asunto(s)
Bromocriptina , Reposicionamiento de Medicamentos , Enfermedades de los Peces , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Naftoquinonas , Bromocriptina/farmacología , Bromocriptina/uso terapéutico , Naftoquinonas/farmacología , Naftoquinonas/química , Animales , Enfermedades de los Peces/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Peces/tratamiento farmacológico , Trematodos/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune blistering skin condition primarily treated with immunosuppressive agents. We describe a case of PV successfully treated with nonconventional treatment, bromocriptine mesylate. Bromocriptine has been used in human trials showing beneficial therapeutic effects in managing autoimmune conditions. The results from experimental trials and the low toxicity of bromocriptine in comparison with immunosuppressive agents form a solid rationale for investigating its role in controlling PV. J Drugs Dermatol. 2024;23(3): doi:10.36849/JDD.7720e.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Autoinmunes , Pénfigo , Humanos , Pénfigo/diagnóstico , Pénfigo/tratamiento farmacológico , Bromocriptina/uso terapéutico , InmunosupresoresRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Pituitary lactotrophs are under tonic dopaminergic inhibitory control and bromocriptine treatment blocks prolactin secretion. METHODS: Sleep and local field potential were addressed for 72 h after bromocriptine treatments applied during the different stages of the estrus cycle and for 24 h in the early- and middle postpartum period characterized by spontaneously different dynamics of prolactin release in female rats. RESULTS: Sleep changes showed strong dependency on the estrus cycle phase of the drug application. Strongest increase of wakefulness and reduction of slow wave sleep- and rapid eye movements sleep appeared during diestrus-proestrus and middle postpartum treatments. Stronger sleep-wake effects appeared in the dark phase in case of the estrus cycle treatments, but in the light phase in postpartum treatments. Slow wave sleep and REM sleep loss in case of estrus cycle treatments was not compensated at all and sleep loss seen in the first day post-injection was gained further later. In opposition, slow wave sleep loss in the light phase after bromocriptine injections showed compensation in the postpartum period treatments. Bromocriptine treatments resulted in a depression of local field potential delta power during slow wave sleep while an enhancement in beta and gamma power during wakefulness regardless of the treatment timing. CONCLUSIONS: These results can be explained by the interplay of dopamine D2 receptor agonism, lack of prolactin release and the spontaneous homeostatic sleep drive being altered in the different stages of the estrus cycle and the postpartum period.
Asunto(s)
Bromocriptina , Agonistas de Dopamina , Ciclo Estral , Periodo Posparto , Ratas Wistar , Receptores de Dopamina D2 , Sueño , Animales , Bromocriptina/farmacología , Femenino , Periodo Posparto/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Receptores de Dopamina D2/agonistas , Receptores de Dopamina D2/metabolismo , Agonistas de Dopamina/farmacología , Ciclo Estral/efectos de los fármacos , Sueño/efectos de los fármacos , Vigilia/efectos de los fármacos , ProlactinaRESUMEN
This systematic review aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Pyridoxine compared to Dopaminergic agonists (cabergoline and bromocriptine) in post-partum lactation inhibition. Cochrane Central, PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Central, ScienceDirect, ClinicalTrials.gov, Web of Science, CINAHL and Google Scholar, covering the period from inception to November 2023. Additionally, the bibliographies of included articles and previous meta-analyses were screened for any relevant articles. The systematic review was conducted according to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. The outcomes of interest encompassed inhibition of lactation, breast pain/tenderness, breast engorgement, milk secretion, fever, mastitis, prolactin level and adverse events related to pyridoxine, cabergoline and bromocriptine. Methodological quality assessment was conducted using the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool for rigorous evaluation. Three clinical trials assessed the effectiveness of pyridoxine and dopaminergic agents (cabergoline and bromocriptine) for lactation inhibition. It was assessed by using different assessment methods such as a scale for milk secretion, serum prolactin levels, and questionnaires for assessing breast engorgement, breast pain, and milk leakage. On the global assessment of the therapeutic efficacy of dopaminergic agents, it was found that there was significant inhibition of lactation as compared to pyridoxine (p < 0.001). In conclusion, this systematic review contributes significant insights into lactation inhibition interventions. Dopaminergic agonists, specifically cabergoline and bromocriptine, stand out as more effective and tolerable choices compared to Pyridoxine. These findings provide a foundation for informed clinical decisions and underscore the need for careful consideration of lactation inhibition strategies in diverse clinical contexts.
Asunto(s)
Bromocriptina , Cabergolina , Agonistas de Dopamina , Lactancia , Piridoxina , Humanos , Bromocriptina/uso terapéutico , Bromocriptina/farmacología , Femenino , Piridoxina/uso terapéutico , Piridoxina/farmacología , Cabergolina/uso terapéutico , Cabergolina/farmacología , Agonistas de Dopamina/uso terapéutico , Agonistas de Dopamina/farmacología , Lactancia/efectos de los fármacos , Trastornos de la Lactancia/tratamiento farmacológico , Ensayos Clínicos como AsuntoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Olanzapine antagonizes dopamine receptors and is prescribed to treat multiple psychiatric conditions. The main side effect of concern for olanzapine is weight gain and metabolic syndrome. Olanzapine induces hyperprolactinemia, however its effect on the mammary gland is poorly documented. METHODS: Rats received olanzapine by gavage or in drinking water at 1, 3, and 6 mg/kg/day for 5-40 days or 100 days, with and without coadministration of bromocriptine or aripiprazole and using once daily or continuous administration strategies. Histomorphology of the mammary gland, concentrations of prolactin, estradiol, progesterone, and olanzapine in serum, mammary gland and adipose tissue, and mRNA and protein expressions of prolactin receptors were analyzed. RESULTS: In adult and prepubescent female rats and male rats, olanzapine induced significant development of mammary glands in dose- and time-dependent manners, with histopathological hyperplasia of mammary ducts and alveoli with lumen dilation and secretion, marked increase of mammary prolactin receptor expression, a marker of breast tissue, and with mild increase of circulating prolactin. This side effect can be reversed after medication withdrawal, but long-term olanzapine treatment for 100 days implicated tumorigenic potentials indicated by usual ductal epithelial hyperplasia. Olanzapine induced mammary development was prevented with the coaddition of the dopamine agonist bromocriptine or partial agonist aripiprazole, or by continuous administration of medication instead of a once daily regimen. CONCLUSIONS: These results shed light on the previously overlooked effect of olanzapine on mammary development and present experimental evidence to support current clinical management strategies of antipsychotic induced side effects in the breast.
Asunto(s)
Antipsicóticos , Aripiprazol , Benzodiazepinas , Bromocriptina , Glándulas Mamarias Animales , Olanzapina , Prolactina , Animales , Olanzapina/toxicidad , Femenino , Glándulas Mamarias Animales/efectos de los fármacos , Glándulas Mamarias Animales/patología , Aripiprazol/toxicidad , Ratas , Prolactina/sangre , Antipsicóticos/toxicidad , Antipsicóticos/efectos adversos , Benzodiazepinas/toxicidad , Masculino , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de Prolactina/metabolismo , Estradiol/sangre , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Progesterona/sangre , Quinolonas/toxicidad , Tejido Adiposo/efectos de los fármacos , Tejido Adiposo/metabolismo , Tejido Adiposo/patología , Piperazinas/toxicidadRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Prolactin (PRL)-secreting tumours are associated with infertility and can be reverted by dopamine agonist (DA) therapy. The suspension of DA is recommended once pregnancy is established, as all DAs cross the placenta. The aim of the study was to evaluate the rate of maternal-foetal complications in women treated with cabergoline (CAB) or bromocriptine (BRM) for prolactinoma during gestation and the effect of pregnancy on prolactinoma progression. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study involving 43 women affected by prolactinoma who became pregnant during therapy with CAB or BRM for a total of 58 pregnancies. For each patient, medical records were analysed by integrating the data with outpatient or telephone interview. RESULTS: At the time of conception, 18 women were in the BRM group, while 40 were in CAB group. No differences were found in obstetric or neonatal outcomes between the two groups. There was a significant difference (p = 0.046) in child complications reported in maternal interview found exclusively in the CAB group. No further confounding factors were detected. Disease remission rate after the first pregnancy was 42.9% and the main predictor was a lower PRL nadir before pregnancy (p = 0.023). No difference was detected between the two groups in terms of tumor remission. Breastfeeding did not modify the outcome. CONCLUSION: Foetal exposure to DAs during the first weeks of embryogenesis is not associated with a greater risk of complications. The transient and mild developmental disorders recorded resolved spontaneously and the prevalence was substantially overlapping with that observed in the general population.
Asunto(s)
Bromocriptina , Cabergolina , Agonistas de Dopamina , Prolactinoma , Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , Agonistas de Dopamina/uso terapéutico , Agonistas de Dopamina/efectos adversos , Adulto , Estudios Retrospectivos , Prolactinoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Cabergolina/uso terapéutico , Bromocriptina/uso terapéutico , Complicaciones Neoplásicas del Embarazo/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Hipofisarias/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Hipofisarias/metabolismo , Ergolinas/uso terapéutico , Ergolinas/efectos adversos , Estudios Longitudinales , Prolactina/sangre , Prolactina/metabolismo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Bromocriptine is a dopamine receptor agonist used for central hyperthermia with limited data. We describe our single-center experience utilizing bromocriptine for central hyperthermia, including the population treated, most common dosing regimens, adverse events, and discontinuation reasons. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted screening patients who were admitted to intensive care units for acute neurological insults and administered bromocriptine for central hyperthermia between April 2016 and September 2022. Baseline characteristics, disease severity markers, and bromocriptine doses were collected. Body temperatures prior to the first dose of bromocriptine, at the time of dose, and after each dose were recorded. Co-administration of additional hyperthermia management therapies was noted. RESULTS: Thirty patients were included. The most common diagnosis was traumatic brain injury (TBI) (N = 14). The most common reason for discontinuation was resolution of indication (N = 14). Discontinuation due to mild adverse effects occurred in four patients; hepatotoxicity was the most common. There was a paired mean difference of -0.37°C (p = 0.005) between temperatures before and after bromocriptine initiation. CONCLUSION: Bromocriptine is a potential therapy for the management of central hyperthermia in patients with severe acute neurologic insults who have failed other therapies. Bromocriptine was well tolerated and associated with a low incidence of adverse events.
Asunto(s)
Bromocriptina , Agonistas de Dopamina , Humanos , Bromocriptina/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Femenino , Estudios Retrospectivos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto , Agonistas de Dopamina/uso terapéutico , Agonistas de Dopamina/administración & dosificación , Anciano , Lesiones Encefálicas , Hipertermia/tratamiento farmacológico , Lesiones Traumáticas del Encéfalo/complicaciones , Resultado del Tratamiento , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To review experience regarding the treatment of prolactinomas by endoscopic endonasal surgery focusing on the association between presurgical dopamine agonist (DA) treatment and perioperative outcomes, surgical morbidities, endocrine outcomes, and pathological characteristics. METHODS: A single-center series of 290 cases was analyzed retrospectively and clinical data were collected. Intratumoral collagen content was assessed by Masson trichrome staining. RESULTS: Tenacious tumor consistency (27.8% vs 9.8%, P < .001) was more common in DA-pretreated patients compared with patients who underwent initial surgery. Moreover, DA-pretreated macroadenomas presented more intraoperative blood loss (200 [100-400] mL vs 175 [100-300] mL; P = .014), longer surgical duration (177 ± 95 minutes vs 154 ± 57 minutes; P = .043), and more surgical morbidities (19.4% vs 8.9%; P = .034). Additionally, DA-pretreated macroadenomas presented a higher collagen volume fraction than that of the initial surgery group (23.6 ± 2.2% vs 13.2 ± 2.1%; P = .001). Correlation analysis revealed a close correlation between collagen volume fraction and the cumulative dose of bromocriptine (BRC) in macroadenomas (r = 0.438, P < .001). Regarding endocrine outcomes, DA-pretreated microadenomas showed a lower proportion of initial remission compared with patients who underwent initial surgery (86.7% vs 100%, P = .047). CONCLUSION: This study described increased surgical difficulty and inferior endocrine outcomes associated with tumor fibrosis secondary to presurgical BRC treatment in prolactinomas. Neurosurgeons should note that presurgical BRC treatment may render subsequent surgery more challenging.
Asunto(s)
Agonistas de Dopamina , Neoplasias Hipofisarias , Prolactinoma , Humanos , Prolactinoma/patología , Prolactinoma/cirugía , Prolactinoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Femenino , Masculino , Adulto , Neoplasias Hipofisarias/cirugía , Neoplasias Hipofisarias/patología , Neoplasias Hipofisarias/tratamiento farmacológico , Agonistas de Dopamina/uso terapéutico , Estudios Retrospectivos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Resultado del Tratamiento , Bromocriptina/uso terapéutico , Anciano , Cuidados Preoperatorios/métodosRESUMEN
Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a form of heart failure, often severe, that occurs in previously healthy women at the end of their pregnancy or in the first few months after delivery. In PPCM, the recovery of heart function reaches 45-50%. However, the all-cause mortality in long-term observation remains high, reaching 20% irrespective of recovery status. The incidence of PPCM is increasing globally; therefore, effort is required to clarify the pathophysiological background of the disease, as well as to discover specific diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. The etiology of the disease remains unclear, including oxidative stress; inflammation; hormonal disturbances; endothelial, microcirculatory, cardiomyocyte and extracellular matrix dysfunction; fibrosis; and genetic mutations. Currently, antiangiogenic 16-kDa prolactin (PRL), cleaved from standard 23-kDa PRL in the case of unbalanced oxidative stress, is recognized as the main trigger of the disease. In addition, 16-kDa PRL causes damage to cardiomyocytes, acting via microRNA-146a secreted from endothelial cells as a cause of the NF-κß pathway. Bromocriptine, which inhibits the secretion of PRL from the pituitary gland, is now the only specific treatment for PPCM. Many different phenotypes of the disease, as well as cases of non-responders to bromocriptine treatment, indicate other pathophysiological pathways that need further investigation. Biomarkers in PPCM are not well established. There is a deficiency in specific diagnostic biomarkers. Pro-brain-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal BNP are the best, however unspecific, diagnostic biomarkers of heart failure at the moment. Therefore, more efforts should be engaged in investigating more specific biomolecules of a diagnostic and prognostic manner such as 16-kDa PRL, galectin-3, myeloperoxidase, or soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1/placental growth factor ratio. In this review, we present the current state of knowledge and future directions of exploring PPCM pathophysiology, including microRNA and heat shock proteins, which may improve diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and the development of specific treatment strategies, and consequently improve patients' prognosis and outcome.
Asunto(s)
Cardiomiopatías , Insuficiencia Cardíaca , MicroARNs , Embarazo , Humanos , Femenino , Bromocriptina/uso terapéutico , Células Endoteliales , Microcirculación , Periodo Periparto , Factor de Crecimiento Placentario , Cardiomiopatías/diagnóstico , Biomarcadores , MicroARNs/genética , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/diagnósticoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To evaluate the dopaminergic signaling in human adipose tissue in the context of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) and potential direct implications in adipose tissue metabolism. METHODS: mRNA and protein expression of dopamine receptors D1 and D2 (DRD1 and DRD2) were determined in subcutaneous adipose tissue from subjects without or with T2D and with different body weight, and correlated with markers of obesity, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance. Glucose uptake and lipolysis were measured in adipocytes ex vivo following short-term exposure to dopamine, DRD1 receptor agonist (SKF81297), or DRD2 receptor agonist (bromocriptine). RESULTS: DRD1 and DRD2 gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue correlated positively with clinical markers of insulin resistance (e.g. HOMA-IR, insulin, and triglycerides) and central obesity in subjects without T2D. Protein expression of DRD2 in subcutaneous adipose tissue, but not DRD1, is higher in subjects with impaired fasting glucose and T2D and correlated positively with hyperglycemia, HbA1c, and glucose AUC, independent of obesity status. DRD1 and DRD2 proteins were mainly expressed in adipocytes, compared to stromal vascular cells. Dopamine and dopaminergic agonists did not affect adipocyte glucose uptake ex vivo, but DRD1 and DRD2 agonist treatment inhibited isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that protein expression of DRD2 in subcutaneous adipose tissue is up-regulated with hyperglycemia and T2D. Whether DRD2 protein levels contribute to T2D development or occur as a secondary compensatory mechanism needs further investigation. Additionally, dopamine receptor agonists inhibit adipocyte beta-adrenergic stimulation of lipolysis, which might contribute to the beneficial effects in lipid metabolism as observed in patients taking bromocriptine.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Hiperglucemia , Resistencia a la Insulina , Estado Prediabético , Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Estado Prediabético/metabolismo , Bromocriptina , Dopamina/metabolismo , Tejido Adiposo/metabolismo , Grasa Subcutánea/metabolismo , Glucosa/metabolismo , Hiperglucemia/metabolismo , Obesidad/metabolismo , Agonistas de Dopamina , Receptores de Dopamina D2/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Earlier reports suggest that vitamin D3 (Vit D3) supplementation attenuates Parkinsonism in drug-induced motor deficits. Moreover, the function of Vit D3 may be optimized by co-administration with vitamin A (Vit A). In line with the synergistic interplay between vitamins, we hypothesized that the efficacy of Vit D3 to attenuate Parkinsonism in a haloperidol-induced mouse model of motor deficits would be more potent when concomitantly administered with Vit A. METHODS: Thirty-six (36) adult male mice were randomly divided into six groups of six animals each: the control group, the PD model (haloperidol-treated only group) (-D2), and four other groups treated with haloperidol together with either one or two of the following vitamin supplementations: Vit D3, Vit A, Vit D3 +VA, or bromocriptine a known PD drug respectively. Motor functions were assessed using a battery of neurobehavioral tests in experimental animals, after which brain tissues were harvested and processed for biochemical and histomorphological analysis. RESULTS: We recorded a significant decline in motor activity in the PD mice model treated with haloperidol alone compared to other experimental groups that received vitamin supplementations. The significant decrease in motor activity observed in the PD mice model corresponded with marked neurodegenerative features in the cytoarchitecture of the pyramidal cells in the striatum and primary motor cortex (M1). Furthermore, the haloperidol-induced PD mice model treated with Vit D3 +Vit A showed significant improvement in motor activity and attenuation of oxidative stress levels and neurodegenerative features compared to other groups treated with Vit A, Vit D3 and bromocriptine alone. CONCLUSION: Altogether, our findings suggest that concomitant administration of both Vit D3 and Vit A prevents the development of Parkinsonism features in the haloperidol mouse model of motor deficit. Thus, supplementation with Vit D3 +Vit A may be a viable option for slowing the onset and progression of motor deficits.
Asunto(s)
Colecalciferol , Trastornos Parkinsonianos , Masculino , Ratones , Animales , Colecalciferol/farmacología , Colecalciferol/uso terapéutico , Haloperidol/farmacología , Bromocriptina , Vitaminas/farmacología , Vitaminas/uso terapéutico , Trastornos Parkinsonianos/inducido químicamente , Trastornos Parkinsonianos/tratamiento farmacológico , Suplementos DietéticosRESUMEN
The function of dopamine receptor D2 (D2R) is well associated with sperm motility; however, the physiological role of D2R present on testicular cells remains elusive. The aim of the present study is to delineate the function of testicular D2R. Serum dopamine levels were found to decrease with age, whereas testicular D2R expression increased. In rat testicular sections, D2R immunolabeling was observed in interstitial cells, spermatogonia, spermatocytes and mature elongated spermatids, whereas tyrosine hydroxylase immunolabeling was selectively detected in Leydig cells. In vitro seminiferous tubule culture following bromocriptine (D2R agonist) treatment resulted in decreased cAMP levels. Microarray identified 1077 differentially expressed genes (511 up-regulated, 566 down-regulated). The majority of differentially expressed genes were present in post-meiotic cells including early and late spermatids, and sperm. Gene ontology elucidated processes related to extra-cellular matrix to be enriched and was supported by differential expression of various collagens and laminins, thereby indicating a role of dopamine in extra-cellular matrix integrity and transport of spermatids across the seminiferous epithelium. Gene ontology and enrichment map also highlighted cell/sperm motility to be significantly enriched. Therefore, genes involved in sperm motility functions were further validated by RT-qPCR. Seven genes (Akap4, Ccnyl1, Iqcf1, Klc3, Prss55, Tbc1d21, Tl18) were significantly up-regulated, whereas four genes (Dnah1, Dnah5, Clxn, Fsip2) were significantly down-regulated by bromocriptine treatment. The bromocriptine-stimulated reduction in seminiferous tubule cyclic AMP and associated changes in spermatid gene expression suggests that dopamine regulates both spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis within the seminiferous epithelium, and spermatozoa motility following spermiation, as essential processes for fertility.
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Motilidad Espermática , Testículo , Ratas , Animales , Masculino , Testículo/metabolismo , Bromocriptina/metabolismo , Dopamina/farmacología , Semen , Espermatozoides/metabolismo , Espermátides/metabolismo , Espermatogénesis/genética , Receptores Dopaminérgicos/metabolismoRESUMEN
Leptin, a hormone secreted by adipose tissue, is primarily responsible for inhibiting hunger and maintaining energy balance. Improper leptin secretion may result in hyperleptinemia (excess secretion of leptin) or leptin resistance, both of which contribute to obesity. Diagnosing abnormal leptin secretion may help treat this underlying cause of obesity. Therefore, continuous monitoring of the level of leptin may help characterize its secretion dynamics and also help devise an appropriate treatment. In this research, we consider leptin hormone concentration data taken over a 24 hour time period from eighteen healthy premenopausal obese women before and after treatment with a dopamine agonist, bromocriptine, and deconvolve the observed leptin hormone levels to estimate the number, timing, and magnitude of the underlying leptin secretory pulses. We find that there is an overall decrease in leptin secretion, particularly during sleep, but the changes in the secretory and clearance rates, and the number of pulses underlying the secretion process are not statistically significant.Clinical relevance- This work seeks to understand the effect of bromocriptine on leptin secretory dynamics and will help further current understanding of the effect of bromocriptine in relation to obesity.
Asunto(s)
Bromocriptina , Leptina , Humanos , Femenino , Leptina/farmacología , Bromocriptina/farmacología , Bromocriptina/uso terapéutico , Obesidad/complicaciones , Tejido Adiposo , PremenopausiaRESUMEN
Despite enormous global efforts within clinical research and medical practice to reduce cardiovascular disease(s) (CVD), it still remains the leading cause of death worldwide. While genetic factors clearly contribute to CVD etiology, the preponderance of epidemiological data indicate that a major common denominator among diverse ethnic populations from around the world contributing to CVD is the composite of Western lifestyle cofactors, particularly Western diets (high saturated fat/simple sugar [particularly high fructose and sucrose and to a lesser extent glucose] diets), psychosocial stress, depression, and altered sleep/wake architecture. Such Western lifestyle cofactors are potent drivers for the increased risk of metabolic syndrome and its attendant downstream CVD. The central nervous system (CNS) evolved to respond to and anticipate changes in the external (and internal) environment to adapt survival mechanisms to perceived stresses (challenges to normal biological function), including the aforementioned Western lifestyle cofactors. Within the CNS of vertebrates in the wild, the biological clock circuitry surveils the environment and has evolved mechanisms for the induction of the obese, insulin-resistant state as a survival mechanism against an anticipated ensuing season of low/no food availability. The peripheral tissues utilize fat as an energy source under muscle insulin resistance, while increased hepatic insulin resistance more readily supplies glucose to the brain. This neural clock function also orchestrates the reversal of the obese, insulin-resistant condition when the low food availability season ends. The circadian neural network that produces these seasonal shifts in metabolism is also responsive to Western lifestyle stressors that drive the CNS clock into survival mode. A major component of this natural or Western lifestyle stressor-induced CNS clock neurophysiological shift potentiating the obese, insulin-resistant state is a diminution of the circadian peak of dopaminergic input activity to the pacemaker clock center, suprachiasmatic nucleus. Pharmacologically preventing this loss of circadian peak dopaminergic activity both prevents and reverses existing metabolic syndrome in a wide variety of animal models of the disorder, including high fat-fed animals. Clinically, across a variety of different study designs, circadian-timed bromocriptine-QR (quick release) (a unique formulation of micronized bromocriptine-a dopamine D2 receptor agonist) therapy of type 2 diabetes subjects improved hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, immune sterile inflammation, and/or adverse cardiovascular event rate. The present review details the seminal circadian science investigations delineating important roles for CNS circadian peak dopaminergic activity in the regulation of peripheral fuel metabolism and cardiovascular biology and also summarizes the clinical study findings of bromocriptine-QR therapy on cardiometabolic outcomes in type 2 diabetes subjects.
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Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Resistencia a la Insulina , Síndrome Metabólico , Animales , Bromocriptina , Dopamina , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamiento farmacológico , Síndrome Metabólico/tratamiento farmacológico , Encéfalo , Insulina Regular Humana , Agonistas de Dopamina , InsulinaRESUMEN
AIM: Spontaneous abortion (SA) is a multiple-original syndrome with immune imbalance as one of its major risk factors. As Wharton's jelly-mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) are considered to be able to prevent abortion, this study aims to explore the currently poorly understood underlining molecular signaling pathways and regulatory mechanisms of WJ-MSCs in pregnancy maintenance. METHODS: Abortion mode is established by subcutaneous injection of bromocriptine in rat on day 9 and abortion prevention is achieved by WJ-MSCs injection via tail vein. WJ-MSCs were cultured with/without the inhibitors of JAK/STAT or NF-κB. The uterus was collected on the 14th day of gestation and the rate of embryo absorption was calculated. The expression of Th1/Th2/Th3 cytokines in decidual, placental tissue, and peripheral blood was analyzed. RESULTS: WJ-MSCs treatment significantly reduced the abortion rate in bromocriptine-treated pregnancy such that it was not significantly different from a normal pregnancy. JAK/STAT inhibition abolished pregnancy preserving effects of WJ-MSCs but NF-κB inhibition did not. The levels of Th1-related cytokines and mRNA levels in the bromocriptine abortion model were significantly higher than the normal pregnancy group and ethanol control group, while levels of the Th2-related cytokines and mRNA levels significantly decreased. WJ-MSCs transfusion into the abortion model restored cytokine profiles such that they were not significantly different from the normal pregnancy group and ethanol control group. JAK/STAT inhibition of WJ-MSCs prevented their effect on cytokine and mRNA levels, but NF-κB inhibition did not. CONCLUSIONS: WJ-MSCs significantly lower the rate of embryo resorption of spontaneous abortion by reducing Th1-related cytokines while increasing Th2 and Th3-related cytokines in JAK/STAT-dependent manner.
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Aborto Inducido , Aborto Espontáneo , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas , Gelatina de Wharton , Humanos , Ratas , Femenino , Embarazo , Animales , Gelatina de Wharton/metabolismo , Aborto Espontáneo/metabolismo , Bromocriptina/metabolismo , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Placenta/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismo , Inmunomodulación , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Proliferación CelularRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Compared with levodopa, dopamine agonists (DAs) as initial treatment are associated with lower incidences of motor complications in early Parkinson's disease (PD). There is no strong evidence that a given DA is more potent in lower incidences of motor complications than another. OBJECTIVE: We performed a network meta-analysis of levodopa versus DAs as monotherapy in early PD to access the risk of motor complications. METHODS: Databases were searched up to June 2022 for eligible RCTs. Levodopa and four DAs (pramipexole, ropinirole, bromocriptine and pergolide) were investigated. The incidences of motor complications and efficacy, tolerability and safety outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: Nine RCTs (2112 patients) were included in the current study. The surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) indicated that levodopa ranked first in the incidence of dyskinesia (0.988), followed by pergolide, pramipexole, ropinirole, and bromocriptine (0.704, 0.408, 0.240, 0.160). Pramipexole was least prone to wearing-off (0.109) and on-off fluctuation (0.041). Levodopa performed best in improvements of UPDRS-II, UPDRS-III, and UPDRS-II + III (0.925, 0.952, 0.934). Bromocriptine ranked first in total withdrawals and withdrawals due to adverse events (0.736, 0.751). Four DAs showed different adverse events profiles. CONCLUSION: In the two non-ergot DAs, ropinirole is associated with a lower risk of dyskinesia while pramipexole is associated with lower risks of wearing-off and on-off fluctuations. Our research may facilitate head-to-head research, larger sample sizes, long following-up time RCTs to confirm the findings of this network meta-analysis.