Canine pulmonary clearance during feto-neonatal transition according to the type of delivery.

The success of immediate adaptation to extrauterine life depends on appropriate lung function, however, elective cesarean section can increase the risk of respiratory distress as a result of reduced pulmonary fluid absorption. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of birth mode on pulmonary clearance and respiratory performance of canine neonates in the transition period. For this purpose, 37 neonates were selected according to the obstetric condition: Vaginal Eutocia (n = 17) and Elective C-section (n = 20). Neonates were evaluated for neonatal vitality score, as well as evaluation of heart and respiratory rates, body temperature and body weight, venous hemogasometric evaluation, blood lactate and glucose, pulse oximetry and radiographic evaluation during the first 24 h of life. Additionally, amniotic fluid electrolyte composition of each puppy was evaluated. There was no influence of the type of delivery on electrolyte composition of canine amniotic fluid and neonatal pulmonary liquid content, analyzed by thoracic X-Rays. On the other hand, elective cesarean section delayed pulmonary adaptation, resulting in hypoxemia and less efficient compensatory response to acid-base imbalance and thermoregulation. In conclusion, elective c-section does not delay pulmonary clearance, whilst alters pulmonary adaptation by less efficient gas exchange and lower oxygenation, hindering the compensatory response to acid-base imbalance during the fetal-neonatal transition in dogs.

Maternal and neonatal effects of epidural levobupivacaine combined with fentanyl or sufentanil for elective cesarean-section in brachycephalic breeds.

The aim of this study was to compare the safety and clinical efficacy of epidural levobupivacaine combined with fentanyl or sufentanil for bitches undergoing elective cesarean-section and the impact of these anesthetic protocols on neonatal viability. The anesthetic protocol consisted of intramuscular morphine (0.2 mg/kg), followed by an intravenous bolus of propofol, in a dose sufficient to allowed the puncture of the lumbosacral space. The dogs were randomly allocated to receive 0.5 % levobupivacaine plus fentanyl (2.5 µg/kg; LF: n = 9) or sufentanil (1 µg/kg; LS; n = 11). Maternal cardiorespiratory parameters were monitored at specific time points during surgery. Intraoperative propofol supplementation was based on the presence of head and/or thoracic limb movements. Neonatal reflex responses and the Apgar score (range 0-10 points) were assessed at 5 and 60 minutes after birth. Puppy mortality rate was recorded until 24 hours after birth. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA, Tukey's test, Wilcoxon signed rank test, and Fisher's exact test (P < 0.05). Intraoperatively, maternal cardiorespiratory variables and propofol requirements were similar between groups, with no detection of anesthetic complications. The puppy reflex responses did not differ between groups at any time point. The medians (range) of Apgar scores were lower (P = 0.016) in the LF [5 (1-9)] at 5 minutes in comparison with LS [6 (2-9)], while no intergroup differences were recorded at 60 minutes [LF = 8 (2-10); LS = 9 (6-10]. The total mortality rate was 4.1 %. In the LS group, no puppies died, while in the LF 8 % of the puppies died in the first 24 hours after birth (P = 0.11). Epidural levobupivacaine combined with fentanyl or sufentanil provided minimal maternal and neonatal adverse effects, but neither protocol enabled the performance of a C-section in 100 % of the French and English bulldogs, without propofol supplementation.

Distocia em éguas ­ Estudo retrospectivo de cinco casos / Dystocia in mares ­ Retrospective study of five cases

O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um estudo retrospectivo de cinco casos de cesarianas em éguas, atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Estadual de Maringá, campus Umuarama (HVGA-UEM), no período de 2019 a 2021, em quatro éguas da raça Quarto de Milha e uma da Crioula, com queixa principal de parto prolongado e distocias por diferentes motivos. Destes, três casos (60%) tiveram alta médica (3/5), enquanto 40% (2/5) em consequência de complicações pós-operatórias e pela gravidade do quadro clínico evoluíram para o óbito. As distocias são raras em éguas, quando comparados com outras espécies e, essa particularidade, pode ser justificada pela conformação anatômica do sistema reprodutivo e a classificação placentária das éguas, que propiciam contrações rápidas e efetivas facilitando a progressão do parto normal. Dessa forma, nos casos de distocia, em que as manobras obstétricas são incapazes de corrigir o mau posicionamento fetal, a cesariana passa a ser o procedimento de eleição, no presente estudo, nenhuma égua apresentou dilatação suficiente para que fosse conduzida a fetotomia. Como medida complementar, norteada pelos princípios de bem-estar animal, foi sugerido aos proprietários, que não colocassem esses animais na estação reprodutiva seguinte, restringindo-se a sua utilização somente como doadoras de embriões. Portanto, foi possível concluir que a sobrevida das éguas submetidas a cesariana é de 60% nas condições deste estudo, o monitoramento das éguas gestantes é um fator determinante sobre os índices de mortalidade materno-fetal.

The objective of this study was to make a descriptive analysis of 5 cases of caesarean sections in mares. The five reported cases were treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the State University of Maringa, campus Umuarama (HVGA-UEM), from 2019 to 2021. Four Quarter Horse mares and one Crioula, complaining of prolonged delivery and dystocia due to different reasons. Of these, three cases were discharged 60% (3/5), while the other three 40% (2/5), due to postoperative complications and the severity of the clinical condition, progressed to death. Dystocia births are rare in mares, when compared to other species, this particularity, can be justified by the anatomical conformation of the reproductive system and the placental classification of mares, which provide rapid and effective contractions, which facilitate the progression of normal or eutocia birth. Thus, in cases of dystocia in mares, those in which obstetric maneuvers are unable to correct fetal malposition, cesarean section becomes the emergency procedure of choice. As a complementary measure, guided by the principles of animal welfare, owners were suggested not to place these animals in the next reproductive season, restricting their use only as embryo donors. Thus, it was possible to conclude that the survival of mares undergoing cesarean is 60% under the conditions of this study, uses had no vital signs at the time of the procedure and/or evolved to death during the post-surgical period immediate.

Comparison of Apgar score, serum lactate, and blood gas analysis in neonates born by elective cesarean section or cesarean section after dystocia / Comparação do escore Apgar, lactato sérico e hemogasometria em neonatos nascidos por cesariana eletiva e cesariana após distocia

In some situations, the neonatal mortality rate in dogs can be high, and perinatal and postnatal veterinary care is essential to improve survival. This study to compared the Apgar score, serum lactate levels, and blood gas analysis results in 30 neonates born by elective cesarean section (GCE, n = 18) or cesarean section due to dystocia (GD, n = 12). Neonates were assessed at five time points: T0, at birth; T1, 3 h after birth; T2, 6 h after birth; T3, 12 h after birth; and T4, 24 h after birth. At T0, in the GCE group, 55.6% of the animals presented with adequate vitality, while 38.8% showed moderate changes in the Apgar score. In the GD group, 83.3% of the neonates had severe loss of vitality. At T1, none of the GCE neonates and 8.3% of the GD neonates presented with vitality deficits. Hyperlactatemia was observed in 83.3% of the GD neonates, and mixed acidosis (metabolic and respiratory) was observed at T0 in most neonates in both groups (GCE, 55.6%; GD, 72.7%). Compared to GCE neonates, the acid-base disorders were more severe and their recovery slower in GD neonates. At T0, GD neonates had higher hyperlactatemia and a lower Apgar score (worse vitality) than those of GCE neonates.

A taxa de mortalidade neonatal em cães pode ser elevada em algumas situações e a assistência veterinária peri e pós-natal mostra-se essencial para melhorar a sobrevivência dos filhotes nesse período. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o escore Apgar, lactato sérico e hemogasometria em neonatos nascidos por cesariana eletiva (GCE, n=18) e por cesariana após distocia (GD, n=12). Os neonatos foram avaliados em cinco momentos: (T0) ao nascimento; (T1) três horas; (T2) seis horas; (T3) 12 horas; e (T4) 24 horas. Ao nascimento, no GCE, 55,6% dos animais apresentaram boa vitalidade, de acordo com escore Apgar, e 38,8% demonstraram moderada vitalidade. No GD, 83,3% dos neonatos apresentaram baixa vitalidade. Ao T1 (três horas após o nascimento), nenhum (0%) dos neonatos do GCE e 8,3% dos neonatos do GD evidenciavam perda de vitalidade. Observou-se hiperlactatemia em 83,3% nos neonatos do GD e acidose mista (metabólica e respiratória) ao nascimento na maioria dos neonatos de ambos os grupos (55,6% no GCE e 72,7% no GD). Conclui-se que o principal distúrbio ácido-base observado ao nascimento foi acidose mista (metabólica e respiratória) em ambos os grupos. Os distúrbios acido-base nos neonatos do GD foram mais graves e sua recuperação mais lenta quando comparados com neonatos do GCE. Ao nascimento, neonatos no GD apresentaram maior hiperlactatemia e menor escore Apgar (pior vitalidade) em relação aos nascidos no GCE.

Histerocele inguinal gravídica em gata: relato de caso / Inguinal gravid hysterocele in feline: case report

A histerocele é uma condição rara na espécie felina, sendo caracterizada por protrusão do útero pelo anel inguinal. O diagnóstico diferencial inclui tumor mamário, linfadenopatia, hematoma, abscesso e granuloma. Assim, exames de imagem como a ultrassonografia abdominal apresentam importante papel no diagnóstico e prognóstico da doença. O tratamento dessa condição é cirúrgico e inclui a realização de herniorrafia e ovário-histerectomia, a fim de evitar recidivas e a transmissão hereditária. O presente trabalho relata um caso de uma gata adulta com aumento de volume inguinal. Ao exame ultrassonográfico foi identificada a presença de útero herniado, contendo três fetos viáveis. O tratamento consistiu em cesariana, ovário-histerectomia e herniorrafia pela via inguinal.(AU)

Hysterocele is a rare condition in the feline species, characterized by a protrusion of the uterus through the inguinal ring. Differential diagnoses include mammary tumors, lymphadenopathy, hematoma, abscess and granuloma. Thus, imaging tests such as abdominal ultrasound play an important role in the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease. The treatment of this condition is surgical and includes the performance of herniorrhaphy and ovariohysterectomy, in order to avoid recurrences and hereditary transmission. The present study reports a case of an adult cat with increased inguinal volume. The ultrasound examination identified the presence of a herniated uterus, containing three viable fetuses. Treatment consisted of cesarean section, ovariohysterectomy and inguinal herniorrhaphy.(AU)

Topics in the routine assessment of newborn kitten vitality: Apgar score, reflexes and complementary assessments.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to perform neonatal clinical assessments at birth to identify newborn kittens at risk according to type of delivery, thus allowing immediate intervention and increasing their chances of survival. METHODS: This study compared Apgar scores, reflexes and clinical parameters (temperature, weight, blood glucose and peripheral oxygen saturation [SpO2]) between eutocic neonates and those delivered by emergency cesarean section. The animals were evaluated at birth and after 10 and 60 mins. RESULTS: Thirty-two neonates were evaluated, with 19 animals in the eutocic group (EG) and 13 animals in the cesarean group (CG). When comparing groups, CG neonates had significantly lower Apgar scores (P <0.0001), lower SpO2 (P = 0.0535), higher blood glucose (P = 0.0009), reduced reflexes (P <0.0001) and lower respiratory rates (P <0.0001) at birth and after 10 and 60 mins than EG neonates. Apgar scores positively correlated with parameters such as heart rate, reflex score, SpO2 and weight. The mortality rate in evaluated newborns was 15.6% (5/32). The early mortality rate (0-2 days old) was 80% (4/5) and the late mortality rate (3-30 days old) was 20% (1/5). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This study showed lower vitality in cats delivered by emergency cesarean section than in those delivered through eutocic birth. In general, neonates delivered by cesarean section have greater depression and low vitality at birth and may require advanced resuscitation procedures. The evaluations carried out in this study identified newborns with low vitality and those requiring advanced resuscitation, thus allowing immediate intervention. Apgar and reflex scores for feline neonates were suggested. Newborn-specific clinical assessment with these feline vitality scores allows the identification of at-risk neonates. Care immediately after birth increases the chance of survival among these patients.

Use of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) levels to diagnose severe hypoxia and myocardial injury induced by perinatal asphyxia in neonatal dogs.

Prolonged perinatal asphyxia and subsequent severe hypoxia are the main causes of mortality in neonatal dogs in the first days of life. In medicine, specific cardiac biochemical markers, such as troponin I, are used to diagnose ischemic and nonischemic myocardial injury in asphyxiated newborns after birth. Thus, the objectives of this study were to compare the levels of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) between asphyxiated and nonasphyxiated newborn dogs and evaluate the correlations of cTnI levels with the modified Apgar score, the levels of oxygen saturation, blood glucose, and lactatemia, and blood gas parameters. This study aimed to determine the possible use of cTnI as a marker of severe hypoxia and myocardial ischemic injury in neonatal dogs. Fifteen animals in a eutocic vaginal delivery group (VG), 15 animals in a cesarean section group (CG), and 13 animals in a hypoxia (asphyxiated) group (HG) were evaluated. The animals in the asphyxiated group were from dystocic deliveries and born by vaginal delivery or cesarean section. All groups were evaluated at birth and after 60 min. The newborns in the VG and CG exhibited mixed acidosis (respiratory acidosis due to increased partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and metabolic acidosis due to reduced pH and bicarbonate (HCO3) levels, base excess/deficit in the extracellular fluid compartment (BEecf), and increased lactate levels) due to transient physiological hypoxemia at birth. The cTnI levels in the VG and CG were within the reference standards for healthy dogs. No correlations between cTnI level and the other parameters were observed in the VG and CG. Newborns in the HG exhibited prominent mixed acidosis (p < 0.05) due to severe hypoxemia. The Apgar score and blood gas parameters showed that these dogs were born asphyxiated, and they presented low vitality and the need for resuscitation maneuvers. The cTnI levels in the HG were significantly higher than those in the VG and CG (p < 0.05) and above the reference standards for healthy dogs, which indicated ischemic myocardial injury. The cTnI level was negatively correlated (p < 0.05) with the parameters Apgar score, heart rate, peripheral oxygen saturation (sO2) level, reflex score, and total carbon dioxide (TCO2) level and positively correlated (p < 0.01) with lactate level. This study showed that asphyxiated newborn dogs have higher serum cTnI levels than nonasphyxiated newborn dogs; thus, the cTnI can be used as a marker of severe hypoxia and ischemic myocardial damage in newborn dogs.

Both spontaneous vaginal delivery and elective caesarean section influence neonatal redox status in dogs.

BACKGROUND: The influence of birth mode on redox balance is unknown in dogs. We aimed to compare antioxidant activity and oxidative stress of puppies born by elective c-section or vaginal delivery. METHODS: Twenty-one bitches were elected for spontaneous vaginal delivery (n = 10) and elective cesarean section (n = 11) groups, considering only the first and last puppies born. Neonatal oxygen saturation, lactatemia, superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and total antioxidant capacity; marker of oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARS]) and protein oxidation were analysed at birth, 1 h, 12 h, 24 h and 72 h. RESULTS: C-section newborns had lower oximetry at birth and 1 h. Lactatemia was higher in the last vaginal delivery puppies and higher at birth, and 1 h. Regardless of birth mode, last puppies had hyperlactatemia at birth. Vaginal delivery puppies had higher TBARS, while protein oxidation was higher in c-section, mostly in last puppies. C-section puppies had higher GPx activity, whereas GSH concentration decreased overtime. Surgically born puppies had lowering SOD between 12 h and 72 h. CONCLUSIONS: Vaginal delivery enhances lipid peroxidation, counteracted mostly by GPx. Conversely, c-section triggers protein oxidation, acutely scavenged by SOD and GSH, thus puppies are less exposed to the negative consequences of oxidative stress.

Dystocia and cesarean section in a free-ranging ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) after traumatic spinal cord injury resulting from dog (Canis familiaris) attack.

Background: Ex situ breeding programs are essential to establish genetic resource banks and produce offspring to strengthen the in situ conservation of endangered species. However, many programs fail to maintain viable ex situ populations due to reproductive problems, including dystocia in pregnant females. Dystocia encompasses different emergency obstetric situations for the lives of dams and fetuses that require urgent intervention. This condition has been studied in domesticated species but published records in wildlife, specifically in felines species, are scarce. Case Description: An adult female ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) was referred to the wildlife hospital of the Universidad San Francisco de Quito after being attacked by dogs (Canis familiaris). Neurological tests revealed traumatic spinal cord injury at a thoracolumbar level. Complementary tests (laboratory exams, radiographs, and ultrasound) revealed a full-term pregnancy, failure in the labor progress, and critical fetal stress. A cesarean section was performed, and the newborns received resuscitation care after assessing their viability using the Apgar score system. The neonate with the lowest Apgar score died within the first hour after birth, while the second one showed an increase in Apgar score after resuscitation care and survived the procedure. Conclusion: We provide new obstetric data that could be relevant to save the lives of dams and newborns in related cases for ocelots and other species of wild felids. Furthermore, this study confirms the adverse effects that domestic dogs have on wildlife species.

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound evaluation of placental perfusion in brachicephalic bitches.

The present study aimed to investigate placental hemodynamics to determine quantitative and qualitative parameters for pregnant brachycephalic bitches as well as describe placental vascularization and perfusion in females with fetal abnormalities close to delivery. Forty-four healthy fetuses from 22 brachycephalic bitches and 9 fetuses with gestational abnormalities (anasarca and hydrocephalus) from 8 brachycephalic bitches were evaluated. All female dogs were artificially inseminated intravaginally and underwent cesarean section at the end of gestation. Pregnancy diagnosis was made on the 25th day and experimental evaluations were performed on Days 25 (M1), 45 (M2), and 58 (M3) of gestation in normal pregnancies. Fetuses with gestational abnormalities were evaluated at the last time point. Biometric values of the fetuses were determined by B-mode and vascular indices by Doppler fluxometry of the umbilical artery, whereas qualitative assessment of contrast filling and quantitative parameters of placental perfusion were performed using CEUS. Parameter comparisons among the examined fetuses (normal and abnormal) and between the moments (M1, M2, and M3) were performed by Student's t-test and ANOVA tests, and then correlated using the Spearman test. In healthy fetuses, systolic and diastolic velocities as well as the time averages of minimum and maximum velocities increased significantly from M2 to M3 (P < 0.05), whereas the pulsatility index (P < 0.043) and vascular resistance (P < 0.001) decreased. Contrast distribution was always homogeneous in placental tissues and CEUS filling parameters remained constant during the evaluated periods (P < 0.05). In fetuses with hydrops, Doppler values were similar to those obtained in healthy subjects (P > 0.05), but CEUS evaluation demonstrated a heterogeneous distribution with lower intensity of placental tissue filling and a delay in perfusion time (P < 0.05) with a diagnostic accuracy of 75%. The association of dopplerfluxometry and CEUS allowed evaluation of qualitative and quantitative parameters of physiological pregnancy hemodynamics in all gestational thirds without evidence of significant changes in the physiology of the maternal-fetal binomial, and CEUS was shown to be applicable in the detection of failures in placental vascular filling (tissue dysfunction) in fetuses with anasarca and hydrocephaly.

Perinatal cortisol and blood glucose concentrations in bitches and neonatal puppies: effects of mode of whelping.

The decision on how and when to assist whelping is crucial for the survival rate of puppies and health status of the dam. However, medical or surgical therapy in dystocia can impact both maternal and neonatal stress and glucose response differently. This study aims to compare perinatal cortisol and glucose among different modes of delivery in bitches and neonates. We analyzed 50 puppies derived from 27 healthy bitches. According to the condition at birth, bitches and their puppies were allocated into either a Eutocia Group (vaginal birth with no whelping assistance), Fetal Dystocia Group (whelping assistance with fetal manipulation), Maternal Dystocia Group (whelping assistance because of partial uterine inertia corrected by oxytocin administration), or Cesarean Section Group (fetal or maternal dystocia bitches subjected to C-section). Maternal blood cortisol and glucose concentrations were analyzed during the perinatal period (prepartum, intrapartum, postpartum, and 1 h after postpartum). Neonatal blood samples were collected within 5 min and 1 h after birth for assessment of cortisol and glucose. Maternal dystocia bitches had higher cortisol concentrations at postpartum than the Fetal Dystocia Group. At 1 h postpartum, the Cesarean Section Group had higher cortisol concentrations compared with fetal dystocia bitches. The Eutocia Group presented increased cortisol concentrations at intrapartum and postpartum, whereas fetal dystocia bitches had higher intrapartum cortisol concentrations than at 1 h postpartum. The Maternal Dystocia Group presented higher postpartum cortisol concentrations than at prepartum and 1 h postpartum. Maternal glucose had a progressive increase throughout peripartum and was higher during postpartum and at 1 h postpartum. C-section bitches had the highest blood glucose concentration. Neonatal cortisol concentrations at birth were higher than 1 h after birth. Fetal dystocia puppies had higher cortisol concentrations, whereas caesarian section puppies had lower cortisol levels. Fetal dystocia and C-section puppies had higher glucose concentrations than the Eutocia Group. In conclusion, maternal dystocia leads to high cortisol concentrations in bitches immediately postpartum, whereas only fetal dystocia causes increased neonatal cortisol concentrations. Moreover, fetal dystocia and C-section are hyperglycemic obstetrical conditions for neonatal puppies; on the other hand, only C-section causes hyperglycemia in bitches.

Presence of congenital anomalies in three dog litters.

This report describes multiple congenital malformations found in three dog litters delivered by emergency caesarean section. In all of the litters, some puppies were born alive but were euthanized because of the seriousness of their malformations and low probability of survival. In two litters, gastroschisis was associated with amelia of the right anterior limb. Other malformations such as anencephaly were also found in three puppies among the different litters. This report describes the morphological findings of the affected puppies, discusses the most appropriate terminologies for each case and highlights the importance of an epidemiological survey to identify potential factors associated with the cases.

Quantitative ultrasound elastography and biometry of the bitch uterus in the early puerperium after vaginal delivery and caesarean section.

Elastography is an actual imaging method used to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the elastic properties of tissues. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare uterine tissue biometry and stiffness during post-partum period in brachycephalic bitches (n = 12) after c-section (GCS; n = 8) or normal delivery (GNB; n = 4). These animals were evaluated daily by abdominal ultrasound from the day of delivery until the 10th day post-partum; measuring uterine diameter, myometrial and endometrial thickness (mm) and shear wave velocity (SWV; m/s), by B-mode and ARFI (acoustic radiation force impulse) elastography, respectively. Uterine diameter was higher (p = .012) in animals submitted to c-section (15.26 ± 4.73 mm) than in normal birth (12.53 ± 2.64 mm) during the first 7 days post-partum. Uterine thickness gradually involuted in both groups (p < .0001), the myometrium during the first 9 days (p = .005) and the endometrium during the first 6 days (p = .003). The myometrial and endometrial SWVs were similar between types of delivery (p = .7846 and .8273) and presented a gradual increase (p = .411; .0043, respectively), during the first 10 days post-partum. It was concluded that bitches with normal delivery had smaller uterine thickness and faster puerperal involution than submitted to c-section, while uterine tissue stiffness was similar between delivery types and increased gradually during post-partum.

Effects of clamping umbilical cord on the neonatal viability of puppies delivered by cesarean section.

In human neonates, when the umbilical cord is kept intact postpartum, blood continues to flow to the neonate, but this procedure might be difficult in dogs owing to a shorter umbilical cord and several neonates in a litter. However, it might be possible to detach the placenta and keep the umbilical cord intact, allowing residual blood to flow to the puppies. This study compared the effects of clamping versus no clamping of the umbilical cord in dogs born by cesarean section on neonatal vitality. The puppies were assessed by Apgar and reflex scores. Fifty puppies delivered from 16 bitches were randomly allocated to receive immediate umbilical cord clamping (n=25) or no clamping for at least 3 min after the onset of breathing (n=25). The puppies were assessed during the first 5 min of life and 10 min after the first assessment. The no clamping group showed significantly higher Apgar scores (second assessment, P<0.01) and reflex scores (first and second assessments, P<0.05) than the clamping group, implying higher vitality in the no clamping group. The differences observed between the moments (first versus second assessment) of each group was significant (P<0.01), revealing higher vitality in the second assessment. The results suggest that keeping the umbilical cord intact for at least 3 min after the onset of breathing may contribute to increased vitality in puppies delivered by cesarean section without any negative consequences.

Structural plasticity and isolation of umbilical cord progenitor cells of agouti (Dasyprocta prymnolopha) raised in captivity / Plasticidade estrutural e isolamento de células progenitoras do cordão umbilical de cutias (Dasyprocta prymnolopha) criadas em cativeiro

The agouti has been used as an experimental model in several studies focused on reproductive biology. The umbilical cord, an embryonic attachment that connects the foetus to the placenta, has been reported as an important anatomical site for obtaining stem cells. The objective of this study was to describe macro- and microscopically the umbilical cord of agoutis at different stages of gestation, to expand and cultivate in vitro the progenitor cells and to report their morphological characteristics. Seven cutias were submitted to caesarean section to collect the umbilical cords: five were destined for studies of cord structure in different stages of gestation (30, 35, 50, 75 and 100 days postcoital), and two were collected in the third stage of gestation for isolation and cell culture. The umbilical cord of cutias assumes a spiral arrangement, with veins and arteries on it starting 50 days after coitus. The arteries present an outer layer of smooth muscle fibres in a longitudinal and circular arrangement and a medium layer of smooth muscle fibres with only longitudinal and intimate orientation and coated by the endothelium. The veins consist of longitudinal smooth muscle fibres with an extract of smooth muscle cells, and the endothelium, in all analysed gestational phases, is a structure bounded by simple pavement epithelial tissue originating from the amnion, adhered to Whartons Jelly and forming the umbilical vessels and allantoid duct. The proposed protocol allowed the collection of a high cellular concentration of umbilical cord progenitor cells from viable cutias.(AU)

A cutia vem sendo utilizada como modelo experimental em diversos estudos voltados à biologia reprodutiva. O cordão umbilical, anexo embrionário que une o feto à placenta, tem sido relatado como um importante sítio anatômico para obtenção de células-tronco. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever macro e microscopicamente o cordão umbilical de cutias, em fases diferentes da gestação, expandir e cultivar in vitro as células progenitoras e relatar suas características morfológicas. Foram utilizadas sete cutias submetidas à cesariana para a coleta dos cordões umbilicais, cinco foram destinadas aos estudos da estrutura do cordão, em diferentes estágios de gestação (30, 35, 50, 75 e 100 dias pós-coito), e duas, no terço final da gestação, para isolamento e cultivo celular. O cordão umbilical de cutia assume disposição espiralada, com veias e artérias sobre ele a partir dos 50 dias após o coito. As artérias apresentam camada externa de fibras musculares lisas, disposição longitudinal e circular, camada média de fibras musculares lisas, apenas com disposição longitudinal e íntima revestida pelo endotélio. As veias constituídas por fibras musculares lisas longitudinais com um extrato de células musculares lisas e pelo endotélio. Em todas as fases gestacionais analisadas é uma estrutura delimitada por tecido epitelial simples pavimentoso, proveniente do âmnio, aderido a Geleia de Wharton e com formação de vasos umbilicais e ducto alantóide. O protocolo proposto permitiu a coleta de células progenitoras do cordão umbilical de cutias, viáveis com elevada concentração celular.(AU)

Influence of dexamethasone and surfactant in the vitality and lung function of preterm lambs born by cesarean section / Influência da dexametasona e do surfactante na vitalidade e na função pulmonar de cordeiros prematuros nascidos por cesariana eletiva

The aim of this study was to assess the vitality and lung function of preterm lambs. Twenty seven preterm lambs were divided in four groups. Group I (n=6) preterm lambs/ control; group II (n=9) lambs born to mothers that were treated with dexamethasone antepartum; group III (n=6) lambs treated with surfactant; and group IV (n=6) lambs treated with surfactant and born to mothers that were treated with dexamethasone antepartum. The APGAR score was performed after birth (T0) and 15 minutes later (T1/4) to assess vitality. The vital signs, blood gas analysis, spirometry and capnometry were assessed immediately after birth and continued until 48 hours. Chest radiographs were performed at T0, T24 and T48. Significant rectal temperature interactions occurred at T1 and T6 depending on the type of treatment used. All animals showed low pH values, which were associated with high pCO2 values and HCO3 -values that increased over time from immediately after birth to two days of age. Higher tidal volume values were observed at T1/4, T1 and T24 when the animals were not treated with surfactant. Capnometry showed significant interactions between treatments at T0. Premature animals showed low vitality and impaired pulmonary function.(AU)

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a vitalidade e a função pulmonar de cordeiros prematuros. Vinte e sete cordeiros foram divididos em quatro grupos: grupo I (n= 6), cordeiros prematuros/controle; grupo II (n= 9), cordeiros prematuros nascidos de mães tratadas com dexametasona antes do parto; grupo III (n= 6), cordeiros prematuros tratados com surfactante; e grupo IV (n= 6), cordeiros prematuros tratados com surfactante e nascidos de mães tratadas com dexametasona antes do parto. O escore APGAR foi realizado após o nascimento (T0) e 15 minutos depois (T1/4). Os parâmetros vitais, hemogasometria, espirometria e capnometria foram avaliados após o nascimento até 48 horas. As radiografias torácicas foram realizadas em T0, T24 e T48. Interações significativas de temperatura retal ocorreram em T1 e T6, dependendo do tipo de tratamento utilizado. Todos os animais apresentaram valores de pH baixos, que foram associados com altos valores de pCO2 e valores de HCO3 que aumentaram ao longo do tempo. Os maiores valores de volume corrente foram observados em T1/4, T1 e T24, quando os animais não foram tratados com surfactante. A capnometria mostrou interações significativas entre tratamentos em T0. Os animais prematuros apresentaram pouca vitalidade e deficiência da função pulmonar.(AU)

Influence of dexamethasone and surfactant in the vitality and lung function of preterm lambs born by cesarean section / Influência da dexametasona e do surfactante na vitalidade e na função pulmonar de cordeiros prematuros nascidos por cesariana eletiva

The aim of this study was to assess the vitality and lung function of preterm lambs. Twenty seven preterm lambs were divided in four groups. Group I (n=6) preterm lambs/ control; group II (n=9) lambs born to mothers that were treated with dexamethasone antepartum; group III (n=6) lambs treated with surfactant; and group IV (n=6) lambs treated with surfactant and born to mothers that were treated with dexamethasone antepartum. The APGAR score was performed after birth (T0) and 15 minutes later (T1/4) to assess vitality. The vital signs, blood gas analysis, spirometry and capnometry were assessed immediately after birth and continued until 48 hours. Chest radiographs were performed at T0, T24 and T48. Significant rectal temperature interactions occurred at T1 and T6 depending on the type of treatment used. All animals showed low pH values, which were associated with high pCO2 values and HCO3 -values that increased over time from immediately after birth to two days of age. Higher tidal volume values were observed at T1/4, T1 and T24 when the animals were not treated with surfactant. Capnometry showed significant interactions between treatments at T0. Premature animals showed low vitality and impaired pulmonary function.(AU)

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a vitalidade e a função pulmonar de cordeiros prematuros. Vinte e sete cordeiros foram divididos em quatro grupos: grupo I (n= 6), cordeiros prematuros/controle; grupo II (n= 9), cordeiros prematuros nascidos de mães tratadas com dexametasona antes do parto; grupo III (n= 6), cordeiros prematuros tratados com surfactante; e grupo IV (n= 6), cordeiros prematuros tratados com surfactante e nascidos de mães tratadas com dexametasona antes do parto. O escore APGAR foi realizado após o nascimento (T0) e 15 minutos depois (T1/4). Os parâmetros vitais, hemogasometria, espirometria e capnometria foram avaliados após o nascimento até 48 horas. As radiografias torácicas foram realizadas em T0, T24 e T48. Interações significativas de temperatura retal ocorreram em T1 e T6, dependendo do tipo de tratamento utilizado. Todos os animais apresentaram valores de pH baixos, que foram associados com altos valores de pCO2 e valores de HCO3 que aumentaram ao longo do tempo. Os maiores valores de volume corrente foram observados em T1/4, T1 e T24, quando os animais não foram tratados com surfactante. A capnometria mostrou interações significativas entre tratamentos em T0. Os animais prematuros apresentaram pouca vitalidade e deficiência da função pulmonar.(AU)

Structural plasticity and isolation of umbilical cord progenitor cells of agouti (Dasyprocta prymnolopha) raised in captivity / Plasticidade estrutural e isolamento de células progenitoras do cordão umbilical de cutias (Dasyprocta prymnolopha) criadas em cativeiro

The agouti has been used as an experimental model in several studies focused on reproductive biology. The umbilical cord, an embryonic attachment that connects the foetus to the placenta, has been reported as an important anatomical site for obtaining stem cells. The objective of this study was to describe macro- and microscopically the umbilical cord of agoutis at different stages of gestation, to expand and cultivate in vitro the progenitor cells and to report their morphological characteristics. Seven cutias were submitted to caesarean section to collect the umbilical cords: five were destined for studies of cord structure in different stages of gestation (30, 35, 50, 75 and 100 days postcoital), and two were collected in the third stage of gestation for isolation and cell culture. The umbilical cord of cutias assumes a spiral arrangement, with veins and arteries on it starting 50 days after coitus. The arteries present an outer layer of smooth muscle fibres in a longitudinal and circular arrangement and a medium layer of smooth muscle fibres with only longitudinal and intimate orientation and coated by the endothelium. The veins consist of longitudinal smooth muscle fibres with an extract of smooth muscle cells, and the endothelium, in all analysed gestational phases, is a structure bounded by simple pavement epithelial tissue originating from the amnion, adhered to Wharton’s Jelly and forming the umbilical vessels and allantoid duct. The proposed protocol allowed the collection of a high cellular concentration of umbilical cord progenitor cells from viable cutias.

A cutia vem sendo utilizada como modelo experimental em diversos estudos voltados à biologia reprodutiva. O cordão umbilical, anexo embrionário que une o feto à placenta, tem sido relatado como um importante sítio anatômico para obtenção de células-tronco. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever macro e microscopicamente o cordão umbilical de cutias, em fases diferentes da gestação, expandir e cultivar in vitro as células progenitoras e relatar suas características morfológicas. Foram utilizadas sete cutias submetidas à cesariana para a coleta dos cordões umbilicais, cinco foram destinadas aos estudos da estrutura do cordão, em diferentes estágios de gestação (30, 35, 50, 75 e 100 dias pós-coito), e duas, no terço final da gestação, para isolamento e cultivo celular. O cordão umbilical de cutia assume disposição espiralada, com veias e artérias sobre ele a partir dos 50 dias após o coito. As artérias apresentam camada externa de fibras musculares lisas, disposição longitudinal e circular, camada média de fibras musculares lisas, apenas com disposição longitudinal e íntima revestida pelo endotélio. As veias constituídas por fibras musculares lisas longitudinais com um extrato de células musculares lisas e pelo endotélio. Em todas as fases gestacionais analisadas é uma estrutura delimitada por tecido epitelial simples pavimentoso, proveniente do âmnio, aderido a Geleia de Wharton e com formação de vasos umbilicais e ducto alantóide. O protocolo proposto permitiu a coleta de células progenitoras do cordão umbilical de cutias, viáveis com elevada concentração celular.

Distocia em cabra mestiça Anglo-Nubiana / Dystocia in goat mestiça Anglo-Nubiana

O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar o procedimento de cesariana em um caso de parto distócico em caprino. Uma cabra mestiça Anglo-Nubiana de quatro anos de idade, pesando 40kg foi atendida no Hospital Veterinário Antônio Francisco Fonzar da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias de Andradina, apresentando dificuldade ao parto. Ao exame físico, o animal apresentava-se ofegante, inquieto, com apetite presente e bom estado corporal. Foi realizado exame vaginal constatando prolapso vaginal, retal, dilatação cervical insuficiente, porém, sem observação de feto e membranas fetais. No exame clínico constatou-se que a temperatura retal e frequência cardíaca e respiratória estavam dentro dos limites considerados como normais para a espécie. Realizou-se uma ultrassonografia uterina observando gestação gemelar, viabilidade fetal e apresentação fetal anormal devido a posição transversal de um dos fetos. O plano terapêutico escolhido foi a realização de cesariana, o tratamento pós-operatório consistiu na administração de Flunixin meglumina (2mg/kg de peso corporal, durante 3 dias), Oxitetraciclina(1mL/10kg de peso vivo,em uma única aplicação) e Penicilina Benzatina (20.000 UI/kg a cada 48 horas, totalizando 5 aplicações). Para o curativo local utilizou-se pomada a base de gentamicina, sulfadiazina de prata, vitamina A e unguento. Após duas semanas o animal já apresentava plena recuperação, conclui-se que a conduta e os procedimentos cirúrgico foram bem-sucedidos.

The objective of this study was to report the cesarean section procedure in a case of dystocic delivery in goats. A four-year-old Anglo-Nubian goat, weighing 40kg, was attended at the Veterinary Hospital Antônio Francisco Fonzar of the Faculty of Agrarian Sciences of Andradina, presenting difficulty in parturition. On physical examination, the animal was restless, with a present appetite and good body condition. The vaginal examination revealed vaginal prolapse, rectal, insufficient cervical dilatation, but without fetal observation and fetal membranes. In the clinical examination it was verified that the rectal temperature and heart and respiratory rate were within the limits considered normal for the species. A uterine ultrasound was performed observing twin pregnancy, fetal viability and abnormal fetal presentation due to the transverse position of one fetus. The therapeutic plan chosen for cesarean section, the postoperative treatment consisted of administration of Flunixin meglumine (2 mg/kg body weight for 3 days), Oxytetracycline 20% (20 mg/kg body weight in a single application) and Benzathine Penicillin (20,000 IU/kg every 48 hours, totaling 5 applications). For the local dressing was used ointment based on gentamicin, silver sulfadiazine, vitamin A and ointment. After two weeks the animal already had full recovery, it is concluded that the surgical procedures and conduct were successful.

Distocia em cabra mestiça Anglo-Nubiana / Dystocia in goat mestiça Anglo-Nubiana

O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar o procedimento de cesariana em um caso de parto distócico em caprino. Uma cabra mestiça Anglo-Nubiana de quatro anos de idade, pesando 40kg foi atendida no Hospital Veterinário Antônio Francisco Fonzar da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias de Andradina, apresentando dificuldade ao parto. Ao exame físico, o animal apresentava-se ofegante, inquieto, com apetite presente e bom estado corporal. Foi realizado exame vaginal constatando prolapso vaginal, retal, dilatação cervical insuficiente, porém, sem observação de feto e membranas fetais. No exame clínico constatou-se que a temperatura retal e frequência cardíaca e respiratória estavam dentro dos limites considerados como normais para a espécie. Realizou-se uma ultrassonografia uterina observando gestação gemelar, viabilidade fetal e apresentação fetal anormal devido a posição transversal de um dos fetos. O plano terapêutico escolhido foi a realização de cesariana, o tratamento pós-operatório consistiu na administração de Flunixin meglumina (2mg/kg de peso corporal, durante 3 dias), Oxitetraciclina(1mL/10kg de peso vivo,em uma única aplicação) e Penicilina Benzatina (20.000 UI/kg a cada 48 horas, totalizando 5 aplicações). Para o curativo local utilizou-se pomada a base de gentamicina, sulfadiazina de prata, vitamina A e unguento. Após duas semanas o animal já apresentava plena recuperação, conclui-se que a conduta e os procedimentos cirúrgico foram bem-sucedidos.(AU)

The objective of this study was to report the cesarean section procedure in a case of dystocic delivery in goats. A four-year-old Anglo-Nubian goat, weighing 40kg, was attended at the Veterinary Hospital Antônio Francisco Fonzar of the Faculty of Agrarian Sciences of Andradina, presenting difficulty in parturition. On physical examination, the animal was restless, with a present appetite and good body condition. The vaginal examination revealed vaginal prolapse, rectal, insufficient cervical dilatation, but without fetal observation and fetal membranes. In the clinical examination it was verified that the rectal temperature and heart and respiratory rate were within the limits considered normal for the species. A uterine ultrasound was performed observing twin pregnancy, fetal viability and abnormal fetal presentation due to the transverse position of one fetus. The therapeutic plan chosen for cesarean section, the postoperative treatment consisted of administration of Flunixin meglumine (2 mg/kg body weight for 3 days), Oxytetracycline 20% (20 mg/kg body weight in a single application) and Benzathine Penicillin (20,000 IU/kg every 48 hours, totaling 5 applications). For the local dressing was used ointment based on gentamicin, silver sulfadiazine, vitamin A and ointment. After two weeks the animal already had full recovery, it is concluded that the surgical procedures and conduct were successful.(AU)