Two enteral solutions with different chloride concentrations administered by naso-ruminal route for fluid therapy in adult cattle / Comparação de duas soluções enterais com diferentes concentrações de cloreto administradas por via nasorruminal para hidratação em bovinos adultos

Six adult Holstein cows were used in this fluid therapy study. All animals were previously submitted to 24 hours of water and food abstaining period and submitted to both hydration treatments for eight hours in a crossover design 6x2. Two treatments with hypotonic solutions (190 mOsm/L) with low strong ion difference and different chloride concentrations solutions were executed. Physical, biochemical, blood gas analysis and urinary evaluation were executed in five different experimental times (T-24h, T0h, T4h, T8h e T24h). The hydration period caused plasmatic volume expansion. An increase in faeces humidity, excretion of Na+ and Cl- in urine, reduction of PCV, osmolarity, blood and urinary pH was observed. Both solutions can be used for fluid therapy for adult cattle and solution containing calcium chloride (SECaCl) was the most suitable for use in animals with hypochloraemia.(AU)

Seis vacas holandesas adultas foram utilizadas neste estudo de hidratação. Todos os animais foram submetidos previamente a 24 horas de jejum hídrico e alimentar e submetidos a ambos os tratamentos de hidratação por oito horas, em delineamento transversal 6x2. Foram realizados dois tratamentos com soluções hipotônicas balanceadas (190 mOsm/L) com diferentes concentrações de cloretos. Foram realizadas avaliações físicas, bioquímicas, hemogasometria e avaliação urinária em cinco diferentes tempos experimentais (T-24h, T0h, T4h, T8h e T24h). O período de hidratação causou expansão de volume plamático. Foi observado aumento da umidade das fezes e da excreção de Na+ e Cl- na urina, redução do volume globular, osmolaridade, pH sangüíneo e pH urinário. Ambas as soluções podem ser usadas para hidratação de bovinos adultos, sendo a solução que contém cloreto de cálcio (SECaCl) a mais indicada para o uso em animais com hipocloremia.(AU)

Calcium chloride combined with dimethyl sulphoxide for the chemical sterilization of dogs.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of intratesticular injection of calcium chloride (CaCl2 ) combined with dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) as a chemical sterilization in dogs. Twelve dogs were divided into two groups: the treated group (n = 6), in which 15 mg/kg of a 7.5% CaCl2 solution combined with 0.5% DMSO was injected into each testicle (volume range 1.0-4.76 ml); and a control group (n = 6) that received the same volume/kg of 0.9% sodium chloride solution (NaCl). Semen characteristics pre- and post-treatment were evaluated. Serum testosterone concentration was determined before the injection (D-1) and at 15 (D15), 30 (D30) and 60 (D60) days after intratesticular injection. Testicle sizes and local pain were evaluated for 7 consecutive days (D1 to D7) and at D15, D30 and D60 after injection. At D60, testicle histological evaluation was performed after orchiectomy. No pain was observed by testicular palpation, with the exception of one dog in the treated group; this dog then received analgesic therapy. An increase in testicular volume was evident within 24 hr after treatment, followed by gradual reduction for 3 weeks. Five of 6 dogs from the treated group presented azoospermia at D15; the remaining dog presented at D30. There was no significant difference in testosterone concentrations in the treated group during the experimental period. Histological evaluation showed testicular degenerative lesions, especially at the proximal and middle portions. The results indicated that one injection of 7.5% CaCl2 combined with 0.5% DMSO into each testis is a viable alternative for canine sterilization.

Quality of Isabel grape treated pre-harvest with CaCl2 and citrus biomass-based elicitor / Qualidade de uva Isabel tratada na pré-colheita com CaCl2 e elicitor à base de biomassa cítrica

The high rate of fruit decay and berry drop reduces quality and increases postharvest losses in "Isabel" grapes, requiring pre-harvest and postharvest management practices available to the small-scale farmer, which maintain quality and extend postharvest life of the clusters. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the pre-harvest application of CaCl2 and Citrus Biomass-based elicitor in "Isabel" grapes, in the maintenance of quality during storage at room conditions under ambient and modified atmospheres. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with 8 replicates, in the field located at the municipality of São Vicente Férrer-PE, Brazil. "Isabel" vines were treated 28 days before harvest with: Citrus Biomass-based elicitor (CB), Citrus Biomass-based elicitor + CaCl2 (CB + C), CaCl2 (C) and Control (T) - without application. Grapes harvested in the commercial maturity were stored in a 4 × 2 × 7 factorial arrangement, with 4 treatments (applied in the field), 2 storage conditions, ambient (AA) and modified (AM) atmospheres, under room conditions (25 ± 2 C and 75 ± 2% RH) and 7 evaluation periods in four replicates. The application of CaCl2 and CB-based elicitor reduced the berry drop index (55 and 75%, respectively), the decay and weight loss of "Isabel" grape clusters. These treatments, associated or not, increased MA efficiency in maintaining cluster quality. The ‘Isabel grape berry drop index was directly influenced by the SS/TA ratio, pH and fruit decay index.(AU)

O alto índice de degrana e podridão das bagas reduzem a qualidade e elevam as perdas pós-colheita em uvas Isabel, demandando técnicas de manejo na pré e pós-colheita acessíveis ao pequeno produtor, que mantenham a qualidade e ampliem a vida útil pós-colheita dos cachos. Assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação na pré-colheita de CaCl2 e elicitor à base de biomassa cítrica em uvas Isabel na manutenção da qualidade durante o armazenamento na condição ambiente sob atmosferas ambiente e modificada. O experimento foi conduzido em blocos casualizados a campo, no município de São Vicente Férrer-PE com 8 repetições. Videiras Isabel foram tratadas, 28 dias antes da colheita, com: elicitor de Biomassa Cítrica (BC), elicitor de Biomassa Cítrica + CaCl2 (BC+C), CaCl2 (C) e Testemunha (T) - sem aplicação. Cachos colhidos na maturação comercial foram armazenados em arranjo fatorial 4×2×7, sendo 4 tratamentos (aplicados no campo), 2 condições de armazenamento, atmosferas ambiente (AA) e modificada (AM), sob condição ambiente (25±2C e 75±2% de UR) e 7 períodos de avaliação em quatro repetições. A aplicação de CaCl2 e do elicitor BC reduziu o índice de degrana (55 e 75%, respectivamente), a podridão e a perda de massa dos cachos de uva Isabel. Estes tratamentos, associados ou não, aumentaram a eficiência da AM em manter a qualidade dos cachos. O índice de degrana (55 e 75%, respectivamente), a podridão e a perda de massa dos cachos de uva ‘Isabel. Estes tratamentos, associados ou não, aumentaram a eficiência da AM em manter a qualidade dos cachos.O índice de degrana de uva ‘Isabel foi influenciado diretamente pela relação SS/AT, pH e índice de podridão das bagas.(AU)

Single-Dose Lignocaine-Based Blood Cardioplegia in Single Valve Replacement Patients.

OBJECTIVE:: Myocardial protection is the most important in cardiac surgery. We compared our modified single-dose long-acting lignocaine-based blood cardioplegia with short-acting St Thomas 1 blood cardioplegia in patients undergoing single valve replacement. METHODS:: A total of 110 patients who underwent single (aortic or mitral) valve replacement surgery were enrolled. Patients were divided in two groups based on the cardioplegia solution used. In group 1 (56 patients), long-acting lignocaine based-blood cardioplegia solution was administered as a single dose while in group 2 (54 patients), standard St Thomas IB (short-acting blood-based cardioplegia solution) was administered and repeated every 20 minutes. All the patients were compared for preoperative baseline parameters, intraoperative and all the postoperative parameters. RESULTS:: We did not find any statistically significant difference in preoperative baseline parameters. Cardiopulmonary bypass time were 73.8±16.5 and 76.4±16.9 minutes (P=0.43) and cross clamp time were 58.9±10.3 and 66.3±11.2 minutes (P=0.23) in group 1 and group 2, respectively. Mean of maximum inotrope score was 6.3±2.52 and 6.1±2.13 (P=0.65) in group 1 and group 2, respectively. We also did not find any statistically significant difference in creatine-phosphokinase-MB (CPK-MB), Troponin-I levels, lactate level and cardiac functions postoperatively. CONCLUSION:: This study proves the safety and efficacy of long-acting lignocaine-based single-dose blood cardioplegia compared to the standard short-acting multi-dose blood cardioplegia in patients requiring the single valve replacement. Further studies need to be undertaken to establish this non-inferiority in situations of complex cardiac procedures especially in compromised patients.

Single-dose lignocaine-based blood cardioplegia in single valve replacement patients

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Myocardial protection is the most important in cardiac surgery. We compared our modified single-dose long-acting lignocaine-based blood cardioplegia with short-acting St Thomas 1 blood cardioplegia in patients undergoing single valve replacement. METHODS: A total of 110 patients who underwent single (aortic or mitral) valve replacement surgery were enrolled. Patients were divided in two groups based on the cardioplegia solution used. In group 1 (56 patients), long-acting lignocaine based-blood cardioplegia solution was administered as a single dose while in group 2 (54 patients), standard St Thomas IB (short-acting blood-based cardioplegia solution) was administered and repeated every 20 minutes. All the patients were compared for preoperative baseline parameters, intraoperative and all the postoperative parameters. RESULTS: We did not find any statistically significant difference in preoperative baseline parameters. Cardiopulmonary bypass time were 73.8±16.5 and 76.4±16.9 minutes (P=0.43) and cross clamp time were 58.9±10.3 and 66.3±11.2 minutes (P=0.23) in group 1 and group 2, respectively. Mean of maximum inotrope score was 6.3±2.52 and 6.1±2.13 (P=0.65) in group 1 and group 2, respectively. We also did not find any statistically significant difference in creatine-phosphokinase-MB (CPK-MB), Troponin-I levels, lactate level and cardiac functions postoperatively. CONCLUSION: This study proves the safety and efficacy of long-acting lignocaine-based single-dose blood cardioplegia compared to the standard short-acting multi-dose blood cardioplegia in patients requiring the single valve replacement. Further studies need to be undertaken to establish this non-inferiority in situations of complex cardiac procedures especially in compromised patients.

Quality of Isabel grape treated pre-harvest with CaCl2 and citrus biomass-based elicitor / Qualidade de uva Isabel tratada na pré-colheita com CaCl2 e elicitor à base de biomassa cítrica

The high rate of fruit decay and berry drop reduces quality and increases postharvest losses in "Isabel" grapes, requiring pre-harvest and postharvest management practices available to the small-scale farmer, which maintain quality and extend postharvest life of the clusters. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the pre-harvest application of CaCl2 and Citrus Biomass-based elicitor in "Isabel" grapes, in the maintenance of quality during storage at room conditions under ambient and modified atmospheres. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with 8 replicates, in the field located at the municipality of São Vicente Férrer-PE, Brazil. "Isabel" vines were treated 28 days before harvest with: Citrus Biomass-based elicitor (CB), Citrus Biomass-based elicitor + CaCl2 (CB + C), CaCl2 (C) and Control (T) - without application. Grapes harvested in the commercial maturity were stored in a 4 × 2 × 7 factorial arrangement, with 4 treatments (applied in the field), 2 storage conditions, ambient (AA) and modified (AM) atmospheres, under room conditions (25 ± 2 C and 75 ± 2% RH) and 7 evaluation periods in four replicates. The application of CaCl2 and CB-based elicitor reduced the berry drop index (55 and 75%, respectively), the decay and weight loss of "Isabel" grape clusters. These treatments, associated or not, increased MA efficiency in maintaining cluster quality. The ‘Isabel’ grape berry drop index was directly influenced by the SS/TA ratio, pH and fruit decay index.

O alto índice de degrana e podridão das bagas reduzem a qualidade e elevam as perdas pós-colheita em uvas Isabel, demandando técnicas de manejo na pré e pós-colheita acessíveis ao pequeno produtor, que mantenham a qualidade e ampliem a vida útil pós-colheita dos cachos. Assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação na pré-colheita de CaCl2 e elicitor à base de biomassa cítrica em uvas Isabel na manutenção da qualidade durante o armazenamento na condição ambiente sob atmosferas ambiente e modificada. O experimento foi conduzido em blocos casualizados a campo, no município de São Vicente Férrer-PE com 8 repetições. Videiras Isabel foram tratadas, 28 dias antes da colheita, com: elicitor de Biomassa Cítrica (BC), elicitor de Biomassa Cítrica + CaCl2 (BC+C), CaCl2 (C) e Testemunha (T) - sem aplicação. Cachos colhidos na maturação comercial foram armazenados em arranjo fatorial 4×2×7, sendo 4 tratamentos (aplicados no campo), 2 condições de armazenamento, atmosferas ambiente (AA) e modificada (AM), sob condição ambiente (25±2C e 75±2% de UR) e 7 períodos de avaliação em quatro repetições. A aplicação de CaCl2 e do elicitor BC reduziu o índice de degrana (55 e 75%, respectivamente), a podridão e a perda de massa dos cachos de uva Isabel. Estes tratamentos, associados ou não, aumentaram a eficiência da AM em manter a qualidade dos cachos. O índice de degrana (55 e 75%, respectivamente), a podridão e a perda de massa dos cachos de uva ‘Isabel’. Estes tratamentos, associados ou não, aumentaram a eficiência da AM em manter a qualidade dos cachos.O índice de degrana de uva ‘Isabel’ foi influenciado diretamente pela relação SS/AT, pH e índice de podridão das bagas.

Aplicação em pré-colheita de cloreto de cálcio no controle do despencamento natural dos frutos de bananeira FHIA-18 / Calcium chloride in preharvest application to control the natural fruit dropping of FHIA-18 banana tree

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de CaCl2 em pré-colheita, em diferentes doses e épocas no controle do despencamento natural de frutos da bananeira 'FHIA-18'. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 3x3+1 testemunha, sendo testadas as doses de 2, 4 e 6% de CaCl2 aos 60, 90 e 120 dias após a emissão do cacho, com cinco repetições e uma planta por parcela. Observou-se redução linear da resistência ao despencamento e do tempo de maturação do fruto com o acréscimo das doses de CaCl2. Os frutos apresentaram maior firmeza com três aplicações de CaCl2. Os teores de cálcio da casca e da polpa não foram alterados significativamente com as doses e épocas de aplicações do CaCl2, indicando que o cálcio não é absorvido efetivamente pelo fruto. A aplicação de CaCl2 na pré-colheita não reduz o despencamento dos frutos da bananeira 'FHIA-18'.(AU)

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of CaCl2 application in preharvest and in different doses and times in order to control the natural fruit dropping of banana 'FHIA-18'. The experimental design was in a randomized blocks, in a factorial scheme 3x3+1 control, with three doses of CaCl2 (2, 4 and 6%), three times of application (60, 90 and 120 days) after the bunch emission, with five replicates and one plant per parcel. A linear decrease of dropping resistance and fruit time maturation with increasing doses of CaCl2 was observed. The fruits showed to be more consistent with three applications of CaCl2. The calcium content of the peel and pulp were not significantly changed with the doses and applications of CaCl2, indicating that calcium is not absorbed effectively by the fruits. The application of CaCl2 in preharvest do not reduce the natural fruit dropping in banana 'FHIA-18'.(AU)

Influence of the exposure of MTA with and without calcium chloride to phosphate-buffered saline on the push-out bond strength to dentine.

AIM: To analyse the influence of exposure of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) with and without calcium chloride (CaCl2 ) to phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) on the push-out bond strength, over different experimental periods. METHODOLOGY: One hundred and twenty dentine discs with standardized cavities were filled with MTA with and without 10% CaCl2 . The specimens were randomly divided as follows (n = 30): (G1) MTA in contact with a moistened cotton pellet, (G2) MTA immersed in PBS, (G3) MTA + CaCl2 in contact with a moistened cotton pellet and (G4) MTA + CaCl2 immersed in PBS. The samples were stored for 3, 28 and 60 days. The bond strengths were measured with the Instron Testing machine. Data were analysed using the three-way anova and Tukey test (P < 0.05). RESULTS: In general, the samples of MTA with and without CaCl2 , exposed to PBS, had higher bond strength values in all study periods (P < 0.05). Analysis of the influence of addition of CaCl2 to MTA (G1 × G3) evidenced significant differences in bond strength in the different periods (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The exposure of MTA to PBS positively influenced the push-out bond strength, whereas the addition of CaCl2 had a negative influence.

Deleterious effect of hypothermia in myocardial protection against cold ischemia: a comparative study in isolated rat hearts.

BACKGROUND: There is a growing need to improve heart preservation benefit the performance of cardiac operations, decrease morbidity, and more important, increase the donor pool. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the cardioprotective effects of Krebs-Henseleit buffer (KHB), Bretschneider-HTK (HTK), St. Thomas No. 1 (STH-1), and Celsior (CEL) solutions infused at 10°C and 20°C. METHODS: Hearts isolated from male albino Wistar rats and prepared according to Langendorff were randomly divided equally into 8 groups according to the temperature of infusion (10°C or 20°C) and cardioprotective solutions (KHB, HTK, STH-1, and CEL). After stabilization with KHB at 37°C, baseline values were collected (control) for heart rate (HR), left ventricle systolic pressure (LVSP), coronary flow (CF), maximum rate of rise of left ventricular pressure during ventricular contraction (+dP/dt) and maximum rate of fall of left ventricular pressure during left ventricular relaxation (-dP/dt). The hearts were then perfused with cardioprotective solutions for 5 minutes and kept for 2 hours in static ischemia at 20°C. Data evaluation used analysis of variance (ANOVA) in all together randomized 2-way ANOVA and Tukey's test for multiple comparisons. The level of significance chosen was P < .05. RESULTS: We observed that all 4 solutions were able to recover HR, independent of temperature. Interestingly, STH-1 solution at 20°C showed HR above baseline throughout the experiment. An evaluation of the corresponding hemodynamic values (LVSP, +dP/dt, and -dP/dt) indicated that treatment with CEL solution was superior at both temperatures compared with the other solutions, and had better performance at 20°C. When analyzing performance on CF maintenance, we observed that it was temperature dependent. However, when applying both HTK and CEL, at 10°C and 20°C respectively, indicated better protection against development of tissue edema. Multiple comparisons between treatments and hemodynamic variable outcomes showed that using CEL solution resulted in significant improvement compared with the other solutions at both temperatures. CONCLUSION: The solutions investigated were not able to fully suppress the deleterious effects of ischemia and reperfusion of the heart. However, these results allow us to conclude that temperature and the cardioprotective solution are interdependent as far as myocardial protection. Although CEL solution is the best for in myocardial protection, more studies are needed to understand the interaction between temperature and perfusion solution used. This will lead to development of better and more efficient cardioprotective methods.

Platelet activation: ultrastructure and morphometry in platelet-rich plasma of horses / Ativação plaquetária: ultraestrutura e morfometria no plasma rico em plaquetas de equinos

This study was conducted to investigate the activation ability of the platelet-rich plasma (PRP) by pharmacological agents, as well as to verify the need or not of this activation for therapeutic use. The PRP was obtained from four healthy crossbred geldings aged 13 to 16 years (15±1years), and was processed for observation and quantification of the platelet morphology by using the transmission electron microscopy. All PRP samples were activated with 10 percent calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution, pure bovine thrombin or associated with CaCl2. The control (pure PRP) was not pharmacologically activated. In the pure PRP samples, 49 percent of the platelets were classified as state of activation uncertain, 41 percent as resting, 9 percent as fully activated and 1 percent as irreversibly damaged. Treatment with 10 percent CaCl2 provided a distribution of 54 percent platelets in state of activation uncertain, 24 percent as fully activated, 20 percent as resting, and 2 percent as irreversibly damaged. The platelet morphology of the bovine thrombin treated samples did not fit into classification adopted, as showing irregular shape with emission of large filamentous pseudopods, appearance of ruptured and whole granules in the remaining cytoplasm and extracellular environment. There was effect of the treatment on the platelet morphology (P=0.03). The 10 percent CaCl2 is an adequate platelet-activating agent. However, in cases the use of PRP under its liquid form is necessary, the use of pure PRP is recommended, since besides presenting an adequate percentage of fully activated platelets it also has significant amount of the resting type, which can be activated by substances found in the injured tissue.

O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar a capacidade de ativação do plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) por substâncias farmacológicas, assim como verificar a necessidade ou não dessa ativação para uso terapêutico. O PRP foi obtido de quatro equinos mestiços hígidos, machos castrados, com 13 a 16 anos (15±1anos) de idade, e processado para observação e quantificação da morfologia plaquetária mediante a utilização da microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. Todas as amostras de PRP foram ativadas com cloreto de cálcio (CaCl2) a 10 por cento, trombina bovina pura ou associada a CaCl2. O controle (PRP puro) não foi ativado farmacologicamente. Nas amostras de PRP puro, 49 por cento das plaquetas foram classificadas como ativação incerta, 41 por cento em repouso, 9 por cento totalmente ativada e 1 por cento com dano irreversível. O tratamento com CaCl2 a 10 por cento proporcionou uma distribuição de 54 por cento de plaquetas com ativação incerta, 24 por cento totalmente ativada, 20 por cento em repouso, e 2 por cento como com dano irreversível. Amostras tratadas com trombina bovina apresentaram morfologia plaquetária que não se enquadraram na classificação adotada, apresentando forma irregular com emissão de grandes pseudópodes filamentosos, aspecto de rompimento e grânulos inteiros no citoplasma remanescente e meio extracelular. Houve efeito do tratamento sobre a morfologia plaquetária (P=0,03). O CaCl2 a 10 por cento é um adequado agente ativador de plaquetas. Entretanto, nos casos onde se faz necessário o uso de PRP na forma mais líquida, recomenda-se o uso do PRP puro, que além de apresentar uma adequada porcentagem de plaquetas totalmente ativadas, também possui importante quantidade do tipo em repouso, que pode ser ativado por substâncias presentes no tecido lesionado.

Platelet activation: ultrastructure and morphometry in platelet-rich plasma of horses / Ativação plaquetária: ultraestrutura e morfometria no plasma rico em plaquetas de equinos

This study was conducted to investigate the activation ability of the platelet-rich plasma (PRP) by pharmacological agents, as well as to verify the need or not of this activation for therapeutic use. The PRP was obtained from four healthy crossbred geldings aged 13 to 16 years (15±1years), and was processed for observation and quantification of the platelet morphology by using the transmission electron microscopy. All PRP samples were activated with 10 percent calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution, pure bovine thrombin or associated with CaCl2. The control (pure PRP) was not pharmacologically activated. In the pure PRP samples, 49 percent of the platelets were classified as state of activation uncertain, 41 percent as resting, 9 percent as fully activated and 1 percent as irreversibly damaged. Treatment with 10 percent CaCl2 provided a distribution of 54 percent platelets in state of activation uncertain, 24 percent as fully activated, 20 percent as resting, and 2 percent as irreversibly damaged. The platelet morphology of the bovine thrombin treated samples did not fit into classification adopted, as showing irregular shape with emission of large filamentous pseudopods, appearance of ruptured and whole granules in the remaining cytoplasm and extracellular environment. There was effect of the treatment on the platelet morphology (P=0.03). The 10 percent CaCl2 is an adequate platelet-activating agent. However, in cases the use of PRP under its liquid form is necessary, the use of pure PRP is recommended, since besides presenting an adequate percentage of fully activated platelets it also has significant amount of the resting type, which can be activated by substances found in the injured tissue.(AU)

O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar a capacidade de ativação do plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) por substâncias farmacológicas, assim como verificar a necessidade ou não dessa ativação para uso terapêutico. O PRP foi obtido de quatro equinos mestiços hígidos, machos castrados, com 13 a 16 anos (15±1anos) de idade, e processado para observação e quantificação da morfologia plaquetária mediante a utilização da microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. Todas as amostras de PRP foram ativadas com cloreto de cálcio (CaCl2) a 10 por cento, trombina bovina pura ou associada a CaCl2. O controle (PRP puro) não foi ativado farmacologicamente. Nas amostras de PRP puro, 49 por cento das plaquetas foram classificadas como ativação incerta, 41 por cento em repouso, 9 por cento totalmente ativada e 1 por cento com dano irreversível. O tratamento com CaCl2 a 10 por cento proporcionou uma distribuição de 54 por cento de plaquetas com ativação incerta, 24 por cento totalmente ativada, 20 por cento em repouso, e 2 por cento como com dano irreversível. Amostras tratadas com trombina bovina apresentaram morfologia plaquetária que não se enquadraram na classificação adotada, apresentando forma irregular com emissão de grandes pseudópodes filamentosos, aspecto de rompimento e grânulos inteiros no citoplasma remanescente e meio extracelular. Houve efeito do tratamento sobre a morfologia plaquetária (P=0,03). O CaCl2 a 10 por cento é um adequado agente ativador de plaquetas. Entretanto, nos casos onde se faz necessário o uso de PRP na forma mais líquida, recomenda-se o uso do PRP puro, que além de apresentar uma adequada porcentagem de plaquetas totalmente ativadas, também possui importante quantidade do tipo em repouso, que pode ser ativado por substâncias presentes no tecido lesionado.(AU)

Uso de cloreto de cálcio como adjuvante na reanimação cardiopulmonar Uso de cloreto de cálcio como adjuvante na reanimação cardiopulmonar cerebral (RCPC) em cães / Use of calcium chloride as an adjuvant in cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation (CPCR) in dogs

Background: Treatment of cardiopulmonary arrest has been a source of discussion in both medicine as in veterinary with an emphasis on the use of solutions with calcium because of its importance as an ion essential for hearts functionality. Only a few studies have showed the use of Ca2+ in CPCR. Based on this, the present study aimed to evaluate the use of calcium chloride as an adjuvant therapy in CPCR in dogs. Materials, Methods & Results: Eighteen cases of CPCR from the hospital routine of HCV-UFRGS were studied. Cases were selected from those in which occurred a cardiopulmonary arrest with reversal to a ventricular asystole in dogs. These animals were divided into two groups. In nine animals from the group called EPI, epinephrine was administered intravenously at a dose of 0.1 mg.kg-1 or by pulmonary route in a dose of 0.2 mg.kg-1. In the remaining nine animals, named EPIC group, the protocol was similar to the previous group, with the addition of the administration of calcium chloride 10% immediately after administration of epinephrine. In EPI group, the overall rate of success was 55.6%, and three of the cases treated showed reversion to normal sinus rhythm asystole. In the remaining six cases, four progressed to nonresponsive transient ventricular tachycardia (VT) and death, and two progressed to junctional rhythm. In the EPIC group, the overall rate of success was 22.2%. Four animals had VF from an asystole, in which in two of them were reversed by electric defibrillation, and in two of them the reversal was not obtained. In the other five treated animals, a ventricular tachycardia was developed followed by an irreversible cardiac arrest. Discussion: The incidence and prevalence of cardiac arrest diagnosed in animals in both hospitals and outpatients are still scarce data. However when it comes to patients under anesthesia, the success rate of CPCR are low compared to medicine. Calcium ion is indispensable in order to generate activation of the cardiac myofilaments to produce contraction of the heart. Cardiopulmonary arrest leads to a series of physiological changes that decrease the ability of the myocardium to maintain their automaticity and, in turn, generate a cardiac pacemaker, as well as its contractility. Several studies show that such these changes could be because of a severe hypocalcemia, found in both humans and dogs. Despite of the recent consensus against its use, calcium chloride in CPCR can increase the intracellular levels of this ion, which can cause inhibition of cellular respiration and energy production in mitochondrias, triggering an enzymatic proteolytic reaction, leading to cell death. However there is a clear exception in cases where the patient is in a framework of hypocalcemia. The EPI group has reached better rates of success; however, in the EPIC group was observed a reversal of asystole to VF, a fact that did not occur in group EPI. The treatment for VF is electric defibrillation, with a better prognosis when compared to asystole. Although the EPI group has obtained the best result and epinephrine rather is the best treatment of choice to CPCR, the EPIC group demonstrated that the use of calcium chloride may be an alternative to try to transform a VF in an asystole, with the possibility of using electric defibrillator in patients unresponsive to epinephrine alone.(AU)

Uso de cloreto de cálcio como adjuvante na reanimação cardiopulmonar Uso de cloreto de cálcio como adjuvante na reanimação cardiopulmonar cerebral (RCPC) em cães / Use of calcium chloride as an adjuvant in cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation (CPCR) in dogs

Background: Treatment of cardiopulmonary arrest has been a source of discussion in both medicine as in veterinary with an emphasis on the use of solutions with calcium because of its importance as an ion essential for heart’s functionality. Only a few studies have showed the use of Ca2+ in CPCR. Based on this, the present study aimed to evaluate the use of calcium chloride as an adjuvant therapy in CPCR in dogs. Materials, Methods & Results: Eighteen cases of CPCR from the hospital routine of HCV-UFRGS were studied. Cases were selected from those in which occurred a cardiopulmonary arrest with reversal to a ventricular asystole in dogs. These animals were divided into two groups. In nine animals from the group called EPI, epinephrine was administered intravenously at a dose of 0.1 mg.kg-1 or by pulmonary route in a dose of 0.2 mg.kg-1. In the remaining nine animals, named EPIC group, the protocol was similar to the previous group, with the addition of the administration of calcium chloride 10% immediately after administration of epinephrine. In EPI group, the overall rate of success was 55.6%, and three of the cases treated showed reversion to normal sinus rhythm asystole. In the remaining six cases, four progressed to nonresponsive transient ventricular tachycardia (VT) and death, and two progressed to junctional rhythm. In the EPIC group, the overall rate of success was 22.2%. Four animals had VF from an asystole, in which in two of them were reversed by electric defibrillation, and in two of them the reversal was not obtained. In the other five treated animals, a ventricular tachycardia was developed followed by an irreversible cardiac arrest. Discussion: The incidence and prevalence of cardiac arrest diagnosed in animals in both hospitals and outpatients are still scarce data. However when it comes to patients under anesthesia, the success rate of CPCR are low compared to medicine. Calcium ion is indispensable in order to generate activation of the cardiac myofilaments to produce contraction of the heart. Cardiopulmonary arrest leads to a series of physiological changes that decrease the ability of the myocardium to maintain their automaticity and, in turn, generate a cardiac pacemaker, as well as its contractility. Several studies show that such these changes could be because of a severe hypocalcemia, found in both humans and dogs. Despite of the recent consensus against its use, calcium chloride in CPCR can increase the intracellular levels of this ion, which can cause inhibition of cellular respiration and energy production in mitochondrias, triggering an enzymatic proteolytic reaction, leading to cell death. However there is a clear exception in cases where the patient is in a framework of hypocalcemia. The EPI group has reached better rates of success; however, in the EPIC group was observed a reversal of asystole to VF, a fact that did not occur in group EPI. The treatment for VF is electric defibrillation, with a better prognosis when compared to asystole. Although the EPI group has obtained the best result and epinephrine rather is the best treatment of choice to CPCR, the EPIC group demonstrated that the use of calcium chloride may be an alternative to try to transform a VF in an asystole, with the possibility of using electric defibrillator in patients unresponsive to epinephrine alone.

[Development of isolated swine "working heart model" with parabiotic circulation]. / Padronização de modelo de coração isolado "working heart" com circulação parabiótica.

OBJECTIVE: To develop an isolated working heart model with parabiotic circulation in swine and verify its stability and possibility to allow effective measurements of hemodynamic and metabolic data. METHODS: This model was developed during study of association of agents to cardiology. There were performed 18 experiments, each with a support animal and a donor animal. Donor animal heart was perfused as isolated working heart with parabiotic circulation from support animal. Isolated heart underwent regional ischemia by interventricular artery clamping, followed by global ischemia. During reperfusion in working heart state mode at 30, 60 and 90 minutes, contractility indices such as elastance, preload recruitable stroke work index and metabolic data were acquired. RESULTS: Support animals were kept stable throughout the procedures without use of blood transfusions or vasoactive drugs. pH, oxygen partial pressure and hematocrit were kept stable and within physiologic ranges. Isolated heart was perfused adequately throughout the experiment. All hemodynamic and metabolic data proposed were adequately measured in working heart state mode. CONCLUSION: This swine isolated "working heart" model was kept stable throughout the experiments with no administration of vasoactive drugs and it allowed adequate measurements of metabolic and hemodynamic data.

Use of (all-blood) miniplegia versus crystalloid cardioplegia in an experimental model of acute myocardial ischemia.

PURPOSE: Several methods of myocardial protection have been used. The use of all-blood solutions modified with glutamate and aspartate has increased. Its use in situations of acute ischemia provides improved contractile function, "resuscitating" the previously lesioned muscle. The dilution preconized by literature is around 25% of the hematocrit. The present study evaluates an all-blood cardioplegia solution with tepid 1% dilution, denominated miniplegia. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Pigs of the Large-White breed were used with an isolated heart and perfused with blood of a support animal. Three groups (n = 7 per group) were designated with the following treatments: Control group (CO), St. Thomas solution (ST), continuous normothermic all-blood solutions (SG). After the stabilization period, systolic pressure (PS), diastolic pressure (PD), developed pressure (PD), stress of the wall, elastance, and passive stiffness were recorded. The hearts were submitted to 30 minutes of regional ischemia with the clamping of the anterior interventricular artery, and subsequently to 90 minutes of global ischemia with the use of the three different treatments during this period. At the beginning of global ischemia, the coronary clamp was removed. The hearts were again reperfused. Upon three minutes into reperfusion the hearts were defibrillated when necessary. Measurements were taken every 30 minutes to 90 minutes into reperfusion. RESULTS: The SG presented a better recovery of the ventricular function in several of the parameters recorded. The ST group was inferior to the SG group, which in turn was superior to the CO group in some of the parameters analyzed. A higher number of defibrillations were needed to reestablish coordinated heart beats in the ST and CO groups. There were no differences related to the percentage of wet weight between the SG and ST groups, and the percentage was higher in the CO group. CONCLUSION: The use of all-blood miniplegia provided superior protection when compared to global ischemia or crystalloid cardioplegia in acutely ischemic hearts. The model employed is very close to the clinical situation due to the use of blood as a perfusate.

Padronização de modelo de coração isolado "working heart" com circulação parabiótica / Development of isolated swine "working heart model" with parabiotic circulation

OBJETIVO: Desenvolver modelo de coração isolado de suíno "working heart" sob suporte por circulação parabiótica e verificar se o mesmo é estável e se possibilitou de forma efetiva a mensuração dos dados propostos. MÉTODOS: O modelo foi padronizado durante preparação para estudo de associação de agente à solução cardioplégica. Foram realizados 18 experimentos com um animal suporte e um animal doador em cada. O coração do animal doador foi perfundido como coração isolado pelo animal suporte em modo de execução de trabalho ("coração ejetante"). O coração isolado foi submetido à isquemia regional por pinçamento da artéria interventricular anterior seguido de isquemia global. Durante reperfusão, com o coração ejetante (em modo "working heart"), aos 30, 60 e 90 minutos foram medidos parâmetros hemodinâmicos de contratilidade e metabólicos, obtendo-se assim a elastância máxima (Emáx), o trabalho sistólico pré-recrutável (PRSW), rigidez do ventrículo (EDPRV), fluxo coronariano, consumo de oxigênio e dosagens de lactato e glicose. RESULTADOS: Os animais suporte ficaram estáveis durante todo o experimento. O pH, a pressão parcial de oxigênio e o hematócrito foram mantidos estáveis e dentro da faixa fisiológica. O coração isolado foi perfundido de forma adequada durante todo o experimento. Os dados hemodinâmicos e metabólicos propostos puderam ser mensurados adequadamente e sempre com o coração ejetante, em modo de execução de trabalho ("working heart"). CONCLUSÃO: O modelo de coração isolado desenvolvido tipo "working heart" se manteve estável durante todo o experimento, sem a administração de drogas cardiotônicas e possibilitou a mensuração de todos os dados propostos de forma efetiva com o coração executando trabalho.

OBJECTIVE: To develop an isolated working heart model with parabiotic circulaton in swines and verify its stability and possibility to allow effective measurements of hemodinamic and metabolic data. METHODS: This model was developed during study of association of agents to cardiolegia. There were performed 18 experiments, each with a support animal and a donor animal. Donor animal heart was perfused as isolated working heart with parabiotic circulation from support animal. Isolated heart underwent regional ischemia by interventricular artery clamping, followed by global ischemia. During reperfusion in working heart state mode at 30, 60 and 90 minutes, contractility indices such as elastance, preload recruitable stroke work index and metabolic data were acquired. RESULTS: Support animals were kept stable throughout the procedures without use of blood transfusions or vasoactive drugs. pH, oxygen partial pressure and hematocrit were kept stable and within physiologic ranges. Isolated heart was perfused adequately throughout the experiment. All hemodinamic and metabolic data proposed were adequately measured in working heart state mode. CONCLUSION: This swine isolated "working heart" model was kept stable throughout the experiments with no administration of vasoactive drugs and it allowed adequate measurements of metabolic and hemodinamic data.

Cor, capacidade de retenção de água e maciez da carne de cordeiro maturada e injetada com cloreto de cálcio / Colour, water holding capacity and tenderness of lamb aged and injected with calcium chloride

Os músculos Biceps femoris, Longissimus e Triceps brachii submetidos aos efeitos do tempo de maturação e da injeção com cloreto de cálcio de cordeiros Morada Nova foram estudados quanto às características de cor, capacidade de retenção de água e maciez. Os cordeiros foram abatidos ao atingirem 25kg de peso vivo. Os músculos apresentaram diferenças na cor (luminosidade-L*, teor de vermelho-a* e teor de amarelo-b*) 24 horas após o abate. A maturação tendeu a escurecer a carne. O cloreto de cálcio não modificou a cor das carnes provenientes dos músculos Longissimus e Triceps brachii, entretanto as do Biceps femoris apresentaram-se mais vermelhas quando receberam cloreto de cálcio. Quanto à capacidade de retenção de água, a maturação afetou as carnes do Triceps brachii, mas não influenciou as carnes dos músculos Biceps femoris e Longissimus. O cloreto de cálcio não modificou a capacidade de retenção de água dos músculos avaliados. A maturação influiu sobre a maciez do Biceps femoris e do Longissimus

Biceps femoris, Longissimus and Triceps brachii muscles from Morada Nova lambs were submitted to ageing and calcium chloride injection. Colour, water holding capacity and tenderness were studied. Lambs were slaughtered weighting 25kg.. The muscles presented differences in colour (lightness-L*, redness-a* and yellowness- b*) 24 hours after rigor mortis instalation. Ageing intensified redness of the meats. Calcium chloride did not modify the colour of Longissimus and Triceps brachii, however, Biceps femoris became more redness after receiving calcium chloride. In relation to water holding capacity, ageing affected meats from Triceps brachii. However, it did not affect Biceps femoris and Longissimus. The calcium chloride didn't modify the water holding capacity of the muscles. Ageing influenced tenderness of Biceps femoris and Longissimus

Cor, capacidade de retenção de água e maciez da carne de cordeiro maturada e injetada com cloreto de cálcio / Colour, water holding capacity and tenderness of lamb aged and injected with calcium chloride

Os músculos Biceps femoris, Longissimus e Triceps brachii submetidos aos efeitos do tempo de maturação e da injeção com cloreto de cálcio de cordeiros Morada Nova foram estudados quanto às características de cor, capacidade de retenção de água e maciez. Os cordeiros foram abatidos ao atingirem 25kg de peso vivo. Os músculos apresentaram diferenças na cor (luminosidade-L*, teor de vermelho-a* e teor de amarelo-b*) 24 horas após o abate. A maturação tendeu a escurecer a carne. O cloreto de cálcio não modificou a cor das carnes provenientes dos músculos Longissimus e Triceps brachii, entretanto as do Biceps femoris apresentaram-se mais vermelhas quando receberam cloreto de cálcio. Quanto à capacidade de retenção de água, a maturação afetou as carnes do Triceps brachii, mas não influenciou as carnes dos músculos Biceps femoris e Longissimus. O cloreto de cálcio não modificou a capacidade de retenção de água dos músculos avaliados. A maturação influiu sobre a maciez do Biceps femoris e do Longissimus(AU)

Biceps femoris, Longissimus and Triceps brachii muscles from Morada Nova lambs were submitted to ageing and calcium chloride injection. Colour, water holding capacity and tenderness were studied. Lambs were slaughtered weighting 25kg.. The muscles presented differences in colour (lightness-L*, redness-a* and yellowness- b*) 24 hours after rigor mortis instalation. Ageing intensified redness of the meats. Calcium chloride did not modify the colour of Longissimus and Triceps brachii, however, Biceps femoris became more redness after receiving calcium chloride. In relation to water holding capacity, ageing affected meats from Triceps brachii. However, it did not affect Biceps femoris and Longissimus. The calcium chloride didn't modify the water holding capacity of the muscles. Ageing influenced tenderness of Biceps femoris and Longissimus(AU)

Effect of calcium addition and acidification on the quality characteristics of canned okra (Hibiscus esculentus L).

A study was conducted on calcium chloride treatments of canned okra acidified by adding either acetic, citric, lactic, malic or tartaric acids or by lactic fermentation. The quality of the processed okra was determined by physical, chemical, microbiological and sensory analyses after a two month storage period at room temperature. The results indicated the possibility of processing high quality canned okra by small canneries, with low cost equipment and low energy requirements. The acidification procedures ensure minimal risk of botulism.

Protection of the immature myocardium. An experimental evaluation of topical cooling, single-dose, and multiple-dose administration of St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic solution.

Low cardiac output in infants after cardiac operations continues to be a problem, yet little experimental work has been done to evaluate the various methods of protecting the immature myocardium. In this study, we have used an isolated working heart model to test three methods of myocardial protection in 3- to 4-week-old rabbit hearts: (1) topical cooling, (2) single-dose cardioplegia plus topical cooling, and (3) multiple-dose cardioplegia plus topical cooling. Myocardial temperature was maintained at 10 degrees C during ischemia, and St. Thomas' Hospital solution was used for cardioplegia. Sets of 18 hearts were subjected to 60, 90, or 120 minutes of ischemia, and within each set six hearts were protected by all three methods. After 90 and 120 minutes of ischemia, the percent recovery of aortic flow (expressed as mean +/- standard error of the mean) was lower in hearts protected with multiple-dose cardioplegia plus topical cooling (61.5% +/- 4.8%, 50.7% +/- 14.2%) than in those protected with topical cooling (92.4% +/- 5.7%, 94.3% +/- 12.8%) or single-dose cardioplegia plus topical cooling (86.4% +/- 5.3%, 90.2 +/- 3.6%). However, adenosine triphosphate, creatine phosphate, and glycogen levels were adequately preserved in all groups. Both topical cooling and single-dose cardioplegia provide effective protection for the immature rabbit heart during ischemia, but multiple-dose cardioplegia plus topical cooling results in inadequate preservation of hemodynamic function, despite adequate preservation of myocardial high-energy phosphate stores.