RESUMEN
Up to 50% of patients admitted for heart failure (HF) have congestion at discharge despite diagnostic and therapeutic advances. Both persistent congestion and diuretic resistance are associated with worse prognosis. The combination of hypertonic saline and loop diuretic has shown promising results in different studies. However, it has not yet achieved a standardized use, partly because of the great heterogeneity in the concentration of sodium chloride, the dose of diuretic or the amount of sodium in the diet. Classically, the movement of water from the intracellular space due to an increase in extracellular osmolarity has been postulated as the main mechanism involved. However, chloride deficit is postulated as the main up-regulator of plasma volume changes, and its correction may be the main mechanism involved. This "chloride centric" approach to heart failure opens the door to therapeutic strategies that would include diuretics to correct hypochloremia, as well as sodium free chloride supplementation.
Asunto(s)
Insuficiencia Cardíaca , Sodio , Humanos , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/tratamiento farmacológico , Solución Salina Hipertónica/uso terapéutico , Sodio/sangre , Cloruros/sangre , Cloro , Inhibidores del Simportador de Cloruro Sódico y Cloruro Potásico/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
This study aimed to investigate the association between serum chloride levels and all-cause mortality in critically ill patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Data from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (MIMIC-IV) database were extracted for analysis. Demographic information, laboratory results, medical histories, vital signs, and prognosis-related data were collected. Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the relationship between serum chloride levels and 90-day and 365-day mortality. Subgroup analyses were conducted to explore potential interactions between serum chloride levels and various factors. The study included patients with a median age of 72.00 years, of whom 52.39% were male. Higher quartiles of serum chloride levels were associated with significantly lower levels of weight, RBC, platelet, hemoglobin, and other variables (P < 0.05), accompanied by lower 90-day and 365-day mortality (P < 0.05). Cox proportional hazard model indicated that the risk of death was significantly lower in the fourth quartile of serum chloride levels compared with the first quartile after adjusting for confounders (90-day HR = 0.54, 365-day HR = 0.52, both P < 0.05). An L-shape relationship was observed, with risks of death decreasing as serum chloride levels increased, although the magnitude decreased when levels reached 102 mmol/L. This study demonstrated an independent L-shaped association between serum chloride levels and all-cause mortality in critically ill patients with COPD. This finding helps us to understand the prognostic value of serum chloride levels in critically ill patients with COPD.
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Cloruros , Enfermedad Crítica , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/sangre , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/mortalidad , Enfermedad Crítica/mortalidad , Anciano , Estudios Retrospectivos , Cloruros/sangre , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pronóstico , Modelos de Riesgos Proporcionales , Anciano de 80 o más AñosRESUMEN
IMPORTANCE: Deaths due to neonatal calf diarrhea are still one of the most critical problems of cattle breeding worldwide. Determining the parameters that can predict diarrhea-related deaths in calves is especially important in terms of prognosis and treatment strategies for the disease. OBJECTIVE: The primary purpose of this study was to determine mortality rates and durations, survival status, and predictive prognosis parameters based on vital signs, hematology, and blood gas analyses in neonatal diarrheic calves. METHODS: The hospital automation system retrospectively obtained data from 89 neonatal diarrheic calves. RESULTS: It was found that 42.7% (38/89) of the calves brought with the complaint of diarrhea died during hospitalization or after discharge. Short-term and long-term fatalities were a median of 9.25 hours and a median of 51.50 hours, respectively. When the data obtained from this study is evaluated, body temperature (°C), pH, base excess (mmol/L), and sodium bicarbonate (mmol/L) parameters were found to be lower, and hemoglobin (g/dL), hematocrit (%), lactate (mmol/L), chloride (mmol/L), sodium (mmol/L) and anion gap (mmol/L) parameters were found to be higher in dead calves compared to survivors. Accordingly, hypothermia, metabolic acidosis, and dehydration findings were seen as clinical conditions that should be considered. Logistic regression analysis showed that lactate (odds ratio, 1.429) and CI- (odds ratio, 1.232) concentration were significant risk factors associated with death in calves with diarrhea. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: According to the findings obtained from this study, the determination of lactate and Cl- levels can be used as an adjunctive supplementary test in distinguishing calves with diarrhea with a good prognosis.
Asunto(s)
Animales Recién Nacidos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Cloruros , Diarrea , Ácido Láctico , Animales , Bovinos , Diarrea/veterinaria , Diarrea/mortalidad , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/mortalidad , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/sangre , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/diagnóstico , Estudios Retrospectivos , Ácido Láctico/sangre , Pronóstico , Cloruros/sangre , Femenino , MasculinoRESUMEN
The present study investigated the prevalence of blood chloride (Cl) abnormalities in diarrheic neonatal calves with metabolic acidosis and attempted to identify the most relevant electrolyte abnormality to these abnormalities. A retrospective analysis was conducted on the medical records of 157 diarrheic neonatal calves aged 10.3 ± 4.2 days old with metabolic acidosis. Hypochloremia, normochloremia, and hyperchloremia were observed in 8.9% (14/157), 43.3% (68/157), and 47.8% (68/157), respectively, of diarrheic calves with metabolic acidosis. This distribution remained similar regardless of age (under 8 days or 8 days and older). Furthermore, a multiple logistic regression analysis showed that variations in values for blood sodium [Na (regression coefficients 0.877; 95% confidence interval (CI) 13.977-134.195; P<0.01)], pH (regression coefficients -10.719; 95% CI -19.076- -2.362; P<0.05), and bicarbonate [HCO3- (regression coefficients -0.555; 95% CI -0.820- -0.290; P<0.01)] were associated with blood Cl abnormalities. The present results revealed that blood Na concentrations were more strongly associated with blood Cl concentrations than blood pH and HCO3- values. In the present study, diarrheic calves with hyperchloremia were characterized by normonatremia and extremely severe metabolic acidosis.
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Acidosis , Animales Recién Nacidos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Cloruros , Diarrea , Animales , Bovinos , Acidosis/veterinaria , Acidosis/sangre , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/sangre , Cloruros/sangre , Animales Recién Nacidos/sangre , Estudios Retrospectivos , Diarrea/veterinaria , Diarrea/sangre , Masculino , Femenino , Sodio/sangre , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Bicarbonatos/sangreRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Timely diagnosis and prevention of diseases require rapid and sensitive detection of biomarkers from blood samples without external interference. Abnormal electrolyte ion levels in the blood are closely linked to various physiological disorders, including hypertension. Therefore, accurate, interference-free, and precise measurement of electrolyte ion concentrations in the blood is particularly important. RESULTS: In this work, a colorimetric sensor based on a biphasic microdroplet extraction is proposed for the detection of electrolyte ions in the blood. This sensor employs mini-pillar arrays to facilitate contact between adjacent blood microdroplets and organic microdroplets serving as sensing phases, with any color changes being monitored through a smartphone's colorimetric software. The sensor is highly resistant to interference and does not require pre-treatment of the blood samples. Remarkably, the sensor exhibits exceptional reliability and stability, allowing for rapid enrichment and detection of K+, Na+, and Cl- in the blood within 10 s (Cl-), 15 s (K+) and 40 s (Na+) respectively. SIGNIFICANCE: The colorimetric sensor based on biphasic microdroplet extraction offers portability due to its compact size and ease of operation without the need for large instruments. Additionally, it is location-independent, making it a promising tool for real-time biomarker detection in body fluids such as blood.
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Colorimetría , Electrólitos , Potasio , Colorimetría/métodos , Electrólitos/química , Humanos , Potasio/sangre , Sodio/sangre , Cloruros/sangre , Iones/químicaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: As exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are one of the leading causes of hospitalization and are associated with significant mortality, it is particularly important to accurately assess the risk of exacerbations in COPD. Most of the current clinical biomarkers are related to inflammation and few consider how ion levels affect COPD. Chloride ion, the second most abundant serum electrolyte, has been shown to be associated with poor prognoses in several diseases, but their relationship with COPD remains unclear. METHODS: In total, 105 patients with acute exacerbations of COPD were recruited. Data on clinical characteristics, lung function, blood count, blood biochemistry, relevant scales including the Clinical COPD Questionnaire (CCQ), BODE (BMI, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, exercise capacity) index and the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) were collected from all patients for statistical analysis. RESULT: There were significant differences in lung function indicators and disease severity in the low chloride ion subgroup compared with the high chloride ion subgroup. On multiple logistic regression analysis, chloride ion was an independent factor affecting lung function in COPD patients (OR=0.808, 95% CI: 0.708 - 0.922, p=0.002). The sensitivity of chloride ion in predicting COPD severity was 78%, the specificity was 63%, and the area under the curve was 0.734 (p<0.001). Subgroup analysis showed that chloride ion was a stronger predictor in male and smoking patients. CONCLUSIONS: Chloride ion was a novel prognostic biomarker for COPD, and low levels of chloride ion were independently associated with exacerbations in COPD patients.
Asunto(s)
Biomarcadores , Cloruros , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica , Humanos , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/sangre , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/diagnóstico , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/fisiopatología , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/mortalidad , Masculino , Cloruros/sangre , Femenino , Anciano , Pronóstico , Persona de Mediana Edad , Biomarcadores/sangre , Pruebas de Función Respiratoria , Índice de Severidad de la EnfermedadRESUMEN
AIMS: Electrolyte imbalances are common in patients with heart failure. Several studies have shown that a low serum chloride level is associated with adverse outcomes in hospitalized patients with acute heart failure and in outpatients with chronic heart failure. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the association of hypochloremia with all-cause mortality in patients with heart failure. METHODS: Data search was conducted from inception through 1 February 2023, using the following MeSH terms: ('chloride' OR 'hypochloremia') AND 'heart failure'. Studies evaluating the association between serum chloride and all-cause mortality in patients with heart failure were included. The predefined primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Pooled hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used as effect estimates and calculated with a random-effects model; fixed-effects model and leave-one-out sensitivity analyses were also performed. RESULTS: A total of 15 studies, involving 25â848 patients, were included. The prevalence of hypochloremia ranged from 8.6 to 31.5%. Follow-up time ranged from 6 to 67âmonths. Hypochloremia as a categorical variable was associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality [hazard ratio 1.56; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.38-1.75; P â<â0.001]. As a continuous variable, serum chloride was associated with all-cause mortality (hazard ratio per mmol/l decrease in serum chloride: 1.06; 95% CI 1.05-1.07; P â<â0.001). Results were confirmed by using several sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION: Hypochloremia exhibits a significant prognostic value in patients with heart failure. Serum chloride can be used as an effective tool for risk stratifying in patients with heart failure.
Asunto(s)
Cloruros , Insuficiencia Cardíaca , Humanos , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/mortalidad , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/sangre , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/diagnóstico , Cloruros/sangre , Pronóstico , Femenino , Medición de Riesgo/métodos , Masculino , Anciano , Biomarcadores/sangre , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de Riesgo , Desequilibrio Hidroelectrolítico/sangre , Desequilibrio Hidroelectrolítico/mortalidad , Desequilibrio Hidroelectrolítico/diagnóstico , Causas de Muerte , Anciano de 80 o más Años , PrevalenciaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: some studies suggest that hypochloremia is a risk factor in the prognosis of heart failure (HF) in patients with recent decompensation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: retrospective cohort study of patients discharged due to HF decompensation who began follow-up in a specialized clinic. Two groups are defined: patients with hypochloremia (chloride < 98â¯mmol/L) and normochloremic patients (chloride > 98â¯mmol/L) in the initial assessment within the first month after discharge. The rate of intravenous diuretic rescue, emergency department visits, readmission for HF and cardiovascular (CV) death are compared using a Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: 165 patients were included (59% women, mean age 85 years), with 60 (36%) having hypochloremia. Both groups were comparable in terms of baseline characteristics, except for female sex, presence of peripheral artery disease, moderate-to-severe liver disease (more prevalent in the hypochloremia group), PROFUND index, and baseline furosemide dose (higher in patients with hypochloremia). The incidence of the primary event was higher in subjects with hypochloremia than in normochloremic subjects (HR: 1.59, 95% CI 0.97-2.62), mainly due to the need for intravenous diuretic rescue (HR: 1.86, 95% CI 1.07-3.24). CONCLUSIONS: hypochloremia following admission for HF decompensation is associated with a greater need for intravenous diuretic rescue therapy and probably worse overall prognosis across the spectrum of the disease, regardless of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).
Asunto(s)
Insuficiencia Cardíaca , Humanos , Femenino , Estudios Retrospectivos , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/sangre , Masculino , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Pronóstico , Anciano , Cloruros/sangre , Diuréticos/administración & dosificación , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Introduction: This study aimed to examine whether the Canadian Laboratory Initiative on Pediatric Reference Intervals (CALIPER) reference intervals for 19 commonly used biochemical assays (potassium, sodium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphorous, glucose, urea, creatinine, direct and total bilirubin, C-reactive protein (CRP), total protein, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LD)) could be applied to the newborn population of one Croatian clinical hospital. Materials and methods: Reference interval verification was performed according to the CLSI EP28-A3c guidelines. Samples of healthy newborns were selected using the direct a posteriori sampling method and analyzed on the Beckman Coulter AU680 biochemical analyzer. If verification wasn't satisfactory, further procedure included de novo determination of own reference intervals by analyzing 120 samples of healthy newborns. Results: After the first set of measurements, 14/19 tested reference intervals were adopted for use: calcium, inorganic phosphorous, glucose, urea, creatinine, total bilirubin, CRP, total protein, albumin, AST, ALT, GGT, ALP and LD. A second set of samples was tested for 5 analytes: potassium, sodium, chloride, magnesium and direct bilirubin. The verification results of the additional samples for sodium and chloride were satisfactory, while the results for potassium, magnesium and direct bilirubin remained unsatisfactory and new reference intervals were determined. Conclusions: The CALIPER reference intervals can be implemented into routine laboratory and clinical practice for the tested newborn population for most of the analyzed assays, while own reference intervals for potassium, magnesium and direct bilirubin have been determined.
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Bilirrubina , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Valores de Referencia , Croacia , Bilirrubina/sangre , Masculino , Femenino , Proteína C-Reactiva/análisis , Creatinina/sangre , Aspartato Aminotransferasas/sangre , Alanina Transaminasa/sangre , Análisis Químico de la Sangre/normas , gamma-Glutamiltransferasa/sangre , Fosfatasa Alcalina/sangre , Potasio/sangre , Magnesio/sangre , L-Lactato Deshidrogenasa/sangre , Cloruros/sangre , Calcio/sangre , Glucemia/análisis , Sodio/sangreAsunto(s)
COVID-19 , Diálisis Renal , Humanos , COVID-19/complicaciones , Incidencia , Masculino , Femenino , Anciano , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neumonía Viral/complicaciones , Neumonía Viral/epidemiología , Neumonía Viral/sangre , Cloruros/sangre , Estudios Retrospectivos , SARS-CoV-2 , Fallo Renal Crónico/terapia , Fallo Renal Crónico/complicaciones , Fallo Renal Crónico/sangreRESUMEN
Patients with primary aldosteronism have an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease. The response to mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists varies among individuals, indicating diverse mineralocorticoid receptor activities in these patients. This study explored the factors linked to the efficacy of blood pressure reduction through mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in patients with primary aldosteronism. We examined the relationship between the reduction in blood pressure and patient characteristics in a group of 41 patients with primary aldosteronism (24 males, mean age 55 ± 13 years, including 34 patients diagnosed with bilateral primary aldosteronism) before and after undergoing treatment with mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. Significant reductions in office blood pressure were observed 3 and 6 months after treatment initiation. Single correlation analyses showed that the urinary chloride-to-potassium ratio displayed the strongest positive association with blood pressure reduction, surpassing plasma aldosterone concentration, plasma renin activity, and urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio, at 3 and 6 months. Multiple correlation analyses revealed a consistent and independent positive correlation between the urinary chloride-to-potassium ratio and blood pressure reduction at 3 and 6 months. The optimal threshold for the urinary chloride-to-potassium ratio with respect to its ability to lower blood pressure, was determined as 3.18. These results imply that the urinary chloride-to-potassium ratio may be independently associated with the effectiveness of blood pressure reduction facilitated by mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. Moreover, it could potentially serve as a valuable predictor of the effectiveness of these agents and function as an indicator of endogenous mineralocorticoid receptor activity in patients with primary aldosteronism.
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Aldosterona , Presión Sanguínea , Hiperaldosteronismo , Antagonistas de Receptores de Mineralocorticoides , Potasio , Humanos , Hiperaldosteronismo/tratamiento farmacológico , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Antagonistas de Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/uso terapéutico , Antagonistas de Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/farmacología , Femenino , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Anciano , Potasio/sangre , Potasio/orina , Adulto , Aldosterona/sangre , Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/metabolismo , Cloruros/orina , Cloruros/sangre , Renina/sangre , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The purpose of this therapeutic update is to provide pharmacists with a general overview of the pathophysiology of hyperchloremia and describe strategies to help prevent development of this electrolyte abnormality in hospitalized patients. SUMMARY: Hyperchloremia is an electrolyte abnormality associated with an increased incidence of acute kidney injury and metabolic acidosis. Intravenous (IV) fluids utilized for volume resuscitation, medication diluents, and total parental nutrition all may contribute to the development of hyperchloremia. Current evidence suggests that administration of balanced crystalloids for either fluid resuscitation or maintenance fluids may impact serum chloride levels and patient outcomes. In multiple randomized controlled trials, administering balanced crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patient populations did not decrease mortality. However, further analyses of subpopulations within these trials have demonstrated that patients with sepsis may benefit from receiving balanced crystalloids for initial fluid resuscitation. Results from several small studies suggest that altering the composition of these IV fluids may help prevent development of hyperchloremia. CONCLUSION: Management of hyperchloremia is preventative in nature and can be mitigated through management of resuscitation fluids, medication diluents, and total parenteral nutrition. Inpatient pharmacists should be aware of the potential risk of fluid-associated hyperchloremia and assist with optimal fluid management to prevent and manage hyperchloremia.
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Fluidoterapia , Enfermedad Iatrogénica , Farmacéuticos , Humanos , Enfermedad Iatrogénica/prevención & control , Farmacéuticos/organización & administración , Fluidoterapia/métodos , Desequilibrio Hidroelectrolítico/terapia , Soluciones Cristaloides/administración & dosificación , Servicio de Farmacia en Hospital/organización & administración , Hospitalización , Cloruros/sangre , Lesión Renal Aguda/terapia , Lesión Renal Aguda/prevención & control , Lesión Renal Aguda/inducido químicamente , Lesión Renal Aguda/etiología , Enfermedad Crítica/terapiaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to analyze genotype-phenotype correlations in children with Gitelman syndrome (GS). METHODS: This multicenter retrospective study included 50 Korean children diagnosed with SLC12A3 variants in one or both alleles and the typical laboratory findings of GS. Genetic testing was performed using the Sanger sequencing except for one patient. RESULTS: The median age at the diagnosis was 10.5 years (interquartile range, 6.8;14.1), and 41 patients were followed up for a median duration of 5.4 years (interquartile range, 4.1;9.6). A total of 30 different SLC12A3 variants were identified. Of the patients, 34 (68%) had biallelic variants, and 16 (32%) had monoallelic variants on examination. Among the patients with biallelic variants, those (n = 12) with the truncating variants in one or both alleles had lower serum chloride levels (92.2 ± 3.2 vs. 96.5 ± 3.8 mMol/L, P = 0.002) at onset, as well as lower serum potassium levels (3.0 ± 0.4 vs. 3.4 ± 0.3 mMol/L, P = 0.016), and lower serum chloride levels (96.1 ± 1.9 vs. 98.3 ± 3.0 mMol/L, P = 0.049) during follow-up than those without truncating variants (n = 22). Patients with monoallelic variants on examination showed similar phenotypes and treatment responsiveness to those with biallelic variants. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with GS who had truncating variants in one or both alleles had more severe electrolyte abnormalities than those without truncating variants. Patients with GS who had monoallelic SLC12A3 variants on examination had almost the same phenotypes, response to treatment, and long-term prognosis as those with biallelic variants.
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Estudios de Asociación Genética , Síndrome de Gitelman , Miembro 3 de la Familia de Transportadores de Soluto 12 , Humanos , Síndrome de Gitelman/genética , Síndrome de Gitelman/diagnóstico , Miembro 3 de la Familia de Transportadores de Soluto 12/genética , Niño , Masculino , Estudios Retrospectivos , Femenino , Adolescente , Fenotipo , República de Corea , Preescolar , Mutación , Potasio/sangre , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Cloruros/sangreRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and serum chloride level are related to adverse outcomes in patients with heart failure. However, little is known about the relationship between the PNI and serum chloride level in predicting the poor prognosis of patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). METHODS AND RESULTS: We reviewed 1221 consecutive patients with ADHF admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University from January 2017 to October 2021. After excluding patients with in hospital death, missing follow-up data, missing chloride data, missing lymphocyte (LYM) count data, or missing serum albumin data, 805 patients were included. PNI was calculated using the formula: serum albumin (ALB) (g/L) + 5 × LYM count (10^9/L). Patients were divided into 4 groups according to the quartiles of the PNI, and the highest PNI quartile (PNI Q4: PNI ≥ 47.3) was set as the reference group. The patients in the lowest PNI quartile (PNI Q1: PNI < 40.8) had the lowest cumulative survival rate, and mortality risk decreased progressively through the quartiles (log-rank χ2 142.283, P < 0.0001). Patients with ADHF were divided into 8 groups by quartiles of PNI and median levels of serum chloride. After adjustment, the hazard ratio (HR) for all-cause mortality in ADHF patients in Group 1 was 8.7 times higher than that in the reference Group 8. Furthermore, the addition of serum chloride level and PNI quartile to the Cox model increased the area under the Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve by 0.05, and the area under the ROC curve of the new model was higher than that of the original model with traditional risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Both the lowest PNI quartiles and low chloride level indicate a higher risk of all-cause death in patients with ADHF.
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Biomarcadores , Cloruros , Insuficiencia Cardíaca , Evaluación Nutricional , Humanos , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/sangre , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/mortalidad , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/diagnóstico , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/fisiopatología , Masculino , Femenino , Pronóstico , Cloruros/sangre , Anciano , Estudios Retrospectivos , Enfermedad Aguda , Biomarcadores/sangre , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Medición de Riesgo/métodos , Persona de Mediana Edad , China/epidemiología , Factores de Riesgo , Curva ROC , Tasa de Supervivencia/tendencias , Estado Nutricional , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Estudios de SeguimientoRESUMEN
Hyperglycemic emergencies frequently lead to acute kidney injury (AKI) and require treatment with large amount of intravenous fluids. However, the effects of chloride loading on this population have not yet been investigated. We conducted a multicenter, retrospective, cohort study in 21 acute-care hospitals in Japan. The study included hospitalized adult patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome (HHS) who had AKI upon arrival. The patients were classified into high and low chloride groups based on the amount of chloride administered within the first 48 h of their arrival. The primary outcome was recovery from AKI; secondary outcome was major adverse kidney events within 30 days (MAKE30), including mortality and prolonged renal failure. A total of 390 patients with AKI, including 268 (69%) with DKA and 122 (31%) with HHS, were included in the study. Using the criteria of Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes, the severity of AKI in the patients was Stage 1 (n = 159, 41%), Stage 2 (n = 121, 31%), and Stage 3 (n = 110, 28%). The analysis showed no significant difference between the two groups in recovery from AKI (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.96; 95% CI 0.72-1.28; P = 0.78) and in MAKE30 (adjusted odds ratio, 0.91; 95% CI 0.45-1.76; P = 0.80). Chloride loading with fluid administration had no significant impact on recovery from AKI in patients with hyperglycemic emergencies.Trial Registration This study was registered in the UMIN clinical trial registration system (UMIN000025393, registered December 23, 2016).
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Lesión Renal Aguda , Cetoacidosis Diabética , Humanos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Lesión Renal Aguda/etiología , Lesión Renal Aguda/terapia , Lesión Renal Aguda/fisiopatología , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Japón/epidemiología , Cetoacidosis Diabética/complicaciones , Cloruros/sangre , Cloruros/análisis , Estudios de Cohortes , Adulto , Hiperglucemia/complicaciones , Coma Hiperglucémico Hiperosmolar no Cetósico/complicaciones , Fluidoterapia/métodos , Urgencias MédicasRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Heart failure (HF) progression according to changes in the serum chloride concentration ([sCl-]) was recently proposed as the "chloride (Cl) theory" for HF pathophysiology. The present study examined the association of neurohormones and renal Cl avidity to determine their contribution to acute HF and their involvement to the "Cl theory." METHODS: Data from 29 patients with acute HF (48% men; 80.3 ± 12 years) were analyzed. Blood and urine samples were obtained before decongestive therapy. Clinical tests included peripheral blood, serum and spot urinary electrolytes, b-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), and plasma neurohormones. RESULTS: In the 29 patients, urinary Cl concentrations ([uCl-]) inversely correlated with log (plasma renin activity [PRA]) (r = -0.64, p = 0.0002) and log (plasma aldosterone concentration) (r = -0.50, p = 0.006). The [sCl-]â[uCl-] difference positively correlated with log PRA (r = 0.63, p = 0.0002) and log (plasma aldosterone concentration) (r = 0.49, p = 0.008). Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the [sCl-]â[uCl-] difference, an excretion (low renal Cl avidity) group and an absorption (high renal Cl avidity) group. Compared with the excretion group (-77 to â5 mEq/L; n = 14), the absorption group (1-84 mEq/L; n = 15) exhibited greater renal impairment (serum creatinine; 1.45 ± 0.63 vs. 1.00 ± 0.38 mg/d, p = 0.029) and cardiac burden (log BNP; 2.99 ± 0.3 vs. 2.66 ± 0.32 pg/mL, p = 0.008), higher log PRA (0.20 ± 0.58 vs. -0.25 ± 0.35 ng/mL/h, p = 0.018), and lower fractional urinary Cl excretion (1.34 ± 1.3 vs. 5.33 ± 4.1%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Renal Cl avidity differs in acute HF, i.e., excretion (low renal Cl avidity) versus absorption (high renal Cl avidity) types, involving renin-aldosterone-angiotensin activity as the underlying mechanism, which provides the neurohormonal background for the "Cl theory." A version of this study was presented in part at the annual international scientific assembly (ACC.23) of the American College of Cardiology, March 4-6, 2023.
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Aldosterona , Cloruros , Insuficiencia Cardíaca , Riñón , Péptido Natriurético Encefálico , Renina , Humanos , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/fisiopatología , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/metabolismo , Masculino , Femenino , Cloruros/metabolismo , Cloruros/sangre , Péptido Natriurético Encefálico/sangre , Péptido Natriurético Encefálico/metabolismo , Renina/sangre , Renina/metabolismo , Aldosterona/sangre , Aldosterona/metabolismo , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Riñón/fisiopatología , Riñón/metabolismo , Enfermedad Aguda , Neurotransmisores/metabolismo , Sistema Renina-Angiotensina/fisiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Sodium and chloride disturbances have attracted increasing attention in recent years. Many pathophysiological effects are associated with hyperchloremia, including reduction in mean arterial pressure and acute renal disease. Pediatric patients undergoing liver transplantation are at risk of developing various electrolyte and biochemical abnormalities, with an impact on their postoperative outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impacts of serum sodium and chloride levels on prognosis of Pediatric Liver Transplant receptors. METHODS: This was a retrospective analytical observational study performed in a single transplant reference center in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Included patients were pediatric patients who underwent liver transplantation between January 2015 and July 2019. Statistical regression analysis and General Estimating Equations analysis were performed to evaluate the impacts of sodium and chloride disturbances on the development of acute renal failure and mortality. RESULTS: A total of 143 patients were included in this study. The main diagnosis was Biliary Atresia (62.9%). Twenty-seven patients died (18.9%), and graft dysfunction was the main cause of death (29.6%). The only variable individually associated with 28-days mortality was PIM-3 score (HR 1.59, CI 95% 1.165-2.177, p = 0.004). Forty-one patients (28.6%) developed moderate or severe AKI. PIM-3 score (OR 3.052, 95% CI 1.56-5.97, p = 0.001), hypernatremia (OR 3.49, 95% CI 1.32-9.23, p = 0.012), and hyponatremia (OR 4.24, 95% CI 1.52-11.85, p = 0.006) were independently associated with the development of moderate/severe AKI. CONCLUSIONS: In pediatric patients after liver transplantation, PIM-3 score, and abnormal serum sodium levels were correlated with AKI development.
Asunto(s)
Lesión Renal Aguda , Cloruros , Trasplante de Hígado , Sodio , Niño , Humanos , Lesión Renal Aguda/diagnóstico , Lesión Renal Aguda/etiología , Brasil/epidemiología , Cloruros/sangre , Enfermedad Crítica , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Sodio/sangre , Periodo PosoperatorioRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To explore the predictive value of combined detection of serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), chloride (Cl-), D-dimer and fibrin degradation products (FDP) for severity of acute pancreatitis (AP). METHODS: From December 2020 to March 2022, 132 AP patients who met the criteria for inclusion were screened for retrospective analysis from 292 AP patients admitted in emergency surgery at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University and they were divided into severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) group and non-SAP group, with 63 in SAP group and 69 in non-SAP group, according to classification criteria. The data including lab results, abdominal doppler ultrasound and chest and abdominal CT, etc. The bedside index for severity in acute pancreatitis (BISAP) score was calculated. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was carried out to find the risk factors for the severity of AP patients. The receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) was drawn to judge the clinical predictive value of each factor. RESULTS: A total of 132 AP patients were enrolled. The serum IL-6, D-dimer, FDP levels and the BISAP score in SAP group were significantly higher than those in non-SAP group [serum IL-6 (ng/L): 62.73 (21.54, 187.47) vs. 8.22 (4.13, 14.70), D-dimer (mg/L): 5.36 (2.94, 8.25) vs. 0.94 (0.42, 2.21), FDP (mg/L): 13.54 (6.76, 22.45) vs. 3.20 (2.50, 6.10), BISAP score: 2.00 (1.00, 3.00) vs. 1.00 (0, 2.00), all P < 0.05], while the serum Cl- level was significantly lower than that of non-SAP group (mmol/L: 97.90±4.86 vs. 101.73±4.32, P < 0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that increased levels of IL-6 [odds ratio (OR) = 1.02, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was 1.01-1.04], D-dimer (OR = 1.21, 95%CI was 1.05-1.40) and decreased Cl- level (OR = 0.88, 95%CI was 0.79-0.98) were risk factors for SAP (all P < 0.05). The ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of IL-6, Cl-, D-dimer and FDP combined to predict the severity of AP patients was larger (0.89), and the sensitivity (82.50%) and specificity (85.50%) were higher. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with single index, the combined detection of serum IL-6, Cl-, D-dimer and FDP is more precise in determining the condition of AP.
Asunto(s)
Pancreatitis , Humanos , Enfermedad Aguda , Cloruros/sangre , Cloro/sangre , Interleucina-6/sangre , Pancreatitis/sangre , Pancreatitis/diagnóstico , Pronóstico , Estudios Retrospectivos , Curva ROC , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Pruebas de Coagulación Sanguínea , Productos de Degradación de Fibrina-Fibrinógeno/análisisRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Serum chloride (Cl-) is one of the most essential extracellular anions. Based on emerging evidence obtained from patients with kidney or heart disease, hypochloremia has been recognized as an independent predictor of mortality. Nevertheless, excessive Cl- can also cause death in severely ill patients. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between hyperchloremia and high mortality rate in patients admitted to the surgical intensive care unit (SICU). METHODS: We enrolled 2131 patients from the Multiparameter Intelligent Monitoring in Intensive Care III database version 1.4 (MIMIC-III v1.4) from 2001 to 2012. Selected SICU patients were more than 18 years old and survived more than 72 h. A serum Cl- level ≥ 108 mEq/L was defined as hyperchloremia. Clinical and laboratory variables were compared between hyperchloremia (n = 664) at 72 h post-ICU admission and no hyperchloremia (n = 1467). The Locally Weighted Scatterplot Smoothing (Lowess) approach was utilized to investigate the correlation between serum Cl- and the thirty-day mortality rate. The Cox proportional-hazards model was employed to investigate whether serum chlorine at 72 h post-ICU admission was independently related to in-hospital, thirty-day and ninety-day mortality from all causes. Kaplan-Meier curve of thirty-day and ninety-day mortality and serum Cl- at 72 h post-ICU admission was further constructed. Furthermore, we performed subgroup analyses to investigate the relationship between serum Cl- at 72 h post-ICU admission and the thirty-day mortality from all causes. RESULTS: A J-shaped correlation was observed, indicating that hyperchloremia was linked to an elevated risk of thirty-day mortality from all causes. In the multivariate analyses, it was established that hyperchloremia remained a valuable predictor of in-hospital, thirty-day and ninety-day mortality from all causes; with adjusted hazard ratios (95% CIs) for hyperchloremia of 1.35 (1.02 ~ 1.77), 1.67 (1.28 ~ 2.19), and 1.39 (1.12 ~ 1.73), respectively. In subgroup analysis, we observed hyperchloremia had a significant interaction with AKI (P for interaction: 0.017), but there were no interactions with coronary heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus (P for interaction: 0.418, 0.157, 0.103, respectively). CONCLUSION: Hyperchloremia at 72 h post-ICU admission and increasing serum Cl- were associated with elevated mortality risk from all causes in severely ill SICU patients.